Task (1)

P9
► Doubly fed induction generator
When the generator reaches the synchronous speed, the generation phase
starts and the generator stops drawing reactive power from the network.
The generator begins to be connected to the network and electricity is
raised on it. A transformer is used to convert the alternating current
generated from the rotor into a direct current in order to control its
frequency.

►Synchronous generator
The purpose of connecting PMSG to the converter is to synchronize it
securely with the network, and control the frequency and speed of the
current. The converter converts the direct current generated in the stator
into a continuous current at a frequency suitable for the network's needs.
from the generator to charge a DC The PMSG is connected to a three link
capacitor. phase inverter which rectifies the current the purpose of
connecting PMSG to the converter is to synchronize it securely with the
network.
 P10
Compare Converter Inverter Rectifiers
• inductors • transformers • Transformer
• transformers • Relays • Stack
Components • capacitors • capacitors • Cabinet
• IGPT • IGPT

Converters are used to Inverters are used as all electrical appliances

convert AC power to DC emergency backup when use a DC power supply
power. Virtually all the there is power outage. It to function. Using a
electronic devices turns on the electrical rectifier in the power
require converters. They appliances when the supply helps in
are also used to detect main supply is off. converting AC to DC
amplitude modulated power supply. Bridge
radio signals. They are rectifiers are widely
also used to supply used for large
polarized voltage for appliances, which can
Use welding. convert high AC
voltage to low DC
voltage.

• Mass Production • high efficiency • Efficiency is higher

• Highly Reliable • size small • Higher output voltage
• Highly Efficient • Ripple factor is less
Advantages • low Maintenance

• Low Power Factor • high cost • The cost of the center

• Low Overload Capacity tap transformer is high
Disadvantages
M3

► Diodes
Diodes are formed from a PN junction of semiconductor material, as shown
in figure, they have just two terminals, the anode and the cathode. A diode
is an uncontrollable and unidirectional switch hence, its operation is
determined by the direction of the flow of current in a circuit.

► Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

A Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT is a transistor whose operation depends
on the contact made by two semicondutors It can act as a switch, amplifier
or oscillator. It is known as a bipolar transistor since its operation requires
two types of charge carriers hole sand electrons. Holes constitute the
dominant charge carriers in P-type semiconductors while electrons are the
main charge bearers in N-type semiconductors.
►Function of IGBT

IGBT collector-emitter is connected to Vcc such that the collector is kept at

a positive voltage. While the holes from the collector are injected from the
P+ region into the N- drift region. Due to the excess of both electrons and
holes in the drift region, its conductivity increase and starts the conduction of
current.

Hybrid switches configured by paralleling Silicon (Si) Insulated Gate Bipolar

Transistors (IGBT) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFET) have been verified to be a high-
efficiency cost-effective device concept. In this paper, a current-dependent
switching strategy is introduced and implemented to furthe.
D3

► Grid side converter (GSC)

The GSC controller is responsible for controlling the DC circuit's voltage by

imposing the voltage in the stator terminals of the DFIG.

GSC control Figure show the overall structure of the GSC control, the main
objective is to control the voltage in the DC link, and the active and reactive
power (PGSC, QGSC) delivered to the grid by acting on the phases current
through two current control loops. The control of the active power is linked
to the control of the DC bus voltage. To control the GSC powers
PGSC(Iqf), QGSC(Idf) we apply a grid voltage vector-orientation control
(VOC). Thus, the grid voltage vector Vs is hold on the q-axis (Vqs=Us,
Vds=0). We give the expression of the GSC powers according to the GSC
currents as follows.
 Task (2)
P11
► Conditions for grid connectivity
Given the context of proper grid management, the fluctuations and
deviations in power generation from wind energy sources puts extreme
pressure on grid systems. The fluctuations from a single wind farm are
negligible but when combined together, the fluctuation patterns become
significant. Even before connecting a wind turbine to the main grid, there
are certain things that should be considered.
● The annual average wind speeds of minimum 10 mph are mandatory for
sufficient energy production to qualify for grid connectivity.
● The grid-supplied electricity is more expensive than renewable energy
systems.
● There provisions made for successfully connecting wind energy
generation systems to pre-existing grids. Added to this, grid connection
equipment such as inverters should be readily available.
● There are tax incentives and policies in place that support the use of
renewable energy.
 P12
Compare Advantage
• Flexibility in design allows for
smaller and lighter designs.
• Higher output level may be
achieved without the need to
increase generator size.
Synchronous • Lower maintenance cost and
generator operating costs, bearings last
Longer.
• No significant losses generated • Use of diode rectifier in initial stage
in the rotor.
• Generator speed can be
regulated without the need for
gears or gearbox.
• Lower capital cost for
construction of the generator.
• Known as rugged machines
that have a very simple design.
• Higher availability especially
for large scale grid connected
designs.
Asynchronous • Excellent damping of torque
generator pulsation caused by sudden
wind gusts.
• Relatively low contribution to
system fault levels.
Disadvantage
• Higher initial cost due to high price of
magnets used.
• Permanent magnet costs restricts
production of such generators for large
scale grid connected turbine designs.
• High temperatures and sever
overloading and short circuit
conditions can demagnetize
permanent magnets.
of power conversion reduces the
controllability of overall system.
• Increased converter cost since
converter must be rated at the full
system power.
• Results in increased losses through
converter due to large converter size
needed for IG.
• Generator requires reactive power
and the refore increases cost of initial
AC-DC conversion stage of converter.
• May experience a large in-rush
current when first connected to the
grid.
• Increased control complexity due to
increased number of switches in
converter.
P13
► six-phase induction generator
performance analysis of six-phase self-excited induction generator for
stand-alone wind energy generation system. Analysis is based essentially
on solving the nonlinear equivalent circuit of the SP-SEIG. In this work, the
analysis is performed using three different global search algorithms, the
genetic algorithm (GA), the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique
and the Taguchi optimization method (TM). A study of some simulation
results is carried out using MatLab to compare between these three
algorithms in terms of accuracy and guaranteed convergence in finding the
minimum of the admittance.

shows the model of six phase induction generator based standalone

system. The wind energy conversion system consists of the following
components: a) Wind turbine b) A six phase self-excited induction
generator (SEIG) driven by the gearbox. c) A six phase diode bridge
rectifier to convert six phase AC into DC d) A sinusoidal voltage source
IGBT based inverter to control the supply voltage e) Grid side controller to
control power flow.
► Give reasons to your selection
Because it generates electricity without being connected to the grid.
M4
► Interconnection with wind farm turbines
Most of the wind turbines even today use induction generators where the
rotational speed is directed by the frequency of the grid that is connected
to. The blades are fixed and there is no pitching. This results in a passive
controlling mechanism during extremely high wind speeds. This design is in
widespread use due to its cost-effectiveness and ease of design. However,
there are specific major concerns regarding such wind turbine designs and
grid connectivity.

• The loss of control and regulation of power in such wind turbines means
that the frequency of the system cannot be controlled. Connectivity to grid
requires a fixed frequency of generation.
• Network voltages and fluctuations in current cannot be controlled.
Traditional power plants have devices in place that check such fluctuations
in the system and regulate the supply of power.
• Traditional grids do not provide energy independence to renewable
energy users. If the grid goes down in one location, then even the
renewable energy users will be affected.

• Sudden faults in the system such as circuit overlap, power surges and
reverse flows among others are made worse by the presence of wind
power sources.

• Energy management equipment such as inverters for wind energy are

extremely expensively and cannot be easily integrated with local power
grids.
► Power factor

power element According to Distribution Code 4-1-10, ssPVs are not

permitted to inject reactive power into the utility network, and they are only
permitted to drain reactive power at a power factor of 0.9. Except as
otherwise agreed with the utility, this limit is applicable.

► DC injection

injecting DC According to Distribution Code 4-6-A, the static power

converter of the ssPV is not allowed to inject d.c. current into the utility at
PCC that is greater than 0.5% of the rated a.c. output current under any
operational conditions. If this threshold is surpassed, the inverter must
disconnect within 500 milliseconds.

Due to voltage losses exceeding the curve, the wind farm cannot be
disconnected from the grid. The following passive capacity or passive
current requirements must be satisfied by wind turbine generators during a
brief drop in voltage.
D4

► 6 phase induction generator

With a 6-phase direct drive turbine, the generator is connected directly to

the rotor, negating the need for a gearbox. As a result, there are several
advantages, including high effectiveness, low maintenance needs, and a
simple design. Direct drive turbines are often more expensive than other
types of wind turbine generators and may require additional cooling
systems to remove heat produced during operation.

► Doubly fed induction generator

On the other hand, a power converter in a doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) controls and connects the power produced by a wind turbine to the
grid. DFIGs have a variety of advantages, including as a very simple
design, the ability to operate at variable speed, and low maintenance costs.
Compared to direct drive turbines, the regulation of active and reactive
power with DFIGs is more challenging.
There are benefits and drawbacks to both direct drive and DFIGs in terms
of fewer grid interface problems. Direct drive turbines have the capacity to
self-excite, have a longer lifespan, can adjust quickly to changes in the
grid's frequency, and can support the voltage of the grid during failures.
However, they are more expensive to build and have more complicated
cooling systems. However, DFIGs have a simpler, less expensive structure
and the ability to operate at different speeds without the need for a
gearbox, which may lead to lower maintenance costs. They can connect to
it without a power converter because it is directly connected to the grid.
However, they have a short lifespan and weak dynamic be haviour.

Since DFIGs use the grid as a source of reactive power rather than
creating it internally, they use less reactive power than direct drive turbines
in terms of consumption.