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Organic chemistry

Lesson one
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What is organic chemistry?

The study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds

and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon
atoms.
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Organic chemistry
All living things are made from organic compounds based on chains of
carbon atoms which are not only covalently bonded to each other but
also covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen and/or other elements.
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Coal
 A fossil fuel (derived from dead plant matter)
 Estimated to run out by 2500
 Can contain between 65-95% carbon
 also contains hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen
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Natural Gas
 Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture primarily
of methane.

 Contains varying amounts of other alkanes and

sometimes carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide
and helium.

 The energy that the plants originally obtained from the

sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.

 Will run out approximately 2045.

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Petroleum
 Made up of hydrocarbons with various molecular weights.

 This is refined by fractional distillation.

 Estimated to run out 2055.

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Fractional distillation
 Fractional distillation A distillation technique used to separate a
mixture of liquids that have different boiling points.
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Fractional distillation
How? Each component (fraction) has a different boiling point.

Steps

1. The crude oil is heated to 400 degrees, vaporizing all parts.

2. Each fraction will contain hydrocarbons within a certain range of

boiling points. Eg petrol contains hydrocarbons between 30 and 110
degrees (between 5 and 10 carbons long).

3. The liquids condensing at different levels are collected on trays.

4. These liquids may need further refining by more distillation.

Big hydrocarbons = high boiling points condense in the lower part of

the tower.

Small hydrocarbons = low boiling points condense in higher parts of

the tower
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Uses
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Properties
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Properties of Fractions

 Viscosity.

 Colour

 Boiling point.

 Volatility
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Uses of Fractions

 Refinery gas: heating and cooking

 Gasoline: fuel for cars (petrol)

 Naphtha: raw product for producing chemicals

 Kerosene: for making jet fuel (paraffin)

 Diesel: fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)

 Fuel oil: fuel for ships and for home heating

 Lubricating oil: for lubricants, polishes, waxes

 Bitumen: for surfacing roads

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Combustion Of Hydrocarbon.
Complete combustion
 Complete combustion occurs when
there is excess oxygen
 The combustion equation for
propane is:
 C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Incomplete combustion
 Incomplete combustion occurs
when there is insufficient
oxygen to burn
 Methane for example undergoes
incomplete combustion in an
oxygen-poor environment:
 2CH4 + 3O2→ 2CO + 4H2O
 CH4 + O2→ C + 2H2O