VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI - 590018

INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
“EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND C PROGRAMMING”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT
OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
VIDYA M (1AH17EC032)
VIII SEMESTER

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Internal guide External guide

Dr. H.B. Bhuvaneswari Mr. Vijay Mahantesh
Professor Founder & Director
Department of ECE Cleverbit Solutions
ACS College Of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ACS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KAMBIPURA, MYSORE ROAD, BENGALURU – 560074
2020-2021
 ACS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KAMBIPURA, MYSORE ROAD, BENGALURU – 560074

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT entitled

“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POWER STATIONS” carried out by

VIDYA M 1AH17EC032

is bonafide students of ACS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU in

partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2020-2021. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in
the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Technical Seminar work prescribed for the said
degree.

Dr. H B Bhuvaneswari Dr. Bharathi Gururaj Dr. M. S. Murali

Internal Guide HOD, ECE Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without mentioning names of the people who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowned our effort with success.

I am thankful to our honorable chairman Dr. A. C. Shanmugam for providing us with

the better facilities and his encouragement also helped us in completion of seminar.

I am grateful to my institution, A.C.S College of Engineering with its ideals and

inspiration for having provided us with the facilities, which made this seminar a success.

I earnestly thank Dr. M. S. Murali, Principal, ACSCE, for facilitating academic

excellence in the college that helped us in completing the Technical seminar.

I wish to extend our profound thanks to Dr. Bharathi Gururaj, Head of the
Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, for giving us the consent to carry
out this Technical Seminar work.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Technical Seminar coordinators, Mr.
Harish L, Asst. Professor, Department of ECE and the internal guide, Dr. H B
Bhuvaneswari, Professor, Department of ECE, for their able guidance and valuable advice at
every stage of our Seminar, which helped us in successful completion of the Technical
Seminar.

VIDYA M

(1AH17EC032)

i
 ABSTRACT

With increased competitiveness in power generation industries, more resources

are directed in optimizing plant operation, including fault detection and diagnosis.
One of the most powerful tools in faults detection and diagnosis is artificial
intelligence (AI). Faults should be detected early so correct mitigation measures
can be taken, whilst false alarms should be eschewed to avoid unnecessary
interruption and downtime. For the last few decades there has been major interest
towards intelligent condition monitoring system (ICMS) application in power
plant especially with AI development particularly in artificial neural network
(ANN). The introduction of advanced artificial intelligence technology provides a
new method to improve the efficiency and accuracy of power grid simulation
analysis. Nevertheless, the research of the related artificial intelligence
technologies face a great deal of new challenges due to the complexity of the large
scale power grid simulation data, including massive volumes, high
dimensionality, strong coupling and complex correlations. Also a great deal of
knowledge and experience need to be integrated in the process of analysis. In
order to deal with these challenges, based on the existing works, this paper
focuses on the core scientific problem of artificial intelligence analysis and
decision making related to the massive simulation results of large-scale power
grids, and proposes an artificial intelligence analysis method framework for large-
scale power grids based on digital simulation, which includes the power grid
simulation analysis knowledge model with application method, the power grid
simulation knowledge mining method and the artificial intelligence models with
transfer learning ability of diversified grids as well as analyzing and calculation
adjusting for large scale power grid simulation results, etc.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapte CONTENTS Page

r Number
Numbe
r
Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

List of Figures v

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Artificial Intelligence 1

1.1.2 Types of AI 2

1.1.3 Stages of AI 5

1.1.4 Applications of AI 6

1.2 Power Stations 7

1.2.1 Types of Power Stations 8

2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN 10
POWER STATIONS

2.1 Towards A Smart Power Sector 11

3 METHODOLOGY 12

3.1 Artificial Neural Network 12

3.2 Fuzzy Logic 13
3.3 Expert Systems 15
3.4 Genetic Algorithm 17
3.5 Applications of all the techniques in AI 18
4 FUTURE SCOPE OF AI 19

5 CONCLUSION 22

6 REFERENCES 23
Figur Figure Name Page
e No.
No.
1.1 Artificial Intelligence and its scope 2

1.2 Reactive Machine AI 3

1.3 Limited Memory AI 3

1.4 Theory of mind AI 4

1.5 Self-Aware AI 4

1.6 Applications of AI in various sectors 6

1.7 7
Thermal power Station
1.8 Nuclear power station 8

1.9 Hydro-Electric power plants 8

1.10 Geothermal power station 9

1.11 Wind power station 9

3.1 Architecture of Feed forward ANN 13

3.2 Fuzzy Logic Architecture 14

3.3 Basic blocks of Expert systems 16

3.4 Basic flow chart of AI in power plants 18

4.1 Future scope of AI 19
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POWER STATIONS 2020-21

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the

creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities
computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include: Speech recognition,
Learning, Planning, Problem solving.

Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a computer, a robot, or a product to

think how smart human think. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide and
work, when it tries to solve problems. And finally this study outputs intelligent software
systems.The aim of AI is to improve computer functions which are related to human
knowledge, for example, reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.

The objectives of AI research are reasoning, knowledge representation, planning,

learning, natural language processing, realization, and ability to move and manipulate
objects. There are long-term goals in the general intelligence sector.

Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional

coding AI. During the AI research related to search and mathematical optimization, artificial
neural networks and methods based on statistics, probability, and economics, we use many
tools. Computer science attracts AI in the field of science, mathematics, psychology,
linguistics, philosophy and so on.

AI applications include advanced web search engines, recommendation

systems (used by YouTube, Amazon and Netflix), understanding human speech (such
as Siri or Alexa), self-driving cars (e.g. Tesla), and competing at the highest level
in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), As machines become increasingly
capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of
AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect. For instance, optical character recognition is
frequently excluded from things considered to be AI, having become a routine technology.

Dept. of ECE, ACSCE Page 1

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POWER STATIONS 2020-21

Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the

years since has experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the
loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed
funding. AI research has tried and discarded many different approaches during its lifetime,
including simulating the brain, modeling human problem solving, formal logic, large
databases of knowledge and imitating animal behavior. In the first decades of the 21st
century, highly mathematical statistical machine learning has dominated the field, and this
technique has proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems
throughout industry and academia.

Artificial intelligence systems are critical for companies that wish to extract
value from data by automating and optimizing processes or producing actionable insights.
Artificial intelligence systems powered by machine learning enable companies to leverage
large amounts of available data to uncover insights and patterns that would be impossible for
any one person to identify, enabling them to deliver more targeted, personalized
communications, predict critical care events, identify likely fraudulent transactions, and more.

Fig 1.1 Artificial Intelligence and Its scope

Dept. of ECE, ACSCE Page 2

 1.1.2 Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is roughly divided into 4 types

 Reactive machine AI
The most basic types of AI systems are purely reactive, and have the ability neither to form
memories nor to use past experiences to inform current decisions. Deep Blue, IBM’s chess-
playing supercomputer, which beat international grandmaster Garry Kasparov in the late
1990s, is the perfect example of this type of machine.

Fig 1.2 Reactive machine AI

 Limited Memory AI

Limited memory types refer to an A.I.’s ability to store previous data and/or predictions,
using that data to make better predictions. With Limited Memory, machine learning
architecture becomes a little more complex. Every machine learning model requires limited
memory to be created, but the model can get deployed as a reactive machine type.

Fig 1.3 Limited memory AI

 Theory of mind AI

We have yet to reach Theory of Mind artificial intelligence types. These are only in their
beginning phases and can be seen in things like self-driving cars. In this type of A.I., A.I.
begins to interact with the thoughts and emotions of humans.

Fig 1.4 Theory of mind AI

 Self-Aware AI

These are systems that can form representations of themselves. These would be machines that
are ‘aware’ of themselves and know their internal states.

Fig 1.5 Self aware AI

 1.1.3 Stages of AI

There are 3 stages of Artificial Intelligence:

 Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI or narrow AI) refers to a computer's ability to perform a

single task extremely well, such as crawling a webpage or playing chess. 

 Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the hypothetical ability of an intelligent agent to

understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can. It is a primary goal of
some artificial intelligence research and a common topic in science fiction and futures studies.
AGI can also be referred to as strong AI, full AI, or general intelligent action. Some academic
sources reserve the term "strong AI" for computer programs that
can experience sentience, self-awareness and consciousness. As of the late 2010s, AI is
speculated to be decades away from AGI.

 Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of

the brightest and most gifted human minds. "Superintelligence" may also refer to a property
of problem-solving systems (e.g., super intelligent language translators or engineering
assistants) whether or not these high-level intellectual competencies are embodied in agents
that act in the world. A superintelligence may or may not be created by an intelligence
explosion and associated with a technological singularity.
 1.1.4 Applications of AI

 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI

technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so
that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-
attacks in a better way.

Fig 1.6 Applications of AI in various sector

1.2 Power Stations

A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity from primary

energy. Most power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy in order to supply power to the electrical grid for
society's electrical needs. The exception is solar power plants, which use photovoltaic
cells (instead of a turbine) to generate this electricity.

The type of primary fuel or primary energy flow that provides a power plant

its primary energy varies. The most common fuels are coal, natural gas, and uranium (nuclear
power). A substantially used primary energy flow for electricity generation
is hydroelectricity (water). Other flows that are used to generate electricity
include wind, solar, geothermal and tidal.

Different countries get their electricity from different types of power plants.
For example, in Canada, most electricity generation comes from hydroelectric power
plants which accounts for about 60% of the total electricity generated in Canada. Please see
the data visualization below to explore how countries around the world get their electricity.

Fig 1.7 Thermal Power Station

 1.2.1 Types of power Station

 Nuclear power stations

The nuclear power station is the breeding ground of civil nuclear power across the world.
According to the World Nuclear Association nuclear power forms about 11% of the world’s
electricity, with 450 reactors providing 424GW of power, making it the second largest source
of low-carbon power in the world.

Fig 1.8 Nuclear power plants

 Hydro-electric power plants

It is the technique of using dam water falling from a height to turn the turbines of a generator.
The mechanical energy is converted into electrical form and fed into the national grid system.
The location of a hydroelectric power station must be analyzed by an expert to determine the
effective head for maximum efficiency.
 Fig 1.9 Hydro-electric power plant

 Geothermal power stations

Geothermal energy refers to heat energy stored under the ground for millions of years through
the earth formation. It utilizes a rich storage of unutilized thermal energy that exists under the
earth’s crust. Geothermal energy is site specific but can be very cheap especially when used
for direct heating. It is a challenge to estimate power from this source since it occurs
underground at extremely high temperatures.

1.10 Geothermal power stations

 Wind power stations

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into electricity or mechanical energy
using wind turbines. The power in the wind is extracted by allowing it to blow past moving
blades that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred is dependent on the rotor
size and the wind speed.

Fig 1.11 Wind power stations

 CHAPTER 2

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POWER

STATIONS

The use of AI in the power sector is now reaching emerging markets,

where it may have a critical impact, as clean, cheap, and reliable energy is essential to
development. The challenges can be addressed over time by transferring knowledge of the
power sector to AI software companies. When designed carefully, AI systems can be
particularly useful in the automation of routine and structured tasks, leaving humans to
grapple with the power challenges of tomorrow

Access to energy is at the very heart of development. Therefore, a lack of

energy access—which is the reality for one billion people, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia—is a fundamental impediment to progress, one that has an impact on health,
education, food security, gender equality, livelihoods, and poverty reduction.

Universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable modern energy is

one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet it will remain just that—a goal—
unless innovative solutions and modern technologies can overcome the many energy-related
obstacles that plague emerging markets, from a lack of sufficient power generation, to poor
transmission and distribution infrastructure, to affordability and climate concerns. In addition,
the diversification and decentralization of energy production, along with the advent of new
technologies and changing demand patterns, create complex challenges for power generation,
transmission, distribution, and consumption in all nations.

Artificial intelligence, or AI, has the potential to cut energy waste, lower
energy costs, and facilitate and accelerate the use of clean renewable energy sources in power
grids worldwide. AI can also improve the planning, operation, and control of power systems.
Thus, AI technologies are closely tied to the ability to provide clean and cheap energy that is
essential to development.
 2.1 Towards A Smart Power Sector

The power sector has a promising future with the advent of solutions such
as AI-managed smart grids. These are electrical grids that allow two-way communication
between utilities and consumers. Smart grids are embedded with an information layer that
allows communication between its various components so they can better respond to quick
changes in energy demand or urgent situations. This information layer, created through
widespread installation of smart meters and sensors, allows for data collection, storage, and
analysis.

Phasor measurement units (PMUs), or synchrophasors, are another

essential element of the modern smart grid. They enable real-time measurement and
alignment of data from multiple remote points across the grid. This creates a current, precise,
and integrated view of the entire power system, facilitating better grid management.

Paired with powerful data analytics, these smart-grid elements have

helped improve the reliability, security, and efficiency of electricity transmission and
distribution networks. Given the large volume and diverse structures of such data, AI
techniques such as machine learning are best suited for their analysis and use.6 This data
analysis can be used for a variety of purposes, including fault detection, predictive
maintenance, power quality monitoring, and renewable energy forecasting

Innovation in information and communications technologies (ICT), cloud

computing, big-data analytics, and artificial intelligence have supported the proliferation of
smart metering. The widespread use of smart meters and advanced sensor technology has
created huge amounts of data that is generated rapidly.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Artificial Neural Networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) is the piece of a computing system

designed to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and processes information. It is the
foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) and solves problems that would prove impossible or
difficult by human or statistical standards. ANNs have self-learning capabilities that enable
them to produce better results as more data becomes available.

Artificial neural networks are built like the human brain, with neuron
nodes interconnected like a web. The human brain has hundreds of billions of cells called
neurons. Each neuron is made up of a cell body that is responsible for processing information
by carrying information towards (inputs) and away (outputs) from the brain.

An ANN has hundreds or thousands of artificial neurons called

processing units, which are interconnected by nodes. These processing units are made up of
input and output units. The input units receive various forms and structures of information
based on an internal weighting system, and the neural network attempts to learn about the
information presented to produce one output report. Just like humans need rules and
guidelines to come up with a result or output, ANNs also use a set of learning rules called
backpropagation, an abbreviation for backward propagation of error, to perfect their output
results.

An ANN initially goes through a training phase where it learns to

recognize patterns in data, whether visually, aurally, or textually. During this supervised
phase, the network compares its actual output produced with what it was meant to produce—
the desired output. The difference between both outcomes is adjusted using backpropagation.
This means that the network works backward, going from the output unit to the input units to
adjust the weight of its connections between the units until the difference between the actual
and desired outcome produces the lowest possible error.

Artificial neural networks are paving the way for life-changing

applications to be developed for use in all sectors of the economy. Artificial intelligence
platforms that are built on ANNs are disrupting the traditional ways of doing things.

From translating web pages into other languages to having a virtual assistant order grocery
online to conversing with chat bots to solve problems, AI platforms are simplifying
transactions and making services accessible to all at negligible costs.

Artificial neural networks have been applied in all areas of operations.

Email service providers use ANNs to detect and delete spam from a user’s inbox; asset
managers use it to forecast the direction of a company’s stock; credit rating firms use it to
improve their credit scoring methods; e-commerce platforms use it to personalize
recommendations to their audience; chat bots are developed with ANNs for natural language
processing; deep learning algorithms use ANN to predict the likelihood of an event; and the
list of ANN incorporation goes on across multiple sectors, industries, and countries.

Fig 3.1 Architecture of feed forward ANN

3.2 Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth"

rather than the usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is
based. 

The idea of fuzzy logic was first advanced by Lotfi Zadeh of the
University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s. Zadeh was working on the problem of
computer understanding of natural language. Natural language -- like most other activities in
life and indeed the universe -- is not easily translated into the absolute terms of 0 and 1.
Whether everything is ultimately describable in binary terms is a philosophical question worth
pursuing, but in practice, much data we might want to feed a computer is in some state in
between and so, frequently, are the results of computing. It may help to see fuzzy logic as the
way reasoning really works and binary, or Boolean, logic is simply a special case of it.

In artificial intelligence ( AI) systems, fuzzy logic is used to imitate

human

reasoning and cognition. Rather than strictly binary cases of truth, fuzzy logic includes 0 and
1 as extreme cases of truth but with various intermediate degrees of truth.

Fig 3.2 Fuzzy Logic Architecture

 Rule Base

It contains all the rules and the if-then conditions offered by the experts to control the
decision-making system. The recent update in fuzzy theory provides various methods for the
design and tuning of fuzzy controllers. This updates significantly reduce the number of the
fuzzy set of rules.

 Fuzzification

Fuzzification step helps to convert inputs. It allows you to convert, crisp numbers into fuzzy
sets. Crisp inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control system for further
processing. Like Room temperature, pressure, etc.

 Inference Engine

It helps you to determines the degree of match between fuzzy input and the rules. Based on
the % match, it determines which rules need implment according to the given input field.
After this, the applied rules are combined to develop the control actions.
 Defuzzification

At last the Defuzzification process is performed to convert the fuzzy sets into a crisp value.
There are many types of techniques available, so you need to select it which is best suited
when it is used with an expert system.

3.3 Expert Systems

In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system

emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to
solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–
then rules rather than through conventional procedural code.

The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated
in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial
intelligence (AI) software. An expert system is divided into two subsystems: the inference
engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The inference
engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also
include explanation and debugging abilities.

Soon after the dawn of modern computers in the late 1940s – early
1950s, researchers started realizing the immense potential these machines had for modern
society. One of the first challenges was to make such machine capable of “thinking” like
humans. In particular, making these machines capable of making important decisions the way
humans do. The medical / healthcare field presented the tantalizing challenge to enable these
machines to make medical diagnostic decisions

Thus, in the late 1950s, right after the information age had fully arrived, researchers
started experimenting with the prospect of using computer technology to emulate human
decision-making. For example, biomedical researchers started creating computer-aided
systems for diagnostic applications in medicine and biology. These early diagnostic systems
used patients’ symptoms and laboratory test results as inputs to generate a diagnostic
outcome. These systems were often described as the early forms of expert systems. However,
researchers had realized that there were significant limitations when using traditional methods
such as flow-charts statistical pattern-matching, or probability theory. 

Fig 3.3 Basic Blocks of Expert System

An expert system is an example of a  knowledge-based system. Expert

systems were the first commercial systems to use a knowledge-based architecture. A
knowledge-based system is essentially composed of two sub-systems: the knowledge
base and the inference engine.

The knowledge base represents facts about the world. In early expert
systems such as Mycin and Dendral, these facts were represented mainly as flat assertions
about variables. In later expert systems developed with commercial shells, the knowledge
base took on more structure and used concepts from object-oriented programming. The world
was represented as classes, subclasses, and instances and assertions were replaced by values
of object instances. The rules worked by querying and asserting values of the objects.

The inference engine is an  automated reasoning system that evaluates

the current state of the knowledge-base, applies relevant rules, and then asserts new
knowledge into the knowledge base. The inference engine may also include abilities for
explanation, so that it can explain to a user the chain of reasoning used to arrive at a particular
conclusion by tracing back over the firing of rules that resulted in the assertion.
 3.4 Genetic Algorithms

Genetic algorithms (GA) work by simulating the logic of

Darwinian selection, where only the best are selected for replication. Over many
generations, natural populations evolve according to the principles of natural selection and
stated by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species. Only the most suited elements in a
population are likely to survive and generate offspring, thus transmitting their biological
heredity to new generations.

Genetic algorithms are able to address complicated problems

with many variables and a large number of possible outcomes by simulating the
evolutionary process of “survival of the fittest” to reach a defined goal. They operate by
generating many random answers to a problem, eliminating the worst and cross-pollinating
better answers. Repeating this elimination and regeneration process gradually improves the
quality of the answers to an optimal or near-optimal condition.

In computing terms, a genetic algorithm implements the model

of computation by having arrays of bits or characters (binary string) to represent the
chromosomes.  Each string represents a potential solution.   The genetic algorithm then
manipulates the most promising chromosomes searching for improved solutions.

Five phases are considered in Genetic Algorithms:

 Initial Population

The process begins with a set of individuals which is called a Population. Each individual is a
solution to the problem you want to solve. An individual is characterized by a set of
parameters (variables) known as Genes. Genes are joined into a string to form
a Chromosome (solution). In a genetic algorithm, the set of genes of an individual is
represented using a string, in terms of an alphabet. Usually, binary values are used (string of 1s
and 0s). We say that we encode the genes in a chromosome.

 Fitness Function

The fitness function determines how fit an individual is (the ability of an individual to

 compete with other individuals). It gives a fitness score to each individual. The probability
that an individual will be selected for reproduction is based on its fitness score.

 Selection

The idea of selection phase is to select the fittest individuals and let them pass their genes to
the next generation. Two pairs of individuals (parents) are selected based on their fitness
scores. Individuals with high fitness have more chance to be selected for reproduction.

 Cross over

Crossover is the most significant phase in a genetic algorithm. For each pair of parents to be
mated, a crossover point is chosen at random from within the genes.

 Mutation

In certain new offspring formed, some of their genes can be subjected to a mutation with a
low random probability. This implies that some of the bits in the bit string can be flipped.

3.5 Applications of all the Techniques in AI

 Fig 3.4 Basic Flowchart of AI in Power Stations

Consider a practical transmission line. If any fault occurs in the transmission line, the fault
detector detects the fault and feeds it to the fuzzy system.Only three line currents are sufficient
to implement this technique and the angular difference between fault and pre-fault current
phasors

are used as inputs to the fuzzy system. The fuzzy system is used to obtain the crisp output of the
fault type. Fuzzy systems can be generally used for fault diagnosis.Artificial Neural Networks
and Expert systems can be used to improve the performance of the line.The environmental
sensors sense the environmental and atmospheric conditions and give them as input to the expert
systems. The expert systems are computer programs written by knowledge engineers which
provide the value of line parameters to be deployed as the output. The ANNs are trained to
change the values of line parameters over the given ranges based on the environmental
conditions. Training algorithm has to be given to ANN. After training is over, neural network is
tested and the performance of updated trained neural network is evaluated. If performance is not
up to the desired level, some variations can be done like varying number of hidden layers,
varying number of neurons in each layer.

CHAPTER 4

FUTURE SCOPE OF AI
 Fig 4.1 Future scope of AI

The world is moving towards digitisation. A lot of us across the world are
working from home and attending meetings via Zoom, Teams, Slack , Yammer, and
WhatsApp video calls. The pandemic has reinforced the value of digitisation in our lives and
compelled

the uninitiated to quickly learn the new skills for staying relevant and useful for their
business. Keeping in line with this trend, a lot of verticals in the economy are moving to
upcoming technologies like Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, etc.
One of these verticals is the power sector.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to cut energy waste, lower
costs, and accelerate the use of clean renewable energy sources in power grids globally, along
with improving the operation, maintenance, control, planning and plan execution of power
systems. AI is thus closely tied to renewable, clean as well as affordable energy that is
necessary for development. The power sector has a bright future with the advent of AI-
managed smart grids if implemented well. In addition, AI brings the customer back in focus
by connecting power generators, gird managers and end consumers to be connected and
served efficiently and better. It must also be stated that AI is also employed to reduce the
environmental impacts from thermal power plants, improve their performance and thus play a
more efficient role in supplying power to the grid.

AI powers electrical grids that allow two-way communication

between utilities and consumers. Smart grids are embedded with an information layer that
allows communication between its various components so they can better respond to quick
changes in energy demand or urgent situations. This information layer, created through
widespread installation of smart meters and sensors, allows for data collection, storage, and
analysis. Given the large volume and diverse structure of such data sets, techniques such as
machine learning, Internet of Things, etc are best suited for their analysis and use. This
analysis can be used for a variety of purposes, including seamless fault detection in meters,
predictive maintenance needs, quality monitoring of sustainable energy, as well as renewable
energy forecasting, along with latest innovation in Information and Communications
technology (ICT).

The power sector in developed countries has already started using

AI, Data Analytics, Internet of Things (IoT), and related technologies that allow for
communication between smart grids, smart meters, and computer devices. These technologies
help prevent power mismanagement, inefficiency, and lack of transparency, while increasing
the use of renewable energy sources. As per NITI Ayog’s report National Strategy for
Artificial Intelligence, many industries are proactively investing in cognitive and AI solutions,
with global investments expected to achieve a compound annual growth rate of 50.1%
reaching $57.6 billion in 2021. India can also learn from markets such as the USA, where
consumers can choose their energy providers, based on their household budget, or their
consumption patterns.

To increase AI efficiency, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University, USA have developed a

machine learning system called “Lumator” that combines the customer’s preferences and
consumption data, along with information on the different tariff plans, limited-time discount
rates, and other offers to provide recommendations for most suitable electricity supply set-up.
 CONCLUSION
The main feature of power system design and planning is reliability. It was conventionally
evaluated using deterministic methods. Moreover, conventional techniques don’t fulfill the
probabilistic essence of power systems. This leads to increase in operating and maintenance
costs. Plenty of research is performed to utilize the current interest AI for power system
applications. A lot of research is yet to be performed to perceive full advantages of this
upcoming technology for improving the efficiency of electricity market investment, distributed
control and monitoring, efficient system analysis, particularly power systems which use
renewable energy resources for operation. Power grid simulation analysis requires AI
technology to match it.AI will continue to develop and play an increasingly important role in
the area of fault detection and diagnosis for power generation industry in the coming future.
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