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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Sedge weeds are some worst weeds when it comes to their ability to infiltrate your lawn,

specifically in your rice field. They are highly invasive, very difficult to get rid of and only some

specific chemicals which are not always available. This weeds brings harm on your rice field.

Sedges are part of Cyperus genus which includes about 700 types and have triangular cross-

sections and spirally arranged in 3 vertical rows along the stem. Sedges are perennial plants that

are commonly found in shallow water or moist soils and can reach 4 feet in height. They resemble

to grasses and often grow in thick clusters. It is grass-like plants that is widely distributed

especially in tropical and subtropical countries and they belong to the genus Cyperus in the family

of Cyperaceae.

Cyperus iria also known as rice flat sedge, it is a smooth, tufted sedge found worldwide.

The roots are yellowish-red and fibrous. The plant often grows in rice paddies, where it is

considered to be a weed. Rice flatsedge and barnyard grass are widespread and competitive weeds

in direct-seeded rice. Developing integrated weed management strategies that elevate suppression

of weeds by rice through crop density, nutrition, and cultivar choice requires better understanding

of the extent to which rice interferes with the growth of these weeds and how these species respond

to resource limitation with crop interference. Rice interference reduced the height of barnyard

grass but did not affect height of rice flatsedge. These weed species were able to grow taller than

rice and thus avoided being shaded. Increased specific stem length under crop interference may
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demonstrate a strategy of stem elongation to allow the top portion of the weeds to be kept out of

shade. Rice interference reduced inflorescence and shoot biomass of both weed species. Barnyard

grass showed the ability to reduce the effects of rice interference by increasing leaf weight ratio.

The present study shows that crop interference alone may reduce weed growth but may not give

complete control of these weed species. This highlights the need for the integration of management

practices to achieve control of these weed species.

A rope is a group of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted or braided together into

a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used for dragging and lifting.

Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, string, and twine. Rope may be

constructed of any long, stringy, fibrous material, but generally is constructed of certain natural or

synthetic fibers. Synthetic fiber ropes are significantly stronger than their natural fiber

counterparts, they have a higher tensile strength, they are more resistant to rotting than ropes

created from natural fibers, and they can be made to float on water. The use of ropes for hunting,

pulling, fastening, attaching, carrying, lifting, and climbing dates back to prehistoric times. It is

likely that the earliest "ropes" were naturally occurring lengths of plant fiber, such as vines,

followed soon by the first attempts at twisting and braiding these strands together to form the first

proper ropes in the modern sense of the word.

An important and widespread weed in South and Southeast Asia. Principally a weed of rice

around the world causing 40% yield reductions; predominantly affecting lowland and irrigated rice

fields, but of lesser importance in upland rice. It also occurs in bananas, cassava, groundnuts,

maize, pastures, pineapples, sweet potatoes, tea and vegetables. The weed is a host for several rice
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pests. The main reason choosing this project was the creativity evolved and also the purpose of

helping rice farmers through lessening the torment they encountered in their rice field.

Given those problems, the Rope-making Machine with Rice flatsedge fiber are proposed.

Rope-making with Rice flatsedge fiber is a machine that uses the fiber of Cyperus iria or the rice

flatsedge to make a rope that can use to some aspects.

This proposed device, if fabricated to its full extent, it is low-cost and more efficient

comparing to the existing rope making machine which is used to make electronic wires. Though,

the major source of this device is the electrical power, the designed will be accordingly so that its

output will be utilized and it will not use an excessive amount of electrical power.

The proposed device will be more helpful in reducing the torments of rice farmers

regarding to the rice pest which is the rice flatsedge. It can improve the local government in the

production of rice and help small businesses to lessen their works regarding to elimination of the

rice pest. The communities will be aware of rope that is made of rice flatsedge fiber for being one-

way source of income and way to reduce the pest in every rice field. Also, future researchers will

be encouraged to improve, develop or innovate this device.

Statement of the Problems

This study focuses on the design and fabrication of rope maker machine which converts

sedge weed into usable rope. This also aims to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What is the suitable design for rice flatsedge rope maker machine?

2. How functional and efficient the proposed machine to produce rope?

3. What is the economic viability of the equipment?

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4. Is there a significant difference in the strength and durability of the ropes between the
conventional ropes and to the rice flatsedge ropes?

Assumption of the Study

The assumption of this study is based on the following:

1. The rice flatsedge will be effective as a primary material for making a rope;

2. The rope making machine is a low-cost machine that can be affordable for the farmers;

3. The proposed rope maker machine is functional, and;

4. The rice flatsedge rope made was acceptable in terms of the strength and durability

Hypothesis

This study tested the null hypothesis (Ho) that there is no significant difference in the

strength and durability of the ropes between the conventional ropes and to the rice flatsedge ropes.

Significance of the study

The outcome of this study could be highly significant and beneficial specifically to the

following:

Rice Farmers. This study may help the rice farmers to lessen the torments experienced

with the rice pest.

Industries. This study may help industries to fully fabricate and mass produce device, if

found efficient. Thus, this can contribute job creation.

Students. This study may serve as a guide or reference to students who will conduct

research studies in similar fields. They are also encouraged to conduct problem of the study
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Future researchers. This study may help future researchers to gain more ideas in

innovating this machine.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is focused on the design and fabrication of rope maker machine with Cyperus

Iria or rice flatsedge weed as the main component. The said study was conducted to help farmers

in the rice industry to solve problems with regards to growing rice and to increase rice production.

This study will also help promote local products made up of rope from flatsedge weed.

Moreover, the study is limited only in producing rope fiber made up of flatsedge weed in

areas where rice farming is the main source of income.

Definition of terms

The following terms used in this study are defined conceptually and operationally for

purpose of clarity to the readers.

Pulley is a wheel flat, round or grooved rim that rotates on a shaft and carries a flat belt or

v-belt

Shaft is a rotating member of a machine which transmits power (Faires, 1969)

Time Rate is the amount of the finish particle per unit of time.

Safety is the factor on which the operation will not occur unnecessary accident on the

operator due to electrical overloading and failure of the machine

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Efficiency the ratio between the useful works performed by a machine the energy expended

in producing it.

Rope - A rope is a group of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted
or braided together into a larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength and so can be used
for dragging and lifting. Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed cord, string,
and twine

Machine - an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each
with a definite function and together performing a particular task.

Fabrication - Fabrication is the process of making something from semi-finished or raw

materials rather than from ready-made components. In other words, it is the process of making
something from scratch rather than assembling something.

Machine Design- Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by which resources or
energy is converted into useful mechanical forms, or the mechanisms so as to obtain useful output
from the machines in the desired form as per the needs of the human beings.
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ENDNOTES

1. Bhagirath S. Chauhan and David E. Johnson, “Responses of Rice Flatsedge

(Cyperus iria) and Ba Responses of Rice Flatsedge (Cyperus iria) and

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to Rice Interferencernyardgrass

(Echinochloa crus-galli) to Rice Interference.” (2017). Retrieved April 2021 from

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-science/article/abs/responses-of-

rice-flatsedge-cyperus-iria-and-barnyardgrass-echinochloa-crusgalli-to-rice-

interference/44D675F6A0C378A39970C679C7FC67FA

2. K. Vanangamudi, M. Bhaskaran, S. Balavidhya, P. Murali Arthanari, “Weed Seed

Biology”. Retrieved April 2021 from

https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=n-

deDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA398&dq=rice%20flatsedge%20cyperus%20iria&ot

s=tP9zaQT9Ta&sig=Ev37cYDyXcUY6EqIh3YzmrNHS7o&redir_esc=y#v=onepa

ge&q=rice%20flatsedge%20cyperus%20iria&f=false

3. “BusinessDictionary.com”.Retrievedfromhttps://marketbusinessnews.com/financi

al-glossary/fabrication/

4. Dr. P. C. Sharma and D. K. Aggarwal by “Machine Design”. Retrived April 2020

from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/cad-autocad-reviews-tips/9935-what-

is-mechanical-design-or-machine-design/
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after through and in-depth search

done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art, theoretical and conceptual

framework to fully understand the research study.

Review of Related Literature

The following related literatures were used as reference in conducting this research. These

were taken into considerations because these served as their basis, guide and provide insights in

undertaking this particular study.

Cyperus iria is rated by Holm et al. (1977) as one of the three most common weeds of rice

in Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines. It is a principal weed in Indonesia and Japan and a common

weed in Fiji, Thailand and the USA. It is principally a weed of rice around the world but Holm et

al. (1977) also noted its occurrence in bananas, cassava, groundnuts, maize, pastures, pineapples,

sweet potatoes, tea and vegetables. It is difficult to separate the competitive effects of Cyperus iria

from those of other components of the weed flora but the weed caused 40% yield reductions in

rice (Ampong-Nyarko and DeDatta, 1991). The costs of controlling Cyperus iria, whether manual,

mechanical or chemical, are significant. Cyperus iria is a host for several pests of rice. In Cuba, it

is a host of the rice nematodes Pratylenchus zeae and Hirschmanniella spinicaudata (Fernandez

and Ortega, 1982). Criconemella onoensis is a rice nematode which uses Cyperus iria as a host in

the southern USA. Complete control of the weed is necessary before nematicides (e.g.

fensulfothion) can be effective in increasing rice yields (Hollis, 1972).

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Review of Related Studies

The study of Josef Vill S. Villanueva on (2008) the design and fabrication of an abaca fiber

decorticator is to automate the stripping process of extracting abaca fiber. Decortication is the

mechanical process of fiber extraction (stripping the fiber from its sheath).

According to Ryan C. Clavicellas, Ramon M. Martin, Efren A. Andal, Simplicio N. Morla,

JR. and Jenny C. VELASCO (2005) The study opted to develop a prototype of the Paper Twining

Machine. A prototype that is portable, low cost, yet consumes low energy and still produce high

quality rope or twine. Eventually the working prototype will be tested and evaluated to twine

different materials such as dried and slithered hyacinth, coir, fibres, hemp and any imaginable

material that is twinabled

According to S. Rahamathulla, S. Premnath, V. Ravi, S. Madhewwaran (2018) the design

& fabrication of the machine is to extract high quality natural fiber from the banana pseudo stem.

The machine designed is a very simple way such that it can be used be everyone, as the

mecahanism is very simple. The major component used are blade, belt, pulley, motor, and roller

shaft. This design is helpful in fibre industries to extract the fibre machine from banana stem.

According to Fitsum Etefa Ahmed, Mekasha Tilahun, Firew Gemeso (2019) a decorticator

process machine use for extraction of fiber from the skin, bark, or rind of nuts, woods, plant stalk

etc. it’s a semi-automatic machine used in the production of natural plants stem fiber. The machine

has two different surface. One is a half drum surface; small nails are closely welded in order used

to extract fiber from plant stem which have a flat surface. The second half drum surface us grooved
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used to extract fiber from plant stem which has circular shape. The fiber extraction performs simply

by feeding a cleaned part of stem through feeding unit machine.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The Sedge Weed Fiber Rope Machine is similar to the study of S. Rahamathulla, S.

Premnath, V. Ravi, S. Madhewwaran (2018). The design & fabrication of banana extracting

machine has a 3 roller the 1st roller is for feeding of banana stem to stripping mechanism while

rotating the blade of extractor, after the feeding the 2 roller is to separate good texture of banana

leaf sheath. In difference the sedge weed fiber rope machine has a circular plate blade that can be

extract of cyperus iria to produce natural fiber and has a roller that has a divider to take a 2

directional point.

The study of Ryan C. Clavicellas, Ramon M. Martin, Efren A. Andal, Simplicio N. Morla,

JR. and Jenny C. VELASCO (2005) the development of paper twining machine has a strand gear

type hook rope machine that rotate accordingly, has 3 hook that will catch the fiber while it

rotating. In difference the sedge weed fiber rope machine is has type of catcher accordingly with

the size or texture produce in the roller divider.

Theoretical Framework

The study was based and developed using the following theories; Theory of Creativity and

Imagination, Theory of Machine Design, and the Theory of Machine Elements.

Vygotsky’s (2004) Theory of Creativity and Imagination explained imagination, as the

basis of all creative activity, is an important component of absolutely all aspects of cultural life,

enabling artistic, scientific, and technical creation alike. In this sense, absolutely everything
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around us that was created by the hand of man, the entire world of human culture, as distinct

from the world of nature, all this is the product of human imagination and of creation based on

this imagination. This theory will use by the researchers to creatively plan and design the

machine.

Khurmi, R. and Gupta J. (2005) theorized that Machine Design is the creation of new

and better machines and improving the existing ones. A new or better machine is one which is

more economical in the overall cost of production and operation. The process of design is a long

and time consuming one. From the study of existing ideas, a new idea has to be conceived. The

idea is then studied keeping in mind its commercial success and given shape and form in the

form of drawings. In the preparation of these drawings, care must be taken of the availability of

resources in money, in men and in materials required for the successful completion of the new

idea into an actual reality. The researchers used this theory to make the machine into effectively

operating according to its design.

Daughtier’s (1978) Theory of Machine Elements is the theory predominantly treats the

law governing the motion of the parts of the machine and the forces transmitted by these parts in

order to accomplish the desired result. It is necessary that the study be based on mechanism that

have actually been designed for a specific purposed and which are known to be capable of

producing the result foe which they were designed. The researchers made use of this theory to

serve as guide for visualizing and evaluating the main concept of the proposed machine.
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Theory of
Creativity
and
Imagination

Sedge Weed
Fiber Rope
Maker
Theory of Machine Theory of
Machine Machine
Design Elements

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

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Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows the variables of the study. This also represents the

process and the flow of the given study. The first paradigm consists the reference books/ code/

standards, theories, tools and equipment to start the proposed model. The input is essential to the

researchers making the proposed device suitable for using.

The second paradigm consists of the application of plans and design of the proposed model

where in the fabrication and testing will be needed as whereas modification will be applied so that

the result of the efforts will not be wasted. The design of the device must be modified so that it

tallies to the actual fabrication of the material.

The third paradigm was the result of the input and throughput. It is the device output by

which feedback will be used so that modification and final testing must occur.

Feedback loop serves as a connecting link from the output and input. This provides a means

for any necessary adjustments or changes or even repetition of the whole process from the first

step for more improved output.

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Reference  Planning

books/code/  Designing SEDGE WEED

standards  Fabrication FIBER ROPE

 Materials  Initial Testing MAKER

 Tools  Modifications MACHINE

 Equipment  Final Testing

FEEDBACK

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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Endnotes

1. Ampong-Nyarko K; DeDatta SK, (1991). “A Handbook for Weed Control in Rice.

Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.” Retrived April 2021 from
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17501#80AF4B49-A163-4CFD-911B-
BF7D4A8CBDA8
2. Civico RSA; Moody K, (1979). “The effect of the time and depth of submergence

on growth and development of some weed species. Philippine Journal of Weed

Science,” (6:41-49). Retrieved April 20201 from

https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19812332674

3. Fernandez M; Ortega J, (1982). “Weeds as hosts of rice nematodes. Ciencias de

la Agricultura,” (No.12:114-116). Retrieved April 2021 from https://www.cabi.org/

isc/abstract/19840819533

4. Vygotsky, L. (2004). “Imagination and Creativity in Childhood. Journal of

Russian and East European Psychology”, (vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 7–97). Retrieved from:

http://lchc.ucsd.edu/mca/Mail/xmcamail.2008_03.dir/att-

0189/Vygotsky__Imag___Creat_ in_Childhood.pdf

5. R.S. Khurmi and J.K. Gupta. “A_Textbook_of_Machine_Design”. Retrived April

2021 from https://www.academia.edu/20280884/A_Textbook_of_Machine_Design_by_

R_S_KHURMI _AND_J_K_GUPTA

6. F. Cancian, The innovation situation, Stanford University Press 1978 Virgil M.

Faires, Design of Machine Elements 4th Ed., (New York; McMillan Publishing
Company. Inc. 1969).
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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents and discusses the research method, respondents, data gathering

instrument, research procedure and the statistical treatment of the data to be use by the researcher

in the development of the study.

Research Method

This study of researchers employed descriptive and developmental methods. The

planning and design involved an excessive analysis of all ideas given by the members of the

group. Several ideas have been made until an initial concept of the design was produced. From

this concept the “Sedge Weed Fiber Rope Making Machine” that can be used to make ropes out

of rice flatsedge and any other raw materials. Step by step of planning procedure is necessary to

procure designing, fabrication, testing and planning.

Based from Clarke (2005) and stated by Saminiano (2013), the descriptive research is an

attempt to examine situations in order to establish what is normal – what can be predicted to

happen again under the same circumstances and relies on observation as means of collecting

data. Descriptive method is used to describe characteristics of population or phenomenon being

studied as stated by Patricia M. Shields, Rangarajan, N. (2013). It does not answer questions

about how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the “what” question. The

characteristics used to describe the situation or populations are usually some kind of categorical

scheme also known as descriptive categories.

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According to Psych (2014), Developmental method is used to study focused on the

progressive changes that occurs. Define as the systematic study of designing, developing and

evaluating instructional programs, processes, and products that must meet criteria of internal

consistency and effectiveness. In this study researchers use this method after analyzing the data

gathered. The data serve as the basis of the development of new model and proving the theories

that the researchers use from the study. The developmental research will be use by the researcher

in developing the machine. After the study will be develop, the researcher will use the

descriptive method to give descriptions and interpretations on how the sedge weed fiber rope

maker machine will be developing and how the results of the statistical methods will be applied.

The Respondents

The proponent selected 50 respondents. 25 from the non-professionals which includes

farmers, students who take machine design subject, specifically 15 respondents from CSPC

mechanical engineering students and 10 rice farmers the municipality of Libon and the remaining

25 is for professionals such as and not limited to instructors, authorities from the municipality of

Libon, province of Albay, specifically 15 respondents from CSPC instructors and 10 respondents

from the local government employees in the municipality of Libon. They will be selected using

the purposive sampling. The selected farmers will be given questionnaire to be answered and the

researcher will guide them to answer it.

Data Gathering Instrument

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In conducting this research, the instrument that will be use are documentary analysis and

questionnaires for the collection of quantitative data. Also, observation and interview will be done

to further interpret the data.

Questionnaire

The researchers will use questionnaire for this study as the instrument to gather data. The

questionnaires will be utilized to test the efficiency and the acceptability of the sedge weed fiber

rope maker machine. The test for efficiency and acceptability will be determined by two criteria,

either efficient/acceptable and non-efficient/non-acceptable. In the acceptability the rating scale

was set to 5 as the highest rate and 1 as the lowest. 5 for “Highly acceptable and highly efficient,”

4 for “Acceptable and Efficient,” 3 for “Moderately Acceptable and Efficient,” 2 for “Fairly

Acceptable and Efficient” and 1 for “Non-Acceptable and Non-efficient.” The response will be

treat in such a way that those with highest score rating indicate to be most favorable.

Research Procedure

The researchers employed different research procedures in the development of the

proposed output device. The technical procedure of this study includes Planning, designing,

fabricating, modification, and testing.

Planning. The planning stage is the first step of the research by means of imagining the

design this is the basis of research procedures where all the time allotment, estimated cost,

availability of materials, compilation of related studies and literature to come up to the initial

concept design. Time and effort was considered as well as money and materials to be used. So that

scheduling and budgeting is properly shared to everyone’s agreement.

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Designing. After planning, the design refers to the way in which the parts that make an

object are put together. All parts of the machine is designed according to its Operation and

purposes. Designs of the machine are repeatedly modify and design computations are made also,

the material used should be suited to the purpose of the object. The different specifications of the

materials were chosen properly in order to achieve rigidity of the machine.

Fabrication. The fabrication process deals with the realizing of the drafts. The fabrication

of “Automated Peeling Machine with Slicer” was done using the following steps. Process involved

in fabrication are cutting, welding, grinding, wiring, and casing of the prototype. Manpower,

equipment and materials are highly considered as well as the time scheduling for each members

when working. Fabrication was followed according to the planned procedures so that the device

would be put into pieces.

Initial Testing. After the assembly of the mechanical and electrical parts fabricated or

bought, testing of the device's functionality is the next process. Testing is the next process on

which the fabricated device is tested for measures, adjustments, performance and efficiency of the

model. The researchers conduct a series of test of performance and efficiency of the model to see

if it is functioning well and consistently

Modification. It is the method used after thorough testing and operation. In this stage the

researchers modify or adjust the machine to reach its efficient and convenient output according to

the design. By a series of testing the researchers found out that were modified.
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Final Testing. In this stage the researchers needed to test after modification of the device

was done. The final method is to assure the fully functional model, the well fabrication of the

frames and other safety of the model. The proposed device is ready for operation and production.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

In order for the researchers to determine the success of the study, there was an

analysis of information from the outcomes of the survey. This helps the researchers to quantify the

number of respondents who were satisfied with the Sedge weed fiber rope maker machine. The

researchers used the weighted mean statistical tool.

Weighted Mean. This tool will be utilized to determine the level of acceptability and

functionality of the solar powered ice crusher machine.

WM
wx
w

WM= Weighted Mean

W= the weight

X= the value

Additionally, this research will be statistically treating the data produced through T-test for

Independent Samples of gain scores using SPSS statistics. The statistical treatment will start in the

computation of the significant difference between the pre-test and posttest scores generated for

each subjects or products both from experimental and control groups. This difference is subject to

analysis of difference scores also known as gain score analysis. To compute the gain score, we
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will get the difference of pre-test from posttest scores. The SPSS syntax in computing the gain

score is:

COMPUTE gain = posttest - pre-test

Posttest scores must be less than but nearly equal to the pre-test score since our main objective is

to produce rice flatsedge ropes that is highly acceptable in the market. Therefore, less negative

gain score or nearly zero gain score is expected which indicates that the main effect treatment is

significant. After computing the gain scores, gain score analysis will then be performed using T-

test for Independent Samples. The null hypothesis of no significant difference in the

commercially available ropes between the experimental (treatment) and control group will be

tested by an analysis of variance on the gain scores using treatment (treatment vs. control) as a

between-subjects factor. If the treatment main effect is significant, then the change from pre-test

to post-test is not the same in the two groups, therefore, we will reject the null hypothesis.
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Endnotes

1. Ampong-Nyarko K; DeDatta SK, (1991). “A Handbook for Weed Control in Rice.

Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.” Retrived April 2021 from
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17501#80AF4B49-A163-4CFD-911B-
BF7D4A8CBDA8
2. Civico RSA; Moody K, (1979). “The effect of the time and depth of submergence

on growth and development of some weed species. Philippine Journal of Weed

Science,” (6:41-49). Retrieved April 20201 from

https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19812332674

3. Fernandez M; Ortega J, (1982). “Weeds as hosts of rice nematodes. Ciencias de

la Agricultura,” (No.12:114-116). Retrieved April 2021 from https://www.cabi.org/

isc/abstract/19840819533

4. Vygotsky, L. (2004). “Imagination and Creativity in Childhood. Journal of

Russian and East European Psychology”, (vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 7–97). Retrieved from:

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