P1

• Specification of single line to ground fault (Phase A) and its block diagram in MATLAB/Simulink.

• Specification of three phase fault and its block diagram in MATLAB/Simulink.

1
• Specification of suddenly inductive load and its block diagram in MATLAB/Simulink.

• Specification of suddenly capacitive load and its block diagram in MATLAB/Simulink.

2
P2
• The overall model with connected single line to ground fault (Phase A) at midpoint of transmission line.

3
• The overall model with connected three phase faults at midpoint of transmission line.

4
• The overall model with connected suddenly inductive load at midpoint of transmission line.

5
• The overall model with connected suddenly capacitive load at midpoint of transmission line.

6
M1
• Speed and torque of the wind turbine during single line to ground fault (Phase A).
▪ Speed:
1. Before:

2. After:

7
▪ Torque:
1. Before:

2. After:

8
• Speed and torque of the wind turbine during three phase fault.
• Speed:
1. Before:

2. After:

9
▪ Torque:
1. Before:

2. After:

10
• Speed and torque of the wind turbine during suddenly inductive load.
▪ Speed:
1. Before:

2. After:

11
▪ Torque:
1. Before:

2. After:

12
• Speed and torque of the wind turbine during suddenly capacitive load.
• Speed:
1. Before:

2. After:

13
▪ Torque:
1. Before:

2. After:

14
D1
• Devices to enhance and regulate the terminal voltage response of wind turbine.
1. The PWM (Pulse width modulation) converter.
Pulse width modulation (PWM), the conversion of direct current to alternating current
(AC) power, is a method for controlling a voltage source converter and transmitting
electrical energy to a connected grid.

To measure the voltage terminal on the grid, the command current is converted to control
the active power (P) and the relative power theory technique (Q). There are two modes
in the simulation experience, modifier and reflective mode.
2. Diode bridge + boost converter.
An adapter is suggested for off-grid use. By combining a three-phase diode bridge
rectifier and a slotted buck converter, the wind power is converted to the load as the

power source. The converter also realizes soft switching of power switches, which can
lead to higher switching efficiency. Besides, for the general case, the load voltage level
always remains low in off-grid WGS, hence there are no particular requirements for the
DC link voltage level. Instead, only a simple matching of wind generator, DC link and
load voltage levels is required.
15
• Types of these devices used to enhance and regulate the terminal voltage response
of wind turbine.
Voltage regulators can be divided into two types: linear voltage regulators and
switching voltage regulators.
1. Linear voltage regulators:
The original form of regulators in regulating power supplies are linear voltage regulators. In a linear
voltage regulator, the variable conductivity of the active pass-through element (usually a BJT or
MOSFET) is responsible for regulating the output voltage.
When a load is connected, changes in either the input or the load will cause a difference in current
through the transistor such that the output is kept constant. In order for a transistor to be able to
change its current (the collector-emitter current in the case of a BJT), it must operate in an active or
ohmic region (also known as the linear region).

2. Switching Voltage Regulators:

A switching regulator works slightly differently than a linear regulator in the sense that the pass-
through transistor acts as a switch, i.e., it either remains in the off state (cut-off region) or in the on
state (saturation region).
By adjusting the operating time of the pass-through transistor, the output voltage is kept as a
constant value.

16
P3

17
P4

18
 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑖𝑠 = 0.782 𝑚Ω
𝐿𝑖𝑟 = 0.782 𝑚Ω 𝑋𝑖𝑠 = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ 𝐿𝑖𝑠 = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 60 ∗ 0.782 ∗ 10−3 = 0.294807 Ω
𝐿𝑚 = 27.168 𝑚Ω
𝑅𝑠 = 16.623 𝑚Ω 𝑋𝑖𝑟 = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ 𝐿𝑖𝑟 = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 60 ∗ 0.782 ∗ 10 −3 = 0.294807 Ω
𝑅𝑟 = 18.152 𝑚Ω
𝑋𝑚 = 𝑗 ∗ 2 𝜋 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ 𝐿𝑚 = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 60 ∗ 27.168 ∗ 10 −3 = 10.242095 Ω
𝐹 = 60 𝐻𝑧
𝑉𝐿 = 3000 𝑉 𝑅𝑟
𝑉𝑠 = 1732.1 𝑉 𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑋𝑖𝑠 + [ 𝑋𝑚// ( + 𝑋𝑖𝑟) ]
𝑆
𝐼𝑠 = 646.1 𝐴
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 = −0.0067 −3
18.152 ∗ 10 −3
𝑍𝑠 = 16.623 ∗ 10 + 𝑗0.294807 + [ 𝑗10.242095//( + 𝑗0.294807) ]
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 2 −0.0067
𝑃𝐹 = 0.8934
𝑍𝑠 = 16.623 ∗ 10 −3 + 𝑗0.294807 + (−2.401038 + 𝑗0.903915)
𝑃𝑚 = 3 𝑀𝑊
𝑍𝑠 = 2.6688∠153.31° Ω

𝜃𝑠 = 153.31°

𝑆𝑠 = 3 ∗ 𝑉𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠 = 3 ∗ 1732.1 ∗ 646.1 = 3.357 MVA

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑠) = 3.357 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠(153.31) = −2.999 MW

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠 ∗ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜃𝑠) = 3.357 ∗ Sin(153.31) = 1.5078 MVAR

𝑄𝑠 1.5078 ∗ 106
C= = = 0.000445 𝐹 ≈ 445 μF
3 ∗ 𝑉𝑠 3 ∗ 𝜔𝑠 3 ∗ 1732.12 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 60

19
M2
• Wind turbine model block diagram at MPPT mode in MATLAB/Simulink.

1. For MPPT region, what is the value of pitch angle.

2. Calculate the maximum power coefficient.

Cp. max = 0.48

3. Calculate the optimum tip speed ratio.

Lamdaopt = 8.1

20
 Given Solution
𝑃_𝑚 = 3 𝑀𝑊 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅2
𝜌 = 1.225 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3
𝐶𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 max = 0.48 1
𝑃𝑚 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝜋𝑅2 ∗ 𝑉𝑤 3 ∗ 𝐶𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑤 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝛾𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 8.1
2∗3∗106
𝑁𝐺 = 1812 𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑅=√ = 43.355 𝑚
1.225∗𝜋∗123 ∗0.48

1
𝑃𝑤 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝜋𝑅2 ∗ 𝑉𝑤 3 = 0.5 ∗ 1.225 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 43.3552 ∗ 123 = 6.2499 𝑀𝑊
2
𝑤𝑡 ∗ 𝑅
𝛾=
𝑉𝑤

8.1 ∗ 12
𝑤𝑡 = = 2.242 𝑟𝑒𝑑/𝑠
43.355

𝑃𝑚 3 ∗ 106
𝑇= = = 1.3 𝑀𝑁. 𝑚
𝑤𝑡 2.242

60 ∗ 𝑤𝑡 60 ∗ 2.242
𝑁𝑡 = = = 21.41 𝑅𝑃𝑀
2𝜋 2𝜋
2𝜋 ∗ 𝑁𝐺 2𝜋 ∗ 1812
𝑤𝐺 = = = 189.75 𝑟𝑒𝑑/𝑠
60 60

𝑃𝑚 3 ∗ 106
𝑇𝐺 = = = 15.81 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑤𝐺 189.75

𝑁𝐺 1812
𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑥 = = = 84.63 ≈ 1: 85
𝑁𝑡 21.41

21
22
• Gearbox model block diagram in MATLAB/Simulink.

• Induction generator model in MATLAB/Simulink with values in data sheet.

23
• Improving power factor method in MATLAB/Simulink.

• Representation of power grid in MATLAB/Simulink with values in data sheet.

24
D2
• Different methods to accomplish MPPT. (Show your answer with control schemes).
1. TSF (Power Signal Notes):
This method uses the reference power, that is, the maximum power obtained at a given wind speed.
The block diagram is shown in the figure; This method requires prior knowledge of wind turbine
and WSR characteristics. After obtaining this data, the maximum power is obtained by performing
wind turbine simulations.

The characteristic curve between turbine output torque and turbine speed for different wind speeds.
After obtaining the reference strength from the power curve, a comparison with the current strength
is made. This error is sent to the control unit which consists of the relative integrated control unit
which makes the system run in its MPP. The only drawback of using this PSF is that it requires a
number of sensors to obtain prior knowledge of the reference force.

2. TSR (Tip Speed Ratio):

The goal of this method is to keep the TSR at a constant optimum value, so that the maximum
power can be extracted. Regardless of wind speed, the optimal TSR for a given turbine remains
constant. Therefore, it is guaranteed to extract maximum power, if we keep the TSR constant for
that particular turbine.

25
 3. HCS (Hill Climb Research):
The HCS algorithm is also known as the perturbation and control (P&O) algorithm. It has a
disturbing nature while tracking the wind speed, and observing the result of its variation in the wind
speed, i.e., the power of the turbines. HCS is an older method of MPPT tracking due to its
simplicity, adaptability, and extreme flexibility in changing its output due to change in wind speed.
There are few problems with this HCS algorithm and they are overcome with adaptive step
implementation and modified HCS algorithms.

• Different methods to control power converter. (Show your answer with control
schemes).
1. Hysteresis current controller:
Hysteresis current control is used to generate switching pulses. Among the various current control
techniques, HCC is the most widely used one because of its uncomplicated implementation,
outstanding stability, absence of any trace error, fast transient response, inherent limited
maximum current, and intrinsic robustness to parameter variable loading.

26
2. PWM control:
The below figure shows the control scheme of the PWM. The second method is triangular-carrier
method, where the pulse sequences of the PWM control are calculated by comparing the current
error signal with a triangular carrier. It is usual to include, a proportional gain (P control) to process
the error signal. The value of the parameter determines the stationary error and the dynamical
answer of the control.

The PWM block used in MATLAB simulation.

27