Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm

Core–shell structured square mixed-spin 1 and 1/2 Ising nanowire

on the Bethe lattice
Erhan Albayrak 1
Erciyes University, Department of Physics, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The square Ising nanowire is constructed by adding square nanoparticles consisting of one spin-1 at the
Received 17 September 2015 center and four spin-1/2 at the corners along a straight line in both directions. Therefore, this system may
Received in revised form be taken to be equivalent to Bethe lattice of coordination number two and can be solved in terms of the
12 October 2015
exact recursion relations. This core–shell structured model is studied by using ferromagnetic exchange
Accepted 21 October 2015
Available online 23 October 2015
interactions between surface spins (Js), between core spins (Jc) and between surface and core spins (Jsc)
and crystal field interaction (D) at the sites of spin-1. The phase diagrams of the model are obtained in
Pacs Code: terms of these parameters by varying the temperature on the possible planes. It is found that the model
75.75. þ a presents both second- and first-order phase transitions and tricritical points for the appropriate values of
05.50. þ q
these parameters.
05.70. Fh
& 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords:
Nanowire
Bethe lattice
Magnetization
Phase diagrams
Core–shell

1. Introduction magnetizations of two 2D nanoparticles with a negative core–shell

The study of magnetic properties of nano-structured materials
such as nanoparticles, nanowires and nanotubes has been in-
creasingly popular nowadays because of its useful potential ap-
plications in almost every part of our life. It is well-known that
these systems may present extraordinary physical properties
when compared to their bulk counterparts.
In studying the magnetic properties of any spin system, it is
usual to start with the Ising model which consists of spin-1/2
particles. Thus, simple nano-structured models contain Ising spins
and are studied by using a few theoretical approaches: The mag-
netization of a cylindrical nanowire described by the transverse
Ising model (TIM) was investigated by the use of the effective field
theory (EFT) with correlations [1]. Its phase diagrams were in-
vestigated by the use of the mean field theory (MFT) and EFT with
correlations [2]. The magnetic properties of a cylindrical Ising
nanowire or nanotube were investigated by using the EFT with
correlations [3]. The initial susceptibility and reduced total mag-
netization of a cylindrical Ising nanowire were investigated by
the use of the EFT with correlations [4]. The phase diagram and
E-mail address: albayrak@erciyes.edu.tr
1
Fax: þ90 352 437 4933.
interaction, described by the TIM, were investigated by the use of
the EFT with correlations [6]. The Monte Carlo (MC) simulation
technique was used to study the phase diagrams and the magnetic
properties of a cylindrical core–shell spin-1/2 Ising nanowire [7]
and so on.
The next case contains spin-1 particles which lead to the
Blume–Capel (BC) model. Its phase diagram includes second- and
first-order phase transitions together with tricritical points. This is
caused by the introduction of the crystal field interaction into the
system. Thus, the next nano-structure models include spin-1
particles. A few works may be given as follows: A spin-1 model
was presented to investigate the magnetic properties of non-
interacting nanoparticles based on the pair approximation [8]. The
effect of a transverse field on a cylindrical core–shell spin-1 Ising
nanowire was studied within the EFT based on a probability dis-
tribution technique [9]. The MC simulation was used to study the
magnetic properties and hysteresis loops of a BC nanowire con-
sisting of a ferromagnetic core of spin-1 atoms surrounded by a
ferromagnetic shell of spin-1 atoms with ferromagnetic or anti-
ferromagnetic interfacial coupling [10]. The MC simulation tech-
nique was applied to study the effects of a negative core/shell
coupling on the dielectric properties and the hysteresis behavior of
spin-1 Ising nanowire system with a square surface area [11]. The

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.10.084
0304-8853/& 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
 E. Albayrak / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538 533

BC model was investigated on a cylindrical Ising nanotube by

using the EFT with correlations to study the magnetization, mag-
S12
netic susceptibility, internal energy, specific heat and free energy
for various crystal field parameters [12] and, the hysteresis loops,
magnetic susceptibility and coercivities [13]. Spin-1 TIM with
longitudinal crystal field in a longitudinal magnetic field was ex- σ1 S13
amined by introducing the EFT which includes the correlations S11
between different spins that emerge when expanding the iden-
tities [14].
In addition to the single-spin type nano-structures, the mixed-
spin type of nano-structures are also very interesting. Therefore, JS S02
they are also investigated for various models with different spin JC S14
JS
mixing. The MC simulation was used to study the magnetic
properties and hysteresis loops of a single nanocube, consisting of
a ferromagnetic core of spin-1/2 surrounded by a ferromagnetic
shell of spin-1 with antiferromagnetic interface coupling [15]. The σ0 S03
thermodynamic and magnetic properties of the mixed-spin (1/2- S01
1) hexagonal Ising nanowire (HIN) system with core–shell struc-
ture was presented by means of the EFT with correlations [16]. The
magnetization of a cylindrical Ising nanotube was investigated by
JSC
the use of the EFT with correlations to examine the order para-
meters, susceptibility, internal energy, specific heat and free en- S04
ergy [17]. The phase diagrams and compensation behavior of a
mixed spin(1/2-1) HIN with the core–shell structure were studied
by using the EFT with correlations [18]. The MC simulation was
used to study the magnetic properties and the critical behaviors of
a single spherical nanoparticles consisting of a ferromagnetic core
of spin-1/2 surrounded by a ferromagnetic shell of spins with spin-
1 or spin-3/2 [19]. The MC simulation technique and EFT was used
to study the critical and the compensation behaviors of a ferri-
magnetic cylindrical nanowire [20] consisting of spin-1/2 and
spin-1. The MC simulation based on Metropolis algorithm was
used to study the magnetic behavior of a ferrimagnetic nanowire Fig. 1. Square Ising nanowire on the Bethe lattice with core–shell structure con-
on a hexagonal lattice with a spin-3/2 core surrounded by a spin-1 sisting of spin-1 and four spin-1/2 shell spins. Jc , Js and Jsc are the bilinear exchange
interactions between the core spins s, between the surface spins S and between the
shell layer [21]. The magnetic properties of a cylindrical Ising na- surface and the core spins, respectively. Each square is a plaquette, i.e. nanoparticle,
notube with a spin-1/2 core surrounded by a spin-3/2 shell system which is also connected via appropriate J's to form nanowire with q ¼2 on the BL.
was studied by means of the EFT [22]. Intensive MC simulations
based on standard Metropolis algorithm was applied to investigate 2. The introduction and formulation
the phase diagrams of a ferrimagnetic cubic nanoparticles with a
spin-3/2 core surrounded by a spin-1 shell layer with anti- The Hamiltonian of the core–shell structured Ising nanowire may
ferromagnetic interface coupling [23]. be given as
In this work, the square Ising nanowire is investigated on the
/ = − Jc ∑ σi σj − Js ∑ Sk Sl − Jsc ∑ σi Sk − D ∑ σi2,
Bethe lattice (BL) by using the core–shell structure. The model 〈ij〉 〈kl〉 〈ik〉 i (1)
consists of nanoparticles in the form of a square plaquette with
one spin-1 at the center or core and four spin-1/2 at the corners, where the core and shell spins are denoted with si's, spin-1 with
i.e. at the surface. Each nanoparticle is then combined with two values ±1 and 0, and Sk's, spin-1/2 with values ±1/2, at the sites i and
nearest-neighbor nanoparticles of the same form. Therefore, the k, respectively. Jc , Js and Jsc are the bilinear exchange interactions
between the core or the central spins, i.e. the s spins, between the
formulation of the problem is obtained exactly on the BL in terms
surface spins, i.e. the S spins, and between the surface and the central
of the exact recursion relations with each nanoparticle having two
spins, respectively, and are taken to be ferromagnetic, i.e. J > 0. D is
nearest-neighbors, i.e. coordination number. The partition func-
the crystal field interaction which only acts to the core spins. The
tion and the core and shell magnetizations are calculated in terms
model is schematically given in Fig. 1. Each plaquette represents a
of the recursion relations. The thermal variations of the magneti-
nanoparticle with one central or core spin s and four surface spins S.
zations are studied for the case of ferromagnetic bilinear interac- The first index in Sij or the only index in si represent the plaquette
tions in addition to the crystal field interaction to obtain the phase number and the second index in Sij counts the spins on the surface of
diagrams on the possible planes of the model. the plaquette. As indicated in the figure, only the neighbor spins
The rest of this work is set up as follows: the problem is for- interact with the appropriate J values, i.e. Jc , Js and Jsc . It is obvious
mulated on the BL in terms of the recursion relations in Section 2 from the figure that each plaquette, i.e. nanoparticle, has only two
and the phase diagrams which are obtained by the investigation of nearest-neighbors, thus we have a Bethe lattice of coordination
the thermal variations of the magnetizations are presented in the number q¼2.
last section which also includes some conclusions. As in many statistical physics problems, it is usual to start with
534 E. Albayrak / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538

the calculation of the partition function which is given as X1 =

gn (1, ++++)
, X2 =
gn (1, +++ − )
, X3 =
gn (1, ++ − + )
,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
gn (1, + − ++) gn (1, − +++) gn (1, ++ − − )
Z= ∑ e−β / = ∑ P (σ , S ). X4 =
gn ( − 1, − − − − )
, X5 =
gn ( − 1, − − − − )
, X6 =
gn ( − 1, − − − − )
,
All Config {σ , S} (2) gn (1, − − ++) gn (1, + − − + ) gn (1, − ++ − )
X7 = , X8 = , X9 = ,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
Thus, if the Bethe lattice is cut at the central plaquette, i¼0, then X10 =
gn (1, − + − + )
, X11 =
gn (1, + − + − )
, X12 =
gn (1, + − − − )
,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
gn (1, − + − − ) gn (1, − − + − ) gn (1, − − − + )
P (σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 ) X13 = , X14 = , X15 = ,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
= e βJsc σ 0 (S01+ S02+ S03+ S04 ) e βJs (S01S02+ S02 S03+ S03 S04 + S04 S01) × X16 =
gn (1, − − − − )
, X17 =
gn (0, ++++)
, X18 =
gn (0, +++ − )
,
q gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
∏ Q n [(σ0, S01, S02, S03, S04 )|(σ1, S11, S12, S13, S14 ) j] X19 =
gn (0, ++ − + )
, X20 =
gn (0, + − ++)
, X21 =
gn (0, − +++)
,
j=1 (3) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
gn (0, ++ − − ) gn (0, − − ++) gn (0, + − − + )
X22 = , X23 = , X24 = ,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
which gives the interactions between the central plaquette spins as
gn (0, − ++ − ) gn (0, − + − + ) gn (0, + − + − )
exponentials and the rest of the interactions are presented in the X25 = , X26 = , X27 = ,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
product. Now, if the Bethe lattice is cut at the first plaquette then gn (0, + − − − ) gn (0, − + − − ) gn (0, − − + − )
X28 = , X29 = , X 30 = ,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
gn (0, − − − + ) gn (0, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, ++++)
Q n [(σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 )|(σ1, S11, S12, S13, S14 ) j ] X 31 =
gn ( − 1, − − − − )
, X 32 =
gn ( − 1, − − − − )
, X 33 =
gn ( − 1, − − − − )
,

= e βJc σ 0 σ1 e βJsc σ1(S11+ S12+ S13+ S14 ) e βJs (S11S12+ S12 S13+ S13 S14 + S14 S11) X 34 =
gn ( − 1, +++ − )
, X 35 =
gn ( − 1, ++ − + )
, X 36 =
gn ( − 1, + − ++)
,
q−1 gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
e βJs (S01S11+ S02 S12+ S03 S13+ S04 S14 ) × ∏ Q n [(σ1, S11, S12, S13, S14 ) X 37 =
gn ( − 1, − +++)
, X 38 =
gn ( − 1, ++ − − )
, X 39 =
gn ( − 1, − − ++)
,
k=1 gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
gn ( − 1, + − − + ) gn ( − 1, − ++ − ) gn ( − 1, − + − + )
|(σ 2, S21, S22, S23, S24 )k ] (4) X 40 = , X 41 = , X 42 = ,
gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
gn ( − 1, + − + − ) gn ( − 1, + − − − ) gn ( − 1, − + − − )
X 43 = , X 44 = , X 45 = ,
where the exponentials represent interactions in the first plaquette gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − )
spins and between the central and first plaquette spins. The rest of X 46 =
gn ( − 1, − − + − )
, X 47 =
gn ( − 1, − − − + )
.
the interactions are again included in the product term. After de- gn ( − 1, − − − − ) gn ( − 1, − − − − ) (8)
fining The explicit forms of the recursion relations are very long to be
given in this work, but we have to mention that they take about
gn (σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 ) = ∑ Q n (σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 ) 2500 lines in a Fortran program. At least, the explicit form of the
{σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 } (5) partition function may be given in terms of the recursion relations
as
as, one obtains the partition function of the form
Z = e β′(Δ + 2r + p) X1q + e β′(Δ + r ) X2q + e β′(Δ + r ) X3q + e β′(Δ + r ) X 4q
Z= ∑ e βJsc σ 0 (S01+ S02+ S03+ S04 ) e βJs (S01S02+ S02 S03+ S03 S04 + S04 S01) ×
{σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 }
+ e β′(Δ + r ) X5q + e β′ΔX6q + e β′ΔX7q + e β′ΔX8q + e β′ΔX 9q + e β′(Δ − p) X10
q

q q q q
[gn (σ 0, S 01, S 02, S 03, S 04 ) ]q (6) + e β′(Δ − p) X11 + e β′(Δ − r ) X12 + e β′(Δ − r ) X13 + e β′(Δ − r ) X14
q q q q q q
+ e β′(Δ − r ) X15 + e β′(Δ − 2r + p) X16 + e β′pX17 + X18 + X19 + X20
where q is the number of the nearest-neighbors, i.e. coordination
q q q q q q q q
number. Now from Eqs. (4) and (5), one can easily obtain + X21 + X22 + X23 + X24 + X25 + e−β′pX26 + e−β′pX27 + X28
q q q q q q
+ X29 + X30 + X31 + e β′pX32 + e β′(Δ − 2r + p) X33 + e β′(Δ − r ) X34
gn (σ 0, S01, S02, S03, S04 ) q
+ e β′(Δ − r ) X35 q
+ e β′(Δ − r ) X36 q
+ e β′(Δ − r ) X37 q
+ e β′ΔX38 q
+ e β′ΔX39
= ∑ e βJc σ 0 σ1 e βJsc σ1(S11+ S12+ S13+ S14 ) q
+ e β′ΔX 40 q
+ e β ′ ΔX 41 q
+ e β′(Δ − p) X 42 q
+ e β′(Δ − p) X 43 q
+ e β′(Δ + r ) X 44
{σ 1, S11, S12, S13, S14 }
q q q
+ e β′(Δ + r ) X 45 + e β′(Δ + r ) X 46 + e β′(Δ + r ) X 47 + e β′(Δ + 2r + p) . (9)
e βJs (S11S12+ S12 S13+ S13 S14 + S14 S11) e βJs (S01S11+ S02 S12+ S03 S13+ S04 S14 ) ×
[gn − 1 (σ1, S11, S12, S13, S14 )]q − 1. (7) where β′ = βJc = Jc /kT , Δ = D/Jc , p = Js /Jc and r = Jsc /Jc . It is clear that
Jc is used as a scaling parameter.
After having calculated the gn functions, we are now ready to in- The magnetization Mc of the core spin-1 of the central pla-
troduce the recursion relations depending on different spin con- quette is obtained as
figurations of the model as the ratios of the gn functions. Thus for a Mc = [e β ′(Δ + 2r + p) X1q + e β ′(Δ + r ) X2q + e β ′(Δ + r ) X3q + e β ′(Δ + r ) X 4q + e β ′(Δ + r ) X5q
plaquette, we have
+ e β ′ΔX 6q + e β ′ΔX7q + e β ′ΔX8q + e β ′ΔX 9q + e β ′(Δ − p) X10
q q
+ e β ′(Δ − p) X11
q q q q q
+ e β ′(Δ − r ) X12 + e β ′(Δ − r ) X13 + e β ′(Δ − r ) X14 + e β ′(Δ − r ) X15 + e β ′(Δ − 2r + p) X16
(spin − 1 values)(spin − 1 count) × (spin − 1/2 values)(spin − 1/2 count)
q q q q
− e β ′(Δ − 2r + p) X33 − e β ′(Δ − r ) X34 − e β ′(Δ − r ) X35 − e β ′(Δ − r ) X36
q q q q q q
which is equal to 31 × 24 = 48 and thus we have 48 gn functions. − e β ′(Δ − r ) X37 − e β ′ΔX38 − e β ′ΔX39 − e β ′ΔX 40 − e β ′ΔX 41 − e β ′(Δ − p) X 42
The recursion relations serve the role of the equations of states and q q q q q
− e β ′(Δ − p) X 43 − e β ′(Δ + r ) X 44 − e β ′(Δ + r ) X 45 − e β ′(Δ + r ) X 46 − e β ′(Δ + r ) X 47
are defined as the ratios of the partial partition functions of gn (σ , S ) − e β ′(Δ + 2r + p) ]/Z (10)
for each of the separate branches of the BL. Thus, 47 recursion re-
lations are of the form and finally the magnetization of the surface spins, Ms, i.e. spin-1/2,
are all equivalent and thus can be calculated from
 E. Albayrak / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538 535

Fig. 2. The phase diagrams of the model on the ( r , kTc /J ) planes for given values of p¼ when (a) Δ = 0.0 , (b) Δ = − 1.0 , (c) Δ = − 2.0 , (d) Δ = − 2.25 and (e) Δ = − 3.0 .

Ms = [e β′(Δ + 2r + p) X1q + e β′(Δ + r ) X2q + e β′(Δ + r ) X3q + e β′(Δ + r ) X 4q The average magnetization of any plaquette in the nanowire can
be calculated from
− e β′(Δ + r ) X5q + e β′ΔX6q − e β′ΔX7q + e β′ΔX8q − e β′ΔX 9q
q q q q MT = (Mc + 4Ms )/5. (12)
− e β′(Δ − p) X10 + e β′(Δ − p) X11 + e β′(Δ − r ) X12 − e β′(Δ − r ) X13
q
− e β′(Δ − r ) X14 q
− e β′(Δ − r ) X15 q
− e β′(Δ − 2r + p) X16 q
+ e β′pX17 q
+ X18 All these formulations are the needed ingredients for the calcu-
lation of the thermal variations of the magnetizations and there-
q q q q q q q q
+ X19 + X20 − X21 + X22 − X23 + X24 − X25 − e−β′pX26 fore for the calculation of the phase diagrams. It should be men-
q q q q q q tioned that in the thermodynamic limit, all the plaquettes deep
+ e−β′pX27 + X28 − X29 − X30 − X31 − e β′pX32
q q q q inside the center of the nanowire are equivalent, therefore, the
+ e β′(Δ − 2r + p) X33 + e β′(Δ − r ) X34 + e β′(Δ − r ) X35 + e β′(Δ − r ) X36
calculations are carried out by using an iteration scheme in the
q q q q q
− e β′(Δ − r ) X37 + e β′ΔX38 − e β′ΔX39 + e β′ΔX 40 − e β′ΔX 41 thermodynamic limit.
q q q q
− e β′(Δ − p) X 42 + e β′(Δ − p) X 43 + e β′(Δ + r ) X 44 − e β′(Δ + r ) X 45
q
− e β′(Δ + r ) X 46 q
− e β′(Δ + r ) X 47 − e β′(Δ + 2r + p) ]/(2Z ). 3. The phase diagrams, results and conclusions
(11)
We are now ready to illustrate the phase diagrams which are
536 E. Albayrak / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538

Fig. 3. The phase diagrams of the model on the ( p, kTc /J ) planes for given values of r ¼ when (a) Δ = 0.0 , (b) Δ = − 1.0, (c) Δ = − 2.0 , (d) Δ = − 2.25 and (e) Δ = − 3.0 .

obtained by studying the thermal variations of total magnetization
MT. The first two types are obtained on the (r , kT /Jc ) and (p, kT /Jc )
planes for various values of p and r with constant crystal field and
presented in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The second two types are
calculated on the (Δ, kT /Jc ) planes for given values of r and p as
shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. It is found that the model
gives only second-order phase transition lines, i.e. Tc-lines, shown
with solid lines, Tc-line combined with the first-order phase
transition line, Tt-lines, represented with dashed lines, at the tri-
critical point (TCP) (indicated with gray circles) and two Tc-lines
combined with a single Tt-line at two TCPs at different
temperatures.
Before going into the details of the phase diagrams, a few
words for the regular Ising model and the BC model should be
given: The Ising model gives straight Tc-lines for constant Js which
are seen at lower temperatures as Js becomes smaller. The BC
model gives a Tc-line combined with a Tt-line at the TCP. The
combination of these phase lines separate the ferromagnetic (FM)
phase from the paramagnetic (PM) phase. The model does not give
any phase transitions when Δ is less than about  2.0 when q ¼4
for a regular or Bethe lattice because of the competition between Jc
and D. Note that as D becomes more negative the spin-1 particles
prefer σ = 0 state, while it becomes more positive σ = 1 state is
preferred. Jc drives the system to the σ = 1 state for the FM case
always. Js and Jsc are also in support of the FM phase, i.e. σ = 1 state.
These must be remembered when we discuss the phase diagrams.
It should also be noted that even if our nanowire is a Bethe lattice
of q ¼2, each nanoparticle with spin-1 has four nearest-neighbors
 E. Albayrak / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538 537

0.5 r=Jsc/Jc=0.1
r=Jsc/Jc=1.0 0.4
0
p=Js/Jc=1.0 =1.
/J c
p=J s
0.8
0.4 PM 0.8
PM
0.6
0.3 0.6
0.4
0.4 0.1
0.3 0.2 0.2

kT/JC
0.1 0.01
kT/JC

0.2
0.01
FM(1/2)
0.2 0.05
0.05
FM(1/2)
0.1
0.1 FM(1/2,1)

FM(1/2,1)

0.0
0.0
-3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 ∇
∇

Fig. 4. The phase diagrams of the model on the ( Δ, kTc /J ) planes for given values of p when (a) r ¼1.0 and (b) r ¼ 0.1.

of spin-1/2.
Fig. 2 is obtained on the (r , kT /Jc ) planes for various p values
when Δ is constant. Fig. 2a and b are obtained for Δ = 0.0 and
1.0, respectively. The Tc-lines start from lower temperatures for
lower p's. As r increases they increase in temperature. This in-
crease slows down as r grows towards 1.0. This can be explained as
follows: Since Jc > 0, used as scaling factor, the spin-1 core atoms
are driven into the σ = 1.0 state. The same is also true for Δ is
greater than  2.0. Since p is always positive, the spin-1/2 particles
are also in the FM phase. So both type of particles prefer the FM
case, therefore, the Tc-lines increase monotonically. When p ¼0.0,
surface and core spins do not interact but they are still in the FM
case which is clear from the figure that Tc's are not zero at r ¼0.0.
Figs. 2c and d are calculated for Δ = − 2.0 and  2.25, respectively.
Now, the Tc-lines have a straight portion at lower r and a portion
increasing in temperature for higher r for each p as in Fig. 2a and b.
The first portion separates the PM phase from the FM phase
caused by the surface spins. It is clear that the strength of Jc bal-
ances the strength of Δ, therefore, core spins are in the σ = 0 state.
Since p is constant, the Tc-lines are straight lines as expected. Thus,
the FM phase may be called as the FM(1/2) phase in this case.
When r is greater than about 0.5, the curved part starts. This
portion of the Tc-line also separates the FM phase from the PM
phase but now both type of the particles are involved in the FM
phase. When Δ is greater than  2.0, the strength of Jc overcomes
the strength of Δ so the spin state becomes σ = 1 state. Thus, this
phase may be called as the FM(1/2,1) phase. Again note that as Δ
becomes more negative the core spins are driven into the σ = 0
state ( Δ and Jc are against each other), while it grows towards
positive values the core spins are driven into the σ = 1 state ( Δ and
Jc are in favor of each other). The surface spins support the core
spins in driving the system to the FM phase via p and r too. The
model also gives Tt-lines for lower p values, i.e. when 0.01, 0.05
and 0.1. The Tt-lines combine with the two portions of the Tc-lines
at two TCPs with one at lower r and temperature and the other one
is at higher r and temperature for each p. The first TCPs decrease in
temperature as p decreases at almost constant r, while the second
TCPs move to higher r for lower p almost having the same tem-
peratures. When r reaches a critical value, like r ≃ 0.5 in Fig. 2c,
core spins exhibit sudden jumps from σ = 0.0 state to σ = 1.0 for
the appropriate values of the other parameters. Hence, the phase
transition of nanowire may exhibit first-order phase transitions
when p is lower like the curves labeled with 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1. The
Tt-lines continue for a short distance in r. As r increases further the
surface atoms support the core atoms to go to the σ = 1.0 state.
Therefore, the Tt-lines terminate from where the Tc-lines emerge
from the second TCPs. The last figure, Fig. 2e, for Δ = − 3.0 shows
that the model presents only straight Tc-lines which are seen at
lower temperatures for lower p's as expected. The Tc-lines for
p = 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6 present little increases at r ≃ 1.0. Except these
little parts, the lines separate the FM(1/2) phase from the PM
phase. It is clear that the existence of the surface spins increase the
strength of the nanoparticle, therefore nanowire, against Δ, since
the Tt-lines appear only at lower p's, i.e. for 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 and
disappear for higher p's.
Fig. 3 is presented on the (p, kT /Jc ) planes for various r when Δ
is constant again. Figs. 3a and b are obtained when Δ = 0.0 and
 1.0, respectively. It is obvious that the Tc-lines are straight lines

0.50 0.3
p=Js/Jc=1.0 p=Js/Jc=0.1

0.45
.0
=1 PM
PM /J c
Jsc 0.8
.0

r= 0.1
c =1

0.40 0.6 0.2 0.8

J
sc /

0.05
0.6
J
r=
4
0.

kT/JC
kT/JC

5
4

0.0
0.
2

0.35
0.

2
1

0.
0.

1
0.0 0.01
0.30 0.1
FM(1/2,1)

FM(1/2,1)
0.25
FM(1/2)
FM(1/2)
0.20 0.0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1
∇ ∇

Fig. 5. The phase diagrams of the model on the ( Δ, kTc /J ) planes for given values of r when (a) p¼ 1.0 and (b) p ¼ 0.1.
538 E. Albayrak / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 (2016) 532–538
having almost the same slopes for each Δ which increase in
temperature for higher r values with increasing p's. The straight-
ness of the lines is spoiled for p¼ 0.2, 0.05 and 0.01. The next two
figures, Fig. 3c and d, are calculated for Δ = − 2.0 and  2.25,
respectively. They are similar with the first two figures qualita-
tively. Now, the phase transition lines for higher r's present only Tc
lines, then presents Tc-lines combined with the Tt-lines at the TCPs
and presents again only Tc-lines for lower r's which becomes
constant at some values of r. The TCPs for each figure are seen at
higher p's at almost constant temperatures. The last figure of this
group, Fig. 3 when Δ = − 3.0, gives only Tc-lines all combined at
almost r ¼ 0.0 and have little separation at higher p's for very high
r's. The lines do not change when about r ≤ 0.9. Note that all these
findings are in perfect agreement with Fig. 2, therefore, all the
physical arguments there also apply in here.
Fig. 4 shows the phase diagrams on the (kT /Jc , Δ) planes for
r ¼1.0 and 0.1 for various values of p. These figures are similar to
Fig. 2c and d. The r ¼ 1.0 case has little higher temperatures than
the case with r ¼0.1 for each phase transition lines. Actually,
Fig. 4b seems to be shifted towards right in comparison with
Fig. 4a. As p goes to zero the model reduces towards the BC model,
thus Tt-lines in addition to the TCPs appear for lower p values.
The final figures of this work are obtained on the same plane of
Fig. 4 but now the roles of r and p are exchanged. When p ¼1.0,
Fig. 5a, the model again gives two portions of the Tc-lines only,
which is in agreement with the previous figures. The next one is
obtained when p ¼0.1 as shown in Fig. 5b, each line has a Tt-line
combined with the two Tc-lines at the TCPs at the higher and
lower temperatures. The TCPs at lower temperatures are all seen
at the same temperature but at lower r's for higher Δ's. The Tc-lines
lie on each other for low Δ for all values of r for each figure.
In conclusion, the square Ising nanowire is analyzed on the BL
with q ¼2 by using the recursion relations which is constructed by
adding the square type of nanoparticles with one spin of spin-1 at
the center and four spins of spin-1/2 at the corners of a square in
both directions. The phase diagrams are obtained on the possible
planes of the system parameters and it is found that they are in
overall agreement. It is seen that the Tc-lines have two portions,
i.e. the constant one in temperature and the one increasing in
temperature. These two lines are either continuation of each other
or they combine with the Tt-lines at two different TCPs for each
given system parameters. The latter type of Tc-lines combine with
Tt-lines at one TCP too (see Figs. 3c and d). The straight Tc-lines
separate the FM(1/2) phase from the PM ones and the other type
separate the FM(1/2,1) phase from the PM phase. It should be
mentioned that in the literature [15–20], the mixed spin-1/2 and
spin-1 nanowire was always studied for the case with spin-1/2
core and spin-1 shell spins which is opposite of this work. The
reason of this lies in the number of the recursion relations. The
spin-1/2 core and four spin-1 shell spins would have required 161
recursion relations which are almost four times higher than this
work which may be considered as a future work. The nanowire of
this work hopefully gets to the attentions of the others.
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