IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 45, NO.

9, SEPTEMBER 2009 3243

Ferroresonance Analysis in LCR Circuits Including

Rapidly Solidified Alloy Cores
Domenico Giordano1 , Nicoleta Banu2 , Edoardo Barbisio2 , Oriano Bottauscio1 , Mario Chiampi2 , and
Gabriella Crotti1
Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino 10135, Italy
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy

We report an experimental and modeling analysis of ferroresonance phenomena in a series inductance–capacitance–resistance circuit
with a saturable inductor. The nonlinear reactor core is made of a nanocrystalline ribbon whose magnetic properties can be modified
by suitable thermal treatments. This choice of core allows us to investigate the influence of the magnetization curve on the evolution of
the ferroresonance phenomenon. We detected different ferroresonance modes experimentally and reproduced them by simulation. We
gave particular attention to the longitudinally field-annealed alloy, whose magnetization characteristic is close to a step ideal curve; this
feature enables us to analytically interpret the ferroresonance mechanism and predict the conditions that lead to a stated evolution of
the phenomenon.
Index Terms—Amorphous magnetic materials, ferroresonance, nonlinear circuits.

I. INTRODUCTION dissipative effects (magnetic losses), antagonist to the ferrores-

onance, are reduced.
The use of a rapidly solidified alloy also allows us to investi-
F ERRORESONANCE phenomena in power networks
cause overcurrents and overvoltages dangerous for
electrical equipment and so they are widely studied (see for
gate the effects of the shape of the magnetization curve without
modifying the structure of the test circuit. In fact, the magnetiza-
tion curve of the same strip wound core can be strongly modified
example [1]–[4]). However, due to the complex configuration
by subjecting the material to different field annealing processes.
of power systems and the presence of stray parameters (capac-
The analysis presented here is developed under steady-state
itances and mutual inductances), usually the analysis focuses
supply conditions, considering the same core, made of a
on the identification of the risky situations which may lead
nanocrystalline ribbon, as quenched, after a longitudinal field
to ferroresonance. More detailed information can be derived
annealing and after transverse a field annealing. Simulations
by experimental analysis performed in laboratory on simple
obtained through the numerical solution of the nonlinear circuit
circuits or devices, which can be also accurately described by
are validated by comparison with experiments. When the effect
numerical models [5]–[9]. However, a precise understanding of
of the hysteresis loop is not negligible (as quenched alloy), a
the arising of the different types of ferroresonance remains dif-
model based on stop operators is employed to reproduce the
ficult, especially because of the complex behavior (hysteresis,
magnetic behavior. The experimental setup and the numerical
eddy currents, skin effect) of the soft magnetic materials em-
procedures are detailed in Section II.
ployed in nonlinear inductances.
The use of the same core with different thermal treatments
On the other hand, some analytical studies have tried to
shows that the circuit behavior significantly changes due to the
clarify the mechanism of ferroresonance [10]–[12], but their
modified magnetic properties. Different ferroresonance modes
predictions cannot be well reproduced by experiments, because
(fundamental, subharmonic, and chaotic modes) are found [10],
the computations are usually developed under the assumption
varying the amplitude of the supplied signal. The effects of a sig-
of idealized step magnetic characteristics and negligible dissi-
nificant reduction of the circuit resistance are also investigated
pative effects.
both by computation and experiments. The results provided by
This paper aims at understanding and predicting the causes
the analysis of the three cores are presented in Sections III, IV,
and the development of steady-state ferroresonant phenomena
and V, respectively.
in a series inductance–capacitance–resistance circuit
Finally, taking advantage of the fact that the magnetization
with a saturable component, whose magnetic characteristic
characteristic of the longitudinal field annealed nanocrystalline
is a quasi-ideal step curve. For such a purpose, the nonlinear
alloy is very close to an ideal step curve, some analytical com-
inductor is a strip wound core made of a rapidly solidified
putations are performed in order to well clarify the arising of
(amorphous and nanocrystalline) alloy which is obtained after
ferroresonance and the corresponding evolution of the electric
longitudinally field annealing. This material shows a magnetic
quantities. These considerations, reported in Section VI, allow
characteristic close to a step ideal curve with very narrow
us to predict the conditions that can lead to a stated behavior of
hysteresis loops and almost negligible classical losses. As a
the considered circuit.
consequence, the modeling approach is simplified and the
II. EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES
Manuscript received November 18, 2008; revised March 12, 2009. Current The considered electric circuit is composed of a voltage
version published August 19, 2009. Corresponding author: M. Chiampi (e-mail:
mario.chiampi@polito.it). source , a linear resistor of resistance , a capacitor of
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2009.2020978 capacitance , and a nonlinear inductor, connected in series.
0018-9464/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
3244
Fig. 1. First magnetization of a nanocrystalline alloy (FINEMET
Fe Cu Nb Si B ) as quenched (AQ), after a longitudinal field annealing
and after a transverse field annealing. The hysteresis loop at 500 Hz is also
reported for the AQ alloy.
The voltage source includes a waveform generator and a
power amplifier, which enable the control of the voltage ampli-
tude, frequency, and waveform shape. In the following analysis
only a square waveform is employed, in order to simplify
the analytical interpretation of the phenomena. Moreover, the
frequency value is limited to a few kilohertz, to make magnetic
losses negligible.
The inductance is an -turn coil wound on a 10- m-thick
nanocrystalline ribbon (FINEMET Fe Cu Nb Si B ); an
additional winding is inserted for the magnetic flux measure-
ment. The same nanocrystalline alloy is used as quenched, after
longitudinal and after transverse field annealing. As shown in
Fig. 1, the thermal treatments strongly modify the shape of
the magnetic characteristics, which are obtained from mea-
surements made by means of a digital hysteresisgraph under
controlled sinusoidal flux. The measurement setup includes a
primary circuit, supplied by a DC-10 MHz NF-HSA4101 power
amplifier driven by an Agilent 33120A function generator. A
500 MHz TDS-714L oscilloscope acquires the primary current
and the secondary induced voltage. The system is operating in
VEE environment. In all the cases, the classical losses of the
material are negligible. In addition the very narrow hysteresis
loops of the annealed alloys (not reported in Fig. 1) allow ac-
curate simulations, based on single-valued magnetizing curves,
by disregarding the eddy-current effects.
In order to reduce the unavoidable circuit resistances (mainly
due to the winding and current measurement resistor), which
limit or even may prevent the development of the ferroreso-
nance phenomena, a current proportional voltage feedback can
be added to the input. This partially compensates for the voltage
drop in the resistive components, apparently reducing the Joule
losses. A schematic view of the test circuit is presented in Fig. 2.
The data acquisition is performed through a multichannel digital
oscilloscope operating up to 10 MSa/s with 12 bit resolution.
The numerical simulations have been performed by means
of a step-by-step time procedure, following the approach based
on the fixed point iterative technique [9], [13], [14], previously
applied to FeSi laminations. Here, an inverse hysteresis model,
based on stop operators [15], [16], is found to be more apt to
well reproduce the sharp magnetization curve, with respect to
the Preisach model.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 45, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2009
Fig. 2. Scheme of the measurement layout including the current proportional
voltage feedback, which is used in some experiments to reduce the effects of the
circuit resistances.
Using the stop model, the magnetic field is expressed as the
sum of an anhysteretic and a hysteretic term . The
hysteretic term introduces the stop operator , which defines the
link between the given input and the output
. is expressed as
(1)
with
where is the number of stop operators. The parameters
and , as well as the curve , are identified by an opti-
mization algorithm that minimizes the discrepancies between a
number of computed and experimental symmetric loops.
The effect of hysteresis is disregarded when simulating
the field annealed materials, while it is accounted for in the
nanocrystalline ribbons as quenched. Eddy currents are always
disregarded, due to their negligible role.
The supply voltage waveform may be imposed, either analyt-
ically or by a data file obtained from the measurements. In the
first case the behavior of the voltage feedback (or its effect) has
to be simulated, while in the second one the input data include
both the generator and resistance compensation effects.
Computational and experimental results are then elaborated
to produce time evolutions and trajectories in the state variable
space of the electrical quantities.
III. LONGITUDINAL FIELD ANNEALED CORE
The magnetic characteristic of the longitudinal field annealed
core with narrow hysteresis loops justifies the development of
simulations using the single-valued first magnetization curve.
The investigations, which are performed by varying the am-
plitude of the square supply voltage and keeping the supply fre-
quency (2 kHz) fixed, show that different ferroresonance modes
can be experienced, as summarized in Table I. For the lowest
voltage values, the magnetic material does not reach saturation,
so that the evolution of the electric quantities is that of a clas-
sical linear LCR circuit. At the increase of the supply, chaotic and
subharmonic behaviors appear. An example of a third-order sub-
harmonic evolution of the current and capacitance voltage drop is
presented in Fig. 3, where the measured and computed results are
GIORDANO et al.: FERRORESONANCE ANALYSIS IN LCR CIRCUITS 3245

Fig. 3. Measured and computed time evolution of the electric current (a) and
capacitance voltage drop (b) for a 2 V supply voltage. The core is a nanocrystalline
alloy (Fe Cu Nb Si B ) longitudinal field annealed.

compared. Forincreasedsupplyvoltagethebehavior becomespe-

riodic with high harmonic content and different positive and neg-
ative half-waves, as shown in Fig. 4. Finally, for the highest volt-
ages, a symmetric periodic evolution is found again with highly
distorted waveforms (Fig. 5). All these results prove that the sim-
ulations performed by means of the first magnetization curve are
able to well reconstruct the experimental outcomes.
Fig. 4. Measured and computed time evolution of the electric current (a) and
capacitance voltage drop (b) for a 3 V supply voltage. The core is a nanocrystalline
IV. AS QUENCHED CORE alloy (Fe Cu Nb Si B ) longitudinal field annealed.
The magnetic characteristic of the nanocrystalline alloy as
quenched shows a nonnegligible hysteresis loop. Thus, prelimi-
the chaos occurrence and, in addition, to give an estimation of
nary verifications about the hysteresis effects are performed. For
the range of the voltage amplitude, which is in good agreement
such a purpose, the supply currents and the capacitance voltage
with the measured values.
drop obtained by measurements (2 kHz square supply voltage)
Other investigations have been performed on the same
are compared with the results provided by two numerical models;
material with the aim of evaluating the role of the resistance
the first one uses an anhysteretic curve, while the second one
reduction. For such a purpose a voltage feedback is used to
is based on a step-by-step procedure including the stop hys-
partially compensate the voltage drop in the resistive compo-
teresis model, described in Section II. The evolution of the two
nents (winding, current measurement resistor, voltage source).
quantities, reported in Fig. 6, clearly evidences the presence of a
The importance of this compensation is made evident in Fig. 8,
third-order subharmonic. It is found that, even if both approaches
which presents two current evolutions obtained under the same
well reproduce the phenomenon, the inclusion of the hysteresis
supply conditions without (a) and with (b) the insertion of
model allows us to significantly reduce some discrepancies
the voltage feedback. The first diagram [Fig. 8(a)] shows a
mainly evident in the capacitance voltage drop waveform.
current waveform at the same fundamental frequency of the
The use of the more accurate modeling approach enables
voltage source (3.5 kHz) with a high harmonic content; with
a good reproduction of the phenomenon evolution reported in
the increase of the compensation level, the behavior becomes
Fig. 7. Here, the experimental capacitance voltage drop seems
quasi-periodic, with frequency around 10 kHz [Fig. 8(b)].
to assume a quasi-periodic evolution, but, after some tens of
periods, a chaotic behavior appears. In presence of chaos, the
model cannot precisely reproduce the measured evolution, be- V. TRANSVERSE FIELD ANNEALED CORE
cause the actual experimental starting conditions are not exactly Finally, the analysis with a nanocrystalline core made of
known. Nevertheless, the deterministic model is able to predict transverse field annealed ribbon has been performed. The turn
3246 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 45, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2009

Fig. 5. Measured and computed time evolution of the electric current (a) and
capacitance voltage drop (b) for a 5 V supply voltage. The core is a nanocrystalline
alloy (Fe Cu Nb Si B ) longitudinal field annealed. Fig. 6. Measured and computed evolution of the current (a) and capacitance
voltage drop (b) with the nanocrystalline core (Fe Cu Nb Si B as
quenched) supplied by a 2 kHz square voltage. The effects of the magnetic model
TABLE I are analyzed.
EXPERIENCED FERRORESONANCE MODES

number of the new magnetic ring was adjusted in order to

ensure the same saturation level and an additional air-core
inductor was series connected to obtain the same saturation
inductance of the previous case.
As for the case of longitudinal annealed core, the investiga-
tion was made by analyzing the current waveforms for different
amplitudes of a 2 kHz square voltage. The results demonstrate
the higher stability of this coil, since neither subharmonic nor
chaotic modes occur in the voltage range enclosed between 0.4
and 5 V. In particular, Fig. 9(a) shows that, with a voltage am-
plitude of 0.5 V, which is not sufficient to produce saturation in Fig. 7. Measured (a) and computed (b) capacitance voltage drop evolution
the magnetic core, the current response is similar to that of a with a nanocrystalline core (Fe Cu Nb Si B as quenched) supplied by
a 2 kHz square voltage (1 V).
linear circuit. On the contrary, with a voltage amplitude of 5 V,
saturation is reached, as shown by the strong distortion of the
current evolution reported in Fig. 9(b). In addition, in this case, the voltage, and the initial conditions, which lead the system
the waveform becomes nonsymmetric, with a positive current to follow a steady state trajectory in the plane of the state vari-
peak of about 300 mA and a negative peak of about 200 mA. ables (flux in the inductor core and capacitor voltage drop
). The analytical method is developed under the assumption of
VI. CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT FERRORESONANCE OCCURRENCE the strongly idealized piecewise linear magnetization curve de-
This section presents an analytical method able to predict, for picted in Fig. 10(b), where the final slope individualizes the in-
the nonlinear circuit of Fig. 10(a), the supply frequency, ductance . However, the predictions are found to be valid also
GIORDANO et al.: FERRORESONANCE ANALYSIS IN LCR CIRCUITS
Fig. 8. Measured and computed evolution of the current in the RLC circuit
with nanocrystalline core (Fe Cu Nb Si B as quenched) supplied by a
square voltage at 3.5 kHz; (a) without compensation (total resistance = 2:8
)

and (b) with partial compensation (equivalent resistance 0:9
).
Fig. 9. Computed evolution of the electric current with a nanocrystalline core
(Fe Cu Nb Si B transverse field annealed) supplied by a 2 kHz square
voltage: (a) 0.5 V and (b) 5 V.
for the actual magnetic characteristic of a nanocrystalline lon-
gitudinal field annealed alloy. As an example, Fig. 11 compares
the cycles in the state plane computed with the idealized and the
actual magnetization curve; it shows how the discrepancies are
very limited and do not affect the validity of the considerations
below reported.
Under the assumption of the idealized curve, the circuit
becomes an open circuit with zero current below saturation
, while, when the flux overcomes the
saturation value , the loop behaves as a linear
circuit, where is the incremental inductance. This circuit, in
the saturation region, is characterized by damped oscillations
with angular frequency , period
3247
Fig. 10. Analytical model: (a) LCR nonlinear circuit and (b) idealized piece-
wise linear magnetization curve.
Fig. 11. Comparison of the trajectories computed with the idealized and actual
magnetization curves in the normalized state plane.
, time constant and phase angle displace-
ment with respect to the flux.
The study is carried out under steady-state periodic condi-
tions. In principle, any supply voltage waveform could be con-
sidered; to simplify the development of the analytical solution,
a square-waved supply voltage, switching between during
the time period is assumed here.
In the present analysis, we are interested in the occurrence
of an asymmetrical periodic evolution, where the half period
circuit response to the positive supply includes a single oscilla-
tion , while the negative one exhibits two oscillations
. An example of such behavior, typical in ferroreso-
nance phenomena, is evidenced by the two diagrams in Fig. 12,
which presents the time evolution and the corresponding phase
plot of the two state variables normalized to the saturation flux
and to the supply voltage , respectively.
Making reference to the phase plot, we can follow one single
evolution over the period starting at point A ,
when the supply voltage switches to the positive value . It
can be proved that , which expresses the p.u. inductor voltage
drop at this instant, is determined only by the circuit parameters
and and by the cycle shape we want to investigate (e.g.,
3248 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 45, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2009

From point C the current is again null and the state point falls
down at a speed proportional to the distance .
When point D is reached the first supply half-period
is over and the supply voltage switches to . The total time
interval required to cover this portion of trajectory is

(4)

In (4), the quantities and , with constraints

, are respectively the p.u. starting and trailing flux
increments covered in the saturation interval.
The successive straight paths DE, FG, and HA are covered
faster, because their distances from the straight line
are greater than the previous segments AB and CD were
from . Therefore, an additional damped half-oscillation is
performed, completing the path DEFGHA in the remaining
half-period . The total time in the second half-period of
the supply is

Fig. 12. Asymmetrical periodic evolution of the normalized state variables in

an LCR circuit in the time domain (a) and in the state plane (the solid line
represents the path covered during the positive half period of the supply voltage, (5)
the dotted line the remaining path during the negative half period).

symmetric or asymmetric, with one or more oscillations, etc.). By introducing the auxiliary variables and
For the present case is given by and by algebraic manipulations of relations
(4) and (5), the equations of two sheaves of straight lines are
with defined

The vertical position (that is ) depends on the choice of the

supply voltage amplitude and frequency. As long as
, since the current is null, the capacitance voltage drop
is constant and the flux increases with a speed proportional to (6)
so that the state point moves upwards along a vertical line.
As exceeds the saturation value (point B), the current be-
gins to flow, increasing the voltage across the capacitor. Thus,
the electric quantities follow a portion of a damped oscillation
up to the point C, where the flux again reduces to the saturation (7)
value. The path BC, performed in this time interval, is part of a
logarithmic spiral according to the equations The values of the parameters and individualize the
straight lines of the first and second sheaf, respectively. It must
(2) be noted that both the sheaf centers
in (6) and in (7) depend only on
(3) the parameters and of the considered circuit.
Since must satisfy the constraints , its corre-
where is a local time starting in B point. sponding straight lines lay in the sector enclosed between the
It is worth noting that the arc BC is covered exactly in a half curves of the sheaf (6) obtained imposing the limit values to ,
of the period related to the angular frequency . Due to as reported in Fig. 13. For the same reasons, also the sheaf (7) is
the damping effect at the end of this lapse of time, we have reduced to a wedge-shaped area enclosed between the two limit
straights (with and , respectively). The intersec-
tion between these two wedge-shaped regions defines a sector
which includes all the points in the plain - for which a peri-
odic asymmetric behavior is allowed. Within the sector, a point
GIORDANO et al.: FERRORESONANCE ANALYSIS IN LCR CIRCUITS 3249

Fig. 13. White sector enclosed by the limit straights of sheaves (6) and (7) is
the allowed region in plane x =8 =
=T E and y T =T 01 for the analyzed
asymmetrical periodic evolution. The point P provides the supply amplitude and
frequency necessary to get the asymmetrical cycle of Fig. 12(b).

P, determines the supply amplitude and frequency. The corre-

sponding values and can be deduced through (6) and (7)
from the slope of the straight lines connecting P with the sheaf
centers Q and , respectively.
The same computational procedure can be applied to deter-
mine some other sectors characterizing different symmetrical or
asymmetrical limit cycles. Also in these cases there are similar
wedge-shaped regions of validity, centered in different points of
the axis (higher as the cycle complexity increases). Some of
the resulting allowed regions can partially overlap the area pre-
viously defined, possibly including the same point [e.g., point R
in Fig. 14(a)]. Therefore, a couple of amplitude and frequency
values of the supply voltage can produce different evolutions of
the circuit quantities, depending on the value of , that is on the
flux state as the generator switches from to .
An example is presented in Fig. 14(a) which reports the al-
lowed regions for the asymmetric cycle previously analyzed
and for two alternative symmetric evolu-
tions: the first one with , the second one with
. It must be underlined that in the symmetric cy-
cles the and straight sheaves are coincident. The considered
point R, reported in the figure belongs to all the three allowed
regions, so that, in principle, all the evolutions are possible. The
choice between them is determined by the value, as well clar-
ified by Figs. 14(b) and (c), that show, for the three allowed evo-
lutions, the time evolution of the capacitance voltage drop and
the cycles in the state variable plane, respectively. Which of the
three possible paths is actually reached depends on the initial
Fig. 14. Analysis of one asymmetrical and two symmetrical periodic evolu-
state of the circuit as the voltage generator is turned out. tions: (a) in the white region all the three evolutions are allowed; (b) time be-
havior of the capacitance voltage drop; and (c) trajectories in the state variable
plane showing how the cycle shape depend on the initial state.
VII. CONCLUSION
A theoretical, modeling and experimental analysis of fer-
roresonance phenomena is developed for a series circuit coil resistance) in the circuit. It is found that the resistance
including a rapidly solidified core. The investigation is carried compensation increases the instability regions.
out using three magnetic cores made of the same nanocrystalline The results highlight how a high ratio between minimum and
alloy in three different statuses (as quenched, longitudinal, and maximum slopes of the magnetic characteristics can signifi-
transverse field annealing). cantly modify the evolution of the electric quantities, producing
The experimental setup allows us to reduce, by a suitable different ferroresonance modes (periodic, subharmonic, and
feedback, the unavoidable resistance (current measurement and chaotic).
3250
Taking advantage of the quasi-ideal magnetic characteristic
of the longitudinal field annealed alloy (negligible hysteresis
loop, step magnetization curve), an analytical model is devel-
oped. Through this model, predictions of the initial conditions
and supply characteristic, which can produce an established
steady-state response in the nonlinear circuit, are given.
Even if the purpose of this paper is the analysis and the un-
derstanding of ferroresonance phenomena in simple systems,
some experimental and theoretical results could be applied in
the development of ferroresonance amplifiers and current pulse
generators.
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