PRACTICAL TITLE Aim Materials/apparatus

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1 FUEL Investigating the fractional distillation of Petroleum. Petroleum, anti-bumping granules (porcelain chips), filter paper, retort stand, thermometer (-10 360 C), distillation flask, Liebig condenser, conical flask, wire gauze, tripod stand, evaporating dish and Bunsen burner.

Introduction

1. Petroleum consists of a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons and some sulphur compounds. 2. Natural gas is composed of methane gas mainly and a little ethane gas. It also contains other hydrocarbons in small quantities. 3. Petroleum and natural gas are formed from remains of plant and animals of millions of years ago. These were trapped between sand and mud layers, especially in the sea bed. The sand and mud change to stone after millions of years through compression of the layers of soil. 4. The plant and animal remains trapped between the layers of soil are converted to petroleum and natural gas as a result of high pressure and temperature on them, as well as the reaction of bacteria. 5. The separation of petroleum components is done through the fractional distillation of petroleum (or the crude oil) in a distillation tower. 6. The smaller short- chained hydrocarbons which have low boiling points will distil out at lower temperature while the long- chained hydrocarbons distil out at higher temperature. 7. Each temperature range produces a fraction of hydrocarbons which have boiling points within that range. Thus the distillation is called fractional distillation.

8. Coal is another source of hydrocarbon. When heated in the absence of air, a mixture of compounds is obtained. This includes coal gas (H), methane, carbon monoxide, ammonia and coke (carbon).

Procedure

A. Fractional distillation of Petroleum 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 1. 2. Heat slowly the petroleum in the distillation flask. 3. Collect the first fraction of petroleum at 30 80 C. 4. Continue the heating and collect the distillation in separate conical flasks at different ranges of temperature at 80 120 C, 120 160 C and 160 200C. B. Characteristics of the various fractions 5. Observe the colour of each fraction. 6. Observe the viscosity of the fractions by tilting the conical flask. 7. For each of the fractions, pour some of it is into an evaporating dish and heat it. Observe the colour of the flame and soot produced. 8. Record the observations.

Thermometer

Distillation flask Liebig condenser

Water out Petroleum Porcelain chips Water in Distillate

Figure 1: Set-up Fractional distillation

Observation

Yellowish and slightly viscous Figure 2

Colourless and non-viscous

Burn with a little soot

Burn easily

Figure 3

Burn longer

Burn less longer

Produce more soot

Produce less soot

Result

Fraction

Temperature Range 30 C 80 C

Colour

Viscosity

Flammability

Higher Colourless Very low (Burn easily)

Gasoline

Benzene

80 C - 120 C

Yellowish

Low (slightly viscous)

High (burn with a little soot) Medium

Naphtha

120 C -160 C

Yellow

Medium

(burn with a more smoky flame) Low

Kerosene

160 C - 200 C

Dark brown

high

(burn with a very smoky flame)

Table 1 Discussions :

1. Discuss the flammability of the fractions of petroleum. The higher of the temperature, the flammability will be decreases.

2. Discuss the relationship between the boiling point of the fractions with the: a) colour of the fractions The higher of the temperature, the colour of the fraction wiil be darkness. b) viscosity of the fractions The higher of the temperature, the viscosity of the fractions will be increases.

c) the amount of soot produced by fractions The higher the range of temperature, the amount of soot produced by fractions will be increases.

3. Fraction X has a formula of C6H14. Predict its colour ,viscosity and the amount of soot produced by X

Temperature range Fraction X Colour Viscosity The amount of soot

80 C - 120 C

Yellowish Low (slightly viscous) High (burn with a little soot)

4. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the combustion of gasoline (C8H18).

C8H18 + 25/2 O2

8CO2 + 9H2O

5. The incomplete combustion of gasoline results in emission of poisonous gasses such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the incomplete combustion of gasoline(C8H18).

C8H18 + 19/2 O2 + N2

8CO + 2NO + 9H2O

6. What is biodiesel? Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20. B2 and B5 can be used safely in most diesel engines.

7. What are the advantages of using biodiesel compare to petroleum fuel. . i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) and greenhouse gases Biodegradable Non-toxic Safer to handle

Conclusion

Petroleum can be separated into its fractions by fractional distillation. As the boiling point of the fraction increases, a) The darker the colour it is, b) The more viscous it is, and c) The more difficult it is burn with more soot is produced.

References

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