fecognise its use in predicti v Be able to describe the chafore than 110 elements have now b Now foperies and reactions, In the smilar properties and reactions are sh 2Na,O(s) potassium + oxygen —> potassium oxide 4K(s) + O,(g) —> 2K,O(s) ‘The metals react vigorously ‘They float on the surface, moving around rapidly. With both sodium and potassium, the heat of the reaction melts the metal so it forms a sphere; bubbles o are given off and metal ‘disappears. With the more rei metals (such as — potassium) the hydrogen gas pro burns. ‘The resulting so | is alkaline. lithium + water = lithium hydroxide + hydrogen 2Li(s) + 2H,O() > 2LiOH(aq) + H{g) sodium + water > sodium. hydroxide +,COMPOUNDS OF THE GROUP | METALS ‘The compounds of Group I metals are usually colourless crystals or white solids and always have onic bonding. Most of them are soluble in water Some examples are sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium nitrate (KNO,). ‘The compounds of the alkali metals are widely used: * lithium carbonate — as a hardener in glass and ceramics * lithium hydroxide — removes carbon dioxide in conditioning systems * sodium chloride — table salt * sodium carbonate — a water softener * sodium hydroxide — used in paper manufacture * monosodium glutamate — a flavour enhancer * sodium sulfite — a preservative « potassium nitrate — a fertiliser; also used in explosives. N A Fig. 3.9 Sodium burning in chlorine. QUESTIONS 1. Sodium burns in oxygen to make sodium oxide. would you expect sodium oxide to be? 2. What gas is produced when potassium reacts with W is the name of the solution formed in this reaction? 3. Are the compounds of the Group | metals usuallys insoluble in water? it is important to understand the structure of the P. how it relates to the properties and reactions of These questions link electronic structure with the F of the different elements in the Periodic Table, EXTENDED Predict how the melting poin compare to that of sodium. EXTENDED These questions are bas Periodic Table. a) What do you understand by ag b) Name the first three metals of Gr ©) Why do the elements in this chemical properties? d) Group | elements are veryFACTS ABOUT THE GROUP | METALS jum is found in large quantities (estimate . 1 baat Pounds in seawater timated at 230 billion tonnes) jum is found in many minerals and.is the sixth most nt overall in the Earth's crust (amounting to 2 a cat let tassium is als0 found in many minerals ands t ra lerent inthe Eartscu amountingtot Soy weight). gubidium was discovered by Bunsen (of Bunsen burner fame) in 4961. It is more abundant than copper, about the same as zinc, and isfound in very small quantities in alarge number of minerals. gecause of this low concentration in mineral deposits, oly 2to tonnes of rubidium are produced each year worldwide. 5, Ceesium is more abundant than tin, mercury and silver. However, itsvery high reactivity makes it very difficult to extract from mineral deposits. 6,Francium was discovered as recently as 1939 a: radioactive decay of an isotope of actiniumEnd of topic checklist Key terms alkali metal During your study of this topic you should have learned: O How to describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group | as a Collection of relatively soft metals showing trends in melting point, density and reaction with water. O EXTENDED How to predict the properties of other elements in Grou where appropriate. P|, given tyEnd of topic questions marks given for these questions indicate the level te Mn the examination, the number of marks given to “te psi | risquestion 4 which isthe most reactive of these elements? a in is about the Group | elements lithium, p)Why are the elements stored in oil? Which element is the easiest to cut? qWwhy do the elements tarnish quickly when they are cut? )Why does sodium float when added to water? , Why are the Group | elements known as the ‘alkali metals’? . Write word equations and balanced equations for the following reactions: a)lithium and oxygen b)potassium and water potassium and chlorine, This question is about rubidit Group lelement. a) What state of matter would you exp temperature and pressure? b)When rubidium is added to water: Which gas is formed? li) What chemical compound woul would you predict if universa Would you expect rubidium t 5plain your answer, 4 of detaill required in the questions like these may sodium and potassium. (1 mark) (1 mark) (1mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks)INTRODUCTION Group VII elements are located o, N the » hand side ofthe Periodic Table wih." non-metals. They look very different each other, so it may seem Strange thay thy are in the same group. However, their chemical properties are very similar, ang them are highly reactive. This topic j chlorine, bromine and iodine. Fluorine." highly reactive gas and astatine is a ra black solid with a very short half-life 29.3.1! Atroom temperature and atmospheric exist in only very small quantities). Dressure, chlorine isa pale green gas, bromine a ‘red-brown liquid and iodine is a black solid dioacty, (So wil KNOWLEDGE CHECK + Understand that non-metals are positioned on the right-hand si Periodic Table. # Know that the elements in a group have similar electron a 8e familiar with the terms oxidation and reduction. Be able to describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group diatomic non-metals showing tends in colour and physi ions. EXTENDED Be able to predict the properties of other data where appropriate. The Group VII elements are sometim elements or halogens. ‘Halogen’ means ‘salt-maker’ — hal make salts, Halogen atoms have seven elect so they need to gain only one el This is what makes them very an electron and forming a $i_— y of the elements decreases down the group becau se as stivit ‘he reac ets biggets an eighth electron will re ectron will be further f i See th mse Thm ar eo pas eae tle : ' t $ a> |i \he gy9 212 Increasing reactivity goes ip Gu Ml PROPERTIE: MENTS The properties of the Group VII element + Fluorine is a pale yellow gas; chlorine | red-brown liquid; iodine is a black st +Allthe atoms have seven electrons it + Allexist as diatomic molecules, that is atoms. For example, F,, Cl,, Bry, Iy *Halogens react with water and react ¥ tas very low solubility and little rea” Reaction Observations Equations Water The halogens dissolve | chlorine + water > ha — in water and also react ag i with it, forming solutions aie that behave as bleaches, egy Chlorine solution is | Chia) # H,0() + pic, pale yellow. i Cio! ‘ Bromine solution is 4 orange. Iodine solution is yellow/brown. Ff cee ‘The halogens form iron + chlorine > iron Displacement salts with all metals. For example, gold leaf will catch fire in chlorine without heating. With a metal such as iron, brown fum iron(II) chk chloride 2Fe(s) + 3CI,(g) > 2Fec} y Fluorine forms salts called fluorides Chlorine forms salts calledqi0NS wman electrons do the Group Vil element atoms have i 1 to outer shell? an t! Vil element: i A my are the Group nts particularly reacti eo zh Sed with other non-metals? bed addy o ‘ chlorine exists as diatomic molecules. Explain what this means. 3. . —aiBED Astatine is an element in Group VII. Predict whether 4.1 TG expect it to be a solid, liquid or gas at room you Mature. Explein your answer SOE BED What is meant by a ‘displacement reaction’ involvin 5 up Vil elements? ? Cac Pekin enti Pet ero Cones h) he added a few drops of cyclohexane to eac eto) eee) rena reso. Pcs) Free lta ae) peers at Cu eta Pre MVTaKel- eens oh eee no oe ee Bmpr toto cut) a reese emer: «ours of the cyclohexane layers in the table ety eS Mth rei ene ns g Perera ou kaa ‘indicated in the table below. In each 05 ANT a oO Peet eUeE Tu Wes cena Sec ya i oa or Woe: Sore. Y pcg pec ea Ten cee s al Cen cate Sa—' iron(II) chlo Displacement chlorine gas A Table 3.4 Properties of the ( Reaction. Observation: Equations Water ‘The halogens dissolve | chlorine + water — in water and also react ‘chlorine gas: with it, forming solutions that behave as bleaches. waer| Chlorine solution is Cl(g) + H,0() Hy pale yellow. Bromine solution is orange. Iodine solution is yellow/brown. Metals The halogens form iron + chlorine — irony salts with all metals. chlotide aes For example, gold leaf | 2Fe(s) + 3Chig) + 24) a will catch fire in i f chlorine without fi sau forms salts called i luorides betes Chlorine forms salts called With a metal such as chlorides iron, brown fumes of , forms salts called— ‘ | wmany electrons do the Group vil element atoms have in oe 1, How Guter shell? el by are the Group Vil elements p, articularly reacti bh pared with other non-metals? ctive When, | com jorine exists as diatomic molecules, Ey 3c Plain what this means. Astatine is an element 'N Group Vij, Predi + expect it to be a solid, liquia ee OF gas at room mperature. Explain your answer, tel ZRTENDED What is meant by Ya ‘displacement reaction’ involvi 5 he Group Vil elements? eh w i Sole loose CoN ee Geel tei fre UN aro elo) pede GEISTTUL Using and organising techniques, aj PE Cre dl eee i id the chlorine and bromine solutions @ Cyclohexane is highly FETE oe Pree CMI e ken should the Pega RCL Cuno LACca) renner sui TCU Rec UEC data @ What can you deduce about the relative re iodine from the first two results in the secon Pee meni iat cerca nN eso re ea Pennie ke Odin aU Es) hc ltd second table. Evaluating methods @ The student made a mistake in recording one of her tiem) Menno es er aE a Cea USES OF HALOGENS Halogens and their compounds have a wide range of uses: © fluorides — in toothpaste help prevent tooth decay « fluorine compounds — making plastics such as Teflon (the non-stick surface on pans) © chlorofluorocarbons — propellants in aerosols and refrigerants (now being replaced because of their damaging effect on the ozone chlorine — purifying water i chlorine compounds — household bleaches _ @ hydrochloric acid — widely used in indust ¢ bromine compounds ~ making pesticides — « silver bromide — the light-sensitive film co: * iodine solution — an antiseptic. FLUORINE Fluorine is the most reactive non-metal | ‘with most other elements except heliu reactions are often sudden or e) noble gas, burns with a bright react with fluorine to form fluor Group | metals are explosive, Early scientists tried to mal this proved to be highly de who attempted it. They br ‘tured by the el js manufactur lectrolysis of the mineral fluor nen calcium fluoride. fluorite, i ‘ ane is not an element to play with. You will cer suo fl | ra jaboratory! \¥ tainly not see it in geTI0NS is chlorine used in the treatment of dri ne inking water in pany countries? d which halogen element has medical uses as an antiseptic? ; AAENDED Fluorine is used to make a plastic material with the *ommon name of ‘Teflon’. What is Teflon used for? you should be familiar with the elements of Group Vil, the halogens. these are coloured non-metallic elements of varying reactivity though they are potentially harmful, their properties make them vey useful. Use your knowledge of atomic structure, bonding and reaction types to answer the questions below. 4, EXTENDED Chlorine is a pale green gas obtained by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Chlorine can be used to kill bacteria and is used in the manufacture of bleach. 5 a) The electronic structure of a chlorine atom is 2,8,7. Draw simple diagrams to show the arrangement of the outer electrons in a diatomic molecule of Cl, and a chloride i }) Chlorine will displace bromine from a solution of potassium _ bromide to form bromine and potassium chloride. Explain why this reaction takes place and describe what you would observe if chlorine water was added to a solution of Potassium bromide in a test tube. 5 EXTENDED: s i “ EXTENDED Fluorine is a pale yellow gas and is the most reactive of the chemical elements. It is so reactive that glass, metals and ight flame in a jet of fluorine gas. en added to toothpaste and, iter supplies to prevent dental d uorine is so reactive. ‘compound that may be found in. /fluorine cannot be displaced from chlorine or iodine.End of topic checkls? Key terms displacement reaction, halogens During your study of this topic you should have learned: O How to describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VIl as a collection of | diatomic non-metals showing trends in colour and density. How to describe the reactions of chlorine, bromine and iodine with | other halide ions. .5 of other elements in Group VII, given IDED How to predict the propertie: data, where appropriate.; fae znemarts given for these questions indicate the level of detail required in the pote ys. in the: examination, the number of marks given to questions like these May | at erent risquestion about the Group Vil elements: chlorine, bromine and iodine. r aj whichis the most reactive of these elements? (1 mark) | Which of the elements exists as a liquid at room temperature } and pressure? (1 mark) ich of the elements exists as a solid at room temperature and pressure? (mark) | aq\hatisthe appearance of bromine? (mark) ; | explain the following statements: a) The Group Vil elements are the most reactive non-metals. (2 marks) p)The most reactive halogen is at the top of its group. (2marks) 3. vite word and balanced equations for the following reactions: (3marks) 4) sodium and chlorine b)magnesium and bromine ii acauuimgaiat ark) hydrogen and fluorine. . ‘Aqueous bromine re 2) What type of chemical reactio b) Write a balanced equation for tl“ Transition metals and noble gases INTRODUCTION There are two other important families of elements. The first are the transition elements, a ‘block’ of metals — including more ‘everyday’ metals than Group I. The second is the noble gases (Group VIII or 0), a group of elements of interes, because of their uses rather than their chemical reactions. 4 Fig. 3.13 This incandescent light bulb Contains unreactive argon instead of air. = KNOWLEDGE CHECK Understand that metals are Positioned on the left si Periodic Table. v Understand that non-metals are Positioned on the rig # Know that elements in a group have similar electrofy LEARNING OBJECTIVES v Be able to describe the transition elements as a colle densities, high melting points and forming coloured ¢ ¥ Know that transition elements and their compounds 7 Be able to describe the noble gases as being unreaet explain this in terms of electronic structure, ¥ Be able to describe the uses of the noble gases in py Such as argon in lamps and helium in balloon ‘They are widely used through steel). j One of the typical p is their ability to act a eaction by providing_ for example, vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact process and iron ber process. e 3 High 2 Mainly coloured | _ Slow or no resets] _ Slow or no react 5 it | Vigorous ith an acid | Violent (dangerous) 3shepetes of the Group metals and the transition metal se pounds of the transition metals are usually coloured. Copper sounds are usually blue ot green; iron compounds tend to be either gener brown. When sodium hydroxide solution is added toa sdhte # ansition metal compound, 4 precipitate of the metal hydroxide ‘faved. The colour ofthe precipitate hel og identify the metal. ae cet silate + sodium hydroxide —> copper(l) hydroxide + sodium sulfate fe) + 2NaOH(aq) > Cu(OH),6) + NaS0,(aq) Tiscan be written as an ionic eq eg + 20H (2q) > Cu(OH),) Colour of metal hydroxide| BlueTHE NOBLE GASES This is actually a group of very unreactive OA soe oe to be called the inert gases as it was thought that nee Minicom tee anything, But scientists later managed to product inieeae as of some of the noble gases, As far as your school concerned, however, they are completely unreactive. Name Symbol Helium He Neon Ne |_Argon EY |_Krypton Kr Xenon Xe Radon Rn 4 Table 3.7 The noble gases, The unreactivity of the noble gases can be explained in terms of their electronic structures. The atoms all have ere s complet or eight electrons in their outer shell. Th (as metals do), or gain electrons (as most g Similarities of the noble gases * Full outer electron shells * Very unreactive * Gases * Exist as single atoms — they are monat How are the noble gases used? * Helium — in balloons icon ~ in red tube lights * Argon — in lamps and light bEnd of topic checklist terms ast monatomic, noble gas, transition metal catalyst ring Your study of this topic you should have learned: peri F describe the transition elements as a collection of metals with high 0 ea high melting points and forming coloured compounds. densitie>r } pat transition elements and their compounds are often used as catalysts. oie to describe the noble gases as being unreactive, monatomic gases and a this in terms of electronic structure. ex describe the uses of the noble gases in Oe argon in lamps and helium in balloons. providing an inert atmosphere,eee eee eee pe End of topic questions la Note: The marks given for these questions indicate the level of detail requireq in answers. In the examination, the number of marks given to questions like these be different. 1. This question is about the transition metals. a) Give two differences in the physical properties of the transition metals compared with the alkali metals. the ‘May @ my b) Transition metals are used as catalysts. What is a catalyst? (ny © Suggest why the alkali metals are more reactive than the ] transition metals. Cm, 7 2. Look at the table of observations. Compound | Colour of Effect of adding sodium hydroxide solution tested compound | _toasolution of the compound A White No change B | Blue Blue preci i ps c White White a) Which of the compounds, A, B or Explain your answer. b) Which transition metal do you think) ¢) Compound Bis a metal sulfate. Write reaction between a solution of this sodium hydroxide solution. 3. Explain why the noble gases ar 4. The noble gases are monatomi 5. Although the noble ga with very reactive el of the group?