sermesansen cone aa _| ee [15: SewiconDucTOR ELECTRONICS I ONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS | Semiconavetors— The madetials which’ have Conductivity aod eesistvity inbetween cenductors and insulators. ane. catlid semiconduchers. Examples - Silicon Csi), Germanium Coe) ete- Eneagy Band Theory af Sotick— ‘According tp Bach's theory thane ands till sie eg as SP Sc I semen of loa aoe ne fp deere By ree foes ae brah le elf nr to Inlesadomic. interaction Hanes no pli ficadion in the. treagy Juels of the elechohe inthe culty shall bub thine ia a Centiclunble,, maadificadion in the energy uve Of the aleclvens tn ith onher shall. .& iY enero levee of des Te unclrsiond modification in | wie SCIENCE CAREER COACHING sauuy Silicon Csi) atoms have four valance eleckvont ive, Tambor eh ceebrons in the oulermast obbit le 4 Thefor ‘tue dotal number, of valence. elicirons in the crystal sia an. (Oh the interatomic. spacing: of the si atoms ta Cs Sopa greg of a oe fay | 6D tren te inant. spacing hdd greater than o,#hen Here Ly mo visi ible split om i (3) volun tha tntevatomic spacing ya ey enengy of Outermast shell electrons of silicon atoms stant changing ce thu apliting of thee enengy Js cccurs, Whats “hurr kf change th the eretty- luale of electvons in Pag ner hele coe poring foe a, Single ap teve) FF toggles resale eon. Tha collection of clasely spacd levels Ja caltid on energy. bond of an isclatedd adem. This enongy gap behown ss ond apr Luvels of om ee Go), alan the Inderal. spacing but greater tron a (r=ba)@ 38 ond sp levels camplelely. li ts net passible fo olibty belonging 40 35 cand sp suinhals. We ean an Bie “ee piled and an fel 1 becomes equa} dob ‘the energy gap behoan apps » Tn ach orl 4 sikabin, ay that (nil a Silicon crystal Containing Nalomis. Tat 11 orient aaa te Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE CAREER COACHING vasnau, (i) hin ta intenatomia epmcing y became: equal ts & (rsa) thin the band of Yau fitted enengy ude i Sepended from fhe bond of “an amie energy leva by an ercapy Yop Catted erngy ben! gape She sedl De, oe Une The, Anne compltely filled bene Ji caldul valonee band evel Ha wfpertnfitied bared it eae Ceodluction burch. The sinken’ Cong “vequdeed for shifding clechrons from walanie bet Jo tonluesion Vand SB Cqual do enmapy band gap Coad: = NB) Digernu behoan Nels (Cmductors), Taslators ard semiconductors on the bails af ‘Seeds {= ee Cte conductors the mduehion grt valance ‘and paatly overlap each ofa. and Har. Bene ennugy gam in behonan He fi Semiconductors ‘eran pas TET ‘SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Semieonluetors ~ ST semicerductws the valerie’ band 4s totally fitted amd He Coneluction band as empty bub the sningy gap betwan Conduction band and Valance band in quite small. Zt ia tue than 3 oy, G3 fer Bermaminen da oaey end for silitm i ik te At cern Kalvin Lemperatune. semiconductor bebaved an nmalair. Tnuulotors - eee ne ee Cop > sev). Due to Lange ents rah 4a “able ‘te go from the valarce batd 42 bands Hence electrical eerchuction inn these, a ‘pase ford avg Eebave as Troulntors: nitniue scromnsverongy OP" ee ey impunity Jn eat trflincte semicorctaciee °F MMH Energies Jeon, C89 and Germanium Coe) - a) oon iconoucTion oe Soe” || ecerw oy z rus tence ano Silicn WW 1 ada r ae ap Seermniuy (32) Laas ap se arta ph Goth the edoms (8h and Ge) hove fete onan Scanned with CamScanneroe prep tf te — — _____ : ona tern science eXtier concwila’””? a SCIENCH! CAREER COACHING yn amn TRe four valence eleahont of a. geimnnium atom far four Covatints bands by sharing Hae electrons of nelghouring four getmanum edocs, The minimum snagy required Jo break @ cevolinh haeod La ora ev for Geond Liew for si. AL voum Lompantunt. totum an alechom breaks aun, from AE Coan 2 the emply place oy vacane in (he Cord Te dated a hel vee lohan an external elactric ffeld is abbltecl, thyae, free cuictrons Grd holes mave in oppetibe- Ye = My Also the Conductivity of jntvinsic’ semiconcluctor is wey Lino. Tha holes Eeppiclideal avs an active price in “the valance bemel"jhaving'a potitive change equal lu that of an eleehtn Pra Doping is a process of addition of @ te ye alps pcos Tee greg aod ome py Doping o} @ semiconduclot increases ts electrical ene ge Hutreds of loping i (Add the inmpucity atorns in the melt of semieendlueter: ) Yeplond. elepant “ates by borbahing “the. somearchschy ith pai dome 00 Heat the Seicncuctor in adviiphere oh dopat atoms. ver 1S 40 pure semicerlucter to | an Gnisostonnr oem CS EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS — Extrinsic Semiceroluctrs axe of two types 2G) nekype Semiconductor Gi) P-type Stmicanduetby. (iy n-type Semiconeh rergentte for powrny| a ae fr powy thin a puns samicancule Cf Lidiem (si) oF sere CE i emcee | have! five vader eltetront (Phasphonsie, Acsrteriotiey | OF Blatt) then choos Called Tetjpe ane, epi FO Oh the Hoe valence alec beta impurity “ational foroy cavalint” bind colin th adicining fun aivmns op the sllcon , coltle tne Pipi destron’ is drut te move; thus eh impuatty boon added, loro one Sree alettyon to tne ergalal, ue inmpuaity Atoms any. Glad, domey atone, since the Gohduction ob electricity ls otus fg,tne mallon of eechrons (ie) negative cSanga}e ce that tpeliraulting semiconaluctor’ ia Caled nieiye oF ole. ype Semiuenau ctor: De n-type Semitnuctors comnlers and halts ake minetity rary Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE “Gn Patype Semiemducior = '2 CAR coacuinc when fis semiconductor 9p sian (si) of Germanium (Ge coped esithy a cantrolied amount Sh trivalint aftms ycshich’ have three valance eleefrons Claoran, Aluminium, Gablium, Tnolivm) Hoon act it Caled pobype. semiemecluctoy. THe three valance elections of the impuni eter will fore Camlent Lands with the aleining Hr Zroms oh geumanium (ae), ahile thane will be Shee Facomplete Comalant bond "with a neighbowing GeRbm, Wha oleficiency of an electron creates a tholeth, 10 The trivalent afer ave cattea! acceptor fia od nt candluctinn of slectricity cautdyotle “ip mation of joles (be: poste barges) yo the Plies aenleandicher Deal pehype or Gece pe ira In Potipe semivenducter elechons ane minort (piers and heles ce, Helen 1 respenrible for cusemet condoe blon reed 1. els pre seicndatng mater and 20 lnpiy ec eae i 2 Baaml we yin fof pr a i ran 3, Themnberel eaten in cedcton ant {athe ber of ein alee bad it (Sly opal dey al ed. 4, tele cnt ito, fa elcicl entctvey ‘roe ge Pace eae eben Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE CAREER COACHING vie SCIENCE CAREER COACHING with an netype Aamicenstuctoy crystal Huan the Taulling canangement Lh callect a pon junchion’ or junction cliode Formation of PN &) fs” incidint on a RRSP IS las Pale ia ehefyori hele pairs Sne created in the. akpletion layer Fle tangs cmniere fears toe fan Joe cae Cane al ketiben ‘It 4 found that the reverse saturation Current drvongh ee pita was sina nab ae TpoP iatensly When the phatoetiods is reverse biased 5 Hert a coi Curtk CE Rat eal tah Tiga helt ott on doen op uve iM coe ls tok Cane mw |G) In photedsiction for optical ‘signals. | Gi) Te alemodulation for eptical signals . | Oi) tm switehing the Light on and off Gy) Tn reading of computers, puncheal cxrels aned apa Gi) Liew erring mose CLeD) ~ Lee Ja pholeactenie: cloviea aiden ecticad onorny Info Ligat enna ae THU abun aloped pon june GEE sl evite Fprdemons Wandin Cai ye andere oO Spelying the mone Voltage to the pn jumcti he wr battery through a Yatistance CR) which Sh EET tah a en co Junction it formate). based, the change Catvtiers take. place a2 Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE CAREER COACHING prstte te See mond imeagh the jonction. fea result Cf iby the Concentfatton of minority cena Increues tity ‘ad the junction kewndioyy” These mionvity camnins recombine, sith jaity canniers mae the jenttion.. On Yeeamtinaston oh ekeran cee teke tha endgy Ja phran cut te the form af hand stot at Sn po janedin dint made of maishla i, tion "ester, alien phase (en) “ind Solio -cnserite praiphidl CG haPd preg Whad of enaagy, eeleoned chalrge Fae. egal ee fol a ee ight ol Aelvenages of LED over Bath :- % @) (0 149 has Lee pm en tl wong, a) ved hea fast action Spiraea no wien op Aine Oe SR ae me Ee cee con SUT oc vaniehy of ase eg. In benglon cians Syphon Spel crmbneon il da weg, be Explain giving reason, Why, the semiconductor g used for’ fateeadion of "ike pit Leds musk have a bond qap of at Least Cnaanly) 16 ev. [Ett semiconductors with band gap (Eq) Close do reev One prijerved do make Leps hecaune the emitted Light fal in he visible region of Em Wve specnun. Thy other ease to seluch these maria are high optical absorption and lau cobt- Tewmneaneaied eT TET SCIENCE CAREER COACHING — —— the junction. The. elictrent wove, from n-site Jo || (lv) SOLAR CELL - ‘tha junction anc eles meve from P- GaeRTaEse ech chetrical euagy. Tt Js alto a pan-Jumetion ‘A solar cell Consists si casera’ pin junction Lge ea seit elon on Hep” te “opiiex layer lk af p-type see luctor- Tt is, very Byiniise ‘tha the Incleluct Light Protonr ray epi ygach “the. pon jehon- tap face of p-layer, the metal finger cece ae thal ot an til il pe SRS Ea rtm ie te ran Working = then photons of Light (of enngy hy 7 &,) at the treba Neetbor hae fee 4 in the, clipletion layey. The electrons and move in opposita alitection clue to junction field. | The. phot ‘electrons meve towards neste and holes move fouarels p-side of pn jmetion. They Will be calected ad fhe- ‘hwo sides of the junction, giving he 40-8 photo voltage befian the tap and bem | ——omnemaaniae eae mes EE - Pn Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria metal electrodes. When an external bad is connected quoss metol electrodes a phot» Current flows, The V-I characteristics p @ Solan coll Lying in Fourth quecant of the Coordin axes. Tt is so because Solan cell olds not alraw current but supplies to the dood. In graph point A yepresents open circuit voltage and point B vepresents short circuit. Uses 1- a C2 Solan Cebls ane used for charging Storage battertet in cay Aime; which Com supply the power ing night Ci) Solan cells are usecol tn satellites to opeote the vaiies electrical Instrument Kept fnsicle the a: ye Gi) Solax cetls ake used In calculators GND Sclar cells are used to pewer 4 Sel Traychertiy oh the maximum intensity of the Selon. actlaHon’ us nearly 1S ev. In order to have 4Photo. Citation the ensrgy of Yaciation (hy) must “be greater than enrgy band gap (Ey). TRenefore the Semiconductor with energy band gop obec 1sev or Lower and with high absorption Coefficient ts Likely to give better solar conversion efficiency - The entngy banel gap for Si is t-1ey and for Gafs 44 is about 1-53 eu tran sifoy bymbd) > : -/ ‘, Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No. 003024331, gsonoessss (23) Scanned with CamScannerjates Such gate atlas the Signal to” pas thee Bay hn Lon, Sapte Concitons “aang eed Hence they ou Called dogic gates. Basic Lagi gatts ane giver below :- dioslens The on gate ub a clit cdhich Combines A wiidh & te give Y an the vault \ The OR gate has duo ef more inpeds yee Gel 4 In Goslean Pickton symbol (+) 4b referred te as onA The dyilean. expression A+G =y indicate that yvenllale Aon B- AND ‘Gate - The AND gate Ga a ctevice that Combines A uith B dn give rena! ¥. The AnD gale has fun or mone inputs “and one. adput. Multiplication sign.(Xor+) ia vefernd 40 as AnD % fond when input is 0 then eudpet ia net zero but is Le The Nor gate is one inpub and one ouput eavice. SCIENCECAREER COACHING weansa_| SCIENCE CAREER COACHING vasamjun boste Gate - asjuerta A digital cieeult ohley elthar allaas kg ditee hich hs 5 : len a The. NOr a luce cakich toute the input. @ signal to pass traugh oF atone St, Stee | ap input colpet tn Sed neces > fut, sore table 4 x te sone ah bel 2 a sessed as ah in eolean algebra’ lean exprctaion fo Y equals Not A ere % an Combination of Gates — 4p ° (1) NAND Gate- 9, Th we oy output Y! of AND gale to the npa ae Bele; than the gate. ce chtaiea Ts elle] 5 Eerels The Boolean exprewion, the NAND gate is given Y TB ond i being read aa A AND B nugated. In gooleon a. The Boolean exprestion A-@ = Y > Indicates y equals A ANB &. | -——— y= ae afa de “Sie iviegae Cains meany CET — ia Scanned with CamScanner =mmaomncom CTSCIENCE CAREER COACHING 2) NOR Gute Th be Connect the output to the? taped of. the NOT Sota ai te "Non gate aoe Sb Ale [ey] aTeyy apoyo] 4 ofoys rfofr]o fo] o. oli|1]o o}s | 9 a{sfa]o aa he. he nop gale b= exprested ce a on 8 negated SClENGE CAREER COACHING TNTEGRATED CIRCUIT- protector finn Diny Inte fa Chveuit (IC). 48 thet circuit tohdehy the, Great comporards such, psa Capacitors: transistors Oh oj * Seren sete 58 Te consists of number of civeuit Cony and dhely inter connections in single Amalt pakoge. perform 0 Compute -lechonic function an ' ED sas & “ Tagine ane invalyed tn euits — fe () Epitaxial Groth -. °° <2, ! Wis press io Goh ee a dayer of n-bye P-Aype on silicariy chip as and when required ©) Oxidatier =“ qi oe sees ary tia Nnngbn of icon gt fea, gee () Photolithosrap — By Ma process the oi jos of iam e regions of som ont tected Pholigmphically ihre te clifet!S 4p Le ued nt ta cea in integrated cv oH) Zithwon of stiffere impunisiea— 5 procs lh aed —Fecifaie aided # stuchae on siete, om wean eat Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE CAREER COACHING (©) Metalistion “This process Imes the, slposition off mua} pee SE rep tne ceaettion of ated Yrstellid on chp fo chinin the veqivel Civodt- ena pe SCIENCE CAREER COACHING yemamyen © iohot i be the wa af Tapas 9 and @ for YB the Boolean expression Gzny-OrG) -4 ? Sol Ghen thot Gye). Ga) 21 Las, .Gi¥e).A8) Ae ob tea Th Aso 820 then OF0)-(oO) = GIB) changes > $0)-(oe) = S)-@at ) They ane hi; eliable clue to duster numba nee luc. 0} oe. (0 Fdomecsitat © aaa! Je) Thay requie. very dealt place- Saar Sear femechea 30 (2) Thay hove Laser saigar clue to very small Masts. SEP The Inplss of 8 nano Sete. Brae toe gig te me eter coat 2 Sino or FE FF oF sndt combination of qudes. cmd ie, amp able - lis) They vequive devo poser 40 opernttl ey, Oy he eA Sic 2) They have. greater abilily tp “eptante Sb erreme, on Base Conant c wonite ibs tt Cemee aon) Oo, Be Hye dais, pad gf pun gale onl sar pie ort its Ba SN cen) Que Waite the ruth able for the gi ein Squat got ot equ ave | | | Gis Dre, te laie ciealt of « Naw gate ond | NM pe re oy mat moe (ease ao) cosa ll he ull fo oh the Me doe, aH Comeraier) oes oo eo CO Scanned with CamScannerSCIENCE CAREER COACHING 2 Marka Guedtions - ‘ho, chance, ia to Thelgee on aewicondtod: ‘a a (e006 amr) Hehe tes snc, ves thet Gn be Bea, oN REP alice Spiele BD ting piscipe ee ee ee ere its nen G4, Ksite. behween eet Dyas the, circuit, cog pala ee sis GS. Unite the main use gepiyth @) Zane lode, Phelectiode I Ceaue a) Mn intinsic semendtucioe a >> re? (dairy pe Fae aakad Seach. *5 Seman ab ory mo, Cansa:zeen) G8 How Ib thet the etn a BaD tasing sudlenlag’ od a eal FO et ee Ra Ceasiaoeay 22 Dieting berwean ‘analeg ond alg! siynale, (Cease amr) [ES ee te Se Tech ____setewcs cansen conctns Sip. Ducite. briefly with the hap how the Corrert Bee eae fm Gull. Draw, the outpat cowed geo, Mes. “aise pope iy she aveddes >= res Scanned with CamScannerSCIENGE CAREER COACHING oe pis. Ielerdify Phe ie Set amd Yin the: we Sect ad Ey gl Sin eh ee Te Sr peat Tapas a a So eee eae Te a case ae) enn, nO Wis. CAD, Talendify the legie rnenked Pond & me goo Bley Seat oo & loan dhe ontpab ab x for the: Iepubs eos Bae md Ast, Ort. 2k > 1. Tee onset a a 2 inp A WY Tor gous Gila the ae sy ge gee ih mae ee BE ood atten Dro the Logle symbol of the Combination p18. waite the, fable and cra the Logic symbal poe teint fll ook tt ie al Gone acon) ‘rade nema nome (ES) OL Dros @ 18 2a. With the help of @ suitable | Sphiion in GS How Lb o tena clisde, SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 3 Marks Quistions- a snarled, stooge obs fac oe nD Case: amet) ein fe fon fo SP gen ioe ee ES ANS special punpose Sede ticcty e ae03 > Rronacterintic Great cLingram Jo obtain the gh ee ae De QS. Dre, tranajer chaackerlsties of 3 C6 nen tramter Pole oP eagiok Bo SUSE Tae, Sine rite SER RSL SEES tae Gy apd Renlctence | Cb) Output vealotance {€) Githint omplification fachr pase set, Tarmcigana aa =e — Scanned with CamScannerSCIINCE CAREER COACHING x feat ited sho, oi adh comme ofa ththee 3 (ease 20,20) pe Thaw phawe? (CeBSE sank) a a toner, died comsidined 260, special suede F Sime Cease ae) ncn ret ae an) Tae pon Bo tree gan tiger fap comer Sn a a anes Fel PR pO ers Eaphin phe demation of ibe Jayer ond comes ava) ae ET jain the: uke. of a Pen junctim di wave veelifier: Draw the Inpd twavejorru Draw V-1 chermetenisHes of 9 cana o Gs Enplain briefly. tne Principle; on atic af aw on ‘nicebiony Clreuit ellagram and mg: sath Poaeirsah SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 5 Lebelled cireult J Gani am, mplifier works aan oscil | eveforms he Son ge Conmo f rs we Scanned with CamScannerSCIENGE CAREER GOACHING ‘Umesh Rajeris iveul i ri transistoy he Draw a Circuit Ai am ok an 1H P-n n Pe usth aks emitter ee junction -forwanet bieuesl and bose Collector junction reverse biases! . Describe briefly its. working. Dras aq dreuwt diagram and explain He operotion of a transisfoy a4 @ switch. CCBSiE 2005) Draw the SyrnbooLic. vepresentodion of @& @) Pn-P (bd n-p-n transistor w 4a the base region ol tronisty Hin and Lightly dope 7 With proper civeurt di Biotin 9 @ Ponce trnsiaber in on. Cone gute and Show thot Te aa : € An { a " neo7 )? * be y10. Draw a eircuit chingra fA Common - emitter amplifier. Deduer 1on fey its voltage ine ina Ge the output Voltege ts out o e by * i YF amp he % un aie ae oe CLdedWmy 2006, 10) wen @) athe” shat signed <4 abplied do “both the $B pit ied Benbinals i Pe tid N. a eee the input signal E fi) Lowe with vesbect Jo the. } imal - Telentify the “Dope gee owes Sil CCOSE 2008) Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner