Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Empirical

Articles/BTBG
Q: Negativity bias Q: This brain region is Q: What is theory of mind? Q: What are the 3 Q:
A: "Bad is stronger than good" associated with threat Bonus: which brain region is main attachment Neurotransmitter
processing, assessing the associated? styles? associated with
• Loss Aversion: Losses more novelty & relevance of pair-bonding and
painful stimuli A: Cognitive understanding of A: • Secure: loving, nurturing behaviors
than gains are pleasurable -$10 > others' mental states; anterior warm, trusting
+$10 A: Amygdala cingulate cortex (ACC) • Anxious: worried, A: Oxytocin
• Negative things (cockroaches) intrusive
more • Avoidant:
contaminating than positive dismissive, cold
things
(chocolate) (Rozin & Royzman,
2001)
• Negative stimuli stimulate
greater brain
response measure in cortical
areas
than positive stimuli (Ito et al.,
1998)

Q: Core relational theme Q: Roles of the Q: Social referencing Q: Social Rank Q: Main findings
A: essential meaning of an prefrontal cortex (PFC) Theory of: From a
emotion (based on evolutionary in emotion? (3) A: The ability to use the Distance:
significance).  emotional displays of others to A: Paul Gilbert's Implications of
A: Top-down regulation guide one's own behavior theory that certain Spontaneous Self-
Anger = offense, anxiety = of midbrain regions (e.g., (infant visual cliff example) emotions (shame, Distancing for
existential threat, sadness = loss amygdala); affect embarrassment, and Adaptive Self-
labeling (conceptualizing pride) are related to Reflection (Ayduk
emotions); cognitive one's perceived & Kross, 2010)
strategies (distraction, social rank in a
 self-distancing, group. A: Self-distancing
reappraisal, and was associated
suppression) with: (1) LESS
physiological
reactivity, (2)
MORE reconstrual
and LESS
recounting of event,
(3) MORE
constructive
problem-solving,
(4) LESS
reciprocation of
conflict with
romantic partner

Self-distancing was
NOT associated
with avoidance or
rumination.
Q: Primary vs. Secondary Q: What are 2 functions Q: Genetically-based Q: What are Q: Main finding
appraisal of the nucleus (heritable), stable emotional Gottman's Four of: Reconstructing
accumbens? Bonus: pattern that characterizes a Horsemen of Toxic Memory for
A: Primary = automatic appraisal which neurotransmitters child's personality Emotional Emotions (Levine,
of valence (good/bad, system 1) are involved? Behaviors? 1997)
A: Temperament (e.g.,
Secondary = cognitive appraisal A: Anticipating reward inhibited, extraverted, A: Criticism, A: People are
(system 2). Secondary appraisals (dopamine), savoring antisocial) Contempt, generally able to
can current rewards (opiates) Defensiveness, and recall the specific
be discrete  or dimensional (base Stonewalling emotions felt after
d on factors like an event, but are
causality/responsibility, biased by their
relevance to self, etc.) current appraisals

Q: Types of emotion regulation
strategies (5)
A: Distraction, reappraisal,
suppression, self-distancing,
affect labeling
Q: Difficulty being able to
identify or verbally express
of the event (e.g.,
supporters who
remained loyal to
Perot
underestimated past
sadness/anger and
overestimated
hope)
Q: Network of a variety Q: Habituation paradigm Q: Which emotions Q: Main findings
of cortical and is most associated of: Putting
subcortical brain regions A: method of measuring with prejudice Feelings Into
activated by self-directed emotion recognition in pre- towards out- Words: Affect
thought, verbal infants; child will stare groups? Labeling as
autobiographical longer at new stimuli Implicit Emotion
memory, and (discriminate between happy A: Disgust and Regulation (Torre
imagination. When a vs. sad faces) anger & Lieberman,
person is not focused on 2018)
the outside world.
A: Affect labeling
A: default mode network is associated with:
(1) dampened
emotion intensity
(positive and
negative), (2) LESS
physiological
arousal, (3)
downregulation of
amygdala, (4) often
occurs outside of
conscious
awareness
Q: periaqueductal gray is Q: How heritable is Q: According to Q: What is one
associated with... temperament/personality? Finkel et al. (2014), social function of
emotions what are three teasing?
A: nurturing behavior in A: Based on twin studies, principles that
A: Alexithymia mammals; threat of harm heritability accounts for 30- make a marriage A: Negotiating
50% of variance in traits last? social rank
(fraternity studies);
A: Responsiveness: express affection,
attentive to partner sexual interest, or
Resolution: criticism
reconcile and
collaborate in
solving conflicts
Maintenance: find
ways to build
affection and
commitment