ARTICLE IN PRESS

Energy Policy 33 (2005) 603–609

Second stage energy conservation experience

with a textile industry
C. Palanichamya,*, N. Sundar Babub
a
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sultan Saiful Rijal Technical College, Simpang 125, Jalan Muara,
Brunei BB 2313, Brunei Darussalam
b
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Abstract

The Indian textile industrial sector is one of the oldest industrial sectors in the country, which is also energy intensive. It is
currently undergoing several studies to reduce its energy consumption and hence energy conservation (EC) in this context offers an
excellent opportunity. This paper, at the beginning, addresses the experiences of the authors with a textile industry, which has
already carried out some fruitful EC measures. Then it highlights the EC potential availability and suggests some practicable
environmental friendly EC policies suitable for the Indian context to achieve the estimated potential, and finally it highlights the
Government’s role in the EC endeavour.
r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Energy conservation experience; Textile industry; Potential availability; Energy conservation policy suggestion; Government’s role

1. Introduction tion is 58,250 kWh/day, the steam requirement is

The Indian textile industrial sector is energy intensive
(ADB, 1999; Palanichamy et al., 2001, pp. 340–345)
consuming nearly 3.0 million tons of coal, 0.6 million
tons of furnace oil, 0.2 million tons of high-speed diesel
and 5000 million units of power in the organised sector
alone. In view of the liberalisation in India and the
necessity to compete with modern textile industries
(ADB, 1999; UNIDO, 1992) of countries, such as
China, Korea, Japan, etc. in the international market,
there is a remarkable need to reduce the production cost.
At present prices, even a 1% reduction in energy
consumption could mean substantial savings annually.
The authors’ experiences are with a privately owned
medium size spinning and sewing thread industry in
Tamilnadu state, producing 15 tons of yarn and 10 tons
of sewing thread/day. The industry considered is a high-
tension consumer, receiving electricity from the State
Electricity Board (SEB) under Tariff I. The permitted
Maximum Demand is 3250 kVA, and the Sanctioned
Demand is 2600 kVA. The electrical energy consump-
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +673-2344717; fax: +673-2343207.
E-mail addresses: drcpc@brunet.bn (C. Palanichamy), nsb25@
drexel.edu (N. Sundar Babu).
0.6 tons/h, and the furnace oil requirement is 1000 l/
day. The industry has already undergone energy
conservation (EC) measures (called the first stage)
during the financial year 1998–1999. Some of the earlier
measures carried out are:
Running parallel cables,
Change of motor connections,
Power factor improvement,
Introducing energy efficient motors,
Efficient lighting systems, and
Peak shaving.
Such measures resulted in a saving of 18.23% on the
electricity cost, and an attractive benefit/investment
ratio of 61.29% during the first year itself. The
successful first stage EC measures encouraged the
industry and made them to go for further (called as
the second stage) measures as presented in this paper.
This paper initially addresses the second stage EC
experiences of the authors; later it highlights the EC
potential availability and suggests some practicable
environmental friendly EC policies suitable to the
Indian context, and finally it points out the Govern-
ment’s role in the EC endeavour.

0301-4215/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2003.09.004
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604 C. Palanichamy, N. Sundar Babu / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 603–609

2. Second stage EC experience
2.1. Audit outcome
The EC team, through second stage energy audit
noticed that, the first stage EC involved only measures
of conserving electrical energy, which brought down the
electrical energy consumption to 47,630 kWh during
1999–2000. As the next stage of EC, the management of
the industry is further interested only in conserving
electrical energy, and if at all is there any possibility of
conserving energy in other forms, the industry wanted to
reserve such measures as the third stage of conservation.
Since EC has been already carried out, the EC team had
a hard time to identify the areas for further electrical
EC. However, it identified the following areas for
further EC after studying all the loads irrespective of
their capacities:
* Computer loads;
* Building insulation;
* Introducing natural lighting;
* Motor belts;
* Change of spindle tapes;
* Steam use in place of electrical energy and
* Renewable energy in place of conventional energy.
at the same time they turn their computers on, and
seldom shut down the computers when they were away
for 30 min or longer, etc. Such activities resulted in
higher energy consumption.
The EC team carried out the following activities in
order to conserve energy:
* To change their habit of switching on the computer
peripherals equipment as soon as they enter the office
every day.
* To switch on peripherals like a laser printer only
when one is ready to print.
* To switch off computer monitors while they are
away.
* Security guards were instructed to switch off the
computer power supply after the working hours and
on holidays.
* Automatic Power Management System (APMS)
designed to switch off computers and peripherals
after a certain period of inactivity has been intro-
duced.
The benefits of EC by changing the computer usage
culture are given in Table 1.
2.3. Conservation through building insulation

2.2. Energy saving from computers loads
The EC team felt that there would be a possibility of
conserving energy by properly changing the computer
usage culture (Chan et al., 1997) and hence the team
conducted a survey regarding the number of computers
in use, the hours of operation of each computer, and the
user’s practice.
There were 23 PCs, 4 Laser Printers, and 4 Scanners
available for use. Fifty-five persons (both clerical and
technical) were found to be capable of using the
computers. The users had different practices like
switching on all peripherals like printer, scanner, etc.
The industry is around 30 years old. Computers were
introduced along with air conditioners without renovat-
ing the buildings. It has 27 numbers of 1.5-ton capacity
air conditioners. Except 7, remaining 20 were used for
the computer rooms environment. The rooms were
maintained at an operating temperature of 24 C always
irrespective of the changing seasons. The south and west
facing walls are having an area of 1688 square feet. The
windows are of single glass type and the total area is
found to be 700 square feet.
The EC team felt that changes in the windows glasses
and additional insulation to south and west facing wall
areas would result in reduced cooling load of the

Table 1
Energy saving, saving in energy cost, investment, and payback period

Measures Saving in electricity consumption Net annual saving in Investment ($) Payback period
electricity cost ($) (months)
kWh/yr kWh/ton

Computer loads 19,116 2.30 1673 2875 21

Building insulation 61,600 7.40 5390 8450 19
Natural lighting 82,320 9.89 7203 12,330 21
Flat belts 76,667 9.21 6708 4140 8
Sandwich tapes 768,000 92.25 67,200 51,840 10
Steam heating:
(a) Canteen use 400,000 48.05 18,200 1065 1
(b) Wax melting 16,650 2.00 557 750 17

Total 1,424,353 171.10 106,931 81,450

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C. Palanichamy, N. Sundar Babu / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 603–609
buildings. Since all the windows are of single glass type,
the EC team recommended replacing them by double
glass—0.5-in space windows. Also for the south and
west facing walls, R-13 insulation has been recom-
mended since it has high resistance to heat flow.
Automatic door closers were suggested for the doors.
All recommendations were carried out with drivable
care. Due to the modifications of the window glasses
and wall insulations of the general-purpose and the
computer rooms, there was sufficient energy saving as
shown in Table 1.
2.4. Saving through natural lighting
The existing roof-structure of the spinning and sewing
floors were made up of asbestos sheets. During recent
years transparent lite-roof has become very popular
since it provides adequate amount of lighting depending
upon the area of usage and in some cases it provides
natural heating too. The EC team felt that replacing
some of the asbestos sheets by transparent lite sheets
would result in more lighting because of its wider
angular coverage of sunlight. The EC team made a
special design to control natural lighting and heating at
all seasons of the year. A single asbestos sheet has been
cut into two equal halves. One half is replaced by means
of transparent lite sheet and it has been permanently
fixed with one of the cut halves of the asbestos. It forms
one full-modified sheet, which has half asbestos and half
transparent sheets. This sheet provides sufficient amount
of natural lighting and heat and however it does not
provide any control for the light and heat. In order to
achieve such a control, the other cut half of the asbestos
sheet has been fixed with the modified sheet with a
parallel sliding mechanism. The slide travels over the
transparent sheet and it can partly or fully cover the
transparent portion of the modified sheet. The travel of
the slide is electric motor operated and the motor
operation is automatically controlled by means of light
and heat sensors provided in the working floor. The
microprocessor-controlled sensors can be set to the
required amount of light and heat needed. By this way,
the natural light and heat can be controlled during the
different seasons of the year. It has been recommended
to replace one asbestos sheet for every four asbestos
sheets in a uniform fashion by the modified sheet with
sensor control. The light sensors are set to a lighting
level of 250 lux such that there are no safety problems,
and also no reduction in productivity. The sensors
switch on sufficient artificial lighting when the natural
lighting is less than 250 lux. By experimentation, no
safety problems and reduction in productivity are
noticed due to the warming up of the lamps, which are
switched on under insufficient natural lighting condi-
tions. The benefits of EC by natural lighting are given in
Table 1.
605
2.5. Conservation through flat belts
There were many motors in the spinning floors of
different kW capacities, exhaust fans, and compressors
running with V-belts. The EC team observed that with
V-belts, the efficiency for power transmission was found
to be low as high frictional engagement exists between
the lateral wedge surfaces of the belts and hence higher
power consumption for the same amount of work to be
done by the load. V-belts contain higher bending cross
section and large mass, which cause higher bending loss.
Also, as each groove of the pulley contains individual
V-belt, the tension between the belt and the pulley
distributes unevenly which causes unequal wear on the
belt. This leads to vibrations and noisy running and
hence reduces power transmission further. The conse-
quences could be bearing damage also (See-Tech, 1999).
In order to improve the efficiency of power transmis-
sion, to reduce the wear and tear on the belts, and to
reduce the damages of the motor bearings, the EC team
recommended replacing the V-belts of all the motors with
Flat belts. With these Flat belts, the frictional engage-
ment is on the outer pulley diameter only, which can
typically save around 5–10% of the transmitted energy.
Due to the introduction of Flat belts in place of V-belts,
there was sufficient energy saving as shown in Table 1.
2.6. Synthetic sandwich tapes for spinning frames
The Coimbatore (India)-based company (Habasit
Iakoka Pvt. Ltd. 2000), an Indo-Swiss joint venture
company, is the largest manufacturer of synthetic
sandwich spindle tapes in the world, enjoying 70% of
the global market. The tapes are made of polyamide,
cotton yarn and a special synthetic rubber mix. The
sandwich tapes have characteristics like stable running,
good dimensional stability, no breakage, less weak-twist
yarn, no fibre sticking, and soft & flexible tape bodies.
Because of the special characteristics, these tapes offer
5–10% energy saving.
Recommendations were made to replace the cotton
tapes by the Habasit synthetic sandwich spindle tapes
for all the 96 ring frames. The benefits of such
modification are shown in Table 1.
2.7. Steam heating in place of electrical heating
The textile industry runs a Canteen to provide food
and drink to staff and workers at subsidised price.
Steam vessels were mainly used for the food prepa-
ration. Steam was produced by a boiler fitted with a
50 kW heating element. Electrical energy was the input
for the boiler and the boiler was found to be working for
about 8000 h in a year.
The existing boilers are of sufficient capacities to
produce additional steam of 120 kg/h. Usage of steam at
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606 C. Palanichamy, N. Sundar Babu / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 603–609
70 kg/h from the main boiler house has been recom-
mended for the cooking purposes. The electrically
operated boiler has been dismantled from the service.
Such a conservation measure resulted in 100% return on
investment with a payback period of 1 month as shown
in Table 1.
2.8. Steam for wax melting
From the energy audit, the EC team identified that
electrical heating was used for the purpose of melting
wax. The power rating of the heating element used is
5 kW and the heating element was found to be working
for about 10 h/day. The EC team recommended steam
heating in place of electrical heating. Additional
connection for the supply of steam at 9 kg/h from the
main boiler house has been suggested for wax melting.
Due to the introduction of steam for wax melting in
place of electrical heating, there was sufficient energy
saving as shown in Table 1.
2.9. Introducing renewable energy systems
In India, among many matured renewable energy
technologies, wind energy systems (WES) have experi-
enced significant commercial market development over
the past decade (TEDA, 2001), taking advantage of the
combination of tax incentives, favourable utility power
purchase agreements, and banking the generated power
at 2% commission, etc.
The EC team recommended the management to invest
on WES of 1 MW capacity at Kayathar sites (in
Tamilnadu state), which are having a mean wind speed
of 8 m/s. Such an option provides clean energy for the
industrial need at a cheaper price, room for sale of
excess energy to the Government at attractive buyback
rates, and banking the generated energy. For the
concerned textile industry, the sanctioned power de-
mand is 2600 kVA, and the energy from WES is
expected to meet around 15% of the energy demand
of the industry. Since energy from WES is not constant,
the total energy demand of the industry could be planned
such that whatever generation is available from WES
should be used and the deficit in energy demand should
be derived from the State Electricity Board’s grid.
The estimated cost of electricity generation during the
first year is found to be $ 0.06/kWh and the cost of
generation during the subsequent years will be con-
siderably reduced due to the repayment of the loan. The
return on investment will be around 14% per annum.
2.10. Benefits overview
Table 1 provides the consolidated benefits of the
second stage EC activities except the benefits of the
proposed renewable energy system. Due to these EC
measures, a specific electrical energy saving ranging
from 2.00 to 92.25 kWh/ton has been achieved. It
resulted in a total saving in annual electricity consump-
tion of 1.424353 million kWh, which is found to be
7.87% of the annual electricity consumption. The
investment is found to be 0.081450 million dollars and
the net annual saving in electricity cost are estimated as
0.106931 million dollars. The average specific electricity
consumption/ton of the textile product has been reduced
by 171.10 kWh/ton. The payback period of all the
measures is less than 2 years, which is a very attractive
figure for the investor. In addition to energy saving, an
annual reduction of 311.12 tons of carbon, 9.62 tons of
SO2 and 3.72 tons of NOx are estimated as environ-
mental benefits. The introduction of WES also offers
saving in electricity cost. The net quantity of electricity
available per annum is 2.45 million kWh. Usage of
electricity from WES results in a saving of $ 67,375
during the first year itself. However, the capital
investment for the WES is 0.85 million dollars, which
is quite a high value compared to the other EC
measures carried out. The payback period for the
WES is estimated as 6–7 years. This is a long-term
investment, which offers continuous benefits for about
20 years.
3. Practicable EC policies
The industrial sector in India continues to be the
largest commercial energy consuming sector using up to
52% of the total commercial energy produced in the
country. The Indian industries are found to be highly
energy-intensive and its energy-GDP ratio is determined
to be 50–60% higher than developed nations. In
synthetic fibres & textiles, paper, chemicals, foundries,
steel, and cement industries, the energy costs account for
about 15–20% of the total production costs. However,
during recent years, due to the swift expansion of non-
energy-intensive industries and implementation of mod-
ern energy efficient technologies and EC measures
resulted in reduced commercial energy-intensity com-
pared to previous years. Still there is substantial scope
for EC in major industries like textiles, chemicals and
paper & pulp, aluminium, and iron & steel industries. It
has been estimated that (Nadarajan, 2002) over 5–8%
saving is possible simply by better housekeeping and
another 8–15% by development of co-generation facil-
ities, introducing renewable energy policies, improved
capacity utilisation, and industrial heat & waste
management. The industrial EC potential works out to
be 14500–15500 MW, which equals around 15% of the
total generating capacity of the country. In this section,
some practicable policies are suggested to achieve a
major portion of the said target with environmental
benefits.
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3.1. Tightening co-generation policy
One of the potential sources of environmental friendly
power generation is industrial co-generation. Co-gen-
eration is the combined generation of process heat and
electric power by the sequential use of energy from a
common fuel source. It is an energy-efficient and
environmental friendly technology that utilises the
exhaust heat from the steam turbine for process heating.
Though the overall installed generating capacity of
the Indian Power Sector is 10,4101.7 MW as on 30th
April 2002, it experienced a maximum demand shortage
of 16.9% during the financial year, April 2001–March
2002 (Central Electricity Authority, 2002). Inadequate
financial investments by the central and state electricity
sectors and huge amount of transmission power losses
are the major barriers for the generation-demand
mismatch. By industrial co-generation, there is no
financial burden on the Central and State government
electricity sectors because the industries opting for co-
generation facilities themselves meet out the financial
requirements, and the transmission power losses are
substantially reduced because the energy generated is
mostly utilised where it is being produced. Though the
captive power installed capacities has a significant
magnitude of around 20% of the installed generating
capacities, the growth of co-generation so far has
reached to a maximum of only 5% of the total installed
generating capacities. One of the major barriers for the
development of industrial co-generation has been the
issue of Central–State jurisdiction. In order to heighten
industrial co-generation, it is suggested that both
Central and State governments should have a common
amicable policy on industrial co-generation and also co-
generation should be made as mandatory for industries
like sugar, fertiliser, steel, cement, paper, man-made
fibre, and chemical/petrochemical industries of con-
tracted demand above 500 kVA. Apart from captive use,
energy produced through co-generation shall be per-
mitted for third-party sales. In that case, the policies for
wheeling, banking, third party sales, support for
evacuation arrangements and assurance for payments
are the key areas that need to be strengthened. By making
co-generation as mandatory for industries and permitting
third-party sale of excess power, brings about 8500–
9000 MW of power that could be further generated.
3.2. Updating renewable energy policy
The depletion of the reserves of fossil fuels and the
present rate of excessive fossil fuel consumption together
with the global warming gave a new thrust and
importance to renewable energy sources. India is
sanctified with abundant renewable energy in different
forms like solar, wind, tidal, etc. Among the renewables,
the importance of power generation from wind energy
607
was realised during 1985–1990 and today, power
generation from wind has emerged as one of the most
successful programmes, making a meaningful contribu-
tion to bridging the gap between supply and demand for
power. The Ministry for Non-Conventional Energy
Sources (MNES), the Indian Renewable Energy Develop-
ment Agency (IREDA) Ltd, and the State Nodal
Agencies has been playing a significant role in promot-
ing wind power projects. India has a gross wind power
potential of 45,195 MW, and a technical potential of
13,390 MW. As on March 2003, an installed capacity
of 1869.5 MW (Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy
Sources, 2003) has been established and out of which
1804.7 MW (96.5%) was from private sector investments.
In order to further enhance the renewable energy
investments, for new high-tension industries to be
established, while licensing for grid electricity to use,
the government shall insist for at least 10% of the
industries’ sanctioned demand from renewable energy
sources. If such a policy were introduced, according to
the authors’ estimate, by 2005 there would be an
additional installed wind farm capacity of 2625 MW
apart from the forecasted growth. For existing indus-
tries those seeking enhanced sanctioned demand, 25%
of the additional demand should be from renewable
energy sources. Such 10% and 25% renewable energy
demand charges are naturally exempted from payment
to the state utilities.
3.3. Setting standards for specific energy conception
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is responsible
for setting standards for manufacturing, operational
practices and related areas in the country. Apart from
standards, BIS has also laid down guidelines for
selection of energy efficient equipments, guidelines
for system design and proper matching of components,
and codes of practice for proper equipment installation
and maintenance. But as on today no policy has been
laid on specific energy consumption for key products by
different industries. For example, for Spinning and
Sewing Thread industries, the average specific energy
consumption for producing 1 ton of yarn by Indian
industries is found to be 2400 kWh. This value is much
higher compared to developed countries, and it needs to
be reduced. So BIS should able to set a standard for the
specific energy consumption for textile industries based
on the international standards and the Indian context.
On this basis, the specific energy consumption shall be
set to 1900 kWh/ton. Likewise for energy-intensive
industries like chemicals, paper & pulp, aluminium,
and iron & steel industries, etc., BIS should able to set
specific energy consumption standards. As a guideline,
by 2005, the specific energy consumption per ton of
steel for medium and large-sized iron and steel
enterprises shall be set to 0.8 ton of standard coal. Coal
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608 C. Palanichamy, N. Sundar Babu / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 603–609
consumption by thermal power stations shall be set to
0.380 kg standard coal/kWh. The energy consumption
for non-ferrous metals per ton of product shall be set to
4.5 tons of standard coal, and the energy consumption
for large-sized synthetic ammonia shall be set to 37 GJ,
etc. Such a new policy not only helps in reducing the
production cost of the commodities but also reduces the
damages to the environment.
To enforce the specific energy consumption standard,
the following practice could be adopted in case of
electrical energy consumption. Industries consuming
more than the set standard would be cautioned to
reduce the specific energy consumption within a
stipulated time period. If the same situation continues
even after cautioning, there would be a penalty on the
excess energy consumption charges by the electric
utilities. The penalty charges shall be worked out based
on the expected environmental damage caused by the
excess energy consumption. Likewise for other energy
forms, realistic practices could be formulated. If such a
policy were practiced, there would be a saving of around
20% in the electrical energy consumption alone.
3.4. Electrical power demand approval policy
The policy for sanctioned (or contracted) demand for
industries is generally based on the connected load
details submitted by the industries. Industries always
demand for higher sanctioned demand anticipating the
future growth in electrical demand. The policy for
approving the sanctioned demand shall be on the basis
of the quantity of daily commodity production, the
industry working hours per day and the specific energy
consumption standard set by BIS. An additional 10%
shall be added to that to get the figure for the sanctioned
demand. So the industry will be sanctioned to the figure
as arrived at and not as it requested. For example, a
textile industry seeks 3500 kW of maximum demand. If
its daily yarn production is 25 tons and it works on 3
shifts with 8 h per shift, assuming the specific energy
consumption standard set by BIS as 1900 kWh/ton of
yarn, then the electrical load demand would be 1980 kW
(25  1900/24). Adding 10% on the calculated figure, the
sanctioned demand would be around 2200 MW though
the industry asked for 3500 MW. Such a policy on
approving the contracted demand forces the industries
either to improve the performance of their machines or
change in production processes and or incorporating
energy efficient machineries in case of replacements, and
also it gives room for financial saving by reduced
demand charges.
3.5. Introducing ration for fossil-fuels
Power cuts and load shedding by electric utilities are
very common in India. Mostly Indian industries make
use of diesel-generator sets for back up power supply.
Most of the diesel-generator sets are old and their fuel
consumption is found to be very high and they are
mostly operating under part load conditions. Hence
their efficiency is low and the pollution level is found to
be higher. In order to reduce fuel consumption as well as
pollution, either new diesel-generators are to be added
or the existing ones need to be renovated. For industries
failing to do so, a ration on the sale of diesel shall be
introduced. The quantity of permissible fuel ration shall
be based on the normal efficiency of diesel-generator sets
and the expected duration of utility power cuts and load
shedding.
3.6. Load management
Industries shall be asked to have different shift
timings so that the peak load on the utility grid will be
reduced, which results in benefits like less burden on the
utility generators, reduced transmission losses, improved
load factors, etc. Also load levelling within the industries
itself helps in energy saving. State utilities could
implement these policies and monitor the outcome
during the time of monthly energy consumption
recording.
4. The role of the governments
The State as well as the Central governments shall
formulate policies for implementing the suggestions as
discussed earlier. Apart from that it can have few
additional norms to promote EC in terms of technology
and incentives.
(i) Purchasing the products for government and
public sector needs only from industries success-
fully adopting EC policies.
(ii) Introducing energy efficiency standards for key
industrial energy-consuming equipment such as
industrial boiler, transformers, air-conditioners,
electric motors, fans, pumps, and lighting, etc.
(iii) Providing technological basis for replacing indus-
trial commodities with high-energy consumption
and implementing energy-saving product certifica-
tion and energy efficiency identification system.
(iv) Readjusting the industrial structure and the
product mix, and transforming traditional indus-
tries with high and new technologies, and increase
the added value of products.
(v) Introducing product labels—information like
expected lifetime, average energy consumption,
operating efficiency, and pollution level shall be
specified on product labels.
(vi) Interest free loan facilities to procure energy
efficient machineries or soft loans.
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C. Palanichamy, N. Sundar Babu / Energy Policy 33 (2005) 603–609
(vii) Introducing mandatory renewable energy sources
as a part of their sources of energy and providing
100% depreciation on the investment for the first
year.
(viii) Making industrial energy audit compulsory.
(ix) Policy for introducing Time of the Day metering for
industrial consumers for better load management.
(x) Cash prizes worth of certain percentage on the
amount of energy saved charges.
(xi) EC awards every year for different types of
industries.
(xii) Providing tax benefits and tax holidays for
industries successfully implementing EC and intro-
ducing tax burden for products with higher energy
consumption.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, the EC experiences of the authors with a
textile industry were presented at the beginning. Con-
servation measures like equipment operational changes,
building structural modifications, changes in machinery
accessories, steam heating in place of electrical heating
were adopted, which resulted in a reduction of
171.10 kWh/ton of the textile product, and an estimated
annual reduction of 311.12 tons of carbon, 9.62 tons of
SO2 and 3.72 tons of NOx as environmental benefits.
Then the EC potential availability has been highlighted.
Following that practicable EC policies for the Indian
context have been suggested. Finally, the role of the
government in terms of formulation of norms, setting up
of standards, and promotional EC incentives has been
pointed out.
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Prof. C. Palanichamy was born in Tamilnadu, India. He received the
B.E., M.Sc.Engg. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic
engineering in 1976, 1979 and 1991, respectively, from Madurai
Kamaraj University, India. Currently, he is with the Ministry of
Education, Brunei Darussalam. In 1979, he began his academic career
in India, followed by Iraq and Malaysia. His areas of interest include
economic operation of power and energy systems, electrical building
services and building automation, renewable sources of energy, energy
conservation and software development for power system
applications. He has authored three books on electrical and electronic
engineering.
Dr. N. Sundar Babu was born in Tamilnadu, India. He received his
B.Sc. degree in 1992 and M.Sc. degree in applied chemistry in 1994,
from Madurai Kamaraj University, India and Ph.D. from University
of Malaya, Malaysia in 2000. He is currently working as a scientist with
Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA after his post-doctoral research.
He is an active researcher and has published many research papers in
leading national and international journals. Apart from his areas of
specialization, he developed keen interest in inter-disciplinary areas
like energy storage systems, renewable energy systems, and real-time
simulations of engineering tasks.