General Mathematics 1

1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C

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 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 6 One-to-one Property of Exponential
Exponential Functions, Equations, and Equation
Inequalities If x1 ≠ x2, then bx1 ≠ bx2. Conversely, if bx1 = bx2,
then x1= x2
x-1
Exponential Expression Example A: 4 = 16
4x-1 = 42
a ∙ b x-c + d, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1
x–1=2
Exponential Exponential Exponential
Equation Inequality Function x=2+1=3
An equation An inequality Function of the
involving involving form F(x) = bx, Property of Exponential Inequalities
exponential exponential where b > 0 and If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
expressions. expression. b≠1 increasing for all x. This means that bx < by if and
F(x) = (1.8)x or only if x < y.
5x-3 = 625 52x – 5x+1 ≤ 0
Y = (1.8)x Example A: 3x < 9x-2
Figure 5.1. Exponential Expressions
3x < (32)x-2
3x < 32(x-2)
Rules of Exponents 3x < 32x-4
Multiplication Rule am ∙ an = am+n x < 2x – 4
Division Rule am ÷ an = am-n
4 < 2x – x
Power of a Power Rule (am)n = amn
4<x
Power of a Product Rule (ab)n = anbn
Power of a Fraction Rule If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
decreasing for all x. This means that bx > by if and
Zero Exponent a0 = 1 only if x < y.
Negative Exponent

Fractional Exponent
figure 5.2.Rules of Exponents

Image 5.1. Example b

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 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 7 COMPOUND INTEREST
Real-Life Situations Using  A starting amount of money, Principal, can be
Exponential Functions invested at a certain interest rate that is earned at
 Population Growth the end of a given period of time. If the interest
rate is compounded, the interest earned at the
 Exponential Decay
end of the period is added to the principal, and
 Compound Interest
this new amount will earn interest in the next
period.
EXPONENTIAL MODELS AND
 If a principal P is invested at an annual rate r,
POPULATION GROWTH compounded annually, then the amount after t
 Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of years is given by A = P(1 + r)t.
time. If y0 is the initial amount, then the quantity
y after t units of time is given by y = y0(2)t/T. Example: Mrs. Quezon invested P100,000.00 in a
company that offers 6% interest compounded
Example: At t = 0, there were initially 20 bacteria. annually.
Suppose that the bacteria double every 100 hours. t = 0 Investment = P100,000
t=0 Number of Bacteria = 20 t = 1 Investment = P100,000(1.06) = P106,000
t = 100 Number of Bacteria = 20(2) t = 2 Investment = P106,000(1.06) = P112,360
t = 200 Number of Bacteria = 20(2)2 t = 3 Investment = P112,360(1.06) = P119,101.60
t = 300 Number of Bacteria = 20(2)3 t = 4 Investment = P119,101.60(1.06) = P126,247.70
t = 400 Number of Bacteria = 20(2)4 t = 5 Investment = P126,247.70(1.06) = P133,822.56
Exponential Model: y = 20(2)t/100 The investment is worth P133,822.56 in 5 years.
Exponential Model: y = 100,000(1.06)t
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND
HALF-LIFE THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL
 Half-life of a radioactive substance – time it FUNCTION
takes for half of the substance to decay.  While an exponential function may have various
 If a half-life of a substance is T units, and y0 is bases, a frequently used base is the irrational
the amount of substance corresponding to t = 0, number e, whose value is approx. 2.71828.
then the amount y of substance remaining after t  Natural Exponential Function: f(x) = ex
units of time is given by y = y0(1/2)t/T.
Example: A large slab of meat is taken from the
Example: Suppose that the half-life of a certain refrigerator and placed in a pre-heated oven. The
radioactive substance is 10 days and there are 10g temperature T of the slab t minutes after being
initially. placed in the oven is given by T = 170 – 165e0.006t
t=0 Amount of Substance = 10g degrees Celsius. Round off values to the nearest
t = 10 Amount of Substance = 5g
integer.
t = 20 Amount of Substance = 2.5g
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t = 30 Amount of Substance = 1.25g
T 5 15 24 32 40 47 54
Exponential Model: y = 10(1/2)t/10

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Lesson 8
Representing Real-Life Situation
Involving Logarithmic Function
Logarithm
 The exponent to which a fixed value, base,
must be raised to produce that number.
Figure 8.1. Logarithm
Logarithmic Function: Let a and b a positive
number with a is not equal to 1. The logarithmic
function with base a, denoted by logax is defined by
y = logax if and only if x = ay
Types of Logarithms
1. Common Logarithmic Function
 Logarithmic function with base 10 denoted
by log10 or simply log.
 f(x) = log10 x
2. Natural Logarithmic Function
 Logarithmic function to the base e denoted
by loge.
 f(x) = loge x
Properties of Logarithms of a Function
1. Let a be a positive number with a ≠ 1. Let x > 0,
y > 0, and n be any real number.
2. The logarithm of a product is the sum of the
logarithms. logaxy = logax + logay
3. The logarithm of a quotient is the difference of
the logarithms.
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General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Important Properties
 Change of base formula logbx = logax/logab
 The change of base formula allows you to use
your calculator to evaluate the logarithms in
order to use the calculator, a must be either 10
or e.
Real-Life Situation Using Logarithmic
Function
The Richter Scale
Earthquake Magnitude on a Ritcher Scale
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by
Where E (in joules) is the energy released by the
earthquake (the quantity 104.40 is the energy
released by a very small reference earthquake).
The formula indicates that the magnitude of an
earthquake is based on the logarithm of the ratio
between the energy it releases and energy released
by a reference earthquake.
The Decibel
Sound Intensity
In Acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is
Where I is the sound intensity in watts/m2 (the
quantity 10-12 watts/m2 is the least audible
sound a human can hear)
 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 9 Example 3: Common Logarithms
Logarithmic Function, Equation, and logx2 = 2
Change to exponential form
Inequality
x2 = 102
Equation Inequality Function x2 = 100
Function of the x = 10 & −10
An inequality that
An equation in a form x = 10
involves
form of logarithms f(x) = logbx
logarithms
(b > 0, b ≠ 1)
log2(2x)=log2(14) log2(x)<log2(14) g(x)=log3x Logarithmic Inequality
 Inequalities in which one (or both) sides
Restrictions on the value of b and x in the involving a logarithm.
logarithmic expression logbx in solving logarithmic Property of Logarithmic Inequalities
equations and inequalities: Given the logarithmic expression logbx
1. b can any positive real number except 1. 1. If 0 < b < 1 then x1 < x2
2. x can any real number  If and only if logbx1 > logbx2
3. The entire expression logbx can any be real 2. If b > 1 then x1 < x2
number (hence, can be negative number)  If and only of logbx1 < logbx2

Logarithmic Equation Example 1: log2(2x + 3) > log2(3x)

One to One Property of Logarithmic Function 2x + 3 > 3x
 For any logarithmic function f(x)=logbx, if and 2x − 3x > 3
only of logb(u) = log2b(v), then u = v. x<3
Solution Set: 0 < x < 3
Example 1: Logarithms with the same bases
log2(x) = log2(14) When the base is less than 1, the previous intuition
Log expressions being equal say that the argument is essentially reversed: the larger side is now the
must be equal one with the smaller exponent.
x = 14 Example: log1/2(3x) > log1/2(2x + 3)
Given inequality implies that 3x < 2x + 3
Example 2: Negative inside the logarithms
3x < 2x + 3
logb(x2 − 30) = logb(x)
3x − 2x < 3
(x2 − 30) = x
3x − 2x < 3
x2 − x − 30 = 0
x<3
(x −6)(x + 5) = 0
Solution Set: 0 < x < 3
x = 6 & −5
Negative inside the logarithms is not acceptable
x=6

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 General Mathematics 1
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 10 Example 1: A bank offers 1.5% annual simple
Simple Interest interest rate for a particular deposit. How much
1. Lender or creditor – “source of funds” person interest will be earned if 1 million pesos is
(or institution) who invests the money or deposited in this savings account for one year?
makes the funds available. P = 1,000,000 I = Prt =
2. Borrower or debtor – “user of funds” person r = 1.5% = 0.015 (1,000,000)(0.015)(1)
(or institution) who owes the money or avails t = 1 year I = 15,000
of the funds from the lender.
3. Origin or loan date – date on which money is Example 2: When invested at an annual interest rate
received by the borrower. of 7%, the amount earned 11,200Php of simple
4. Repayment date or maturity date – date on interest in 2.5 years. How much money was
which the money borrowed or loaned is to be originally invested?
completely repaid. I = 11,200 P = I/rt =
5. Time or term (t) – amount of time in years the
r = 7% = 0.07 11,200/(0.07)(2.5)
money is borrowed or invested; length of time P = 64,000
between the origin and maturity dates t = 2.5
t = # of months/12
t = # of days/360 (banker’s rule) Example 3: Ricky borrowed 25,000Php and paid
6. Principal or present value (P) – amount of 1,250Php interest for 6 months. What was the rate
money borrowed or invested on the origin of interest?
date. I = 1,250 r = I/Pt =
7. Rate of Interest or simply rate (r) – annual P = 25,000 1,250/(25,000)(0.5)
rate, usually in percent, charged by the lender, t = 6 months = 0.5 years r = 0.1 = 10%
or rate of increase of the investment.
8. Interest (I) – amount paid or earned for the use Example 4: How long in years will it take for
of money. 17,300Php to amount to 20,000Php at 11.25%
9. Maturity Value or Future Value (F) – amount simple interest?
after t years that the lender receives from the I = 20,000 – 17,300
borrower on the maturity date. I = 2,700 t = I/Pr =
F=P+I 2,700/(17,300)(0.1125)
P = 17,300
t = 1.4 years
Simple Interest r = 11.25% = 0.1125
 Interest charged on the principal alone for the
entire duration or period (t) of the loan or
investment at a particular rate (r)
I = Prt
t = I/Pr
P = I/rt
r = I/Pt