An ecosystem is a region where a sphere of life is created by

plants, animals, and other beings interacting with the weather,

environment, and other factors. The Arabian Desert, also
known as ‫ ْل َع َربِيَّة ٱلصَّحْ َراء ٱ‬ in Arabic, is a huge desert region in
Western Asia that almost covers the whole Arabian Peninsula.
It extends from Yemen to the Persian Gulf, Oman to Jordan,
and Iraq. With a total area of 2,330,000 square kilometers, it
takes up most of the Arabian Peninsula (900,000 sq mi). It is the
largest desert in Asia and the sixth largest in the globe. One of
the world's largest continuous sandbodies, Ar-Rub' al-Khali
(The Empty Quarter), sits at its center. The Sahara Desert
extends wider here.

A. Animals (fauna)
There are 102 native mammal species in the Arabian Desert.
Native mammals include the Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana),
striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), caracal (Caracal caracal), sand
cat (Felis margarita), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and Cape hare.
The Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), sand gazelle (Gazella
marica), mountain gazelle (Lepus capensis). The Arabian Desert
was once home to the Asiatic cheetah and Asiatic lion. There
are 310 bird species in the ecological zone.

The Nubian ibex

Striped hyena
 Caracal

Arabian sand cat

Cape hare
 Red fox

Arabian oryx

Sand Gazelle
 Mountain Gazelle

B. Climate
The Arabian Desert covers 22° of latitude, from 12° to 34°
north; although the fact that a large portion of the desert is
located north of the Tropic of Cancer, it is usually thought of as
a tropical desert. There are locations in the summer where the
temperature can get to 130 °F (55 °C). Dry heat is present in.
However, high summer humidity, with dew and fog at night or
early in the morning, can affect coastal areas and some
highlands. The desert receives fewer than 4 inches (100 mm) of
rain on average each year, with certain areas receiving as much
as 20 inches (0 to 500 mm). With the exception of unusual
winter rains, spring hazes, or dust storms, interior sky are
typically clear. Rarely do torrential rain overflow the major
drainage basins. The coldest weather occurs at high altitudes
and in the far north during the refreshing cold winters. The
Trans-Arabian Pipeline's urayf station recorded a minimum
temperature of 10 °F (12 °C) in 1950, which was followed by
heavy snowfall and roughly 1 inch (2.6 cm) of ice on ponds. The
monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean are occasionally
accompanied by summer rainfall in the Rub al-Khali. The
northern Rub al-Khali may have winter rainfall. North of Wadi
Al-Dawsir, on the western edge of the Rub al-Khali, the
Arabian Desert looks to be at its driest. The dominant winds
begin in the Mediterranean and travel in a broad arc to the east,
southeast, south, and southwest. There are two semi-annual
windy seasons, one from May to June and the other from
December to January. Those intervals, known as shamals (from
the Arabic shamāl: "north"), occur between 30 and 50 days and
with wind speeds averaging 30 miles per hour (48 km per
hour). Shamals are dry winds that carry heavy loads of sand
and dust and change the shapes of sand dunes, testing the
patience of those caught in them. Each storm sends millions of
tons of sand into the Rub al-Khali. Except when picked up by
whirlwinds, dust devils (jinn), or local sandstorms, blown sand
does not rise higher than a few feet (a metre or two) above the
surface. In the southeast of Rub al-Khali and central Najd,
winds come from all sides. Over several days at a time, strong
southeast gales sweep through the Big Sand Desert, undoing
the effect of shamals on dune growth. However, it is highly
exaggerated how powerful desert winds are at forming basins.
Although the wind plays an important role in erosion, it never
affects the surface of the earth as well as flowing water may. In
the spring or fall, it might be scary when the "brown roller"
shows up on the horizon. It is a frontal storm that is up to 60
miles (100 km) wide and that carries sand, dust, and other
garbage high into the air. It is then followed by a sudden drop
in temperature and usually by rain. For around 30 minutes,
wind speeds often reach gale force. Many dust devils and the
infamous visual illusions known as mirages are created on hot
days.
 C. Plants (floral)
There are about 900 plant species in the ecoregion of the
Arabian Desert. There is relatively little floral species in the
Rub'al-Khali. Only 37 plant species have been identified, with
20 growing in the main body of the sands and 17 towards the
edges. One or two of these 37 species are unique. With some
gaps of nearly sterile dunes, the vegetation is highly scattered
but generally dispersed. On dune slopes, Calligonum crinitum,
Cornulaca arabica, Salsola stocksii, and Cyperus conglomeratus
are a few typical flora. Other widely shared species include
Zygophyllum mandavillei, Limeum arabicum, and
Dipterygium glaucum. Except for the outer margin, there are
very few trees (typically Acacia ehrenbergiana and Prosopis
cineraria). Other species include the annual herb Danthonia
forskallii and the woody perennial Calligonum comosum.

Calligonum crinitum Cornulaca Arabica

 Salsola stocksii Cyperus conglomeratus

Limeum arabicum Dipterygium glaucum

Dantonia forskallii Calligonum comosum

 D. Geological Features
There are two main regions in the Arabian Desert. The first
located in the west and is known as the ancient Arabian
platform (a piece of the African Shield). It was formed between
900 and 541 million years ago and is primarily made of
Precambrian gneiss, which is estimated to between 2.6 billion
and about 541 million years ago. The second zone, in the east, is
made up of sedimentary rock strata that have been built up
during the last 541 million years along the Arabian platform's
borders in marine basins and on continental shelves. Between
the sedimentary rock layers, large amounts of petroleum
developed, making the Arabian Desert the world's richest
petroleum-producing region. Early in the Oligocene Epoch,
about 33 million years ago, Arabia started to separate from
Africa. That was the beginning of a period of rifting brought on
by high tides from the regions under the Earth's mantle that are
presently located along both side of the Red Sea. Rising magma
rose to the surface as lava between 30 and 20 million years ago,
creating flood basalts with levels of up to 9,800 feet (3,000
metres). These flood basalts today make a significant part of the
tall mountains in Yemen's Red Sea coast. Volcanism has
continued into the Holocene Epoch, but on a smaller scale (the
past 11,700 years). The area rose and domed as a consequence
of the magma upwelling. In order to create large fault systems
along the Red Sea margin, this process weakened and
expanded the crust. Rifting had grown to the point where a
proto-ocean began to form in the Red Sea between 6 and 5
million years ago (the early stage of a new ocean). The Arabian
plate has moved slowly northward over the rifting period in
preparation for colliding into the Eurasian plate. Because of
this, the Persian Gulf has become smaller, the mountains of
Oman were formed by lifting ocean crust from the Gulf of
Oman onto the Arabian plate, and the Zagros Mountains in Iran
were formed by compressing the Eurasian plate.

E. Other
Civilizations have existed in the Arabian Desert for more than
3,000 years. The Bedouin, a nomadic civilisation that used the
Arabian Desert's lands as a camel breeding site, were the first
people to live in the region. The Bedouin created a system of
organized agriculture in the desert while also using the local
natural growth to feed their herd. The Bedouin were known for
growing date palms and other crops on the fertile soil they used
in the oases.

The traditional lives of the Bedouin were seriously threatened

by a flood of Western cultural influence that arrived after the
discovery of petroleum in the area in 1936. The growth of
transport modes in the area could have been the most
important change to the area since the discovery of petroleum.
More Bedouin children can now access education and other
social care because trucks are now a regular form of
transportation.