Article
Near-Field Behaviors of Internal Energy Flows of Free-Space
Electromagnetic Waves Induced by Electric Point Dipoles
Hyoung-In Lee
Citation: Lee, H.-I. Near-Field
Behaviors of Internal Energy Flows of
Free-Space Electromagnetic Waves
Induced by Electric Point Dipoles.
Optics 2022, 3, 313–337. https://
doi.org/10.3390/opt3030029
Academic Editor: Thomas Seeger
Received: 14 August 2022
Accepted: 14 September 2022
Published: 16 September 2022
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Optics 2022, 3, 313–337. https://doi.org/10.3390/opt3030029
Research Institute of Mathematics, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
hileesam@naver.com
Abstract: Both orbital and spin energy fluxes constitute the internal flows decomposed from a
Poynting vector. For generic electromagnetic waves propagating through source-free media, these
energy fluxes are quadratic in field variables so that their properties are not easily predictable.
Notwithstanding, their near-field behaviors play important roles in nanoscale photonics. For time-
oscillatory fields, we found two hitherto-overlooked distinctions between the two internal flows. The
first is an unequal level between them because the vorticity of an orbital energy flux plays a role
comparable to a spin energy flux itself. The second is regarding the electric-magnetic dual symmetry
in handling the two internal flows, whence the reactive helicity plays a role as important as the
electromagnetic helicity. By helicity conservation, an inter-electric-magnetic transport is possible for
the spin angular momentum density, while the electric and magnetic constituents of orbital energy
fluxes admit only respective intra-electric and intra-magnetic transports. We have tested the validities
of all these claims by exemplarily taking the electromagnetic fields induced by an electric point dipole,
either a linear or a circular one. We have thus made new contributions not only in deriving explicit
forms of the internal energy flows but also in revealing the magnetic activities hidden under the
electromagnetic waves induced by electric point dipoles.
Keywords: orbital and spin energy fluxes; reactive helicity; inter-electric-magnetic transport; electric
point dipoles; near-field nanophotonics
1. Introduction
Nanoscale optics offers ever-growing scientific curiosities [1–3], while benefiting
from modern nano-fabrication technology [4]. We find the importance of the near field
behaviors in connection with diverse electric effects, magnetic effects, and magneto-electric
coupling effects [5–7]. For instance, near-field electrospinning (NFES) is a key fabrication
technique for optical fibers. For a proper operation of an NFES device, a crucial role is
played by the (mostly static) electric field, not in the far field but in the near field in and
around an exquisitely shaped three-dimensional (3D) spinneret [8]. Such precise controls of
electrostatic forces should be compatible with the desired flow characteristics of polymers.
Magnetic-field assisted NFES is also employed for producing highly aligned nanofibers.
Laser cooling and atomic nanofabrication (ANF) require precise information on vari-
ous near-field behaviors of optical fields [6]. Far-field behaviors can be roughly examined
by ray-optics techniques, whereas near-field behaviors should be investigated via wave
physics that accounts for various coherent interferences. For instance, standing waves
generated from two counter-propagating optical waves with orthogonal polarizations offer
a one-dimensional (1D) potential gradient which serves as an immaterial light mask for
achieving the desired ANF [6]. In other words, a spatially inhomogeneous polarization
gradient is established on subwavelength scales by judiciously adjusting the near-field
features of applied light fields [6].
Recently, metamaterials and/or meta-surfaces receive increasing attention thanks to
diverse electromagnetic (EM) and magneto-electric functionalities that are made possible
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/optics
 Optics 2022, 3 314

by various nano-scale fabrications [5,7]. In this respect, one conceives various geometries
for unit-cell meta-atoms ranging from twisted (helical) Omega particles (finite-wire-and-
loops), split-ring resonators (SRRs), etc. Of course, suitable two-dimensional (2D) and/or
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW 3D arrangements are necessary for the meta-atoms, say, as in graded-phase surfaces. 3 By
suitably selecting geometries and materials for those meta-atoms, desired cross-coupling
effects can thus be realized. For instance, a magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) [7] is
employed for inducing cross-phase modulation (XPM) involvingconsidered interferences. as detectors
In this and
considered as detectors and many applications [5], the near-field behaviors
important
connection, interferences between the transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic play
roles in properly de
important roles in properly designing
(TM) modes accompany MOKEs to some degrees.antennas as electro-optic (EO) energy-conversion
devices [27].
devices [27]. Meanwhile, a precise near-field mode structure of EM waves underlies Whenever
a perfect aspatial
vectorial para
Whenever a vectorial parameter such as the Poynting vector
mode matching for atom-field coupling that is often assumed in quantum exhibits a vortex, it is
highly electrodynamics
likely that its anti-vortex
highly likely
(QED) that
[7].itsInanti-vortex
the quantum coexists suchthe
regime, that the net vorticity
ever-present modevanishes over the
space
mismatching whole
[18,29].
noise In addition,
should be it is h
space [18,29]. In addition,
taken into it is highly
consideration. probable that such
The electric-magnetic a vortical
dual symmetryfeature can be found
the near
(or democracy) is in
field of an EM source. R
exploited
the nearinfield of an EM key
formulating source.
EM Resultantly,
parameters as those near-field
illustrated by vortices
Figure 1ain[3,9–15].
the Poynting
As anvector
are largely accompanied
example, the by the
are largely accompanied by the local energy backflows, although the Poynting vector
Green-dyadic formulation [5] is made according to the electric-magnetic dual symmetry. in the
stays itself
forward-directed
stays forward-directed
In this connection, in the
the far field. Take
interplay betweennoteoptical
that afields
singleand
plane wave
atomic doescarry
normally
processes notbecomes
any vortical fe
normally carry any vortical feature. We learn from various wave
more sophisticated when optical vortices are involved in an either cylindrical configurations that
vortical features are associated w
or spherical
vorticalconfiguration.
features are Here,associated
the spins of with
electronsinterferences
are allowed toamong multiple
get into interactions waves
for instance,withnon-paraxial
the spins coun
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
of photonsfor (EMinstance,
waves)non-paraxial counter-propagating
so that the near-field behaviors of waves
the EM[18],
wave oraround
the total
an incident wave and a scattere
electrons
wave consisting of an
are essential incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie scatterings [28].
[7].

 Figure
 → 1. (a) Decomposition of a P
→  
Figure 1.Figure
(a) Decomposition of a Poynting
1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting P into
vector vector P an
intoorbital
an energy
orbital energy O Oand
fluxenergy
flux and
fluxa aspin
S
spin
. energy
Besides, M is a
→ → 
energy flux S . Besides, M is a spin angular momentum (SAM) density.
flux S . Besides, M is a spin angular momentum (SAM) density. (b) The coordinate (b) The coordinate
systems. On the origin
systems. lies a prima
On the
systems.origin
On thelies origin lies a electric
a primary primarypoint
electric point
dipole dipole represented
represented by its unit by its unit
vector vector
p̂. (c) A linear
linear p̂ .dipole
dipole (c) p̂A p̂with
withits dipole
 l
linear dipole p̂ axis
its dipole withlying
its dipole axis
parallel to lying parallel
the vertical toleads
axis the vertical axis leads totapered
to a pencil-hull-like atapered
pencil-hull-like
cylindrical surface
cylindrical surface designa
designating
tapered cylindrical higherdesignating
surface values for the degree
higher of circular
values polarization
for the degree (DoCP).
of circular (d)AAcircular
polarization
(d) circular
(DoCP). dipole p̂ with its
dipole 
(d) A circular
with its dipole p̂axis
dipole  with
lyingits
ondipole axis lying
the horizontal on the
plane horizontal
leads to a filledplane leadscone
solid cone oftohigher
aof
filled solid
values of DoCP.
higher values of DoCP.  ○
cone of higher values of DoCP.
Let us turn our attention from electrostatics and/or magnetostatics to more electro-
magnetic waves. On nanoscales, the near-field behaviors become Whenfor a magneto-optical
When a magneto-optical (MO) material, say, a plasmonic scattererimportant,
[5,22], with ainstance,
certain magnetic susceptibilit
certain around
magnetic emitters and nanostructures
susceptibility is passively [16–18]. such asinnanoscale
immersed an EM gratings
field, a[19]. Here, EM
static
waves play   magnetization proportional to
 crucial
magnetization proportional  roles in a generation, transport, switching [20], and detection [21]. Sup-
to E * × E is induced on that material by the EM field
→ → [13,19,20,32,33]. This inverse F
pose thatThis
[13,19,20,32,33]. E, inverse
H are electric
Faradayand magnetic
effect field from
is distinct vectors as‘direct’
the solutions to the Maxwell
Faraday effect, equa-
where a magnetic field serv
where a magnetic field serves as an excitation agent [34]. The conservation   H
law
∇  M [ ] + ∇  M [ ] = 0 of the to
E
 [E]  [H ]
∇ M + ∇ M = 0 of the total SAM density is nothing but the helicity conservation
law for time-oscillatory field
law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. Figure 1a illustrates this conservation law.
 [E]  H
Notwithstanding, it has been
Notwithstanding, it has been seldom recognized that ∇ M = −∇ M [ ] ≠ 0 , thus
 [E ]  [H ] meaning either source or sink f
Optics 2022, 3 315

tions over a source-free (i.e., with neither electric charges nor electric currents) medium [22].
These field vectors are assumed smooth (viz., continuously differentiable with respect to
space) except at the origin, where a light source is located. In addition, we assume our
media to be both loss-free and frequency-dispersion-free throughout this study [9]. It is
then relatively easy to find EM waves propagating at least for simple geometries and for
time-oscillatory fields [10,23].
Although EM waves are normally solutions to the linear Maxwell equations, the key
parameters of interests to us are mostly bilinear or quadratic in the field variables [9,24,25].
One such quadratic parameter is the ‘spin angular-momentum (SAM) density’ (‘SAM
 ∗
→ [ E] → →

density’ for short): the electric portion M ≡ Im E × E and the magnetic portion
 ∗
→ [H] → →

M ≡ Im H × H . Here, the superscript ‘∗’ denotes a complex conjugate, while
{Re, Im} stands respectively for the real and imaginary parts.
In antenna theory [5,26,27], one could associate ‘active’ and ‘reactive’ respectively with
‘radiating’ and ‘non-radiative’. In this connection, the ‘reactive near field’ is defined as that
region immediately surrounding the antenna wherein the reactive field predominates. In
between this reactive near field and the ‘(Fraunhofer) far field’ lies the ‘radiating near field’,
being alternatively called either the ‘(Fresnel) intermediate field’ or the ‘transition field’. In
comparison, this ‘reactive near field’ is alternatively called either the ‘nearest part of the near
field’ or the ‘non-radiative near field. In the case of a Mie scattering of a dielectric sphere,
the electromagnetic helicity being active, especially in the near field arises from interactions
among multiple scattered waves even if an external incident wave is linearly polarized [28].
As regards EM waves, both EM and reactive helicity parameters make one of the key
characteristics in addition to the omni-important Poynting vector [6,18,29]. Although the
far-field behaviors are crucial to antennas considered as detectors and many applications [5],
the near-field behaviors play important roles in properly designing antennas as electro-optic
(EO) energy-conversion devices [27].
Whenever a vectorial parameter such as the Poynting vector exhibits a vortex, it is
highly likely that its anti-vortex coexists such that the net vorticity vanishes over the whole
space [18,29]. In addition, it is highly probable that such a vortical feature can be found in
the near field of an EM source. Resultantly, those near-field vortices in the Poynting vector
are largely accompanied by the local energy backflows, although the Poynting vector itself
stays forward-directed in the far field. Take note that a single plane wave does not normally
carry any vortical feature. We learn from various wave configurations that vortical features
are associated with interferences among multiple waves [6,10,19,24,30,31], for instance,
non-paraxial counter-propagating waves [18], or the total wave consisting of an incident
wave and a scattered wave in Mie scatterings [28].
When a magneto-optical (MO) material, say, a plasmonic scatterer [5,22], with a
certain magnetic susceptibility is passively immersed in an EM field, a static magnetization
→∗ →
proportional to E × E is induced on that material by the EM field [13,19,20,32,33]. This
inverse Faraday effect is distinct from the ‘direct’ Faraday effect, where a magnetic field
→ [ E] → [H]
serves as an excitation agent [34]. The conservation law ∇· M + ∇· M = 0 of the total
SAM density is nothing but the helicity conservation law for time-oscillatory fields [30].
Figure 1a illustrates this conservation law. Notwithstanding, it has been (
seldom recognized
)
→ [ E] → [H] → [ E] → [ H ]
that ∇· M = −∇· M 6= 0, thus meaning either source or sink for M ,M . We

can hence measure one of these two divergences to get the other divergence. Furthermore,
→ [H] → [ E] → →∗
 
it is well-founded that ∇· M = −∇· M = 2Re E · H [3,11,22].
Optics 2022, 3 316

→ →∗
 
The parameter K (⇐) ≡ Re E · H
is called the ‘reactive helicity’, while the well-
→ →∗
 
known ‘electromagnetic (EM) helicity’ is defined by K (⇒) ≡ Im E · H [14]. Meanwhile,

K (⇒) is sometimes called the ‘chirality’ [2,18], whereas K (⇐) is variously called: a ‘reactive
helicity density’, a ‘real helicity’, or a ‘magnetoelectric (ME) energy’ [12,13]. This pair
→ → →∗
n o 
K (⇒) ,K (⇐) of helicities has its counterpart pair of a Poynting vector P ≡ Re E × H
→(⇐) → →∗
 
and a reactive Poynting vector P ≡ Im E × H . In this aspect, evanescent waves
and light scatterings of nanoparticles
n are o
worked out in [12–14]. From perspectives of
experimental measurements, K (⇒) ,K (⇐) turn out stronger respectively in the far and
n o
near fields [12]. Henceforth, both K (⇒) ,K (⇐) are collectively called field helicities.
We have checked the validities of all these claims by taking as examples the EM
field induced by an electric point dipole, either a linear or a circular one. Primary (self-
illuminating) point dipoles serve as suitable models not only for emitters [5,18,22,35,36]
but also for atomic physics [6]. In this respect, we are not dealing with secondary dipoles,
namely, either electric or magnetic dipole moments induced on nano-objects or nanostruc-
tures by incident illuminations [12,14,19,22,30]. Because of the interaction between the
incident and scattered EM fields, passive dipoles (for instance, particle-induced dipoles [30])
lead usually to nonzero helicities except under special conditions. In comparison, our EM
field arising from a sole primary linear dipole possesses no field helicity, while a sole
primary circular dipole gives rise to nonzero field helicity. The reason for our choice of
→ [ E] → [H]
dipole-induced EM fields is that the divergence-free conditions ∇· M = ∇· M =0
are separately satisfied for the EM field induced by a linear dipole, whereas the sum
→ [ E] → [H]
∇· M + ∇· M = 0 is satisfied for the EM field induced by a circular dipole.
Panels (c) and (d) of Figure 1 illustrate this distinction. Our EM fields induced by point
dipoles are spherically propagating so that the relevant formulas are rather complicated in
comparison
( to
) the EM fields describable in the Cartesian and cylindrical systems. The pair
→ [ E] → [ H ]
M ,M signifies a state of polarization of an EM field [15,18,37,38]. Panels (c) and (d)

of Figure 1 display the zones of near-circular polarizations respectively for a linear dipole
and a circular dipole. Roughly speaking, both zones of near-circular polarizations are
located around the vertical axis. Notwithstanding, there is a significant distinction between
the respective spatial regions where near-circular polarizations are achieved: 2D and pencil-
hull-shaped on panel (c) [18] versus 3D and cone-shaped on panel (d) [10,14,15,25,37–39].
In this connection, we have analytically found the surface of near-circular polarizations
in the case of the EM field induced by a linear electric point dipole [40]. Although this study
is a follow-up of [40] for a linear dipole with respect to polarization properties, expanded
studies are performed here on a circular dipole and the internal flows for both types of
dipoles.
Both spin and orbital energy fluxes as internal energy flows of a Poynting vector have
been investigated for various EM fields. Unfortunately, such internal flows have not been
seriously investigated for the EM field induced by electric point dipoles. For instance,
we found backward flows in the internal energy fluxes [18,25,37,41]. In addition, we
discovered characters relevant both to cylindrical vector beams [19,32,35,36,42], to focused
beams
( of finite
) size [10,15,23,43], and to pulsed focusing [18]. It is well-known that the pair
→ [ E] → [ H ]
M ,M are the helicity fluxes, while being related to the spin energy fluxes [12]. In

comparison, the orbital energy flux has no such underlying parameters.

This study is structured in the following way. Section 2 presents generic formulas for
key parameters. Section 3 provides a set of essential properties for the EM fields induced by
Optics 2022, 3 317

electric point dipoles. Sections 4 and 5 provide numerically evaluated properties of the EM
fields induced respectively by a linear dipole and by a circular dipole. Section 6 provides
discussions followed by a conclusion. We have prepared Sections S1–S6 of Supplementary
Materials (‘Supplementary Materials’ for short) roughly in parallel to the developments
made by this main text. A good starting point is Section S1 of Supplementary Materials,
where fluid-dynamical analogies are drawn [44]. Complementary Supplementary Materials
are also provided by our previous works on vortex flows [44], EM fields induced by a linear
electric point dipole [40], and a Mie scattering [28].

2. Analysis of Internal Energy Fluxes

Figure 1b depicts usual coordinate systems, where the field (or observation) point is
→
located at r ≡ r êr . Notice the difference that {ρ, r } denote, respectively, the cylinder- and
sphere-radial coordinates [1]. The polar angle is restricted to 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, while 0 ≤ φ < 2π.
Let {t, ω } be frequency and time with ω, t > 0 for time-harmonic monochromatic fields.
The vacuum wave number k ≡ ω/c is defined with c as the light speed in vacuum. To save
→ →
notations, spatial coordinates are redefined by the substitutions k r → r , according to
which k∇ → ∇ . Since k is 2π times the inverse wavelength of an EM field, our near field
is henceforth characterized by the dimensionless range on the order of r = 1. In the case of
radio waves, a typical wavelength measures ten meters or so, thereby corresponding to
fourteen megahertz [2]. A similar set of formulations is employed in [40].
With i × i ≡ −1, the dimensional temporal factor exp(−iωt) becomes a dimensionless
exp(−it) [6]. For the sake of simplicity, we take the medium to be a loss-free dielectric with
constant {ε, µ} being an electric permittivity and a magnetic permeability. When {ε, µ} are
→ → √ → → √ → →
properly absorbed into E and H, we make the replacements: ε E → E and µ H → H .
Meanwhile, we do not need to take both electric displacement and magnetic induction
into consideration
 since we are dealing with free space. Resultantly, both dimensionless
→ →
field variables E, H become comparable on the same level of dimensions [1,3,18]. It is
exciting to see in [2] where one maintains this source-free condition over the tiny volume
of radius 100nm around a source.
The dimensionless Maxwell equations are thus reformulated into the set: the Ampère–
→ → → →
Maxwell law ∇ × H = −i E, and the Faraday–Lenz law ∇ × E = i H alongside two
→ → →
Gauss laws ∇· E = 0 and ∇· H = 0 for a source-free EM field. The Poynting vector P is
→ → →
decomposable through P = O + S into two constituents [9,10,18,23,24,37,41].
 2  2 !  2  2 !
[ avg ]
→
1  
→ ⇐
→
1  
→
I ≡ 2  E  +  H  , I ≡ 2  H  −  E 
 
 ∗
→ → → →[ avg] →[ avg] →[ E] →[ E] →[ H ] →[ H ]

P ≡ Re E × H = O +S =O +S =O +S
 [ E]  ∗ 
→ → →

 P ≡ Im E × ∇ × E
 (1)
→[ avg] →[ E] →[ H ]

→
[ H ]
 ∗   ⇒ P ≡ P =P =P
→ → →
≡ Im H × ∇ × H

 P

→⇐ → →∗
 
P ≡ Im E × H

The superscripts ‘[ E], [ H ], [ avg]’ stand respectively for ‘electric’, ‘magnetic’ and ‘av-
→[ avg] →[ E]
erage’. We have formed an average Poynting vector P as the average of P ≡
 ∗   ∗ 
→ → →[ H ] → →
 
Im E × ∇ × E and P ≡ Im H × ∇ × H according to the electric-magnetic
→ →[ avg] →[ E] →[ H ]
dual symmetry. The equalities P ≡ P = P = P in Equation (1) can be easily
Optics 2022, 3 318

 2  2 !
→ →
proved via the Maxwell equations. Besides, I [ avg] ≡ 12  E  + H
    is the average field
 2  2 !
⇐
→
1  
→
intensity, while I ≡ 2  H  −  E  is the average reactive field intensity. It is also well-
( )
→[ avg]
studied that the pair I [ avg] , P in Equation (1) constitutes the energy conservation

→ →[ avg]
law when both pairs are relaxed to be transient. Hence, P ≡ P is the ‘total energy
→[ avg]
flux’. After time averaging, the conservation law is reduced just to ∇· P = 0 under the
→ →
double constraints ∇· E = ∇· H = 0 [2,9,11,12,14,23–25,30,32].
→
By the afore-mentioned electric-magnetic dual symmetry, an ‘orbital energy flux’ O
→
and a ‘spin energy flux’ S are expressible as follows for time-oscillatory fields.
 !
 [f]
→
→∗ →
 →[ avg] →[ E] →[ H ]
1

 O ≡ 2 O +O

 O ≡ Im f ·(∇) f




→∗ → , ! (2)
→[ f ] →[ avg] →[ E] →[ H ]
 S ≡ −Im f ·∇ f 1
 
 S ≡2 S +S
 



( )
→[ f ] →[ f ]
Both O ,S constitute the internal energy flow, [9,10,12,15–18,24,32,37,38,41,42].

For
( simplicity, we
) omitted a factor of half (1/2) arising from taking time averages of
→[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ]
P ,O , S .

For EM waves propagating through a source-free medium, we can easily reach the
following by consulting the two spin energy fluxes (namely, the Belinfante spin momen-
→[ f ]
tum [12]) S in Equation (2) [18,32,37,38].
→∗ → !
→[f] →[ f ] →[f]
1
M ≡ Im f × f , S = ∇× 2 M
!
→ [ avg] → [ E] → [H] (3)
1
M ≡ 2 M +M
→ [ E] → [H] → [ avg]
∇· M = −∇· M 6= 0 ⇒ ∇· M =0

→[f]
Henceforth, M is called a ‘SAM density’, although we find alternative names: a
‘field-polarization ellipticity’ [3], a ‘spin density’ [23], a ‘chirality flux’ [11], or just a SAM [3].
→
The right of Figure 1a illustrates an inter-electric-magnetic conversion of M, where the
→[f] →[f]
sources respectively for M cancel each other [1]. In other words, M is not solenoidal,
→ [ avg] →
but its average M is solenoidal. This conversion in(M expressed
) in Equation (3) is
→[ f ] →[ f ]
different from the spin-to-orbital conversions between O ,S [10,43]. See Section

S2 of Supplementary Materials. For more details. When electron spins are involved, the
illustration in Figure 1 would become much
! more complicated.
→[ f ] →[f] →[ f ]
1
In contrast to S = ∇× 2M in Equation (3), the orbital energy flux O is not

→[ f ]
a vorticity of another vector. Notwithstanding, ∇·O = 0 by the energy conservation
Optics 2022, 3 319

→ →[ f ]
for time-oscillatory fields, since ∇· P =(∇· S =)
0 [12]. Consequently, there is no inter-
→[ E] →[ H ]
electric-magnetic conversion between O ,O as illustrated on the left of Figure 1a.

We found diverse optical vortices and singularities

( not only
) with the Poynting vector but
→[ f ] →[ f ]
also with its associated internal energy fluxes O ,S [10,18,24,25,37].
→ →∗
Consider a complex vector E · H ≡ K (⇐) + iK (⇒) [10,12,13,17,24,28]. Complementing
Equation (3), we have the following formal set.
→ →∗
E · H ≡ K (⇐) + iK (⇒) ⇒
 ! !
→ →∗ → [H] → [ E]
 
 (⇐) 1 1

 K
 ≡ Re E · H = ∇· 2 M = −∇· 2 M (4)
→ →∗ →∗ → →∗ →
      
(⇒) 1

 K ≡ Im E · H = 2 Re E · ∇ × E + H · ∇ × H



( ) ( )
→[ avg] → [ avg]
As with I [ avg] , P in Equation (1), the pair K (⇒) , M in Equation (4) con-

stitutes the helicity conservation law, which can be understood when both parameters are
→ [ avg]
relaxed to be time-transient [11,12,14,25,30]. Hence, M is the total helicity flux. After
→ [ avg]
time averaging, the helicity conservation law is reduced just to ∇· M = 0, namely, the
average spin AM density vanishes. !
→ [H]
1
The most interesting result is that K (⇐) = ∇· 2 M in view of the divergences

→[f]
in Equation (3), where K (⇐) serves as a source or a sink for the SAM density M . For
this reason, K (⇐) is called a ‘magnetoelectric (ME) energy density’ [13] or a ‘ME helicity
density’. From a physical
( viewpoint,
) K (⇐) designates how large the inter-electric-magnetic
→ [ E] → [ H ]
transport between M ,M . Notice that K (⇐) serves as a polarization current because
( )
→ [ E] → [ H ]
K (⇐) is related to M ,M , each of which is linked in turn to the electric polarization

and magnetic polarization. We will discuss in full detail the issue of polarizations in the
upcoming Figures 3 and 6. n o
Both helicity parameters K (⇐) , K (⇒) in this study arise only from electromagnetic
effects, but not from magneto-electric (M-E) effects. In this connection, any M-E effects
alluded to in this study refer to the property of either foreign objects or other structures
that might be immersed in the electromagnetic waves [5]. Such M-E effects of a foreign
object have been thoroughly treated by [12,14].
Therefore, the SAM densities are interchangeable across their electric and magnetic sub-
constituents. We call this phenomenon an ‘inter-electric-magnetic’ transport. In comparison,
→[ E] →[ H ]
∇·O = ∇·O = 0, whence both electric and magnetic portions of the orbital energy flux
do not communicate with each other. We call this phenomenon an ‘intra-electric-magnetic’
transport. We stress that the spin energy fluxes are still experiencing no inter-electric-
→[ E] →[ H ]
magnetic transport since ∇· S = ∇· S = 0. We have illustrated both distinguishing
properties in Figure 1a.
→[ f ] →[f]
Because of what we call the ‘magnetization current’ 2 S = ∇×M in Equation (3),
→[ f ] →[f] → →[ f ]
2S is a vorticity of M [9,44]. We reserve the terms ‘SAM’ for r × S that is the
FOR PEER REVIEW 3

Optics 2022, 3 320

considered as detectors and many

Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW
applications [5], the near-field behaviors play
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW 3
important roles in properly designing antennas as electro-optic (EO) energy-conversion
devices [27]. angular momentum of the spin part of a linear momentum. Meanwhile, we!reach from
Whenever a vectorial →[ f ] parameter → [ f ] such as the Poynting vector exhibits a vortex, →[ f ] it is →[f] →[f]
2S = ∇ × Mdetectors
in Equation (3) a generic identity[5], 2∇as × Sdetectors = ∇ ∇· M many 2M .
− ∇applications
considered as and many applications
highly likely that its anti-vortex coexists such that the net vorticity vanishes over the whole considered the near-field andbehaviors play [5
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER
important roles REVIEW
in properly designing antennas important
as electro-optic
roles in properly
(EO) energy-conversion
designing antennas as ele
space [18,29]. In addition, it is highly probable that →[suchf] a vortical feature can be found in
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW ∇ × near-field
the near field of an devices
EM [27].Resultantly,
Therefore,
source. the vorticitythose S is affected vortices devices
notinonlythe[27].
by!the diffusion
Poynting vector through the vector
Whenever
are largely accompanied by the local →a [vectorial
f] parameter such as the Whenever
Poynting
→ [f] vector
a vectorialexhibits parameter
a vortex, such it isas the Poy
Laplacian ∇ 2 M energy but
backflows, although the Poynting vector itself
also by the gradient ∇ ∇· M . On the electric-magnetic dualthat the ne
stays forward-directed highlyinlikely
the far thatfield.
its anti-vortex
considered
Take note coexists such
as adetectors
that single highly
thatplane
the likely
and netwave
vorticity
thatdoes
many its anti-vortex
vanishes
applications
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coexists
[5],the thewhole
such
near-field be
space [18,29]. In
normally carry any vortical feature. We important addition,
considered it isashighly probable
detectors
→ [ avg]fromroles
learn various and
in properlyspace
thatmany[18,29].
such a vortical
In addition,
applications
designing antennas
wave configurations feature it
[5], iscan
highly
the
→ that as electro-optic
[ avg ] be found
probable
near-field
→ [ avg] in that
behavior
(EO) energsuc
2M
vortical features arethe symmetry,
near fieldwith
associated we have
of an EM∇·
important M roles
source.
devices
interferences =[27].
among 0 in
Resultantly,
in Equation
properly
multiple thosethe (3)
nearso field
that
near-field
designing
waves ∇
2of × EM
vortices
antennas an
[6,10,19,24,30,31],S asin = −∇
source.
the Poynting
electro-opticResultantly, for energy-conv
vector
(EO) the
those near-f
for instance, non-paraxialaverage
are largely parameters.
accompanied
devices [27].
counter-propagating by the local[18],
Whenever
waves energy backflows,
aorvectorial
the aretotal
largely although
accompanied
parameter
wave such
consisting theas Poynting
ofby thethe local
vector
Poynting (energy itselfbackflows,
vector exhibits
)
stays forward-directed in
Whenever the far → [
field.
a vectorial f ] Take stays
note forward-directed
parameter such that a single
as the → [ f ]
planein thewavefar [
field.
does
→ E ] not
→[ H
Take ] note th
an incident wave and a scattered wave in highly
Mie likely
scatterings that
[28]. its anti-vortex coexists suchPoynting
that the net vector exhibits
vorticity a vorte
vanishes o
We learn
normally carry any from Equation
vortical (3) that
feature. OWe lies
learn more
normally on
from the level
various
carry of
any M
wave vortical, although
configurations
feature. O ,
Wethat Olearn from
highly likely
space that [18,29].its anti-vortex
In addition, coexists suchprobable
it is highly that the net that vorticity vanishes
such a vortical over
feature the
ca
vortical features are space associated
[18,29].
the near →Inwith
[ ffield interferences
]addition,
of an EM it isvortical
among
highly
source. features
multiple
probable
Resultantly, arethat
associated
wavessuch
those →[6,10,19,24,30,31],
with
→[ f ] interferences
a vortical
near-field →feature
vortices
[f] can amon
be Po
in the fo
are
for officially
instance, onthe thenear
non-paraxial level of
field S of anaccording
counter-propagating
EM source. to
forthe
waves decomposition
instance,
Resultantly,[18], non-paraxial
or
those the
are largely accompanied by the local energy backflows, although the Poyntin rule
total
near-field P
wave= O +
counter-propagating
consisting
vortices S in pre-
of
the waves
Poynting
an incident waveare and a stays
scattered wave inby Mie anscatterings
incident wave
[28]. andTake a scattered →[ f ] wave in Mie scatterin
sented in Equation (1). From largely accompanied
forward-directed
a physical the local
in theenergy
viewpoint, far
the backflows,
field.
vorticity ∇× although
note
O that of an the Poynting
a single
orbital vecto
plane w
stays forward-directed
normally carry any in the far field.
vortical feature.
→Take
[ f ] We note learn thatfrom a single
various plane wave wave do
config
energy flux plays a rolevortical
normally comparable any to
carryfeatures aare
vorticalspin energy
feature.flux
associated WeS learn
with itself,
from
interferences while an orbital
various
among wave energy
multiple configuration
waves [6,1
→[ f ] vorticalfor features are →[f]
associated with interferences →[ f ] among multiple waves [6,10,19,24
flux O acts similar to a SAM instance, density non-paraxial
M . Put counter-propagating
differently, O cannot waves [18], or the
be expressed as total
a wave
for instance, non-paraxial
an incident wave → counter-propagating
and[ f ] a scattered → [ f ]wave in waves [18], or the[28].
Mie scatterings total wave consis
vorticity of some anvector,
incident inwave
contrast S = ∇wave
andtoa 2scattered × M in in (Equation
Mie scatterings )(3) [15,18,37,38].
[28]. We
→[ f ] →[ f ]
find no explicit statement on this unequal level between O ,S in the literature to

the best of our knowledge

→[f]
We can find a simple case with ∇· M = 0 in Equation (3) for the EM field that comes
with a (plasmonic) evanescent wave established across a planar interface. Since this example
is of the mainstay of this study, we placed details in Section S3.4 of Supplementary Materials.
→[f]
See also [1,3,9,10,12,15,23,24,37,41]. Closely related to the divergence-full ∇· M 6= 0 are
non-planar and non-2D effects due to height fluctuations or slight curvatures of nominally
2D materials [18,37]. For instance, artificially sculptured thin films or nanostructures with
→[f]
designed structural chirality are intended to generate a nonzero ∇· M [2]. Of course,
curvature effects accompanying  sharp nanotips are particularly  significant in altering the
Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting
Poynting-vector flowsvector[1,43].P into an orbital energy flux O and a spin
 
energy flux S . Besides, M is a spin angular momentum (SAM) density. (b) The coordinate
systems. On the origin3.lies Key Field Parameters
a primary electric point Induced by Point Dipoles
dipole represented by its unit vector p̂ . (c) A
linear dipole p̂ with its dipole For concreteness,
axis lying parallel we consider
to the vertical two types of electric
axis leads point dipoles: (i) a linear dipole 
to a pencil-hull-like
Figure
p̂ 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting z-axis vector P into
Figure 1. Figure
(a)
an Decomposition
orbital energy flux O and avector
of a Poynting spin P into
tapered cylindrical surface aligned
l designating  along higherthe 
vertical as shown
values for the degree of circular polarization in  1c,(DoCP).
and (ii)  a circular dipole
energy flux √1 its S . Besides,
M is a spin angular energy
momentum flux S
(SAM). Besides,density. M (b)is The
a spin coordinate
angular momentum
(d) A circular dipole p̂ ≡ with + αi êyaxis
êxdipole lying
lying ononthe horizontal xy-plane
thehorizontal plane leads as to sketched
a filled solid in Figure 1d. In brief,
2
systems. On the origin lies a primary electric point systems.
dipole On represented
the originby liesitsaunit
primary vectorelectric p̂ . (c)point
A dipole re
cone of higher values of DoCP.  ○
linear dipole p̂ with  its dipole axis → lying→parallel linear to dipole
the vertical p̂ with
axis leads
its dipole
to a pencil-hull-like
axis lying parallel to the v
 p̂ ≡ αê : N = 0  
l Figure z 1. (a)lDecomposition of a Poynting vector P into an orbital energy flux
tapered cylindrical surface designating higher 

valuestaperedfor
 the cylindrical
degree → designating

ofsurface
circular polarization higher
(DoCP). values
(5) for  the
When a magneto-optical
(d) A circular dipole
(MO) material,
Figure p̂ 1.
≡energy
with
say,
√1 Decomposition
(a) ê
its flux+ aαiSplasmonic
dipole ê
. =
Besides,
axis √1 aαiφ
of
lying(d)e scatterer
Poynting
M
on
A ê
theis+
circular a [5,22],
vector
ê
spin
horizontal
αi dipole : with
P
angularN p̂
plane into
=aleads
an
ê
momentum
with
α orbital
itsto dipole
a energy
(SAM)
filled axissolid flux on
density.
lying O (b)and
the
2 x y  2 ρ φ  z
certain magnetic susceptibility isenergy passively immersed
flux S . Besides, in
M lies an
is a spinEM field,
angular a static
momentum (SAM) density. by (b) its
The coo
cone of higher values  * of DoCP. systems.
 ○
On the origin coneaof primary
higher values electric of point
DoCP. dipole
 ○ represented unit v
Here,toα E=systems.×±E1 is
axis leads to a p̂
magnetization proportional is the
induced on lies that material by the EMdipole field

On the
spin origin
index, anda primary
the unit electric
basis
linear dipole p̂ with its dipole axis lying parallel to xthey vertical point
vectors arerepresented
ê , ê , ê z by andits unit
the vector
[13,19,20,32,33]. Thislikes. inverse Faraday effect is distinct from the ‘direct’ Faraday effect,
When
Moreover, the
linear dipole
a magneto-optical taperedp̂cylindrical
normalization 
(MO)
is
with its made
n surface
material,
such
dipoleoaxis that
designating
say,When
| p̂ |
a plasmonic
=
lying parallel 1 for
higherto
a magneto-optical
both
values
scatterer
types
the vertical
for the of
[5,22],
(MO)
dipoles
axis leads
degree of [37],
material,
with
to a pencil-h
circular
a say, polar
a
where a magnetic field serves as an excitation agent [34]. The conservation law
 [E]  [ H ] certain
where the dipole moment
tapered
magnetic susceptibility p̂
cylindricalis
(d) A circular one of
surface
is dipole p̂
passively, p̂
designating
 with
l certain provided
higher
its
immersed dipolein
magnetic in
valuesEquation
axis for
anlying the (5).
degree
EMon field,
susceptibility The of superscript
circular
the horizontal
is a passively
staticpolarization
plane leadsimme(
∇  M + ∇  M = 0 of the total SAM (d) A density
circular dipole  p̂ with
is nothing but the itsfor helicity
dipole axisconservation
lying on the horizontal  plane  leads to a fille
‘l’ stands for ‘vertical
magnetization proportional linear’,
cone oftohigher E * ×values
while E‘’ stands
is of DoCP.‘planar
magnetization
induced ○ that
 on
circular’.
proportional
material The by totheE *EM
vectorial ×E intrinsic
field
is induced o
law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. Figure 1a illustrates this conservation law. →
[13,19,20,32,33]. cone of
This inverse higher values
Faraday by of DoCP.
effect  ○
[13,19,20,32,33].
isE distinct from
 This
theellipticity
‘direct’
inverse Faraday Faraday effect,
effect is distinc
∗
Notwithstanding, it has been seldom recognized that ∇  M [ ] = −∇  M [ ] ≠ 0 , thus
property of a dipole is characterized a dipole-polarization H N ≡ Im  ( p̂ × p̂)
where a magnetic  field serves
When asa an excitationwhere aagent
magneto-optical magnetic
(MO) [34].
material, field
The conservation
serves
say, a → as an law excitation a
 N  ≤ 1. Letscatterer
plasmonic
meaning either source that or[ Echaracterizes
]sink for  [ H ] M [ Ethe
∇  M + ∇  M = 0 ofcertain , M{
] collective
When
[H ]
a.
the total We } electric
can
magneto-optical
magnetic hence
SAM density
currents
measure  [ E ]within
∇  Mis nothing
(MO)
susceptibility one
+ ∇  Misbut
material,
ofa[ Hthese
* 
dipole.
] say,
= the two Hence,
0 ofhelicity
passively a plasmonic
theimmersed
total SAM in
conservation
  scatterer an [5,22],
density EM
is not fi
us reiterate
law for time-oscillatory that certain
we are magnetic
not dealing susceptibility
fields [30]. proportional
magnetization withFigure the
law 1a foris
intrinsic to passively
spins
E
illustrates ×
time-oscillatoryE ofis immersed
electrons.
this conservation
induced fields onin
Starting
[30].an
that EM
with
law.
Figure
material field,
1aby ail
→ →  →  →  [H ] →
to HE *=×Faraday
E∇ × it[ ]has
magnetization E
a vector potential
Notwithstanding, it Ahas≡ − ir −1 proportional
[13,19,20,32,33].
been ir p̂, weThis
eseldom obtain inverse
recognized
Notwithstanding, that is ∇ Ainduced
and
M
effect E= isonbeen
−∇
= iM∇that
distinct ×seldommaterial
≠
H 0in, sequel.
from the by‘direct’
recognized
thus the EM Ft
 [inverse  [ Hfield the ‘direct’]  [ HThe
meaning either source or sink
[13,19,20,32,33].
where ∇
where
a M magnetic
a
+
This
∇
magnetic
 [ E ]for Mfield
 M
E]
{
[H ]
, M meaning
=
] Faraday
serves
0 of the
}
serves
. We can
astotal
effect
either
an SAM
as
hence
is distinct
an
source
excitation
excitation
measure
density
or sink
agent
fromagent
onefor
is
{
of these
[34]. The
nothing
[ E[34].
M ,two
but
M } ]Faraday
cons
. We ca
conservatio
the helicity
 E  [H ]
∇  M [ ]law + ∇M = 0 of the total fields
for time-oscillatory SAM density [30]. Figure is nothing 1a but the helicity
illustrates this conser
conse
law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. Figure 1a illustrates this conservation
[E] 
Notwithstanding, it has been seldom recognized that  ∇  M = −∇  M
Notwithstanding, it has been seldom recognized  [ E ]  [ H ] that ∇  M [ ] = −∇  M [ ] ≠ 0E H
 considered Whenever as adetectors vectorial and parameter many such applications as the Poynting [5], thevector near-field exhibits behaviors
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Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW considered
highly likely that its anti-vortex coexists such that the net vorticity vanishes over the whole
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Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW stays considered
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asPoynting
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[27].
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note
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field.
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aTake single
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ornote the plane
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(d) A magnetic
1. a
circular (a) certain
 susceptibility
Decomposition
magnetic dipole p̂ magnetic
field with of 
1 aitsPoynting
serves is susceptibility
dipolepassively
as 1an
− rmaterial, axis vector 1lying
excitation P
immersedis
on intopassively
the an
agent 2orbital
horizontal sin [34].
in θ an immersed
energyEM
plane sin
The ( 2θ )
field,
flux
conservation
leads in O
to aan
a and static
filled EM a spin
law
solid field, a static
M a= 1electric 2 +point cos θ êr a+ α r4 êθ +byscatterer êφ vector [5,22], p̂with

systems. When On the origin This lies
a magneto-optical  primary α(MO) r4 isdipole say, represented
plasmonic itsr unit . (c) A a

[13,19,20,32,33]. inverse r2 Faraday effect distinct from ofthe ‘direct’ Faraday effect,
tapered [ E ]flux
cylindrical [ H ] surfaceM designating Eaxis*
× Eis higher values
to Etois *for the degree
×on Enothing circular polarization (DoCP).
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magnetization
energy
cone
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higher ∇ Sproportional
Mmagnetization
magnetic
. Besides,
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0→ofits of
H ] the
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dipole
to proportional
is
 ○
a
total spin
 SAMlying
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1 parallel
 momentum
immersed
the
that
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(b)
to afield,
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pencil-hull-like afield
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static
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 magneto-optical
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=primary α cos its (MO) as
electric
θdipole an
+material,
axis excitation
êlying say,
on the agent
afrom plasmonic
horizontal [34]. planeThe
scatterer conservation
leads [5,22],
to a ‘direct’ filled with law
solid a 

[13,19,20,32,33].
systems.
law for On the [13,19,20,32,33].
origin
time-oscillatory
[ E ] cylindrical [ Hproportional
] inverse a Faraday
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inverse
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represented
illustrates the
is distinct
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A effect,
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certainM + ∇ 
magnetic M =
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susceptibility
of designating
the to r
total E Figure
is
SAM ×
higher E r
passively is
1.
values
density induced
(a) Decomposition
for Figurethe
immersed
is nothing on 1.
degree that (a) butofof
in material

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a
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thean Poynting EM by
polarization
helicity  the
vector
of
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Poynting
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into
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where coneaof higherwhere
magnetic p̂values field → of [
aits E ]
DoCP.
serves
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as (2θ
field
an ) material,
excitation
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[34].  axis
MThe [ Eleads
]agentconservation pencil-hull-like
[34]. [ H ] The law conservation law
linear dipole with dipole axis lying parallel the vertical ∇ = −∇ to M aFaraday ≠ 0
 
Notwithstanding, it has 1+3Faraday
been seldom sin (2θis
recognized that , thus

(d)
law [ EA] for
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[13,19,20,32,33].
circular  a 
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time-oscillatory
[ HFigure
 
magneto-optical
This
proportional [ E1.Sp̂ inverse
 with
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*
4 Eenergy
[30].×êEraxis effect
+ is lying
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Figure 4 Sêθ. 1a
induced
total
say,
distinct
onenergy
+ the
Besides,
α on plasmonic

θfrom
horizontal
flux
illustrates that 
1M−Smaterialthe1
.is −
plane
2 Besides,
scatterer
‘direct’
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this
9 leads
êφby M to
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theis a filledamomentum
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solid
law.
field a  (SAM) momentu densi
{ }

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where + ∇cylindrical
aFigure
M
magnetic
magnetic ∇=1. source
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field ∇
ofsusceptibility
the Decomposition
Mtotal
designatingserves =
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higher
is M
aan

Eof
thePoynting
[passively
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rPoynting
aexcitation
] values [ His ] nothingvector
SAM
for the
immersed
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vector
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degree
agent P[34].
into
Figure the
of in an
isrinto nothing
helicity
Figure
circular1.The
[ Ean
r4 orbital
orbital
an
(a)EM
]‘direct’ 1.energy field,
conservation
but
Decomposition
polarization(a)
conservation energy
the flux
Decomposition
[primary
] these helicity
(DoCP).
a Oof
flux
static
law aandOPoynting
ofand
a aspin
conservation a spin
Poyntingvecto
meaning
[13,19,20,32,33].
cone  [circular
of
Notwithstanding, higher either law
values This →
of
 it has been  H or
inverse
DoCP. ]  sink ○ for
Faraday
sin θ(MO)
systems.
* M
seldom
 effect
1a fields On
recognized is the . We
systems.
origin
distinct canthat lies
fromhence
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a the
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origin = −∇ electric
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of
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0law. 
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,with two
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thus 
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Besides,
with its [30].ME
dipole1SAM + ×is material,
Figure
axis is
spin
ê  ainduced
lying 1a
spin say,
[30].
angular
on angular
the aon
illustrates plasmonic
Figure
momentum
horizontal momentum
energy 1a plane(SAM)
energy
fluxscatterer
illustrates
conservation
(SAM)
Sflux
leads density.
.by to
Besides, S a.this
density. filled
Besides, M conservation
The
(b)
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coordinate coordinate
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spin
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{ }
magnetization proportional the to
total is
density [ ] p̂linear is nothing that but material
the helicity the

conservation EM field 
E p̂
where a either magnetic field serves 2r 3 as
linear r[ ] dipole
an 2
E excitation
φ H with agent dipole
its [34].
dipole The
axis
withlying conservation
its H dipoleparallel axistolying lawvertical
the [ Hparallel axis
to the lea
meaning
certain
Notwithstanding,of[for magnetic
systems. Notwithstanding,
systems. source
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On or
susceptibility
origin
the sink origin foritalies
lies isMarecognized
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electric immersed
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=systems.
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. electric
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[13,19,20,32,33].
cone E ]higher Hit] This
[Figure
values has of been
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effect seldom that recognized Onthat
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Figure law
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1. (a)
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aM
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of
of (a) athe fields
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Poynting
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densityP
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nothing illustrates
orbital
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plasmonic energy
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[5,22],
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with law.
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with
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axis His induced
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axis
lying lying
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to [that
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meaning
energy
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magnetic
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[30].
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Figure
circular
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for spin Mcan(4),
immersed
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[34].
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. M
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its
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[13,19,20,32,33].
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 ‘direct’ 
 Faraday effect,
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tapered
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the → surface
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material,
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}
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designating
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higher high
valA
 
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meaning the origin
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sourceliesit ofafield primary
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Figure Figure
1. (a) Notwithstanding,
where
Decomposition a(d)
Decomposition magnetic
ofcircular ahas been
serves seldom
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higher
excitation cone that
of
agent higher
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conservation (⇒) thuslaw
 certain
law   interactions
for A(d) 
time-oscillatory APoynting
between

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dipole fields ,H
 with
vector
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its Moreover,
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Figure
into
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dipole an
axis it orbital
1a
energy
axis
lying exciting energy
lying
on
illustrates
flux theon to  flux
confirm
horizontal
the this horizontal spin
and plane
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filled a are
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{ }
magnetic susceptibility passively
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] [to ]axis immersed (d) in A an
circular
(d) A EM circular
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axis lyia
energy energy linear
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S fluxdipole
 MSmore
.meaning
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or
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the axisp̂total
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lying
with
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for  *SAM
momentum M itsmomentum
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nothing
from  but
axis
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(b)
hence the
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the ‘direct’
toThe
Ecoordinate
]
vertical
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Faraday
a pencil-hull-like  [axis
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H

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to
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Notwithstanding, Figure
cone
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higher Figure
1.
of
 respectively (a)
higher
itfield Decomposition
values
has 1. (a)
values
been of to
Decomposition
DoCP.
in the of E DoCP.
asfar
seldom × E
of ○ a
and is ○
Poynting induced
of a Poynting
near fieldsagent
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that P
that
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material
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into −∇
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an
respective
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values the
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values EM energy
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thusO
0 , ofpolarization
 ○
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 ○ (DoCP)
a spin
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thewhere aorigin magnetic  serves  an excitation
 Figure  forrepresented [34]. The conservation law
systems. tapered
systems.
On On cylindrical
origin
law  the for lies surface
a primary tapered
lies
time-oscillatory a primary designating
 cylindrical
electric electric
point
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point
[30]. values When
designating
represented
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higher
degree
1a When
by illustrates
its values
of
unitbycircular
itsa for
vector magneto-optical
unit (MO)
the
this p̂ . conservation
polarization
vector (c) Ap̂ . (c)
material, circular (MO)
A say,law. material,
a plasmonic say,sca a
linear dipole
linear
[13,19,20,32,33].
∇
p̂where M [relations
meaning
(d) dipole
A circular
 with
E]
p̂a+
Notwithstanding, its ∇ energy
dipole
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either
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magnetic
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Besides,
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This
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point
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pencil-hull-like
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aMscatterer
passively
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represented by
Hof
[conservation
] plane
its
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these
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effect,
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isleads
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thus
itslaw
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[5,22],
passively
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[5,22],
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towill
The coordin
a filled
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in imm
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(c)
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an
a Ap̂ a. (c
 be useful  for ‘spatial-zone 
discriminatory  enantiomeric When
separation’ When
a magneto-optical
a
[12,14].magneto-optical The (MO)
ratio (MO)
materia m
{ }
law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. Figure 1a illustrates this *conservation
E × E (DoCP). to E × Eonisthat * law.
 ○ [○
taperedtapered cone cylindrical
cylindrical of higher [E ] values
surface surface
designating [cone
Hof DoCP.of higher
] designating higher values
values
higher magnetization
of
for
values DoCP.
the [ E ]degree
for H ] degree magnetization
proportional to proportional
polarization is induced induced materi o
∇ M
meaning  (⇒) +certain
∇ /K
eitherMcertain
linear (⇐) source =
 0 magnetic
magnetic
dipole
linear of orp̂
dipole sink
the with p̂
total for
susceptibility SAM
itswith M
susceptibility
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, dipole
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.isWe
passively
isaxis passively
nothing
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hence
immersed
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certain
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] magnetic
the one
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in[ Hconservation
]an
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tofield,
susceptibility a two
leads field,
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pencil-hull-like
susceptibility a passiv
static
pencil-hull-
is is p
(d) A circular Notwithstanding,
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dipole dipole p̂magnetization
with p̂itswith it
dipole= hasr 3
its axis
is
dipole been written
lying
 seldom solely
[13,19,20,32,33].  in
recognized 
terms  of that
[13,19,20,32,33].
This theinverse ∇  M
sphere-radial Faraday
This = −∇ 
inverse M distance
effect ≠ 0
Faraday
is ,in thus
distinct our effect case.
from is the
distin
 ‘di
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horizontal
E the
*
× E
horizontal
*
× E
plane leads planetoleads a filled to asolid filled solid
K 
{ }
law for time-oscillatory
magnetization
tapered tapered
cylindrical proportional
cylindrical fields
proportional
surface [30].
surface
designatingto Figure
to
designating higher 1a
is illustrates
induced
is
values
higher induced on
magnetization
for
values the this
that
on
magnetization
degree
for the conservation
that
material
degree
of material
proportional
circular of by
proportional
circular law.
the
by
polarization the
toEM
polarization E EM *
×
field
to
(DoCP). E E *
field
is
(DoC× Ei
M [Faraday
E ] a [ Hmagnetic ]
where , MFaraday where fieldahence magnetic measure
serves asfield an  [servesexcitation as anagent excitation[34]. Thaa

meaning either source for(⇒) (⇐)
cone ofconehigher When
of values
higher aDoCP.
Consequently,
of
values magneto-optical
(d)of ADoCP. ○(d)itWhen this ○or ratiosink
a(MO) magneto-optical material,
/K say,
= (MO) .ais
r3effect We clearercan
plasmonic
material,
lying than scatterer
∇distinct
say,
the [from a from
E ] analytical plasmonic
[5,22],one Hof ] with
formula these
scatterer a two given [5,22],
by with
Notwithstanding, [13,19,20,32,33].
[13,19,20,32,33].
circular Ahas circular
dipole Thisbeen This p̂seldom
inverse
dipole inverse
with p̂its recognized
[ Ewith
] dipole its [ H ] effect
axis
dipole is[ Eaxis
that ]distinctis
on lying the
M
[13,19,20,32,33]. Hon ] =the
[ [13,19,20,32,33].
horizontal −∇ the  M‘direct’
horizontal the
This
plane ≠‘direct’
0This
inverse
leads Faraday
, thus
plane to Faraday
inverse
aFaraday
leads effect,
filled effect,
to Faraday
asolid effectso
filled
∇ ME + ∇  M is ∇M = 0 in + ∇the  M immersed = 0SAM
K
certain magnetic certain
susceptibility magnetic is passively
susceptibility immersed of total of the density
ina total isSAM nothing density but
a is the noh
anpassively an EM field, an
static EM field, stati
meaning
magnetization
Equation wherecone
either where

proportional
(21)
of acone
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[ Eproportional
,MM [interferences
H ,M .withWe . illustrates
We can
interferences
can among
hence ismultiple
hence
measure
[2,19,25,32,35,36,39,42,45]. among is[conservation
measure
E
induced
one
]  on
multiple
waves of onethese
Meanwhile,
on
[
of
waves
H ]
law.
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
that material
these
two
material
two by
[6,10,19,24,3
the th
certain certain
magnetic magnetic susceptibility [ E ]
∇ effect
susceptibility M is =M −∇[ H ]
is≠
passively Mpassively ≠ 0 ,‘direct’
immersed immerse in
Notwithstanding,
Notwithstanding,
radialfor instance,
component it has
for instance,
it been
non-paraxial
has
[13,19,20,32,33].
of the magnetic
been
[13,19,20,32,33].
seldom
non-paraxial
seldom
This
counter-propagating
field
This
recognized
inverserecognized
inverse
 [ E ]  [ Hat] least
counter-propagating that
Faraday
waves ∇
that
Faraday
 M
effect
[18],waves =is −∇
or field
thedistinct
[18],
is
total
distinct
or from
 * wave
induced 0
the total , from
thus
the
consisting
wave
thus
the
by consist
‘direc
of Far
 E ] vanishes for the EM either
{ { } } ×
*
meaning either where where
afor magneticamagnetization
fora[magneticM [ H ], M field
magnetization
field serves serves
proportional
as asexcitation
proportional
anhence an measure
to ×
toE E
Eexcitation is
agent E agent
induced is these
[34]. [34].
inducedontwo
The The
that on mtc
conser
meaning
a linear aneither
incident
dipole source
an bysource
aorcircular
orincident
wave sink
and or
wave
 [E]a sink

scattered
and
dipole. M , M

scattered
wave
[ E ] [13,19,20,32,33].[H ]
in . We
Mie
wave .scatterings
canWein can
hence
Mie measure
scatterings
[28]. one[28]. of one
these of two
[ ]
 M ∇ +M∇  M + ∇and M0(7)of=hold
= 0theoftotal
[13,19,20,32,33]. This This
inverse inverse
Faraday Faraday
effect effect
is distinct is distinct
from fr
th
H
Our solutions in∇Equations (6) truethe throughout
total SAM
SAM density density
theisloss-free
nothingis nothing but the
dielectric
buthelicity
the heli c
where
law time-oscillatory
for time-oscillatory
→ where
a magnetic a magnetic
→fields fields field field
serves
[30]. serves
as
Figure an as
1a an
excitation excitation
illustrates
 agent agen
→ → this conserv this [34]co
law for  E ]= ∇·  [ EE] [ H=] 0 are [30]. Figure 1a illustrates
 nothing  [E] 
0 [ of
H ] easily verifiable for
except right on the origin so that∇∇·
Notwithstanding,
Notwithstanding,  MH[it∇ +has
M∇it Mbeen+ ∇=
has Mbeen
seldom =seldom
0 recognized
the oftotalthe SAMtotal that
recognized SAMthat
density ∇
E,
density

H
is
M [ E∇] in
=Mis−∇ =but
M−∇
nothin [H
 [ E ] fields
[30].
law law
for for
time-oscillatory
{
time-oscillatory
{
 [ E ] fields
} [ ]
} [30].
Figure Figure1a 1a
illustrates illus
(    )
H 2 2
M [intensities
for , M H ], M → →
meaning meaningeither either
source source
or sink orfor sink M . We can . Wehence
H can hence
 ,  measure  measure one o
Equations (6) and (7). Besides, we can easily
Notwithstanding,
Notwithstanding, evaluate it the
has it field
been has seldombeen seldom   recognized
recognized  E  that ∇ M
that
 [ E ] [ H[ E]]  [ H ]
as provided respectively in Sections meaningS4 and meaning S5 ofeither
either source source
Supplementaryor sinkorfor sink {
Mfor , M
Materials. { }
MAll ,the .MWe }field . We
can can h
hence m
parameters presented in Equations (6) and (7) enjoy (azimuthally) rotational symmetry, i.e.,
→ →
 
φ-independence except for the field variables E, H . Moreover, one often-overlooked
→
point in literature is the usefulness of the electric-field gradient tensor ∇ E [41]. The
derivations of Equations (1)–(7) are presented in Sections S3 and S4 of Supplementary
Materials in view of tensor analysis. From the perspective ofFigure continuum mechanics, itof a Poyn
1. (a) Decomposition
 
is also shown that both orbital and spin energy fluxes possess not only
energy flux Sshear but also
. Besides, M is a spi
twist characters [1,9,10,13,18,19,24,25]. In this respect, the axial-vector
systems. (or
On pseudo-vector)
the origin lies a primary e
theorem is particularly useful in understanding the vortex feature of the
linear dipolespinp̂energy flux
with its dipole axis
as explained not only in Section S1 of Supplementary Materials but also by [44] and [31].
→[ f ]
tapered cylindrical surface
→[ f ]
designating
We have derived the analytic formulas for both S l of(d) and Sp̂ with
A circular(6)dipole
Equation of its dipo
→
cone of higher values of DoCP.  ○
! [32]. The respective derivations of S
Equation (7) for the first time as far as we are aware
→[ f ] →[f]
1
are most easily made through S = ∇× 2M of Equation (3)When
from aa SAM density
magneto-optical (MO
 into anP certain magnetic  
Osusceptibility andi
→ [ f ] Figure 1.→Figure → → P vector flux aOspin
 (a) ∗ Decomposition
→ 1. (a) Decomposition
 → of a Poynting of a Poynting
vector orbital
into an
energy
orbital
flux
energy and
M energy≡ Im flux 
×S .f Besides,
fenergy    magnetization proportional
(7).ThetocoorE
with
flux S . fBesides,
Mbeing is a one
M of
spin is E, Hmomentum
angular
a spin provided
angular by Equations
momentum
(SAM) density.
(SAM) (b) (6)The
andcoordinate
density. (b)
systems. Onsystems. [13,19,20,32,33]. This inverse Farad
its unitp̂ vector
. (c) A p̂
[ fthe
] origin
→On[ f ] the
lies
→origin
[af ]primary
lies→aelectric
[primary
avg]  point
→electric
[ avgdipole
]  point
represented
dipole represented
by its unitbyvector
   
→
We find from O =dipole P −p̂S dipole thataxis S → r −2 as
O llyingtoparallel
/parallel where
r → ∞ a inmagnetic fieldin serves a
linearp̂ leadsthe
to[ Hfar field
   
linear dipole  with its  with its
 dipole
 llyingaxis  the verticalto the axis
vertical axis aleads
pencil-hull-like
to a pencil-hu
[E] ]
∇  M + ∇  M = 0 of the total S

tapered cylindrical
tapered cylindrical
surface
→[ avgdesignating

] surface

 [ avgdesignating

]  higher values
 higher
forvalues
the degree
for the
of degree
circularofpolarization
circular polarization
(DoCP). (D
 p̂ dipole → p̂ dipole law for time-oscillatory fields [
(d) A(6),
circular
(d) Adipole
circular  S  with its with r −dipole
 →axis 1 lying
 its axis
onfarthe
lyinghorizontal
oninthe horizontal
plane leads
Equation Likewise,  / O in the field Equation (7).plane to aleads
filledto
Therefore, solid
a filled
Notwithstanding, it has been sel
values of○DoCP. ○
   
cone of higher
cone values
of higher of DoCP.
the orbital energy flux is dominantover the spin energy flux in the
is no surprise that long-distance free-space optical communication is exclusively concerned
far field.either
meaning Consequently,
source or itsink for {
Whenangular
with the orbital a When
magneto-opticala magneto-optical
momentum. (MO) material,
(MO) material,
say, a plasmonic
say, a plasmonic
scatterer scatterer
[5,22], with[5,22],
a w
certain magnetic
certain magnetic susceptibility susceptibility
is passivelyis passively
immersed immersed
in an EM in an field,
EMa field,
static a
   
magnetization
magnetizationproportional to E * × Eto isE *induced
proportional × E is induced
on that on material
that material
by the EM by the
fieldEM
[13,19,20,32,33].
[13,19,20,32,33].
This inverse This Faraday
inverse Faraday
effect is effect
distinct is from
distinctthefrom‘direct’
the Faraday
‘direct’ Faraday
effect, e
where awhere magnetic a magnetic
field serves field asserves
an excitation
as an excitation
agent [34]. agent The[34].
conservation
The conservation
law
 [E] [ E[ H] ]  [H ]
∇  M +∇∇M M +=∇0 Mof the = 0totalof the
SAM total
density
SAM isdensity
nothing is but
nothing
the helicity
but the conservation
helicity conserv
law for law time-oscillatory
for time-oscillatory fields [30]. fieldsFigure
[30]. 1a Figure
illustrates
1a illustrates
this conservation
this conservationlaw.
 the near field of an EM source. Resultantly,
normally carrythose
any near-field vorticesWe
vorticalimportant
feature. in the
roles Poynting
learn from vector
in properly various waveantennas
designing configura
considered as detectors by
are largely accompanied and the many applications
local energy
vortical features backflows, [5],largely
are
are associated thewith
althoughnear-field
accompanied
the behaviors
Poynting
interferences byamong
vector play
the local energywaves
itself
multiple backflows, a
[6,10,1
devices [27].
important roles in properly
stays forward-directed in the designing
for far antennas as
field. non-paraxial
instance, electro-optic
stays
Take note that (EO)
forward-directed
a single energy-conversion
plane awave
counter-propagating in the
waves far
does
[18], field.
not Take
or the total note
wave tha
co
Whenever vectorial parameter such as the
devices
normally[27].carry any vorticalan feature. We learn normally
from
incident wave and a scattered various carry
wave
wave any vortical
configurations
in that
Mie its feature.
scatterings that We
[28]. learn from v
highly likely anti-vortex coexists such that
Whenever
vortical featuresa vectorial parameter
are associated such as the Poynting
with interferences vortical
among vector
features
multiple exhibits a vortex,
are associated
waves withit isinterferences among
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
space [18,29]. In addition, it is highly probable tha
highly likely that
for instance, its anti-vortex
non-paraxial coexists such that waves
counter-propagating thefornetinstance,
vorticity
[18], vanishes
non-paraxial
ornear
the total overconsisting
the wholeof
counter-propagating 323 waves [1
Optics 2022, 3
the field wave
of an EM source. Resultantly, those n
space [18,29]. In addition, it is highly probable that
an incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie scatteringsare such
an a vortical
incident
[28]. feature
wave and can
a be found
scattered in
wave in Mie scattering
largely accompanied by the local energy backf
the near field of an EM source. Resultantly, those near-field vortices in the Poynting vector
stays forward-directed in the far field. Take no
are largely accompanied by the local energy
For easy interpretation backflows, numerical
of forthcoming although the Poynting
results, vector theitself
) anormally carrywe anydefine
vortical normalized
feature. We learn f
stays forward-directed(in the far field. Take note that
→ →[ f ] →[ f ] → [ f ]
single plane wave does not
vortical features are associated with interferences
normally carry
parameters K (⇒) ,feature.
any vortical K (⇐) , P,We
O learn
, S , from
M various
as followswave in configurations
correspondencethat to Equations
for instance, non-paraxial counter-propagating w
vortical features are associated with interferences among multiple waves [6,10,19,24,30,31],
(1)–(4) [1–3,9,15,24,25,35]. an incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie sca
for instance, non-paraxial counter-propagating waves [18], or the total wave consisting of
an incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie (⇒) scatterings [28]. (⇐) →
→
K (⇒) ≡ K[avg] , K (⇐) ≡ K[avg] , P ≡ [avg P
]
I I I
→[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ] →[f] →[f]
O S M (8)
O ≡  2 ,
→
S ≡  2 , M
→
≡  2
→
f f f
     

→ → → →
   
Here, f is one of E, H . Note additionally that both K (⇒) , K (⇐) , P are formed

by dividing through I [ avg] because both parameters automatically incorporate the electric-
magnetic dual symmetry. Meanwhile,   K (⇒) is alternatively called a ‘helicity parameter’ [14].
 (⇒) 
We let a near-unity value of K  refer to ‘superchiral’ [11,14], of which we gave a detailed
account in the case with a Mie scattering [28]. By construction, the script parameters in
Equation (8) are bounded in magnitudes by unity with the help of the Cauchy-Schwarz
→ →  
inequality. Especially, Figure P 1. ≡ (a)P /IDecomposition
[ avg] stands for of athe Poynting
‘energy-flux vector Pvelocity’ into an(or orbital ‘total flux O
the energy
 
energy flux S . Besides, M is a spin angular momentum
 
→ (SAM) density. (b) The
energy-flux velocity’ in full), which should remain subluminal, namely,  P  ≤ 1 [3,25].
systems. On the origin  lies a primary electric point dipole  represented
 by itsunit vect
Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector P into Figure 1. (a) Decomposition
an orbital energy flux O of and
a Poynting
a spin vector P into a
 
 linear dipole p̂ with its dipole axis lying parallel to the vertical axis leads to a pen  → [ E ]
energy flux S .Based Besides, on Equations
M is a spin (6)angular
and (7),momentum let us energy
compare flux the
(SAM) Sdensity.
. Besides, (b) M
divergence-free The is a ∇·spin
coordinate Mlangular = 0 for momentum
tapered cylindrical surface designating higher values for the degree of circular polariza
systems. On the origin lies a primary electric point dipole represented → [ E ]
systems. On the
5 cosby its unit vector p̂ . (c) A
origin lies a primary electric point dipole rep
the linear-dipole-induced (d) A circular field and dipole ∇· Mp̂ with = 2αr its−dipole θ axis
for the lying on the horizontal plane leads to a
circular-dipole-induced
p̂leads
field.p̂ This
linear dipole with distinction
its dipole axis lying parallelintopanels linear
the dipoleaxis
vertical withtoitsa dipole axis lying parallel to the ve
pencil-hull-like
cone is illustrated
of higher values of DoCP. 
(b)
○ and (c) of Figure)1. By comparing
higher values for tapered cylindrical surface [ E] designating higher values for the d
(
tapered cylindrical

→ →surface
→ designating
 the degree → [ Eof] circular polarization
→ (DoCP). 
N = 0 , Np̂ = ê in Equation
(d) A circular ldipole  with its dipole axis lying on the horizontal
α z (5) with (d) A∇· circular
M
Figure
l = dipole
1. 0,(a)∇·
plane leads M p̂
Decomposition 6
with
= 0 its
 to a filled solid , dipole
theof EM axis
a Poyntingfield lyingin- on thePho
vector
When a magneto-optical  (MO) material, 

say, a plasmonic scatterer [5,
cone of ○ is free cone ofenergy higher values flux S of DoCP.
. Besides,  ○ M is a spin angular mom
Figure 1. higher
(a)duced values
by aof
Decomposition DoCP.
linear ofdipole
acertain
Poynting of a source
vector
magnetic P susceptibility
intoin an a SAMorbital density,
energy
is flux O the
whereas
passively and EM
immersed a spin fieldin induced
an EM field
  systems.  * On  the origin lies a primary electric point dip
energy flux S . Besides, M is magnetization
by a circular dipole is laden with
a spin angular momentum a source
proportional in a SAM
(SAM) to E × E is(b)induced
density.
density. There is
The coordinate thus a generation
on that material by the
When a origin
magneto-optical (MO) material, say, When
linear adipole
a plasmonic scatterer p̂ vector
magneto-optical with →
[5,22], (MO)
itsp̂ dipole
.with
→ a material,
axis say, a to
lying parallel p
systems. Onofthe lies a [13,19,20,32,33].
primary electric point This
dipole
a SAM density from a nonexistent dipole-polarization ellipticity N l = inverse
represented Faraday by itseffect
unit is distinct (c)from
0 Afor a thelinear‘direct’ Fara
certain magnetic susceptibility is passively certaintapered
immersed magnetic
in an EM
cylindrical susceptibility
field,
surface a is
static
designating passively
higher immer
values fo
linear dipole p̂ with its dipolewhere a magnetic field serves axisasleads an toexcitation → agent  * [34].  The conserv
magnetizationdipole.proportional
In comparison, to a E[sort
axis lying
*
parallel to the
E ] × Eof is
 [ Hinduced
transfer ] takes
vertical
place
magnetization
on (d) A
that from
circular
material nonzero
a pencil-hull-like
aproportional
dipole
by Np̂EM
the =with
to αE ×
êfield
into
z its Edipole
aisSAM induced
axis lyingon on
tapered cylindrical surface  [ f ] designating ∇  M higher + ∇ values
M =for0 the ofdegree
the total SAM density
of circular polarization is nothing
(DoCP). but the helicity co
→ [13,19,20,32,33]. This inverse Faraday effect is distinct
 ○is a linear
[13,19,20,32,33].
(d) A circular
This

dipole M p̂ inverse

with lawFaraday foraxis effect isondistinct
time-oscillatory from
cone of
fields the[30]. ‘direct’
higher values
Figure Faraday
to aof 1a DoCP. effect,
illustrates this conserv
density aits
 for serves dipole
circular lyingRecall
dipole. theinhorizontal
Equation plane
(5) leads
that afield
circular filled solid
dipole an  excitation  ag
where a magnetic field as an excitationwhere agent a [34].
magnetic The conservation serves as
law
  ∇  M =in−∇  M [ ]
[E] H
cone of [higher  [ H ] of DoCP.
values
E ] combination  ○
Notwithstanding, itanhas been
[E] seldom [ H ] recognized that
of two linear
∇  M + ∇  M = 0 of the total SAM density is nothing but dipoles with ∇  M
in-quadrature + ∇  M phase = 0
 [ Ehelicity
 delay.
of the Suchtotal a distinction
SAM density is noth
law for either generation or
time-oscillatory
meaning
transfer
fields [30].
either
of SAM
Figure
source
densities or sink
1alaw isforlinked
illustrates
certain
When
{
the
M
fortime-oscillatory
to
this
] a
either
magnetic
H
}
conservation
conservation
magneto-optical
, M [ generation
]
. Wefields can or
susceptibility
hence
law.
(MO)
transfer
[30]. measure
Figure
is
material,
of 1a
passively
sa
oneillu
o
Whenthe a magneto-optical
EM and reactive helicities (MO) material, in the case say,with a plasmonic
a Mie  scatterer
scattering [28]. 
[5,22], with a  
∇  M [ ] = −∇ M [ been
E H]
Notwithstanding, it has been seldom recognized Notwithstanding,
thatmagnetization it hasproportional ≠ 0 , seldom thus to E *recognized
× [EH ] is induc
th
static [ E ]photon-
 
{ }
certain magnetic susceptibility
Near-field numericaliscomputations passively immersed
have been in an EMto address
developed field, ananoscale
meaning ics
magnetization either source orHere,
[1,2,5,37,41].
proportional sink to for
 M
× E is, M
E * Maxwell
the {
 [E ] [H ]
equations
induced . We }meaning
on can
are
[13,19,20,32,33].
hence
thatsolved
where
either to source
measure
material
a
byone
provide
magnetic
This
orthe
theofEM
sink inverse
for two
these
spatial
field
field
serves
MFaraday , M effect is d
distributions . We can
as an excitati
→ →
 
[13,19,20,32,33].
of E,This H ,inverse
whenceFaraday we can effect compute is distinct
not only from the
reactive
the [ E ] ‘direct’  [ HFaraday
helicity ] but effect,
also other fielddensity i
where a magnetic field serves as an excitation agent ∇[34].  M The + ∇M conservation = 0 of the law total SAM
 E  H law for time-oscillatory fields → [30].
[ E] Figure
!
∇  M [ ] + ∇parameters.
 M [ ] = 0 of the total SAM density is nothing but the helicity
can thus evaluate Kit has conservation
(⇐) = −∇· 1
By taking numerical divergence, we Notwithstanding, been seldom 2M .recogniz
law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. Figure 1a illustrates this conservation law.  [E ]  [H ]
An electric
Notwithstanding, it field
has been can also seldom be evaluated
recognized
 [E ]  [H ]
fromthat meaning
the measurement
 E
∇  M [ ] =either −∇ data
 [H ]
Msource on≠ 0itsor, magnitude
sink {
thus for Mand, M } .W
phase [22,43].
meaning either source or sink for M , M { }
. We can hence measure one of these two
Other key field parameters are also evaluated from measurements on external agents
→ →
that are immersed in the EM field under consideration. In this regard, both O and S can be
deduced by measuring forces and/or( toques exerted) on immersed nano-objects [6,12–14].
→[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ] →[ f ]
Since O = P −S , two of P ,O , S are required to determine the third.
!
→[ E] → [ E]
1
In particular, S = ∇× 2 M as the curl of the SAM density of the electric field
 vortical
vortical
features
vortical
features
vortical
are
features
associated
arefeatures
associated
are associated
with
are associated
interferences
with interferences
with interferences
with
among
interference
among
multip
amom
for instance,
for instance,
fornon-paraxial
instance,
fornon-paraxial
instance,
non-paraxial
counter-propagating
non-paraxial
counter-propagating
counter-propagating
counter-propagating
waveswaves
[18],wave
or
[18]
t
an incident
an incident
anwave
incident
an
wave
and
incident
wave
aand
scattered
awave
and
scattered
aand
wave
scattered
awave
in
scattered
Mie
wave
inscatterings
Mie
wave
inscatterings
Mieinscatter
Mie
[28].s

Optics 2022, 3 324

constitutes a non-conservative contribution to the scattering force on an immersed nano-

object. The absorptive and/or polarizable properties of those immersed nano-objects help
us to come up with both EM and reactive helicities [10,12–17,19,21,23,32,37–39,41]. Another
method is to measure the field intensity
! along two orthogonal
! directions [4,6].
→ [H] → [ E]
1 1
Conversely, K (⇐) = ∇· 2M = −∇· 2M would help us map the electric

and magnetic fields whenever the EM field under consideration is induced by the si-
multaneous presence of an electric dipole and a magnetic dipole. The conservation law
→ [ avg]
∇· M = 0 in Equation (3) complements the fact that rotating the transverse coordinates
induces opposite phase shifts in the right- and left-hand circularly polarized waves propa-
→ [ E] → [H]
gating along a certain axis. This relation ∇· M = −∇· M of Equation (3) is related to
but not equal to the ‘dual-antisymmetric’ relation presented in [10]. One reason for this
→ [ E] → [H]
discrepancy in the term ‘dual-antisymmetric’ lies in the fact that ∇· M + ∇· M =0
→ [ E] → [H]
does not always mean M + M = 0.
  
Let us tell what we have achieved inFigure
Figure this study.
1. (a)
Figure
1. Although
Decomposition
(a)Figure
1. 1. (a)ofvarious
Decomposition
(a) Decomposition of a formulas
Decomposition
a PoyntingPoynting of apresented
of avector
PoyntingP vector
vector
PoyntingP an
into Porbita
into
vector an P
into
in Section 2 have already been scattered in the 
references      there,
mentioned  we have made
energy energy Sflux
fluxenergy Sflux
energy
. Besides, .MBesides,
Sflux
. Besides, SisM isMa angular
. Besides,
a spin isMa angular
spin spin
ismomentum
a angular
spin
momentum
angular
moment
(SAM) m(S
clearer the relationships among them as
systems. illustrated
systems.
Onsystems.
the On origin
systems.
the Oninorigin
Figure
lies
the On the1a.
aorigin
lies
primary The
aorigin
lies
primary actual
electric
a primary
lies formulas
electric
apoint
primary
electric
point
dipole
electric
point
dipole
represente
dipole
point
repred
presented in Equations (6) and (7) have been analytically derived for the first time in this
linearlinear
dipole
linear
dipolep̂ linearp̂ dipole
dipole
with itsp̂dipole
with  its
withp̂dipole
axis
its
with
dipole
lying
axis
its dipole
lying
parallel
axis lying
parallel
axis
to the
parallel
lying
tovertical
the
parallel
tovert
th
a
study in the two special cases of electric point) dipoles. ( Especially, the explicit ) forms of the
tapered
( tapered
cylindrical
→[ E] →[ E]
tapered
cylindrical
tapered
surface
cylindrical
surface
cylindrical
designating
surface
designating
surface
designating
higher
→[ E] →[ E] →[ H ] →[ H ]
designating
higher
valueshigher
values
for higher
the
values
for
degree
the
values
for
deg
of
th
(d) A (d)
circular
pairs of the internal energy flow, S l , O l A (d)
circular
dipole
A (d) p̂
circular
dipole
A p̂
with
circular
dipole p̂
its
with
dipole
dipole
and S  , O  , S  , O  itsp̂
withdipole
axis
its
with
dipole
lying
axis
its dipole
lying
onaxis
, have never the lying
onaxis
horizonta
theon
lying
hori
th
cone of
cone
higher
of
cone
higher
values
of
cone
higher
values
of
ofDoCP.
higher
values ○ DoCP.
of DoCP.
values
of ○of DoCP.
 ○ ○  
been published anywhere. The following Sections 4 and 5 show numerical behaviors in
appropriate coordinate frames respectively for the linear and circular electric point dipoles.
WhenWhen a magneto-optical
When a magneto-optical
When a magneto-optical
a magneto-optical
(MO)(MO) material,
(MO)
material,
(MO)
say,
material, asay,
material,
plasmon
asay,
pla
certain
4. Numerical Evaluations of Electromagnetic certain
magnetic
certain
magnetic
Fieldscertain magnetic
susceptibility
for magnetic
susceptibility
a Linear susceptibility
Dipoleissusceptibility
passively
is passively
is passively
immersed
is passively
immerse imm
in
*  *  *  * 
→
magnetization
magnetization
magnetization
magnetization
proportional proportional
proportional Eto× EEtois
toproportional × EE to× Einduced
induced
is E is ×E on
induced
is
that
onindtm
Figure 2 displays the induced fields E l and the field intensities for a linear dipole [10,18,22,24,32],
[13,19,20,32,33].
[13,19,20,32,33].
[13,19,20,32,33].
[13,19,20,32,33].
This This inverse This
inverse
Faraday
inverse
This Faraday
inverse
effect
Faradayeffect
is
Faraday
distinct
effect
is distinct
effect
isfrom
distin
is
frt
where EM fields themselves exhibit vortices and singularities. It is noted in Figure 2c that a
where where
a where
magnetic
a magnetic
where a magnetic
field a magnetic
field
servesfield
serves
as field
serves
anas excitation
serves
an as excitation
an as excitation
agent
an excita
agen
[34
 E  [ E ] [ H[ E] ]  [ H[ E] ]  [ H ]  [ H ] → [ f ] →∗ →
 
∇  M [∇][5].
dark region prevails in the vertical direction +
M∇∇Since
+
MM∇∇ the =
+M0∇SAM
M =+0the
 of
M ∇density
=total
of
M 0theof=M 0theof≡
total
SAM Im SAM
total
SAM
density
the f is×SAM
total
density f is density
density
nothing nothinisbut
n
→[f] law law
for
→
 time-oscillatory
law
for time-oscillatory
for
law
 →
 time-oscillatory
for time-oscillatory
fields fields
[30]. fields
[30].
Figure
fields
[30].
Figure1a [30].
Figure
→ [ E] illustrates
1a Figure
illus
1a
can alternatively be cast into M =Notwithstanding, × ImNotwithstanding,
f Notwithstanding,
2ReNotwithstanding, f it , has Figure
it been
has2a,b
it been
hashelp
seldom
it been to guess
has
seldom recognized
been
seldom Mrecognized
atseldom
recognized . recogn
that ∇ M
that
 [ E ]  [[EH] ]  [[EH] ]  [ EH]]  [ H ]
We present these textbook matters meaning
in Figure 2
meaning to
eitherhelp
meaning
either
meaning
source explain
either
sourceoreitherwhat
sink
source
or for we
sink
source
or forM
have
sink { { { } {} }
or,for
MM ,M
newly
sink M. We
forfound , M.can
We , hence
M.can
Weh}
in the forthcoming Figures 3 and 4. We have placed additional figures in Section S4 of
Supplementary Materials. Throughout this study, we set α = +1 except when otherwise
stated. We find diverse vortical features of field variables as presented in Supplementary
Materials of [28], where a Mie scattering is examined.
Figure 3 displays further characters for the EM field induced by a linear dipole.
→
The purely sphere-radial streamlines of P l is not presented here. Figure 3a displays the
 
→ 
magnitude  P l  of the normalized Poynting vector. In all directions except along the linear-
 
→ 
dipolar axis, we find that  P l  → 1 in the far-field limit. As expected, subluminal energy
velocity prevails over the whole space [10,25]. Figure 3b shows the relative intensity ratio
  −1  
Eθr ≡ | Er |2 + | Eθ |2 | Er |2 − | Eθ |2 . It turns out that Figure 3a,b are complementary to
 2  2
→  → 
each other [30]. The difference  E l  −  H l  in the field intensities is proportional to the
reactive energy [12] as shown by Figure S2 of Section S4 of Supplementary Materials.
  f    f  
( ) ( )
M [ ] ≡ Im f * × f can alternatively be cast into M [ ] = 2 Re f × Im f , Figure 2a,b help ( )
 E
to guess at M [ ] . We present these textbook matters in Figure 2 to help explain what we
have newly found in the forthcoming Figures 3 and 4. We have placed additional figures
in Section S4 of Supplementary Materials. Throughout this study, we set α = +1 except
Optics 2022, 3 325
when otherwise stated. We find diverse vortical features of field variables as presented in
Supplementary Materials of [28], where a Mie scattering is examined.

ptics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW 13


Figure 2. (a,b) Streamlines formed respectively by the real part Re E ( ) and the imaginary part
  2  2
( )
Im E for a linear dipole. The field intensities on the logarithmic scale E on (c) and H on
(d). All plots are made on meridional zρ -planes. It is set that α = +1 .

Figure 3 displays further characters for the EM field induced by a linear dipole. The

purely sphere-radial streamlines of P is not presented here. Figure 3a displays the

magnitude P of the normalized Poynting vector. In all directions except along the

linear-dipolar axis, we find that P → 1 in the far-field limit. As expected, subluminal
energy velocity prevails over the whole space [10,25]. Figure 3b shows the relative

(
intensity ratio Eθ ≡ Er + Eθ
r 2
) ( E − E ) . It turns out that Figure
2 −1
r
2
θ
2

Figure 2. (a,b) Streamlines formed respectively by the real part Re E


l
3a,b are →
and the imaginary part
 2  2
complementary →
  to each other [30]. The difference E  − H  in the field intensities
 → 2
 is  → 2
Im E l for a linear dipole. The field intensities on the logarithmic scale  E l  on (c) and  H l  on
proportional to the reactive energy [12] as shown by Figure S2 of Section S4 of
plots are made on meridional zρ -planes. It is set that α = +1.
(d). AllMaterials.
Supplementary

 
P ≡ PbyI[P l ] ≡for
→avg → [ avg]
Figure
Figure 3. (a) 3. (a) The streamlines
The streamlines formed by formed P la/Ilinear
l
for a linear
dipole. (b) dipole. (b) The
The relative relative intensity
intensity
 −1 

( )( )
 
2 r ≡ 2| E−r1| + |2Eθ |
2 2 2 2 [ E]
r ratio E 2 | E | − | Eθ | . (c) The azimuthal component M of the per-electric-
ratio Eθ ≡ Er + Eθ Er −[EE]θ . (c)r The azimuthal [E] l,φ
component M,φ of the per-electric-
θ
→ 
field-intensity[vector Ml . (d) Near-circular polarization states with 0.99 ≤ Ml,φ  ≤ 1. All plots are
 
E]
field-intensity
made over rM
vector ≤ 10. (d)
forNear-circular
illustrating the polarization states with
spherical domains on a0.99 ≤ Mmeridional
certain ,φ ≤ 1 . All zρ
plots are
-plane.
made over r ≤ 10 for illustrating the spherical domains on a certain meridional
→ [ E] zρ -plane.
Meanwhile, the per-electric-field-intensity vector Ml in Equation (8) becomes a scalar
  −2
→  [ E]
[ E]
Meanwhile, the [ E]
per-electric-field-intensity vector
Ml,φ ≡  E l  Ml,φ by use of a sole nonzero component
  M in Equation
according(8) becomes (6).
to Equation a It turns
 − 2
scalar M [,φ ] ≡ E M [E]
E −2 of a sole nonzero component according to Equation (6).
[ E],φ
by→use
out that Ml,φ = 2−2E  Im Ez∗ Eρ so that it is a ratio between two Stokes parameters [14]


( )
It turns out that M[,φ ] = 2 E Im Ez* Eρ so that it is a ratio between two Stokes parameters
E

[14] or the degree of circular polarization (DoCP) [3,9–11,15,18,23,24,37,38]. We rediscover

[ E]
from Equation (6) that the transverse component M,φ does not depend on the spin index
α = ±1 . Figure 3c displays this DoCP over a certain meridional zρ -plane, thus being
Optics 2022, 3 326

or the degree of circular polarization (DoCP) [3,9–11,15,18,23,24,37,38]. We rediscover from

[ E]
Equation (6) that the transverse component Ml,φ does not depend on the spin index α = ±1.
Figure 3c displays this DoCP over a certain meridional zρ-plane, thus being negative and
positive respectively over the northern and southern hemispheres. We have recovered
hence a half-twist or a four-lobe pattern in the polar direction [15,23,37,38].
  In addition,

 [ E] 
  → 
Ml,φ  exhibits larger values along the linear-dipolar axis as is  P l  on panel (b). Other
pairs of electric-field components can be taken in forming proper DOCPs depending on
specific wave configurations [14,19].  
 [ E] 
Based on Figure 3c, we have drawn Figure 3d with a cut-off on Ml,φ  by enforcing
 
[ E]  [ E] 
Ml,φ = 0 if Ml,φ  < 0.99. Resultantly, the blue curve on the northern hemisphere
 
 [ E] 
indicates the approximate locations of Ml,φ  → 1 , albeit a perfect circular polarization
exists nowhere. The desirability of a perfect circular polarization of an EM field can be
found in [12] as regards zero back-scattering. Because of the rotational symmetry, the pair
of curves in Figure 3d implies respectively pencil-hull-like tapered cylindrical surfaces
as summarily depicted in Figure 1c [1,5,14,35,37]. In this respect, Figure 3d shows that
[ E]
Ml,φ = 0 on the horizontal plane in confirmation of Equation (6). That is why the blue
and red strips are drawn in Figure 3d such that they run short of neither the origin nor
the horizontal plane. These fading portions are called here ‘tapered surfaces’, over which
→ [ E] → → →
Ml 6= 0 are being slowly established for the EM field although N l = 0 for a linear dipole
as listed in Equation (5) [32]. ( )
→[ E] →[ E]
Figure 4 displays the streamlines formed by Ol , S l . Notice that the absence of
[ E]
the azimuthal component Sl,φ = 0 in Equation (6) does not affect these streamlines on the
meridional zρ-plane. In Figure 4a, the orbital energy flux exhibits vortices in the near field
close to the origin. We indicated in Figure 4a the ‘circular saddle’ (because of the rotational
→[ E] →[ E] →[ E] →[ E]
symmetry) by the solid dot in the vermillion color. By O l = P l − S l with S l in
√
Equation (6), this saddle circle has the sphere-radius of r = 2. Inside this circular off-axis
saddle, we find nested closed loops of streamlines around the vertical axis. Following the
counter-rotational skyrmions of [18], we can thus assign (non-rigorous) vorticity numbers
Nv = ±1 to the 3D toroidal vortices in Figure 4a: Nv = +1 for the upper clockwise rotation,
→[ E]
and Nv = −1 for the lower counterclockwise rotation for O l . In Figure 4b, the vorticity
→[ E]
numbers are interchanged for S l , while the respective vortices seem to occupy the lower
and upper hemispheres.
→[ E]
Outside these two loop saddles, the streamlines of O l are open to infinity [10,18,24,41–43].
→[ E]
The trajectories of the spin energy flux S l shown in Figure 4b are self-similar because the
polar-angle dependence is separable from the sphere-radial dependence as seen from Equa-
tion (6). See Section S6 of Supplementary Materials for the derivation of such trajectories
in the case of the EM field induced by a circularly polarized electric point dipole, because
both dipoles lead to analogous trajectories.
In each of Figure 4a,b, a vortex-antivortex pair is made up of one vortex from the
northern hemisphere and another antivortex from the southern hemisphere [18]. Moreover,
(⇒)
the net EM helicity disappears, i.e., Kl = 0 in Equation (6) in correspondence to the
→ →
source property N l = 0 stated in Equation (5) [2]. Concerning the vorticity of an orbital
→[ f ]
 →  →
energy flux, we find that ∇ × O = 2Re ∇ f × Im ∇ f as proved in Section S2 of
Optics 2022, 3 327

→[ f ]
Supplementary Materials. This formula states that the vorticity in O is linked to the
field gradients, according to which
( experiments
  ) can be set up. As sketched in the center
→[ E]  →[ E]   
→
 
of Figure 4, both magnitudes O l ,  S l  exceed  P l  over most spaces. Hence, the
   
   
ambiguity in determining reverse internal flows as mentioned in [37] is now resolved by
comparing the two panels in Figure 4. When focusing on the radial distributions, the spin
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW 15
energy flux is stronger in the near field and the intermediate (Fresnel) field, while the
orbital energy flux is stronger in the far field [6,12,19,26,27].

Figure 4.
Figure 4. The streamlines
streamlines formed
formed by
by the
the internal
internalflows
flowsover
overany
anymeridional ρ -plane for
meridional zzρ-plane for aa linear
linear
→
[ E]E
[ ] → [ E] E
[]
dipole: flux OO
dipole: (a) the orbital energy flux l  , and (b)(b)
, and the spin
the energy
spin flux
energy S lS. .
flux

Let us return  the needle-shaped level curves in Figure [3d,

to
E]
where higher values
O

[ E ]
of theOutside
DoCP M these two loop saddles,
are achieved. Due to thethestreamlines of
rotational symmetry  are
around open theto vertical
infinity
 
l,φ [E]
z-axis, this pair ofThe
[10,18,24,41–43]. curves corresponds
trajectories of thetospin2D surfaces.
energy flux We S can shown
hence alternatively
in Figure 4b give the
are self-

name ‘hollow needles’ to these pencil-hull-like tapered cylindrical surfaces displayed in
similar because the polar-angle dependence is separable from the sphere-radial
Figures 1c and 3d. Along such optical needles, a uniform conversion takes place from the
dependence as seen from Equation (6). See Section S6 of Supplementary Materials for the
orbital energy flux to the spin energy flux from an input position (corresponding to the far
derivation of such trajectories in the case of the EM field induced by a circularly polarized
field in this study) toward a focal point (corresponding to the dipole position at the origin
electric point dipole, because both dipoles lead to analogous trajectories.
in this study) [6,10,30,32,39,43]. An analytical formula for this pair of cylindrical surfaces is
In each of Figures 4a,b, a vortex-antivortex pair is made up of one vortex from the
derived in [40], where detailed discussions are offered in both Figures 2 and 3. In contrast,
northern hemisphere and another antivortex from the southern hemisphere [18].
Figure 4 on the internal energy flows has never been so far presented.
()
Moreover,
In thisthe net EM helicity
connection, disappears,
consider a geometrically = 0 in Equation
i.e., Kneedle-shaped (6) in correspondence
plasmonic nanoantenna,
upon which light is illuminated   along the axis [1]. When the electric-field polarization lies
to the
on source property
the cross-sectional
N =of0 that
plane stated in Equation
needle, (5) [2]. field
this transverse Concerning
component the is vorticity
found to ofget
an
[ f ]  
converted into flux,
orbital energy the longitudinal ∇× O = 2along
we find thatcomponent ( )
Re ∇fthe × Im( )∇f axis
needle as the light
as proved propagates
in Section S2 of
along the axis [4,31]. In the meantime, the spin-to-orbital conversion in this  [ f ] study is caused
Supplementary Materials. This formula states that the vorticity in O is linked to the
by the spatially diverging area of the spherical EM waves induced by a linear dipole.
field gradients, according to which experiments can be set up. As sketched in the center
Therefore, our EM field is a sort of ‘reverse E 
focused’ (alternatively, either scattered or
of Figure 4,
defocused both as
wave), magnitudes
marked by the {O[downward
E]
, S [ ] } arrow inPFigure
exceed over 3c.
most spaces. Hence,
In addition, the
a focused
beam normally experiences either circular-to-linear or linear-to-circular
ambiguity in determining reverse internal flows as mentioned in [37] is now resolved by conversion in the
field polarization [1,10,15,23,35,37,38,46]. In comparison, our EM field emanating from the
comparing the two panels in Figure 4. When focusing on the radial distributions, the spin
linear dipole experiences a linear-to-circular conversion as it is further radiated into the
energy flux is stronger in the near field and the intermediate (Fresnel) field, while the
far field as seen in Figure 3c,d. Taken, together, internal energy flows in Figure 4 are better
orbital energy flux is stronger in the far field [6,12,19,26,27].
understood with the help of the optical needles in Figure 3.
Let us return to the needle-shaped level curves in Figure 3d, where higher values of
the DoCP M[,φ ] are achieved. Due to the rotational symmetry around the vertical z -
E

axis, this pair of curves corresponds to 2D surfaces. We can hence alternatively give the
name ‘hollow needles’ to these pencil-hull-like tapered cylindrical surfaces displayed in
 are largely accompanied highly likely by the that localits anti-vortex
energy backflows, coexists
an incident such
although
an incident
wave that
anas thewave
the
incident
and net
Poynting vorticity
a scattered and avector
wave and vanishes
scattered
wave aitself
scattered
in waveMie overscatteringstheMie
wave
in wholeinscatt Mi[2
space fordevices
instance,
[18,29]. [27].
In non-paraxial
addition, it is counter-propagating
highly considered
probable forthat detectors
instance,
waves
such a [18],
non-paraxial
vortical and
or the many
feature total applications
counter-propagati
wave
can be consisting
found in[5
stays forward-directed in the far field. Take note that a single plane wave does not
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW an incident Whenever wave
an EMand asource.
vectorial
a scattered important
parameter wave those insuch roles
Mie
an as
incident in
theproperly
scatterings Poynting
wave [28]. designing
and vector a thescattered antennas
exhibits wave as
a3 vortex,inele Mi
normally carry the anynear field
vortical offeature. We learn Resultantly,
from various near-field
wave configurations vortices in thatPoynting vector
highly likely that
considered its anti-vortex
by theas devices
detectors coexists [27]. such
and manyalthough that the net
applications vorticity vanishes
[5], the over
near-field itselfw
the
vortical featuresare arelargely
associated accompanied
with interferences local among energy multiple backflows, waves [6,10,19,24,30,31], the Poynting vector
Opticsspace
stays [18,29].
forward-directed In addition,
important in the roles it isin
far highly
field. properly Whenever
Take probable designing
note a vectorial
that
that such
antennas
a single parameter
a vortical as electro-optic
plane such
feature can (EO) as the bePoyn foun en
for instance, non-paraxial 2022,counter-propagating
3, FOR PEER REVIEW waves [18], or the total wave consisting of wave does not
Optics 2022, 3 considered the near field of
devices an EM [27]. source. highly
Resultantly, likely that
those its anti-vortex
near-field  vorticescoexists in such
the that
Poynting
 play that
328 the ne
ve
an incident wave and as
normally
Figure
detectors
carry any
a1.scattered
(a) Decomposition
Figure wave and
vorticalin
1.Whenever
many
(a)Mie
feature.
of ascatterings
Decomposition
applications
Poynting
We [28].
vector
of
learn[5],
a Poynting
from
P In
the various
into
near-field
vector
an orbital
wave
Pisthe energy
into
behaviors
configurations
an flux
orbital O vector energy
and aexhibspin
flux
important vortical are
roles largely
in properly
features accompanied
 are associated designing  by with a space
the
antennas local
vectorial
interferences  [18,29].
energy
as parameter
electro-optic
among addition,
backflows, such (EO)
multiple itas
although highly the
Poynting
energy-conversion
waves probable
Poynting
[6,10,19,24,30,31], that
vector suchi
energy stays S . energy
flux forward-directed
Besides, flux
highly likely M S .is Besides,
in a spin
the the
that its anti-vortex far M
near
angular field. field
is amomentum
Take of
spin an
coexists angular
note EM source.
(SAM)
that
such momentum a
that Resultantly,
density.
singlethewave (SAM)
(b)
plane
net vorticity The those
density.
wavecoordinatenear-fi
vanish (b)
does
devices for[27].
instance, non-paraxial counter-propagating
considered as waves
detectors [18],and or the many total applications consisting [5], ofth
systems.
Whenever normally On thesystems.
a vectorial origin
carry space lies
any On
parameter a the
primary
vortical
[18,29]. origin
In
such are
electric
lies
feature.
addition, as largely
a
the primary
point We
it accompanied
is
Poynting dipoleelectric
learn
highly represented
from point
probable
vector by various the
dipole
exhibits by
that local its
represented
wave
such
a energy
unit
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parameter
various itthe
exhibitsis Poynting
incident such
wave awave as vector
vortex, theitPoynting
and
configurations aisscattered thave
highly likely that are its
highly largely
anti-vortexlikely accompanied
thatcoexists its anti-vortex
such by the that local
coexists
the energy
nethighly
vortical features are associated with interferences amongmultiple waves [6,10,19,24,30,31 vorticity
such backflows,
likely
that vanishes
that
the net
itsalthough
anti-vortex
vorticity
over the the Poynting
vanishes
whole coexists over vector
such the that itself
whole the net vortic
stays 
space [18,29]. In addition, space forward-directed
[18,29].
itforis highly In addition,
instance, probable
Figure in1.itthe
non-paraxial isthat
(a) farsuch
highly
Decomposition field.
space
probable Take
a vortical
[18,29].
counter-propagating ofthatnote
afeatureInsuch
Poynting that
addition, acanavortical
single
beitfound
vector
waves is
[18],
plane
Pfeature
highly in the
into
or
wave
probable
can
an bedoes
orbital
total found
wave that
energy not in
such fluxa vort
consisting O o
normally carry  
the near field of an theEM near source. field of any
an1.Resultantly,
incident an energy EM vortical
source.
wave those
flux and
feature.
Resultantly,
Snear-field
a. Besides,
scatteredthe We near learn
M
vortices
thosefield isfromnear-field
of
inspin
ain an various
the EMPoynting
angular vortices
source. wave vector
momentum configurations
Resultantly,
in the Poynting (SAM) those vectorthat
density.
near-field (b) The vor
vortical Figurefeatures (a)are Decomposition
associated with of Poyntingwave
ainterferences vector among
Mie
P into scatterings
multiple an orbital waves
[28].energy flux O and a spin
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
are largely accompanied are largely by the localsystems.
accompanied energy bybackflows,
thethe
On local origin are
energy
although
largely
lies abackflows, the
accompanied
primary Poynting although
electric vector
by the
point the itself
local
dipole Poynting energy
represented vector backflows,by itself
its unit althoug
vecto
for energy non-paraxial
instance, flux S . Besides,  M is a spin angular
counter-propagating waves momentum[18],  or the (SAM) total density.
wave  The coordinate
(b)
consisting oforbital
stays1.forward-directed
Figure (a) Decomposition stays forward-directed
in
of athe Poyntingfar field. vector
linear Take
in
dipole the
P note far
p̂ an
Figure
into field.
that
stays
with 1.orbital
(a)aTake
its forward-directed
single
Decomposition
energy
dipole note plane
axis that
flux lying wave
Oofa parallel
single
in
aand does
the
Poynting
a spin plane
tofar
not field.
vector
the wave
vertical PTake does
intonote
axis annot
leads thata apenc enersi
 an incident 
systems. wave On the
andWe origin
a scattered lies a primary
wave electric
in Mie  point
scatterings dipole  [28].represented by its unit vector p̂ . to (c) A
normally carry any
normally
energy flux S . Besides, M is a spin angular vortical carry feature. any vortical
tapered momentum learn feature.
cylindrical from
energysurface normally
various
We learn
flux Sdesignating
(SAM) wave
carry
density. from
. Besides,(b)higher configurations
any various vortical
MTheiscoordinate wave
a spinfor
values feature.
that configurations
angular
the degree We momentumlearn
of circular from
that (SAM) various
polarizati dens
linear (a)dipole p̂associated
with its (dipole
) axis lying
(⇒) parallel to the verticalwaves axis leads tofor a pencil-hull-like
vortical
systems. On features
Figurethe origin
5. (a)are
vortical
Figure
The associated
lies 5.features
a primary
normalized with
The are
electric
EM interferences
normalized point
helicity
(d) A circular K
EM
dipole with
among
helicity
systems. interferences
vortical
represented
plotted multiple
K
On on thethefeatures
plotted
byorigin waves
its
northern among on
unit are
lies [6,10,19,24,30,31],
the
dipole p̂ with its dipole axis lying on the horizontal plane leads toby associated
multiple
vector
a northern
primary
hemisphere p̂ . with
hemisphere
electric
(c) for A a interferences
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
point
circular dipole a circularamong
represented multi a
tapered cylindrical surface  designating higher values for theconsisting
degree of circular polarization (DoCP).
for instance,
linear dipole p̂ non-paraxial
with for itsinstance,
dipole counter-propagating
axis 
non-paraxial
lying parallel → counter-propagating
to waves
linear
the for
vertical[18],
dipole instance,
or
axis the
p̂ waves
leads total
with non-paraxial
to wave
its [18],
a dipole or
pencil-hull-like the
counter-propagating
axis total
lying ofwave
parallel consisting
to the waves of
vertical [18],
axis orle
Pwave cone of P higher thevalues ofthe DoCP.   ○ hemisphere.
 
dipole.
an incident
 (b) The
wave dipole.
an
and magnitude
a(d)
incident (b) AThe
scattered circular
wave magnitude
 and plotted
dipole in  p̂on
a scattered
Mie plotted
with
 scatterings
northern
waveitsan ondipole
incident
in[28].
Mienorthern
hemisphere.
axis lying
waveon
scatterings (c)
and The
the a horizontal
[28]. scattered(c) The streamlines
streamlines plane
wave formed leads
in Mie formed
to scatterings
a filled by solid[28]
 
tapered cylindrical  surface
→ designating higher values fortapered the degree cylindrical
of circular surface → polarization
designating (DoCP). higher values for the degree of circu
by Pdipole over P
cone theofhorizontal
higher xy -plane.values of DoCP.  ○ trajectories Pof within  display
(d) A circular p̂the horizontal
over
 with its dipole axis lying
xy-plane.
When
(d) The
on a(d)
the
(d) trajectories
The
A circular of
horizontal
magneto-optical plane
dipole Pp̂ within
leads
(MO)  with to the a its
material,
square
the
filled square
dipole solid axisdisplay
a lying
boxbox on extended
the scatterer
horizontal [5,22 
plan
Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Comparative
Poynting vector Psay, into plasmonic
an orbital energyfield flux O
over | x |, |y|, |z| ≤ 1. We have set α =
x , y ,z○≤1. Wea certain  + 1 except on  (d). spatial distributions of key
cone of higher
extended values overof DoCP. have setflux α =cone
magnetic S+ 1. Besides, susceptibility
of higher
except onM values
(d). is of DoCP.
Comparative is angularpassively ○
spatial immersed

distributions in density. an EM(b)field,
of aEboth north
a plasmonic
parametersWhen energy
magneto-optical (MO) material, a spin say, momentum (SAM) The
on a certain meridional
Figure 1. (a) zρ-plane Decomposition encompassing Poynting
*
× E
and
vector south P scatterer
poles.
intothat I, (f,g)
an [5,22],
orbital are energy
thewith aflux
of key field parameters certain on
polar plots on the zρ-planI a certain
magnetic
magnetization
meridional
systems. On
susceptibility
(e) theflux thez ρ
magnitudes
proportional

-plane
origin encompassing
lies
is a
of the M primary
passively  to
Poynting both
electric
immersed
vectors,
is
north pointinduced
and south
dipole
in
(f) themomentum an
on poles.
represented
EM
electric-field(SAM)
material
field, by
intensities, its
a
by vecto
unit
static
the
When a magneto-optical (MO) the material,
energy
z[13,19,20,32,33].
ρ -planI say, a Splasmonic
the p̂magnitudes This
When  *inverse
. Besides, a dipole Faraday
magneto-optical
scatterer is a spin [5,22],effectangular
(MO) is(f)distinct
with material,
athe from say, thea ‘direct’ density.Farad
plasmonic (b)sc
I, (f,g) are theand polar (g) plots
magnetization on
the electromagnetic linearproportional
systems.
(e)
dipole
helicity. On  the towith E
origin ×
its E of
lies
the
is a
Poynting
induced
axis
primary lying vectors,
on
electric parallelthatpoint tothe
material electric-
vertical by the leads
axis EM field
to aunit pen
certain magnetic susceptibility is passivelywhere a
 [ E ] cylindrical
magnetic
immersed
certain
 [ H ]Faraday
field
magnetic
in an EM serves as
susceptibility an
field, a static excitation is passively immersed in anv
dipole agent represented
[34]. The by its
conserva
field intensities, and[13,19,20,32,33].  * tapered
(g) the electromagnetic This helicity.
inverse surface effect is distinct
designating higher from
values  for
the the ‘direct’
degree Faraday
of circular effect,
polarizati
magnetization proportional In to aE magnetic
comparison, × E∇ is Mlinear induced +∇ dipole
5gmagnetization
Mshows onp̂=that 0K with(⇒) itsproportional
ofmaterial
the dipole
∝ excitation
total θ,by
axis
SAM the lying to
EM
density parallel
Enot *
field×isEfamiliar tois
nothing the
induced vertical
tobut theonaxishelicity
leadsmater
that tocon a
where (d)Figure A field
circular serves
dipole p̂as an
with cos
its dipole which axisagent are
lying [34].
on the The a general
conservation
horizontal plane leads lawto a
[13,19,20,32,33]. TheThis inverseformed Faraday
[E] law
effect
[ H ]P tapered
for is distinct cylindrical
[13,19,20,32,33].
time-oscillatory from 
surface
the designating
‘direct’
This
ρ
fields
z inverse
Faraday
[30]. higher Faraday
Figure values
effect, for
1aeffect theisdegree
illustrates distinct of circular
this from conserva polar
the ‘d
streamlines ∇  M + ∇  Mcone by = over
of0reactive of the
the meridional
total ofSAM
(⇐)
Kp̂ density ∝
-plane
○ (− is is pointing
nothing in
but the the pure
helicity conservation  [H ]
where a magnetic readership. field servesHence, as an the (d)
excitation
Notwithstanding, Ahighercircularwhere valueshelicity
agent
fields dipoleita [30].
DoCP.
[34].
magnetic
has  been with
The its
field cos
dipole
conservation
seldom
θ ) axis
serves is lop-sided
 lying
recognized as lawan onthat the(namely,
excitation ∇  M [agent
horizontal being
E ] plane
= −∇law. leads
[34].
M T≠
 Figure 
sphere-radial law
direction for as
[ H ] Decomposition of a Poynting vector P into time-oscillatory
for a linear dipole (hence not  Figure
shown
[ H ] energy flux 1a
here). illustrates
One O[ H ]→ might !thisascribe conservation
∇  M [ ] + ∇ 1.M(a) [ E ] an orbital
{
and
}
[ H]a spin 
E
= 0 of the 
total SAM cone
density of is ∇
higher  M
nothing values+ ∇but M
of DoCP.
the = 0
helicity ○of the [ E ] total
conservation
M material, ,that
M SAM density is nothing but the
 M [(7).
E ]can hence
 M[ measure
H]
φ = 0of
such a simple picture meaning either source ori.e.,sink for
P 
∇·
1 . We
∇say, a==plasmonic
K−∇ (⇐) according
≠scatterer
0 , thus one[5,2 of
law energy flux S . positive
Besides, Mtoallthe
for
Notwithstanding, isθ) a missing
in spin theangular itpolar
southern
When has acomponent,
hemisphere
been
magneto-optical
momentum seldom (SAM) asrecognized
a source (MO)
density., in
(b) Equation
The2 M coordinate This
for time-oscillatory (a) fields [30]. Figure 1a law illustrates
for 
time-oscillatory
this  conservation fields [30].
law. Figure 1a illustrates thi
simple
systems.
Notwithstanding,
Figure 1.Figure
Onpicture
the to
it
origin
energy flux
turns
meaning
Equation
has energy
lies
Decomposition
 a
been
Figure
1.primary
out
S . energy
(a)
(4).
seldom
flux S .flux
Besides,
1. (a)
Decomposition
 certain
correct
either electric
M S is
Besides,
of
Decomposition
source
only

recognized
a Poynting
magnetic
on or
point
When
. Besides,
aM
 the
of
sinkdipole
a
Notwithstanding,
spinisangular that
aM
vector
a meridional of
Poynting
spin
a
 susceptibility
for represented
∇ 
magneto-optical M
is momentum
P
Poynting
M [vector
E]
{
a spin angular
angular
into
[ E,]zM ρ [-plane
=
HP
it
an
vector
by
−∇
] is
momentum

.(MO)
its
hasM We
(SAM)
}
orbital
 unit
into

P
] can
been
* momentum ≠
energy
anvector
Hpassively
[with
into
0
orbital
φhence
material,
density.
(SAM) seldom
,
an
= 0 p̂due
thus
fluxorbital
energy
immersed
. (c)to
measure
(SAM)
(b) say,
density.
O energy
A flux
a
recognized
Thedensity.
and
theone
aO
plasmonic
coordinate
(b) The
spin
flux
in ofand
(b)
an O
these
that
aEM
The coordina
coordinate
and
spin
∇two
scatterer M
 [ Esp
a
field ]
dipole p̂azimuthal 
magnetization P ≠
proportional
0 to E × E is induced  on that material by the
{ } { }
nonzero
linear with its component,
dipole axis [On lying
E ] certain viz.,parallel to the . See
vertical Figure
axis leads S7
[ E to] aof Section
pencil-hull-like S6 in
meaning either systems. source 
orOn When
sink compared
the systems.
origin
for Mlies a, M the[the
to
primary H]
origin .sole
aWe
magnetic
electric
lies
meaning ,φ
nonzero
can a primary
point
hence eithersusceptibility
component
dipoleelectric
measuresource represented M
point
one
orlsink of
is inthese
dipole passively
Equation
by
for its M by
represented
unit
two [ E ]vector
(6)
,1.M(a) [ Hby
immersed
[40], ] p̂itsits
.vector
We unit
. (c) invector
counter-
A p̂ an EM
Ap̂Farad
. (c) fi
systems. On the origin
[13,19,20,32,33]. lies primary This electric
inverse point Faradaydipole
z ρ
,φ represented
* effect is distinct
Figure its unit
from  thecan
Decomposition hence
. (c) of
‘direct’ ameaPo
tapered cylindrical surface
Supplementary Materials designating
→ [ E]p̂dipole for higher
several magnetization values
plots
p̂itsaaxis on for the
other degree
meridional
proportional of circular to E axis ×toEthe
polarization
-planes with
isenergy (DoCP).
induced varying on that
S . [34]. to amaterial Mconserv isby
(d) A
linear dipole linear
p̂ with linearwithdipole p̂itswhere
dipole
with with
dipole lying
magnetic its axis dipole
parallel
lying axis
field to lying
the vertical
parallel
serves parallel
toas the an vertical leads
excitation vertical
axis to aleads pencil-hull-like
axisto
flux
agent leads Besides,
theaper-electric-
pencil-hull-likeThepencil-hull-li a s
φ .circular
We find dipole
part
that
tapered cylindrical
Meven given P
tapered ,r
its
 surface<indipole
0 Equation
over
cylindrical

designating
axis
[ some lying
(7)
[13,19,20,32,33].
E ]  surface
has  on
portion
higher [
allthe
]
three
Hdesignating of
values
horizontal
This nonzero
space, inverse
for higher
the
thus planecomponents.
degree
Faraday leads
denoting
values of for
to
circularthe
aTherefore,
effect filled
sphere-radially
systems.
degree
is solid
polarization
distinct
of On the
circular
from
origin
(DoCP).
the
polarization lies ‘direct’
a primary
(DoCP
F
tapered cylindrical → [ E]∇ surface M → +−designating ∇
2→ E] = 0higher
 M[magnetic offield the values total for SAM the degree density of circular
is nothing polarization but [34]. the(DoCP). helicity con

conebackward
of higher values of DoCP. ○ where a serves as an excitation agent  The cons
flows (d)[18,25,37,41]. p̂1.dipole  dipole Mp̂ axis
] its dipole
(d) A circular
field-intensity A dipole(d) AM
Figure
circular circular
 (a) law ≡Decomposition
with  Eforp̂its
dipole
  [with
Etime-oscillatory
with
defined
of lying
[H a
its axis
dipole
] Poynting
onEquation
in theaxis
 lying
fields horizontal
vector onlying (8)P horizontal
the
[30]. onFigure
is plane
the an
inadequate
into horizontal
leads
linear orbital
plane
1a tofor
dipole aleads
plane
filled p̂toleads
solid
characterizing
energy
illustrates with
flux
a filled
this to
O itsasolid filled
dipole
and
conserva a spisol
ax
∇  M + ∇  M = 0 of the total SAM density is nothing but the 
helicity
Figure 5chigher
shows the
energy resulting
offlux S spiral
.of  ○
Besides, streamlines M is a○hasofspin P angular on the horizontal momentum plane
(SAM) in case
density. (b)  [→ ]
E The coordinat [H ]
cone of values
cone of higher
DoCP. values of DoCP. ○ it tapered cylindrical ∇M surface [=E]−∇ designatin
M
 
cone of higher valuesNotwithstanding, DoCP. beenfields seldom recognized that
When a magneto-optical (MO) material,
law say,
for time-oscillatory aplasmonic (DoCP) scatterer [30].
 dipole [5,22],
 Figure with1a a illustrates
 this conse
with α = + α = − p̂
1
{ (d)
} A circular 1 dipole M p̂ A
systems. On the origin lies a primary electric point represented by its unit
 vector with its
. (c) d
a unique
, thus electric
displaying degree of circular
counterclockwise polarization (CCW) circulations. [9,32,37].
[E ] Figure
With 6a displays ,
M [energy
H]
Figuresusceptibility
1. (a) Decomposition meaning of aeither Poynting source vector or has sink P into
an an
for M orbital ,field, a. We flux canOhence and measure  M[ E ] = one
a spin
of
certain magnetic is Notwithstanding,
passively immersed in been EM static ∇ −∇  M

    it seldom recognized that
clockwise (CW) Whenflux rotations
aWhen
magneto-optical
linear When accompany
dipole ap̂Mmagneto-optical
(MO)
with athe its spiral
material,
dipole flows.
(MO)
axis say, lying Figure
amaterial,
plasmonic
parallel 5d
say,
to  the displays
scattererplasmonic
avertical
cone of helical
[5,22],
axis
higher scatterer
leads with
values to aaofpencil-hull-lik
[5,22],
DoCP.awith ○
{ }
magnetizationenergy onproportional
a meridional S . Besides,
toaρz-plane,
magneto-optical
E * ×meaningE is isinduced
thereby spin (MO)
being onamaterial,
angular that
sort momentumofmaterial say, (SAM)
counterpart aby plasmonic
[the
Eof] density.
theEM [ H ]pair scatterer
(b)
field ofThe panels [5,22],
coordinate(c) and with
trajectories certain traversed magnetic by
certain the Poynting
susceptibility
magnetic vector. either
susceptibility
is Analytic
passively source or
formulas
immersed
is sink
passively for of in M
these immersed
an , M
trajectories
EM . We
field,
in can
are
an a hence
EM
static measure
field, a on
stat
systems. certain Ontaperedthe magnetic
origin cylindricalliessusceptibility
aeffect surface
primary designating
electric is point passively higher
dipole values
immersed
represented for the by degree
initseffect,an of EM
unit circular
vector field, p̂ . (c)
polarization a Astatic (DoCP
 
[13,19,20,32,33]. This inverse Faraday →  *is[ E]distinct  * They   *are
from the  ‘direct’ Faraday
derivedmagnetization
in Section S6 of Supplementary
magnetization
proportional to Materials.
proportional ×into
Ep̂Poynting Eto is induced 
×to
E(a)energy Eon constructed  by combining  a 
(d) of Figure
magnetizationof(d) A3. circular
p̂Poynting Obviously, dipole
proportional M withisFigure its ×toE
symmetrical
E dipole
1. is axis
Pinduced
islying
that
across induced material
on
the
on the on
horizontal
horizontal
that by
that
amaterial When the material
aplane
plane. EM
by field
leads
Take by
a magneto-optical
the PaEM tothe
note afield EM
filled fie
soli(M
 
where
Figure 1. (a)a Decomposition linear
magneticFigure
 [ E ]  [13,19,20,32,33].
sphere-radial
dipole
 [ H ] trajectory
field
1. (a)  withas
serves
aDecomposition
 [13,19,20,32,33].
This
on a
its
meridional
an
vectordipole
Faraday aPaxis
ofexcitation 
r θ
lying
-plane an parallel
agent
vector
orbital
analogous
[34]. the The
Decomposition
 is
into
to
vertical
flux
Figure
O axis
an conservation
orbital and aleads
ofenergy
‘direct’
3a and
Poynting
spin to
a
law
flux
spiral
O
pencil-hull-like
vector and spin
into an orbit
[13,19,20,32,33]. inverse This This
inverse inverse effect
Faraday Faraday
is
○values distinct
effect effect from
distinct is the
distinct
from certainfrom
the Faraday
‘direct’the
magnetic ‘direct’
effect,
Faraday Faraday
susceptibility
effect, effec
energy∇M flux +S∇. Besides,
Mof energy
tapered = 0M of5ccone
flux
cylindricalisS a. of
the atotal
higher
Besides,
spin  →angular
surface SAM values
M density
designating is ofa DoCP.
momentum
xy as spin energy
ishigher angular
(SAM)
nothing flux momentum
but forS the
density. . the
Besides, (b)(SAM)
degree
helicity TheM coordinate
density.
is a spin
ofconservation
circular (b)angular
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(DoCP).
 
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awhere magnetic on
where
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field
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excitation
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[34].
agent The agent
[34]. conservation
magnetization [34].conservation
The Theproportional
law
conservation law tola
systems. On the
law for time-oscillatory of[ E ]Figure
(d)
origin A
systems. circular
lies a  [ E6a
Onprimarythe
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larger axis
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] is
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Notwithstanding,
Equations
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Based
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fields 6a, at 1asuitable
Figure
[30]. 6b
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Figurevalues.
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this Figure
by
illustrates
where imposing
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a the
this a
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Notwithstanding,
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The conservationthis conservation law law
certain magneticcertain susceptibility
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Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector P into an orbital energy flux O and a spin
 
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systems. On the origin lies a primary electric point dipole represented Figure 1. (a)byDecomposition its unit vector ofp̂a. (c) PoyntiA
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Figure 6. (a) The magnitude M  of the EM field induced its dipole Figure
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On the origin vector systems.
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and bluewhere linear
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with its dipole axis lying on the horizontal plane leads to a filled
law for time-oscillatory fields certain magnetic
[30].certainFigure certain
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magnetic
illustrates
where is passively
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this
a magnetic
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passively passive
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Figure 1.cone(a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector P into an  [ E ] energy
orbital  [E*]  flux  O
[ H ] is * to  and
[ ] E (MO) a spin
of
 higher values  ofbeen DoCP.  ○
magnetization
When a recognized proportional
magnetization
magneto-optical ∇
When ∇ato
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proportional ×=to
E
magneto-optical
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H
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Notwithstanding,
Because
energy of the
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seldom
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proportional
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E
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,total
thus SA
meaning
tivelysystems.
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On theeither
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cones
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The
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[13,19,20,32,33].
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[13,19,20,32,33].
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isfrom
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 values DoCP.
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anly il
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Figure
[13,19,20,32,33].
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[13,19,20,32,33].
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7 fordisplays
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[13,19,20,32,33].
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Figure
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1.
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excitation agent [34]. The conservation law
 
{ { {} } }
*
law for time-oscillatory fields [30].
n Figure [ E ]o 1a illustrates
[ ] [ ] this magnetization conservation
magnetization law.
proportional proportional to E to × E E ×
is
,M
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Notwithstanding, it has been seldom systems.recognized ,r l ,θ
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[13,19,20,32,33]. [13,19,20,32,33]. ≠ 0dipole This
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tapered [ Htapered Figurecylindrical 1a surface
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recognized circular dipole dipole
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)
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. We →[ E]can valuesof hence DoCP. of DoCP.
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fields [30]. [30fr
F
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certain certain magneticlaw magnetic for susceptibility susceptibility
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magnetization proportional proportional (MO)tomaterial, Eto× EE * ×issay, E induced isa induced plasmonic on that onscatterer that
materi m
certain[13,19,20,32,33]. magnetic Notwithstanding,
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[13,19,20,32,33]. This This inverse inverse Faraday Faraday effect effectis 
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In
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Take
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although
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electric point (DoCP).
learn the from
Po
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features
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[6,10,19,24,30,31],
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vector
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E]learn
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[41]. normally
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important roles in properlyspacevortical
[18,29].  [ EIn
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near-field
[13,19,20,32,33].
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vanishes
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over a single
the whole
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law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. Figure 1a illustrates this conservation law.
Whenever a vectorial arean incident
largelyparameter
space [18,29].Notwithstanding,
highly likely that its anti-vortex
In addition,
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accompanied such
normally
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athe
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space [18,29]. In addition,normally carry any
it meaning
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or
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a vortical
for M
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featureM
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for
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waves [18], measure
fields or the [30].one that
of these
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Figure two
1a
are largely accompanied by the local energy backflows, although the Poynting vector itself
the near field of an EM source.
vortical Resultantly,
features are associated those near-field with interferences vortices in the
among
Notwithstanding, Poyntingmultiple vector waves
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seldom
stays forward-directed an incident
in the far wave field. andTake a scattered note wave
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does not recognized
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are largely accompanied by the local
for instance, energy backflows,
non-paraxial counter-propagating although the waves Poynting [18], vector
or theitself total wave consisting
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H
normally carry any vortical feature. We learn meaning from various eitherwave source configurations
stays forward-directed an incident
in the far wave andTake
field. a scattered note that wave a in singleMie scatterings
plane wave[28]. does not
vortical features are associated with interferences among multiple waves [6,10,19,24,30,31],
normally carry any vortical feature. We learn from various wave configurations that
for instance, non-paraxial counter-propagating waves [18], or the total wave consisting of
vortical features are associated with interferences among multiple waves [6,10,19,24,30,31],
an incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie scatterings [28].
for instance, non-paraxial counter-propagating waves [18], or the total wave consisting of
an incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie scatterings [28].


Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector P into an orbital
  
energy S . orbital M flux  angular momentum (SAM)
Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector P flux into an Besides, energy is a spin
O and a spin
  systems. On the origin lies a primary electric point dipole represented
energy flux S . Besides, M is a spin angular momentum (SAM) density. (b) The coordinate 
Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector PFigure into 1. an(a) orbital energy fluxofOa Poynting
Decomposition and a spin vector P int
 lies a primary  electric point linear dipole p̂ with its dipole unitaxis  p̂ parallel
lying A to the vertical ax
systems.
Figure Onstreamlines
7.energy
The
Figure
the origin
flux 7. The formed by
S . Besides,
streamlines Mthe isinternal
formed a spin by the flows
angular
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meridional
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flows over flux(SAM)
by zSρ.its
a meridional -plane
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. (c)
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spin φ =angular0 for a moment
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systems.p̂Onwith
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a primary lying
Figure parallel
1. (a) point
electric to thedipole
Decomposition vertical
systems.
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→[ Eathe
of
represented
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] Poynting
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. (c) orbital
Apointenergy dipole
a circular dipole: circular (a)dipole:
for the (a) electric-portion
for the electric-portion orbital(d) energyorbital  flux
A circular energy dipole
 flux  Op̂(c),with
, and for the
and itselectric-portion
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E1.] (a) Ewith
]
designating
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energy values
flux
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spin with angular
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momentum
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Figure a Poynting vector into an 1 orbital ○energy O and spin
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 1
(d) energy
spin A circular fluxdipole
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tapered . Both
cylindrical
Sp̂ plotted
.with
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on
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solid
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cone of(d) higher values of DoCP. [ E ]
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 ○ to a○for
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lying parallel surface
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higher vertical values higher
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pencil-hull-like
certain magnetic Kp̂ with susceptibility is passively immersed in
When a We indicate
magneto-optical on Figure (MO)7a (d) two
material,
A saddles
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scatterer of opposite
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[5,22], lying EM
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helicities for plane l
Figure
taperedon 1.
cylindrical (a) Decomposition of a Poynting (
K immersed
magnetization = ± 1 2for into
proportional an orbital to energy
*
E × polarization
Ea is flux O
induced and a spin
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We indicate
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susceptibility 7asurfacetwo(⇒) designating
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2
higher values ofthe
in degree ofEM
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When ±circular
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Besides, cone αr
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aWhen
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This
the a○ magneto-optical
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Faraday
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[5,22],
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to with
aThe
is stands
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αmagnetization
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susceptibility
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single
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[18].
magnetic
onfieldthe This
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horizontal EMthe EM stands
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is static
passively imm
cone systems.
of This
higher Onvalues
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of lies a primary
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 is distinct
point
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anunit ofvector
excitation
* 
. (c) A [34]
agent
[13,19,20,32,33].
in stark magnetization
contrast [ E ]
to the inverse
single Faraday effect*
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the ‘direct’  Faraday effect,
a ×plasmonic 
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→
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proportional with 1.(⇒) itstosaddle
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the to for
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magnetic
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l ascertain
=
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space. [34]. In vectoraddition,
The conservation intowe an
find orbital
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[When
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Kcylindrical = 0 over the Faraday
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law effect for In is susceptibility
[13,19,20,32,33].
distinct
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This
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Figure inverse
[30].7a Faraday
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designating
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the
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polarization
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 [[vortices
circular E] systems.
dipolefield of Op̂Onserves of a as
Poynting
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×
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flux
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certain loop magnetic
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oflaw loopfor vortices
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. =Besides,
 SFigure 0
fields
the M [30].
origin. Figure
As  we have 1a illustrates
assigned
∇  M
E]
+ ∇
this
(non-rigorous)
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conservation
= 0  
vorticity law.

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energy on of
4a, thewe [13,19,20,32,33].
totalis aSAM
can spin
assign angular
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is
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nothing number Faraday
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density.
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The
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] total
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toroidal density the ‘dire
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proportional of DoCP. p̂ to ○ E × E is induced on [ ] that material [ ] M
E
by the H
EM field
,, vector
M
E v H
Notwithstanding,
numbers lawonsystems.
Figure
for On it
4a, has
the
time-oscillatory we originbeen
can lies seldom
assign a
fieldswhere
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the
with
meaning
 recognized
a
electric
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[30].
its
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Figure
dipole either
number
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axis
1a field
dipole ∇Nlying
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represented
illustrates 1 −∇
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toroidal
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axis
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to
can
[34].
FigureA
a pencil-
hence
The
1a
m
vortices on Figure 7a:ofinverse = ±Faraday
Nav Poynting 1 for theeffect lower
PH ] into isclockwise rotation, andO Nvand = − 1 for the
{ }  
Figure [13,19,20,32,33].
1. (a) Decomposition This vector distinct
anhigher v
orbital from energy the ‘direct’
flux Faraday acircular
spin effect,
 tapered  for cylindrical [ E ] [ E ] [
surface
H ] [
designating values [axis for
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seldom
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1has aO∇N density.
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Figure dipole itsthe dipoleserves →lying parallel toofthat
the the total
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A
been
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for  (MO)
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material,
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[18].
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excitation
momentum its dipole
Likewise, say,andagent
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in [34].
plasmonic
lying
Figure on 7b,
has
The
(b)
the the
the
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horizontal
vorticity
seldom
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[5,22], recognized
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 [ E ] leads
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   P
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Figure 1. (a) Decomposition [
of]
a Poynting [ ]
vector
[ E] designating
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 systems.
counterclockwise tapered
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On 
certain E cylindrical
+
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rotation
the origin M
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magnetic H
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0
→ [ Esink
] [18].
primary forelectric
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,isMindensity
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dipole
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. Werepresented
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7b, the thedegree
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energy flux S . Besides, Mcircular is a spin cone angular of
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of(SAM)  lying ○ on the
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Notwithstanding,to respective
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the originhemi-spheres.
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cone
its
a primary
of higher 
[13,19,20,32,33].
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Therefore, a magnetic
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immersed
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to aone
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filled
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an vector
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law
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When
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(d) A circular dipole Pp̂ displayed with its dipole in magnetization
Figure axis lying 5d
 is still on the proportional
forwardly
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filled zone solid on that material
[10,18,24,42]. Another by the EM
certainlaw formagnetic susceptibility
time-oscillatory fields is passively immersed in an this EM conservation
field, a static
 [30].
 Figure 1a illustrates law.
cone of higher values difference
of is that[13,19,20,32,33].
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DoCP.[ avg
magnetization
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This inverse vector are
Faraday likely
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proportional to E * × E is induced on that material
take
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When (lying it has
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] is[ Hdistinct
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[34]. a conservati
[13,19,20,32,33]. This
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When a magneto-optical
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.
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from the ‘direct’ Faraday effect,
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[34]. nothing a
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but the helicity
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two
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magnetization  
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material1abyillustrates
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certain magnetic susceptibility E
 Mis ] passively
the immersed in fields
an EM field, but a static this conservatio
 [E]  [H ]
[13,19,20,32,33]. = 0 of Faraday
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‘direct’ Faraday conservation
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material seldom by therecognized
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wherelaw for time-oscillatory
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]  [ HThe
this conservation law law.
[13,19,20,32,33]. This
a magnetic
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∇  M Notwithstanding,
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+ ∇ serves
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seldom
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H
{
0 , thusone of th }
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where a magnetic
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field
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for time-oscillatory
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agent
for Figure
∇  M [ ] + ∇  M [ ] = 0 of the total SAM density is nothing but the helicity conservation
H
[ H ]The conservation law
M , M 1a .illustrates We can hence {
this measure
 [E]
conservation
 [H ]
}
one of these
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 vortical features are associated with space interferences
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In addition, it is highly waves [6,10,19,24,30,31],
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(a) Decomposition
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[6,10,1
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tapered tapered
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( surface
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designating
) higherhighervaluesvaf →[ E] →[ E] 
WhenWhen Figure
a magneto-optical
a magneto-optical 7b,d display (MO)(MO) thematerial, streamlines
material, say, asay, formed
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magnetization
magnetization proportional proportional to Eto × EE * is × Einduced is induced on that on that material materiallinear by dipole the by EM thep̂field EM withfield its dipole
center of Figure 7d that the spiral  effect 
streamlines  reverse their rotational
 ‘direct’  cylindrical  directions from CCW
[13,19,20,32,33].
1.[13,19,20,32,33]. ThisofThis inverse ainverseofFaraday Faraday effect Pis into distinct
Pis distinct from from
theflux ‘direct’
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Figure Figure Figure
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Decomposition
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(a) Decomposition
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conservation law
energy energyfluxenergy
flux Sflux
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S . Besides, M M
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. Besides,
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] [24]. Reversals in the rotational flows take place
angular momentum momentum(SAM) (SAM) density. certain
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The magnetic
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*  * 
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Figure systems.
systems.1. (a)On systems.On
Decomposition the
the origin liesofOn origin
the origin
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. (c) A . (c) p̂
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time-oscillatory
for time-oscillatory fields fluid
fields[30]. flows
[30].Figure exhibit
Figure 1a analogous
illustrates
1a illustrates rotational
this
[13,19,20,32,33]. this
[13,19,20,32,33].conservationreverse
conservation
This flows
This
inverse law. aslaw.
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Faraday [44].effecteffec is d
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thetovertical
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] the
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] relative
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Notwithstanding,
Notwithstanding, it designating
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. (c) M
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participating
Faraday
effect {
hence
ordensity
from
sink
,inverse
is
thus
[
Mdistinct
E]
measure
for,isMnothing
effect
the terms
Faraday
[
‘direct’
H ] one[ H
M ., We
is from
[ E ]
distinct
M bu
Fara
effe
the
of
c
]

 [ Ewhere  H ] afield
law for time-oscillatory fields [30]. we Figure 1a illustrate
meaning for either
a specific
study mainly concerned
source wave or configuration
where
sink for[E]
with
a M
∇  M + ∇  M∇  M= 0 +of
magnetic
the
 {
]such
, M[ as
[ HNotwithstanding,
energy
.given
] [ E ] fluxes[[Eas
where
∇
We
∇M
}
magnetic
 can inaEquation
serves hence
H] ] linear
+=∇0 M
magnetic
field
aswhere
 measure
it [momenta,
∇M
Hhas

(6)excitation
anserves or
afield
] [ E ] been aseldom
=density +of ∇ the
(7).
magnetic
one asserves

Since
anagent
of
[H ]
fundamental
these excitation
field
as two are
[34].
anserves
recognized
in
discus-
this
excitation
The
agent asconserv
that ∇
[34].
anage e
M total
the SAMof the 0total M
SAM is nothing total=density
0 SAM
[E ]  [H ]
of but theisdensity
the
nothing
totalhelicity SAM is butnoth de
cot
sion is briefly madelaw on angular for time-oscillatory momentum
lawmeaning for law in
either
time-oscillatorySections
fields
for source
time-oscillatory
[30].
law S1,orS2, sink
fields
for
Figure and for S5
time-oscillatory
[30].1a {
fieldsofMillustrates
Figure ,[30].
SupplementaryM 1a } . this
fieldsWe
Figure
 [E]
can
illustrates 1ahenc
[30].
conserv illu
Fi
 [ H ][
Materials [3,9,15,16,19,24,45].
Notwithstanding, Notwithstanding, it has Notwithstanding,
been itseldom has
Notwithstanding,been it
recognizedhas seldom been that it
recognized
seldom has∇ been Mrecognized =seldom
that −∇ ∇ M M thre
Suppose that two or four linearly polarized plane waves  [ E ] of equal  [ Eintensities
]  [ H ] [ E ]  [ H ]
collide  [ E ] 
(namely, cross-propagate) meaning at a either single meaning source
point. meaning
either
orInsink such source
foreither M
meaning
multiple-wave {
orsource sink , M for [H ]
}{
or .collisions,
either M source
We
sink can
for {}
, M hence Mor .sink
there We, measure
M }{
can .hence
for
arises Mone
We ,m
can Mo
a nonzero spin energy flux with an attendant near-field vortex feature owing to the non-
parallelism and non-zero phase difference(s) among the colliding plane waves [13,19,24,25,45].
In this connection, consider a uniform circular array on a plane consisting of electric point lin-
→ [ E] → [H]
ear dipoles [45]. In this case, the combined EM field should exhibit ∇· M = −∇· M 6= 0
although all those linear dipoles are oriented normally to the same plane. It is because of
the interference among the EM fields induced by multiple linear dipoles in the presence
of phase differences among them [6,10,19,24,30,31]. Of course, an array of in-plane linear
dipoles (either radially or azimuthally polarized) endows a combined induced EM field
→ [ E] → [H]
with ∇· M = −∇· M 6= 0. See the near-field behaviors for such arrays consisting of
finite-number linear dipoles [40].
 Optics Optics
2022, 3,2022,
FOR3,PEER
FOR REVIEW
PEER REVIEW 3 3

Optics 2022, 3 334

Optics 2022,considered
3, FOR PEER
considered REVIEW
as detectors
as detectors
and and
manymany applications
applications [5], the [5], near-field
the near-field behaviors behaviors play play
important
important roles roles
in properly
in properly designingdesigning antennas antennas as electro-optic
as electro-optic (EO) (EO) energy-conversion
energy-conversion
devicesdevices
[27]. [27].
Optics 2022, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW When an electric point dipole is placed over a planar wall as either in practice or in the 3
Whenever Whenever a vectorial
a vectorial parameter
considered parameter such
as such
as theasPoynting
detectors the
and Poynting
manyvector vector
exhibits
applications exhibits
a vortex,
[5],a vortex,
theit is it is
near-fie
Sommerfeld problem, there would arise diverse contents of a SAM density [1,2,5,6,10,19,22,31].
highly highly
likelylikely
that its that
anti-vortex
its anti-vortex
important coexists coexists
such properly
such
that the thatnet the vorticity
net vorticity vanishes vanishes over the
overwhole the whole
In these cases, finding internal energy roles fluxesinwill designing
be challenging fromantennas as electro-optic
the perspective of (EO)
Optics space
2022, 3,space
FOR PEER
[18,29]. [18,29].
In REVIEW
addition,
In addition,it is
devices highly
it is highly
[27]. probable probable that such
that such
a vortical
a vorticalfeature feature
can becan found
be found
in in
numerical computations. Even for such a complicated finite space bounded by solid curved
the near
the considered
field
near of fieldan of asansource.
EM detectors
EM source. and
Resultantly, many
Resultantly, those applications
those
near-field
Whenever a vectorial parameter such as near-field [5],
vortices the
vorticesin near-field
the inPoynting
the behaviors
Poynting
the] Poynting vector exhvector vectorplay
→ [ avg
Optics 2022,
roles3, in
FOR PEER REVIEW
areimportant
boundaries,
are largely the
largely average
accompanied
accompanied SAM
by properly
the
highly density
bylocal
the
likely designing
isthat
local
energy never
energy antennas
generated
backflows,
its backflows,
anti-vortex ascoexists
althoughelectro-optic
because
although the ∇·
such M
Poynting
the (EO)
that =energy-conversion
Poynting
the 0, ifvorticity
vector
net the
vector
itself itself
vani
staysstays
medium devices
forward-directed
is free [27].
forward-directed
of electric chargesinspace
thein far thefield.
and
[18,29]. far field.
currents Take Take
note
[1]. itnote
that
Meanwhile, athat
single
aapplications
we single
alsoplane findplane
wave
Msuch
[ E]
wavedoes
6= does
not
a0vortical
for not
considered as In addition,
detectors and is highly
many probable that r[5], the feat
near-field
thenormally
EMnormally
fieldcarryisWhenever
carry
induced a vectorial
any vortical
any
by vortical
athe feature.
uniform
important near parameter
feature.
We
circular
field
roles ofinanlearn
We such learn
antenna
EM
properly fromas array
source. the
from Poynting
various various
(UCAA)
Resultantly,
designing wave
antennas
vector
wave exhibits
configurations
[5,45].
those configurations
In this case,
asnear-field
electro-optic
a vortices
vortex,
that (EO)thatitinis
e
vortical highly
vortical
features likely
features that its
are associated
aredevices anti-vortex
associated with
are largely coexists
considered
interferences
with such
interferences
accompanied among
by thatas the
among
the net
detectors
multiple
local → vorticity
[ E
multiple
energy ]
waves and vanishes
waves many
→ [ H ]
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
backflows, over
[6,10,19,24,30,31],
although the
applications whole
the [
Po
the induced EM field is
[27]. ∇· Ma vortical = −∇· M 6=
forspace [18,29]. Inalso
addition,likelyittois exhibit
highly the exchange
probable
important that
roles such
in properly feature can 0 beof found in
for instance,
Equation the
instance,
(3).near
non-paraxial
Arrayed
non-paraxial
Rayleigh
counter-propagating
stays counter-propagating
forward-directed
Whenever
scatters are aworking
vectorial waves
in
waves
an
[18],
inparameter
the far or
[18],
analogous
the
field.ortotal
such as designing
the
Take
fashion
wave
total
thenote
to
wave
consisting
Poynting
give
that antennas
consisting
rise
avectorof as
single
to vector
of ele
pla
exhi
an incident
an incident wave field
andofaand
wave an EM
scattered
a source.
scattered
normally wave Resultantly,
wave
in devices
Mie in those
[27].
scatterings
Mie near-field
scatterings [28]. [28]. vortices in the Poynting
a near-vertical emission uponhighly likelycarry
excitation that
[19].
any
its vortical feature.
anti-vortex coexists such We learn that the from net various
vorticitywave vanish
are largely accompanied vortical byfeatures
the local areenergyWhenever
associated backflows, although
a vectorial
with interferences the among
parameter Poynting such vector
as thefeatu
multiple itsel
Poy
wav
The stays
zonesforward-directed space
of near-circular polarization[18,29]. In addition,
displayed it is highly
in Figure probable
6a for that
a circular such a vortical
dipole
for in
instance, the far field.
highly
non-paraxial Take
likely note
that that
its anti-vortex
counter-propagating single plane
coexists[18],
waves wave
such or does
that
the the non
total
are muchnormally more voluminous the near
than field of
the feature. an EM
thin surfaces source. Resultantly,
in Figure 3c,d those
obtained near-field
for a linearvortices in th
carry any vortical space  We learn
[18,29]. from
In various
addition, it wave
is highly configurations
probable that tha
suc
dipole. an incident
are largely accompanied wave and a scattered
by thebetween wave
local energy in Mie 
scatterings
backflows, [28].
although the Poy
Figure 1. This
vortical
(a) is indeed
features
Decomposition a manifestation
are
of aassociated
Poynting vector of
withtheinterferences
difference
thePnear intofield among
an orbital
of
the 3D
multiple
energy
anfield.
EM source. flux(more O and
waves
Resultantly,
precisely
[6,10,19,24,30,31
a spin those near-
speaking, 2 1
-D) field 
inducedstays byforward-directed
a circular dipole inand the thefar 2D field Take
induced note by that a a single
linear plan
energy fluxforS2instance, M is a spincounter-propagating
. Besides, non-paraxial angular are momentum
largely wavesdensity.
(SAM)
accompanied [18], or by the
(b)
the total
The
local wave
coordinate
energy consisting
backflows o
normally carry any vortical 
→ 
 − feature.
2 We learn from various wave co
systems. On an incident
the origin wave
lies a and
primary a scattered
electric
featuresM
wave
pointstays ] inMie
[ Edipole scatterings
represented
≡ forward-directed
[ E] by its [28].unit
in the (6) vector
far p̂
isfield. . (c) A
Take note t
dipole. In this aspect, the single vorticalnonzero are  E l  with
l,φassociated
Ml,φ interferences
in Equation among a proper
multiple waves

linear dipole p̂ with its dipole for axis lyingnon-paraxial
instance, normally
parallel carry any
to thecounter-propagating
vertical axis vortical
leads to afeature. pencil-hull-like
waves We or
[18], learn
the fromw
total
indicator of the degree of circular polarization (DoCP) [1]. In comparison, we have taken
tapered cylindrical surface  → [ f ] designating

an incident higher wave vortical
valuesandfor thefeatures
a scattereddegree wave arecircular
of associated
in Mie with interferences
polarization
scatterings (DoCP). [28]. amon
 p̂ with its dipole axis lying for instance, non-paraxial counter-propagating waves
a pseudo-DoCP M  as shown on Figure 6 [11,15,18,22,25,38]. Therefore, the Stokes
(d) A circular dipole on the horizontal plane leads to a filled solid
cone of higher values of DoCP.  ○
  an incident wave and a scattered wave in Mie scatterin
parameters are gravely insufficient in properly addressing the state of polarization, partly
because our spherical waves defy a certain easy-to-define plane. In this respect, generic 3D
EM When
fields as a presented
magneto-optical in Equation (MO) (7) material,
require,say, say, athe plasmonic
3D polarization scatterer [5,22],based
algebra with on a
certain magnetic susceptibility
the nine Gell-Mann matrices [15,37,39]. is passively immersed in an EM field, a static
  Detection of DoCPs becomes also easier for planar
magnetization
sensing surfaces proportional
[21]. to E * × E is induced on that material by the EM field
[13,19,20,32,33].
We learn that This inverse Faraday
difficulties in assessing effect DoCPis distinct
are largely fromlinked the ‘direct’
to those Faraday
3D characters effect,
where a
that have beenmagnetic field serves as an excitation agent [34]. The conservation law
[E]  [ Hcircumvented
]
by paraxial approximations [15,18,19,25,30]. For this reason,
∇spin + ∇  M passing
 M properties = 0 of through
the totalplanar SAM density metasurfaces is nothing lend themselves
but the helicity to relatively
conservation easier
evaluations
law of key parameters
for time-oscillatory fields[11,21,45,46].
[30]. FigureIn 1a comparison,
illustratesthe EMconservation
this field inducedlaw. by a
 [E]  [H ]
single point dipole is hardly paraxial
Notwithstanding, it has been seldom recognized that ∇  M = −∇  M as shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 5, and
≠ 0 , thus6.
Figure
 [defects
Metasurfaces with slight nonplanar
meaning either source or sink for → [ E]
E H
{(artificial
M ] , M [ ] . We can hence measure
 
or
} unwanted)
→ [ E]
would lead to an
one of these two
  in
electric-portion
FigureFigure
1. (a) 1. SAM
Decomposition
(a) density
Decomposition of M of being
a Poyntinga Poyntingfullyvector
vector 3DP for intoPwhich
aninto ∇·orbital
orbital
an Menergy 6=energy
0 is expected
flux O
fluxand O aand spina spin
general. 
Metasurfaces  
 of geometrical planarity but of compositional in-plane anisotropy
energy energy
flux flux . Besides, S M isMa spin
. Besides, S is a angular
spin angular momentum momentum (SAM)(SAM) density. density.
(b) The (b) coordinate
The coordinate
→ [ E]
aresystems.
alsosystems. On the
likely toOn origin
the origin
exhibit lies
∇·aMlies primarya6=primary
0.electric electric
point point dipoledipole represented represented by its by unit itsvector
unit vector p̂ . (c)p̂A. (c) A

linearlinear
dipoledipole p̂ with p̂ its → [dipole
with ] its dipole
EFigure axis →
1. (a) [H
lying
axis ] lying
Decomposition
parallel parallel
to the oftovertical
athe Poynting axis vector
vertical leads toPa pencil-hull-like
axis leads into
to a an orbital energy
pencil-hull-like
With respect to(∇· M = ) −∇· M  6= 0 in Equation  (3), what we call an ‘implicit
tapered tapered
cylindrical
cylindrical
surface surfaceenergy
designating
→[ E] →[ H ]
fluxhigher
designating S . higher
Besides,
valuesvalues forMthefor is a spin
degree
the of angular
degree circular
of circularmomentum
polarization
polarization (SAM)
(DoCP). density
(DoCP).
(d) A (d)
transport’ circular
A circular
between dipoledipole Sp̂ ,with p̂systems.
S  its
with has On
dipole
its beenthe
dipole
axis origin
lying
axis
stated lies
lying
on
as a
the
a on 
primary
horizontal
the
difference electric
horizontal plane
between point
plane
leads dipole
two leads
to a filled
to
diffusions a 
represented filled
solid by its
solid
Figure 1. (a) Decomposition of a Poynting vector P into an orbital energy flux O and a spin
cone of conehigher
of higher
values  linear 
dipole
○M  ○is a spin p̂ with its dipole axis lying parallel to the vertical axis lead
of polarizationenergy flux values
Sof. Besides,
probabilities
DoCP.of DoCP.
in Equation

(3.52) angular
of [24].momentum In comparison, (SAM) density.we were(b) able Thetocoordinate
systems. On the origin
tapered cylindrical surface
lies1.a (a)primary electric →[ Epoint] designating higher values  for the degree of circular p̂ . (c) Af
Figure Decomposition 2 Sp̂ with of adipolePoynting represented
vector Pbyon its unit
into an vector
orbital energy
analytically
When evaluate
When
a an
magneto-optical
a (d)
‘explicit
magneto-optical A circular
diffusion’
(MO) 
(MO) dipole
material, ∇material, say,
 baseda
say, its dipole
on
plasmonic
a Equation
plasmonic axis lying
scatterer(7), as
scatterer the
[5,22], horizontal
presented
[5,22],
with with
a plane a
linear dipole p̂ with its flux
dipoleS .axis lying parallel M tospin the vertical axis leads to a(SAM) pencil-hull-like
incertain
SectioncertainS5 ofmagnetic
magnetic Supplementary energy
susceptibility Materials.
susceptibility
cone of is
higher
Besides,
passively
is
valuesConsequently,
passively
of immersed
DoCP.
is a
○ it
immersed turns angular
in out
an in EM
momentum
that
an there
EM
field, is a
field,
a sole
static
a 
density.
static
tapered cylindrical systems. surface !    Figure  lies1. a (a) Decomposition
 of circular
adipole
Poynting vector P(DoCP) intou
→[ Eto ] designating
On* the origin *
higher values
primary for the
 that
degree
electric pointof
material polarization
represented by its
magnetization
magnetization proportional
proportional E to × E E ×
is E inducedis induced on on that
materialM is more by theby EM
the field
EM field
(d) A circularêdipole
nonzero component φ· ∇
2
linearSp̂ dipole
within itsthep̂ dipole energy
azimuthal
with axis flux
lying Son
direction.. Besides,
the horizontal
What is a
plane spin angular
leads
interesting to a axis momentu
filledleads solid
[13,19,20,32,33].
[13,19,20,32,33]. This This inverse inverse
Faraday
When Faraday
a effect
magneto-optical
systems. isitsdistinct
effect dipole
is distinct
On the
axis
from lying
(MO)from
origin the
lies
parallel
‘direct’
material,
a the toFaraday
‘direct’
primary
the vertical
aFaraday
say,electric effect,
plasmonic
point effect,
dipolescatr
cone of higher values of DoCP.
tapered  ○an
cylindrical assurface
where where a magnetica magnetic field field
serves serves
as excitation
an ] designating
[ Eexcitation agentagent higher
[34]. valuesThe
[34].
The forimmersed
the
conservation degree of
conservation law circular
law E p
!
    certain magnetic →susceptibility
p̂ is its passively
√ in an
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (d) A circular êφ · SAM
dipole ∇linear
2 p̂
Sdensity dipole
with its dipole
 
with 
axis dipole
≈
lying axis
on the lying parallelplane
horizontal to thele
is ∇the
 MexistenceM∇  M+ of ∇ an = 0inversion with  is = 0 to at *=
rEbut 12 3.464, which thatis materia
E E H H
∇ + M = 0the
of magnetization
oftotalthe total
SAM proportional
density nothing
is nothing × Ethe but ishelicity
induced
the helicity onconservation
conservation
When a magneto-optical (MO) tapered material, cylindrical say, surface
a plasmonic designating higher[5,22],
scatterer values with for thea
law law for time-oscillatory
for twice time-oscillatory cone of higher
[13,19,20,32,33].
fieldsfields [30]. values
[30].
Figure of
ThisFigureDoCP.
inverse
1a ○
1aFaraday
illustrates illustrates effect
this is mentioned
this distinct
conservation
conservation from law. thelaw. ‘dir
approximately the flow-reversal
certain magnetic susceptibility is passively immersed location (d) A at r ≈
circular 1.882dipole for Sp̂ =
with  0 as
its 
dipole
in[ E ] an [EM  axis in
lying on the
  [ E ] excitation
,φ H] [ field,
H] a static
Notwithstanding,
Notwithstanding,
Figure 7d.magnetization
See Sections S1, it has it where
been
has
S2, and
a
been
seldom
 [ E ]S5 ofto
magnetic
seldom recognized
 EHcone
*
Supplementary
field
recognized serves
that
Materials ∇as
that  M ∇
an  =
M −∇
for relevant =
 M −∇  ≠
Magent
0
formulas. , ≠ 0[34].
thus , thusThe
proportional a M ]×[EHE] ] ofishigher
induced valueson that
of DoCP.  ○
material by the EMscatte field
meaning meaning eithereither
[13,19,20,32,33]. source
It will be worthwhilecertain
source
or
This
∇ or
sink MWhen
for
sink
inverse
examining
law for
+∇
magnetic
{ { [ E ] [→
MFaraday
for ,MM[[=
magneto-optical
E] 0
∇· M susceptibility
time-oscillatory
} }
M.of
,effect[ H ]the →
We is
= −∇·fields
.can
We
(MO)
total
distinct
M isfor
] SAM
[hence
Hcan material,
hence density
measure
from
passively
[30]. either
measure
the
Figure
say,
one is aof
‘direct’
immersed
twisted
one
plasmonic
nothing
theseof these
Faraday
(helical)
1a illustrates
but the
two
in anthisEM
twohe
effect
where a magnetic field serves as an When excitation a  * agent
magneto-optical [34]. The
(MO) conservation
material, say, law
a
Omega particle  [ E ]or split-ring
 [ H ] magnetization
resonator (SRR) [5,7].
proportional Here, toanEseldom × E is recognized
electrically responsive
induced onthat mate-
that M [ ] = −
∇material
E
Notwithstanding, it has been
∇  M + ∇  M = 0 of the total certain
SAM magnetic
density is nothing 
susceptibility 
but the is
helicity passively
conservation imm
rial, say, a noble metal, causes
law for time-oscillatory
a magnetic This
[13,19,20,32,33].
meaning fields
where a magnetic
either source
character
[30].field
inverse
magnetization
according
or sink 1a
Figure {
Faradaytoeffect
for illustrates
servesproportional
the
M [ ] , M [ to
E
as an excitation }
Faraday–Lenz
is
H ] distinct
. We
this
 can  from
E * conservation
× E is
agent
lawthe ‘direc
hence induced
 [ H [34].
measu
Thelawo
 [E]  [ H ] [13,19,20,32,33]. This inverse [Faraday E] ]
Notwithstanding,∇it  Mhas+ been ∇  M seldom = 0 ofrecognized thatdensity ∇  M is=nothing −∇  M effect ≠is0the distinc
, thus
the total SAM but hel
meaning either source law for or sink time-oscillatory {
where
for M  , M fields [E ] a
[E] }
[ Hmagnetic
]

. We[30].
[H ]
field
can hence Figure serves
measure
1a as an excitation
one of these
illustrates

this twoca
Notwithstanding,∇it Mhas+been ∇  M seldom = 0 ofrecognized the total SAM that density ∇  M [ is ] no
E
= −∇
law for time-oscillatory  [ E ]  [ Hfields] [30]. Figure 1a i
meaning either source or sink for M , M . We can hence measure
Optics 2022, 3 335

→ →
∇ × E = i H. In other words, a geometric loop in the unit cell of a metamaterial leads
to a loop current that constitutes in turn a magnetic effect. We illustrated such a loop
current in the case of a Mie scattering off a dielectric sphere [28]. Therefore, even dielectric
structures turn out to contain seeds for possible magneto-electric interactions [28]. If either
twisted Omega particle or SRR was made of magneto-optical materials, the resulting equal-
→ [ E] → [H]
ity ∇· M = −∇· M would get more interesting. Here, a near-field analysis over the
volume encompassing a unit cell will be mandatory.
Lastly, we admit that the entire analysis presented in this study should be significantly
altered to cope with transient electromagnetic waves including optical pulses [18,25]. In
the future, we hope to perform analytical studies on the internal flows in the near field in
the case with other types of dipoles: electric, magnetic, toroidal dipoles; and multipoles
and combinations among them (Huygens dipoles and Janus dipoles) [18,22,31,39,44].

7. Conclusions
We have examined the properties of the orbital and spin energy fluxes as decom-
posed constituents of a Poynting vector for electromagnetic waves propagating through
source-free homogeneous media. We thus found that the spin angular momentum density
undergoes inter-electric-magnetic transport due to nonzero reactive helicity. As a way of
confirming the validity of those generic findings, we have worked out various key parame-
ters for the electromagnetic fields induced either by a linear dipole or by a circular dipole.
In addition to presenting explicit formulas for the internal flows, our central contribution
is to identify a distinctive difference between the two types of electromagnetic fields: the
linear-dipole-induced field carries only intra-electric-magnetic transports, but the circular-
dipole-induced field admits an inter-electric-magnetic transport. Indeed, the magnetic
activities are hidden under the electromagnetic waves induced by electric point dipoles.
We have examined the whole-field characteristics of the electromagnetic fields as
regards the states of polarization and the trajectories traversed by the internal energy
fluxes. In this way, we have illustrated that optical vortices and singularities manifest
themselves in different fashions depending on the two- and three-dimensional natures
of electromagnetic fields. Last but not the least, the electromagnetic helicity and reactive
helicity turn out to be stronger respectively in the far and near fields.

Funding: This research was funded by National Research Foundation (NRF) of Republic of Korea
with grant number NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045905. The APC was funded by NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045905.

Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://
www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/opt3030029/s1, Supplementary Document S1: Detailed derivations
of the formulas presented in the main text.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: There is no underlying data set.
Acknowledgments: This work is supported by National Research Foundation (NRF) of Republic of
Korea under Grant NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045905.
Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.

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