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By the end of this lesson, the student will have been able to apply the Basic Proportionality Theorem in
solving the missing parts of a triangle.
Triangles are the simplest polygons having the least number of sides, yet they also possess many
interesting properties involving their sides and interior angles. In this lesson, you will learn yet another
property of triangles that has something to do with the lengths of its sides.
Let’s begin with a puzzle involving triangles. How many triangles can you see in the figure below? 12?
16? 18? 22?
1. Select Option > Labeling > New Points Only (For mobile device: Settings > General >
Labeling > New Points Only)
2. Hide the Axes and Grids from the Graphics window: Click the Graphics toggle, then click the
Axes and Grids icons (for mobile device: Settings > Graphics, then turn off the Show Axes and
Show Grid buttons)
Mathematics 4 Page 1 of 8
Step 2: Plot a point on one side of 4ABC.
Select the Point tool. Choose a position on the side AB randomly and click on it. Point D appears.
Mathematics 4 Page 2 of 8
Step 8: Compute the ratios.
AD AE
Compute the ratios and .What do you observe?
AB AC
DB EC
Now compute and . What do you observe?
AB AC
AD AE
When the above steps are followed correctly, you should be able to see that the ratios and are
DB EC
AD AE DB EC
equal (Step 6). Same is also true for ratios and , as well as for and (Step 7). If you move
AB AC AB AC
one vertex of 4ABC to another position, and recompute the above ratios, you will see that the equality
remains.
AB AC AB AC
The following proportions also follows from the theorem: = and = .
AX AY XB YC
Mathematics 4 Page 3 of 8
Sample Problems (Time Allotment: 10 minutes)
Example 1
Given the figure below (not drawn to scale) with PT parallel to MO, answer the questions that follow.
Solution.
OT MP
=
TG PG
Thus,
3 5
=
7 PG
Solving for PG, we get
35
PG =
3
MG OG
=
PG TG
Substituting the values of MG and PG, and replacing OG with OT + T G, we then have
12 OT + T G
=
9 TG
Mathematics 4 Page 4 of 8
4 6+TG
=
3 TG
4(T G) = 3(6 + T G) = 18 + 3T G
4T G − 3T G = 18
T G = 18
PG TG
=
MP OT
Substituting the corresponding lengths, we then have
Hence, the possible values of x are 0, 5 or −1. When x is either 0 or −1, the length of MP becomes
0 or negative. This makes 0 or −1 an invalid value for x. When x = 5, MP = 5, PG = 9, OT = 4
and T G = 36/5 which are all positive values. Moreover,
PG 9
=
MP 5
and
T G 36/5 36 9
= = =
OT 4 20 5
Hence, x = 5. Therefore, MG = MP + PG = 5 + 9 = 14.
Mathematics 4 Page 5 of 8
Example 2
Solution.
Segment XY intersects the two sides of 4ABC at X and Y , respectively. The Basic Proportionality
Theorem can only be applied if we can establish that XY is parallel to BC.
←→ ←→
Imagine in the figure that there are lines XY and BC that contain segments XY and BC, respectively. It
←
→ ←→
can then be seen that ∠AXY and ∠ABC are corresponding angles formed by lines XY and BC cut by
←→
transversal AB. These angles are given to be congruent, hence, we can conclude that the lines XY and
←→ ←→ ←→
BC are parallel (Why?). Since segments XY and BC are contained in lines XY and BC, respectively, it
then follows that XY is parallel to BC. With this we can say that the Basic Proportionality Theorem can
be applied.
AX AY
=
XB YC
which implies that
2 3
=
6 YC
2(YC) = 3(6)
YC = 9
Mathematics 4 Page 6 of 8
Corollary to the Triangle Sum Theorem (Time Allotment: 5 minutes)
There is a very important principle which can be gleaned from the last example given. Please read on to
learn such principle which you will use when you study similarities in triangles (Lesson 7.3).
The figure below shows the two triangles 4AXY and 4ABC from the figure in Example 2.
Note that the two triangles share a common angle, ∠A. Thus, we can say that the two triangles have two
pairs of corresponding angles which are given to be congruent. What can be said about the third pair
of corresponding angles of the triangles above? To answer this question, consider, in general, any two
triangles 4ABC and 4DEF such that ∠A ∼ = ∠D and ∠B ∼ = ∠E (See figure below). What could be true
about ∠C and ∠F?
At this point, recall that the sum of the measures of the interior angles of any triangle is 180 (Triangle
Sum Theorem). Applying this theorem, we get
Mathematics 4 Page 7 of 8
By the Transitive Property of Equality,
For the next lesson, you shall use the Basic Proportionality Theorem in solving for the missing side or
sides of triangles.
References
Albarico, J.M. (2013). THINK Framework. Based on Ramos, E.G. and Apolinario, N. (n.d.). Science
LINKS. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.
Daniels, A. (2020). We Spent All Day Arguing About This Triangle Brain Teaser. Can You Solve It?
Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/math/a30706968/viral-triangle-brain
-teaser-solved/
Hohenwarter, M., Borcherds, M., Ancsin, G., Bencze, B., Blossier, M., Éliás, J., . . . Tomaschko, M.
(2018, October). GeoGebra 5.0.507.0. (http://www.geogebra.org)
Moise, E. E., & Downs, F. L., Jr. (1991). Geometry. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Prepared by: Mr. Harold C. Soriano Reviewed by: Mary Gay Antonette G. Magpantay
Position: Special Science Teacher IV Position: Special Science Teacher III
Campus: PSHS-SMC Campus: PSHS-MC
c 2020 Philippine Science High School System. All rights reserved. This document may contain proprietary
information and may only be released to third parties with approval of management. Document is uncontrolled
unless otherwise marked; uncontrolled documents are not subject to update notification.
Mathematics 4 Page 8 of 8