Straight Line

Triangle :
∠B > ∠C ⇒ b > c
∠A+ ∠B + ∠C = π
a+b>c
|a – b| < c

Angle Bisector :
2bc A
AD = cos  
b+c 2
I is called Incentre
(Point of concurrency of internal angle
bisector)

Incircle :
Circle which touches sides of triangle is
called incircle.
∆
r=
s

Altitude :
Perpendicular from vertex to opposite
side (orthocentre)

Medium :
Line joining vertex to mid-point of
opposite sides (centroid)

Perpendicular Bisector :
Any point on perpendicular bisector is
at equal distance from A & B.
Straight Line

1.
 Circumcircle :
O is circumcentre
R is circumradius

Note :
In Right angle triangle

H is orthocentre

Note:
G (centroid) and I (Incentre) always lies in
interior of triangle whereas H (orthocentre)
and O (circumcentre) lies on inside, outside
or periphery depending upon triangle being
acute, obtuse or right angle.

Quadrilaterals:
Sum of all interior angles of n-sided figure is
= (n – 2)π

Parallelogram :
(i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal
(ii) Adjacent angle are supplementary
(iii) Diagonals are bisected

Parallelogram :
Area of parallelogram
1
= d1d2 sin φ
2
DE = bsinθ
Area of parallelogram = a bsinθ
Straight Line

2.
Rhombus :
Parallelogram will be Rhombus if
(i) Diagonals are perpendicular
(ii) sides equal
(iii) Diagonals bisect the angles of parallelogram
1
(iv) Area of Rhombus = d1d2
2

Rectangle :
Parallelogram will be rectangle if
(i) Angle 90°
(ii) Diagonals are equal
(iii) a2 + b2 = c2
(iv) Rectangle is cyclic quadrilateral

Square :
A Rectangle will be square if
(i) Sides equal
(ii) Diagonals are perpendicular
(iii) Diagonals are angle bisector

Note :
A Rhombus will be square if
(i) Diagonals are equal
(ii) Angles 90°

Trapezium :
One pair of opposite sides are parallel

1
Area =
2
( )
a +b ×h
Straight Line

3.
 Kite :
(i) One diagonal divide figure into two
congruent parts.
(ii) Diagonals are perpendicular
1
(iii) Area = d × d2
2 1

Cyclic Quadrilateral :

(i) Vertices lie on circle

(ii) A + C = π = B + D

Note :
EB. EA = EC. ED
= ET2
= EP. EQ

Ptolmey’s Theorem :
Sum of product of opposite side = Product of
diagonals
Straight Line

4.
Distance Formulae

( x 1 − x2 ) + ( y 1 − y 2 )
2 2
AB =

Q. Find distance between following points:

(i) (1,3), (4, –1) (ii) (0,0), (–5, –12) (iii) (1,1), (16, 9)
(iv) (0,0), (40,9) (v) (0,0), (2cosθ, 2sinθ)

( 1 − 4 ) + ( 3 + 1)
2 2
Sol. (i) Distance =  =   9 + 16   =   25    = 5 unit

(0 + 5) + (0 + 12)
2 2
(ii) Distance =    =   25 + 144  =   169 = 13 unit

( 1 − 16) + ( 1 − 9)
2 2
(iii) Distance =   =   225 + 64   =   289 = 17 units

(0 − 40) + (0 − 9)
2 2
(iv) Distance =   =   1600 + 81  =   1681 = 41 unit

(0 − 2cosθ) + (0 − 2sinθ)
2 2
(v) Distance =   =   4cos2 θ + 4sin2 θ   =   4 = 2 unit

Section Formulae (Internal Division)

 mx2 + nx 1 my 2 + ny 1 
P ,  
 m+n m + n 


Coordinate of mid point of A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2)

 x + x2 y 1 + y 2 
P≡ 1 , 
 2 2 

Straight Line

5.
 Q. Find points of trisection of (1,1) & (10,3)

Sol. Let P, Q points trisects the line segment AB Now for coordinate of P
 1 × 10 + 2 × 1 1 × 3 + 2 × 1 
P , 
 1+ 2 1+ 2 
 5
P  4,  ≡ x 1 , y 1 ( )
 3
Now for coordinate of Q
∵ Q is mid point of PB
hence,
 5 
 4 + 10 + 3
Q ,3 
 2 2 
 
 
 7
(
Q  7,  ≡ x2 , y 2 )
 3

Co-ordinate of G

 x + x2 + x3 y 1 + y 2 + y 3 
G≡ 1 , 
 3 3
 

Q. Find mid points of sides of ∆ if vertices are given (0,0), (2,3), (4,0) also find
coordinate of G

Sol. Mid point of BC

2 + 4 3 + 0  3
D ,  ≡  3, 
 2 2   2
Mid point of AC
0 + 4 0 + 0
E ,  ≡ 2, 0 ( )
 2 2 
0 + 2 0 + 3  3
Mid point of AB, F  ,  ≡  1, 
 2 2   2
Straight Line

0 + 2 + 4 0 + 3 + 0
also G 
3
,
3
 ≡ G 2, 1 ( )
 

6.
 Q. Find the ratio in which point on x-axis divides the two points (1,1), (3,–1)
internally.

Sol. ( )
Let point P a, 0 on x-axis divides the line segment

joining A(1, 1) and B(3, –1) in ratio

λ  : 1

Hence, a =
λ × 3 + 1× 1 ( )
,  0  =  
λ −1 + 1 × 1
⇒ λ=
λ+1 λ+1

Section Formulae (External Division)

 mx2 − nx 1 my 2 − ny 1 
P , 
 m−n m − n 


Q. Find the point dividing (2,3), (7,9) externally in the ratio 2 : 3

2×7 − 3×2 2×9 − 3×3

Sol. P
 2−3
,
2−3


P(–8,–9)

Harmonic Conjugate
If a point P divides AB internally in the ratio
a : b and point Q divides AB externally in the
ratio a : b then P and Q are said to be harmonic
conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB
AP λ AQ
= =
BP 1 BQ

Harmonic Mean

2AP.AQ
AB =
AP + AQ
Straight Line

7.
 Q. If coordinate of A & B is (0, 0) and (9,0). Find point which divide AB externally in
the ratio 1 : 2. Find its harmonic conjugate.

Sol. Let point P divides AB in 1 : 2 externally

then P 
( ) ,
( ) ( )
1 9 −2 0 1 0 −2 0 

( )
 1−2 1−2 
 
P(–9,0)
Now Let Q is harmonic conjugate of P w.r.t AB
Hence, Q divides AB in 1 : 2 internally

Q
( ) ,
( ) ( )
1 9 +2 0 1 0 +2 0 

( )
 1+ 2 1+ 2 
 
Q(3,0)
External and Internal common tangents divide
line segment joining centre of two circles
r
externally and internally at O1 and O2 is 1 .
r2

Coordinate of Incentre (I)

 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay 1 + by 2 + cy 3 
I 1 , 
 a +b+c a +b+c
 

Coordinate of I1, I2, I3

 −ax 1 + bx2 + cx3 −ay 1 + by 2 + cy 3 

I1 ≡  , 
 −a + b + c −a + b + c
 

 ax − bx2 + cx3 ay 1 − by 2 + cy 3 
I2 ≡  1 , 
 a −b+c a −b+c
 

 ax + bx2 − cx3 ay 1 + by 2 − cy 3 
I3 =  1 , 
 a+b−c a+b−c 
Straight Line

8.
 Q. Mid point of sides of a triangle are (1,2),(0,–1) and (2,–1). Find the co-ordinate
of vertices.

Sol.
Given D(1, 2), E(0, –1) and F(2, –1)
Now,
AEDF is a parallelogram.
Hence, mid-point of AD and EF is same
hence,
x1 + 1 2+0
= ⇒ x1 = 2 + 0 –1 = 1
2 2
y1 + 2 −1 − 1
= ⇒ y1 = –1 – 1 – 2 = -4
2 2
Similarly x2 = 2 + 1 –0, y2 = –1 + 2 + 1 ⇒ B(3,2)
x3 = 1 + 0 – 2, y3 = 2 –1 + 1 ⇒ C(–1,2)

Q. Coordinate A, B, C are (4, 1), (5, –2) and (3, 7). Find D so that A,B,C,D is a
parallelogram.

Sol.
Case-I:
α = 4 + 3 –5 = 2
β = 1 + 7 + 2 = 10
Hence,
D(2, 10)
Case-II:
x=4+5–3
=6
y=1–2–7
= –8
hence, D’(6,–8)
Case – III :
m=5+3–4=4
n = –2 + 7 –1 = 4
hence D”4, 4)
Straight Line

9.
 Q. Line 3x + 4y = 12, x = 0, y = 0 form a ∆. Find the centre and radius of circles
touching the line and the coordinate axis.

Sol. Coordinate of B(4, 0)

and C(0, 3)
Now a = BC = 5
b = AC = 3
c = AB = 4
Incircle :

 5 (0 ) + 3 ( 4 ) + 4 (0 ) 5 (0 ) + 3 (0 ) + 4 ( 3) 
centre I  , 
 5+3+4 5+3+4 
 
I(1, 1)
radius = r = 1
Excircle

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 −5 0 + 3 4 + 4 0 −5 0 + 3 0 + 4 3 
I1  , 
( )
 −5 + 3 + 4 −5 + 3 + 4 
 
I1 = (6,6) radius r1 = 6

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 0 − 3 4 + 4 0 5 0 − 3 0 + 4 3 
I2  , 
( )
 5−3+4 5−3+4 
 
I2(−2, +2) radius r2 = 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 0 + 3 4 − 4 0 5 0 + 3 0 − 4 3 
I3  , 
( )
 5+3−4 5+3−4 
 
I3(3, –3) radius r3 = 3
Straight Line

10.
 Q. Orthocentre and circumcentre of a ∆ABC are (a, b), (c, d). If the co-ordinate of
the vertex A are (x1, y1). Then find coordinate of middle point of BC.

Sol. Centroid
 2c + a 2d + b 
G , 
 3 3 

( )
Now, let mid point of BC is D a, b . then
∵ G divides AD in 2:1 internally
hence,

 2a + x 1 2b + y 1 
G , 
 3 3 

2c + a 2a + x 1 2d + b 2b + y 1
⇒ = , =
3 3 3 3
1 1
⇒ a=
2
( )
2c + a − x 1 ,  b =
2
(2d + b − y 1 )
1 1 

2
( 2
) (
⇒ D  2c + a − x 1 , 2d + b − y 1 

)

Q. Vertices of a triangle are (2, -2), (-2, 1), (5, 2). Find distance between
circumcentre and centroid.

Sol. Given A(2,–2), B(–2,1), C(5,2)

 2 − 2 + 5 −2 + 1 + 2  5 1
centroid G  ,    ≡  G  , 
 3 3  3 3

also AB = 42 + 32  = 5

BC = 72 + 12   =   50

AC = 32 + 42   = 5
Clearly AB2 + AC2 = BC2
⇒ ∆ABC is right angled at A now circuncentre O will be mid point of BC hence
 −2 + 5 1 + 2 
Straight Line

Circumcentre O  , 
 2 2 

11.
 3 3
⇒ O , 
2 2
2 2
5 3  1 3
distance = OG =  −  + −   
3 2 3 2
1 49 5
= +  =   unit
36 36 3 2

Q. A triangle has side lengths 18, 24 and 30. Find the area of the triangle whose
vertices are the incentre, circumcentre and centroid of the triangle.

Sol. ∵ 182 + 242 = 302

⇒ triangle is right angled
let vertices are A(0,0), B(0,18) & C(24,0)
 24 18 
Now centroid G  ,  ≡ G 8, 6 ( )
 3 3
Circumcentre O will be mid point of BC
 24 18 
Hence O  ,  ≡ O 12, 9 ( )
 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
 30 0 + 24 0 + 18 24 30 0 + 24 18 + 18 0 
Incenter, I  , 
( ) ( ) ( )
 30 + 24 + 18 30 + 24 + 18 
 
I(6, 6)
for ∆ IOG
sides IO = 62 + 32 = 3 5

OG = 42 + 32 = 5

IG = 22 + 02 = 2
7+3 5
s=
2
7 + 3 5 7 − 3 5 3 5 − 33 5 + 3 4 36
Area =       = × = 3 unit.
 2  2  2  2  4 4
    
Straight Line

12.
 3
( )
2
Area of equilateral triangle = side
4

1 1 1
1
Area of Triangle : ∆ = x 1 x2 x3
2
y1 y2 y3

where (x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3) are co-ordinates of vertices of triangle.

Condition of collinearity of A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3)

1 1 1
x1 x2 x3 = 0
y1 y2 y3

Area of n-sided figure

1 x1 x2 x x3 x3 x4 xn x1
= + 2 + + ... +
2 y1 y2 y2 y3 y3 y4 yn y1
⇒ Points should be taken in cyclic order.

Note:
All coordinates of the vertices of an equilateral ∆ can’t be integer.

Q. Find k for which points (k + 1, 2 – k), (1 – k, –k), (2 + k, 3 – k) are collinear.

1 1 1
Sol. k + 1 1−k 2+k = 0
2−k −k 3−k

C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
0 0 1
2k −1 − 2k 2 + k = 0
2 −3 3−k
⇒ 1{–6k – 2(–1–2k)} = 0
–2k + 2 = 0 ⇒ k = 1
Straight Line

13.
 1 1
Q. If points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear, then prove that + =1
a b

Sol. Clearly
1 1 1
a 0 1 =0
0 b 1

1(–b)–1(a) + 1(ab) = 0
a + b = ab
1 1
divide by ab ⇒ + = 1
b a

Q. Find relation between x & y if x, y lies on line joining the points (2, –3) and (1,4)

Sol.

Let a general point on line P(x, y)
Now all points are collinear.
1 1 1
⇒ x 2 1 =0
y −3 4
⇒ 1(11) –1(4x –y) + 1(–3x–2y) = 0
⇒ − 7x – y + 11 = 0
⇒ 7x + y = 11 (required relation)

Q. Show that (b, c + a), (c, a + b) and (a, b + c) are collinear.

1 1 1
Sol. b c a
c+a a +b b+c
C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
0 0 1
b−c c−a a
c −b a −c b+c

0 0 1
Straight Line

( )( )
b−c c−a 1 1 a =0
−1 −1 b + c

14.
 Q. If the area of ∆ formed by points (1, 2), (2, 3) and (x, 4) is 40 sq. unit find x.

Sol. Area = 40

1 1 2 2 x x 1
+ + =0
2 2 3 3 4 4 2
|–1 + (8–3x) + (2x–4)| = 80
|3–x| = 80
3 –x = 80 or 3 –x = –80
x = –77 x = 83

Q. Find area of quadrilateral A(1, 1), B(3, 4), C(5, –2) and D(4, –7) in order are the
vertices of a quadrilateral.

1 1 3 3 5 5 4 4 1
Sol. Area = + + +
2 1 4 4 −2 −2 −7 −7 1

1 41
 =
2
( ) ( ) ( )
1 + −26 + −27 + 11   =    unit
2

Q. Find coordinate of point P if PA = PB and area of, ∆PAB = 10, if coordinates of A

and B are (3, 0) and (7, 0) respectively.

Sol. (
Let P a, b Now )
PA = PB
⇒ PA2 = PB2

( a − 3) + (b − 0) ( ) + (b − 0)
2 2 2 2
= a−7  

a2 − 6a + 9 + b2 = a2 − 14a + 49 + b2  
⇒ 8α = 40 ⇒ α = 5 … (1)
Now area of ∆PAB = 10
1 a 3 3 7 7 a
+ + =0
2 b 0 0 0 0 b
|–3β + 7β| = 20 ⇒ 4β = ± 20
Straight Line

⇒β=±5
Hence, P (5, 5) or P (5, –5)

15.
 Q. Find the area of the ∆. If the coordinate of vertices of triangle are

(at , 2at ) , (at , 2at ) , (at , 2at )

2
1 1
2
2 2
2
3 3

1 1 1
1
Sol.
2
Area = at 1 at 22 at 23
2
2at 1 2at 2 2at 3

1 1 1
1
= × a × 2a × t 21
t 22 t 32
2
t1 t2 t3

= a2|(t1 – t2)(t2 – t3)(t3 – t1)|

Locus:
To find Locus:
(1) Write geometrical condition & convert them in algebraic.
(2) Eliminate Variables.
(3) Get relation between h and k.
(4) To get equation of locus replace h by x & k by y

Q. Find locus of curve / point which is equidistant from Point (0, 0) and (2, 0)

Sol.
Let point be P(h, k) and A(0, 0) & & B(2, 0)
Given PA = PB
⇒ PA2 = PB2
(h – 0)2 + (k – 0)2 = (h – 2)2 + (k – 0)2
h2 = h2 – 4h + 4
⇒h=1
hence, locus is x = 1

Q. If A(0, 0), B(2, 0). Find locus of point P such that ∠APB = 90°.

Sol. Let P(h, k) be point then

∠APB = 90° ⇒ ∆APB is right angled.
⇒ AP2 + PB2 = AB2
⇒ (h2 + k2) + (h – 2)2 + k2 = 22 + 02
⇒ 2h2 + 2k2 – 4h = 0
Straight Line

⇒ h2 + k2 – 2h = 0
locus is x2 + y2 – 2x = 0

16.
 Q. If A(0, 0), B(2, 0). find locus of point P such that area (∆APB) = 4

Sol. ( )
Let P h,k now

ar (∆APB) = 4

1 0 h h 2 2 0
+ + = 4 ⇒ 2k = 8 ⇒ k = ±4
2 0 k k 0 0 0
locus is y = ± 4

Q. If A and B are variable point on x and y axis such that length (AB) = 4 find:
(i) Locus of mid point of ∆AB
(ii) Locus of circumcentre of ∆AOB
(iii) Locus of G of ∆AOB
(iv) Find locus of point which divides segment
AB internally in the ratio 1: 2,1 from x − axis

Sol. ( ) ( )
Let A a, 0 & B 0, b

 AB = 4 ⇒ a2 + b2 = 16 … (1)
( )
(i) let mid point of AB is P h,k
a+0 0+b
 h =
2
,k =
2
()
⇒ a = 2h, b = 2k from 1 ⇒ 4h2 + 4k2 = 16 ⇒ h2 + k2 = 4

locus x2 + y 2 = 4
(ii) Circumcentre of ∆AOB will be mid point
(
of AB  ∠AOB = 90 )
hence locus x2 + y2 = 4
(iii) let G(h, k) then
a+0+0 0+b+0
h = ,  k =
3 3
⇒ α = 3h, β = 3k
Now, from (1)
9h2 + 9k2 = 16
locus ⇒ 9x2 + 9y2 = 16
Straight Line

17.
 (iv) Let the point P(h, k)
2a b
h= ,  k  =  
3 3
3h
, b = 3k
⇒ a=
2
From (1)
9h2
+ 9k2 = 16
4
9h2 + 36k2 = 64
locus ⇒ 9x2 + 36y2 = 64

Q. A(1,2) is a fixed point. A variable point B lies on a curve whose equation is

x2 + y2 = 4. Find the locus of the mid point of AB.

Sol. Let mid point of AB is P(h, k) and

(
B a, b now )
1+ a 2+b
2
= h,
2
(
= k ⇒ a = 2h − 1, b = 2k − 2 hence B 2h − 1, 2k − 2 )
now B lies on curve x2 + y 2 = 4
hence (2h − 1)2 + (2k − 2)2 = 4
locus is (2x − 1)2 + (2y − 2)2 = 4

Parametric Point

Q. Find equation of curve represented parametrically by x = cosθ, y = sinθ.

Sol. x2 + y2 = cos2θ + sin2θ

x2 + y2 = 1 which is equation of required curve.

Q. Find the equation of curve if x = 2cosθ, y = sinθ.

2
x
Sol.
2 2 2
  + y = 1 ⇒ x + 4y = 4
2
 
Straight Line

which is equation of required curve.

18.
 Q. Find the equation of curve if x = secθ, y = 2tanθ

Sol. secθ = x, tanθ = y / 2

x2 − (y / 2)2 = sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1 ⇒ 4x2 − y 2 = 4 which is eq of required curve.

Q. Find the equation of curve if x = at2, y = 2at

Sol.
y2 = 4a2t2
x
= 4a2   = 4ax
a
y2 = 4ax
which is equation of required curve.

Q. Find locus of point P such that : PF1 + PF2 = 2a and F1 ≡ (c, 0) and F2 ≡ (–c, 0)

Sol. Let P(h, k)

given  PF1 = 2a − PF2

( ) ( )
2 2
  PF1 = 2a − PF2 ⇒ PF12 = 4a2 − 4aPF2 + PF22

⇒ (h − c)2 + k2 = 4a2 − 4a (h + c)2 + k2 + (h + c)2 + k2

⇒ 4a (h + c)2 + k2 = 4a2 + 4ch on squaring

( )
⇒ a2 (h + c)2 + k2 = a4 + c2h2 + 2a2ch

⇒ a2h2 + a2c2 + 2hca2 + a2k2 = a4 + c2h2 + 2a2ch

h2 k2
( )
⇒ a2 − c2 h2 + a2k2 = a2 a2 − c2 ⇒   2 + 2
a
(
a − c2
=1 )
x2 y2
locus + =1
a2 a 2 − c2

Q. For points P ≡ (x1, y1) and Q ≡ (x2,y2) of the co-ordinate plane, a new distance
d(P,Q) is defined d(P,Q) = |x1 – x2| + |y1 – y2|. Let O ≡ (0,0) and A ≡ (3,2). Prove
that the set of points in the first quadrant which are equidistant (with respect
to the new distance) from O and A consists of the union of a line segment of
Straight Line

finite length and an infinite ray. sketch this set in a labelled diagram.

19.
 Sol. Let the point be P(h, k) (h, k ≥ 0)
Now, PA = PB
|h – 0| + |k – 0| = |h – 3| + |k – 2|
h + k = |h – 3| + |k – 2|
locus x + y = |x – 3| + |y – 2|
If x ≥ 3 & y ≥ 2 then
x+y=x–3+y–2⇒0=–5
If x ≥ 3 & 0 ≤ y < 2 then
−1
x+y=x–3+2–y⇒y=
2
If 0 ≤ x < 3 & y ≥ 2 then
1
x+y=3–x+y–2⇒x= (ray)
2
If 0 ≤ x < 3 & 0 ≤ y < 2
5
x+y=3–x+2–y⇒x+y=
2

Q. Find locus of point P such that |PA – PB| = 2a and Coordinates of A,B are (c, 0)
and (–c, 0).

Sol.
Let Point P(h, k)
PA – PB = ± 2a
PA = ± 2a + PB
PA2 = 4a2 ± 4aPB + PB2

(h + c ) ( )
2 2
(h – c)2 + k2 = 4a2 ± 4a + k2 + h + c + k2

(h + c )
2
∓ 4a + k2 = 4a2 + 4hc

on Squaring
a2{(h + c)2 + k2} = a4 + 2a2 hc + h2c2
a2h2 + 2a2hc + a2c2 + a2k2 = a4 + 2a2hc + h2c2
⇒ (c2 – a2)h2 – a2k2 = a2(c2 – a2)
h2 k2
⇒ = =1
a2 c2 − a 2
x2 y2
locus − =1
a2 c2 − a 2
Straight Line

20.
Straight Line
Locus of point such that if any two point of
this locus are joined they define a unique
direction.
Inclination of Line
α ∈ [0,π)

Slope/Gradient (m)
m = tanα; α ≠ π/2

Slope of line Joining two points

m = tanα
y2 − y 1
=
x2 − x 1

Q. Find slope of joining point (1, 1) and (100, 100)

100 − 1 99
Sol. m= =
100 − 1 99
=1

Q. Find slope of joining points (1, 9) and (7, 0)

9 − 0 −9
Sol. m=
1−7
=
6

Equation of line in Various Forms :

General form :
ax + by = c

Point slope form :

(y – y1) = m(x – x1)
Straight Line

21.
 Q. Find equation of line having slope 2 and passing through point (1, 3).

Sol. Equation
(y – 3) = 2(x – 1)
y = 2x + 1

Q. Find equation of line having slope 3 and passing through point (1, 7).

Sol. Equation is
( y − 7) = 3 x−1 ( )
y= (
3x + 7 − 3 )
Q. Line passing though (1, 0) and (2, 1) is rotated about point (1, 0) by an angle 15°
in clockwise direction. Find equation of line.

Sol. Slope of previous line

1−0
m1 =
= 1 = tan45
2−1
Slope of new line
m2 = tan(45° – 15°)
1
=
3
1
equation (y – 0) = ( x − 1)
3
1 1
y= x−
3 3

Two Point Form

y2 − y 1
(y – y1) =
x2 − x 1
( x − x1 )
Straight Line

22.
 Q. Find equation of line joining (1, 1), (3, 4)

4−1
Sol. Equation (y – 1) =
3−1
x−1( )
3
y–1=
2
( )
x − 1 ⇒ 2y – 2 = 3x – 3

⇒ 3x – 2y = 1
Determinant Form :
1 1 1
x x1 x2 = 0
y y1 y2

Slope – Intercept Form :

y = mx + c
y = mx (if line passes through origin)

Q. Find slope, x – intercept, y – intercept of lines

(i) 2y = 3x + 7
(ii) 2x + 7y – 3 = 0
(iii) line joining points (1, 1), (9, 3)

3 7
Sol. (i) y =
2
x+
2
slope = 3 / 2, y − intercept  = 7 / 2
put y = 0 ⇒ x − intercept  = −7 / 3
(ii)  7 y = −2x + 3
−2 3
y= x+
7 7

Slope = −2 / 7, y − intercept  = 3 / 7

put y = 0 ⇒ x − intercept  = 3 / 2

(iii) equation ( y − 1) = 93 −− 11 ( x − 1)
1 1 1 3
y−1=
x− ⇒ y = x+
4 4 4 4
Straight Line

Slope = 1 / 4, y − intercept  = 3 / 4

put y = 0 ⇒ x − intercept  = −3
23.
 Double Intercept Form

x y
+ =1
a b

Q. Find equation of straight line through (1, 2) and if its x – intercept is twice the
y – intercept.

x y
Sol. Let equation + =1
2a a
it passes through (1,2) hence
1 2 5
  + = 1⇒ = 1⇒ a = 5/2
2a a 2a
x 2y
⇒ eq + = 1 ⇒ x + 2y = 5
5 5

Q. Find equation of line passing through (2, 3) and having intercept on y – axis
twice its intercept on x-axis.

x y
Sol. Let eqn   +
a 2a
=1

It passes through (2, 3) hence

2 3 7
+ = 1⇒ = 1⇒a = 7/2
a 2a 2a
2x y
⇒  eqn   + = 1 ⇒ 2x + y = 7
7 7
Normal Form :

xcosa + ysina = ρ ;  a ∈ 0, 2π )

Q. If equation of line 3x – 4y + 5 = 0 convert line in

(i) Intercept form
(ii) Double Intercept form
(iii) Normal form

Sol.
(i) 4y = 3x + 5
Straight Line

3 5 3 5
y = x +  ;  m  =   , c =
4 4 4 4

24.
 (ii) 3x – 4y = –5
x y
+ =1
−5 / 3 5/4 ( ) ( )
−5 5
a= ,b =
3 4
(iii) 3x – 4y = –5
divide by 32 + 42
3  4
x + y  −  = −1
5  5
 −3  4
⇒ x   + y  = 1
 5  5
−3 4
cosa = , sina = , ρ = 1
5 5
Note :
(1) Line having equal intercept ⇒ m = – 1
(2) Line equally inclined with co-ordinate axes ⇒ m = ± 1

Q. Find equation of medians of ∆ABC where coordinate of vertices are (0, 0),
(6, 0), (3, 8).

Sol. Let A(0,0), B(6,0) & C(3,8)

9 
then mid point of BC ⇒ D  , 4 
2 
3 
mid point of AC ⇒ E  , 4 
2 
mid point of AB ⇒ F 3, 0 ( )
equation of median
4−0
AD ⇒ (y – 0) =
9
(
x − 0 ⇒ 9y = 8x )
−0
2
4−0
BE ⇒ (y – 0) =
3
x−6 ( )
−6
2
−8
Straight Line

y=
9
( )
x − 6 ⇒ 8x + 9y = 48

CF ⇒ x = 3 (∵ slope is not define)

25.
 Q. If p is perpendicular distance from origin upon line whose intercept on
1 1 1
co- ordinate axis are a & b prove that 2 + 2 = 2
a b p

Sol. AB = a2 + b2
Now ar(∆OAB)
1 1
.OA.OB = .AB.OD
2 2
ab = a2 + b2 .p
on Squaring
a2b2 = (a2 + b2)p2
2 2
⇒ 1 = a + b  ⇒   1 = 1 + 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
p a b p a b

Q. Find locus of mid point of AB where A is x-intercept and B is y-intercept of a

variable line always passing through point (2, 3)

Sol. ( )
Let A a, 0  and B 0,b ( )
also mid point of AB is P h,k ( )
a+0 0+b
⇒h= ,k = ⇒ a = 2h,b = 2k
2 2
x y
now equation AB ⇒ + =1
a b
x y
⇒ + =1
2h 2k
 it passes through (2,3) hence
2 3
+
2h 2k
=1

1 3
⇒ locus + = 1 ⇒ 2y + 3x = 2xy
x 2y

Q. The region represented by |x – y| ≤ 2 and |x + y| ≤ 2 is bounded by a :

(A) Square of side length 2 2 units
(B) rhombus of side length 2 units
Straight Line

(C) square of are 16 sq units

(D) rhombus of area 8 2 sq. units

26.
Sol. |x – y| ≤ 2 ⇒ -2 ≤ x – y ≤ 2
|x + y| ≤ 2 ⇒ - 2 ≤ x + y ≤ 2
Clearly shaded region is an square for which
side = 22 + 22   =  2 2

( )
2
area = 2 2

= 8 sq. units

Q. Find number of lines passing through (2, 4) and forming a triangle of area 16
units with the co-ordinate axes.

Sol. Let line have equation

(y – 4) = m(x – 2) ⇒ y = mx + 4 – 2m … (1)
put x = 0 ⇒ y = 4 – 2m
2m − 4
y=0⇒x=
m
 2m − 4 
line meets co-ordinate axis at A  , 0
 m 
(
and B 0, 4 − 2m )
now area of triangle made by line with
co-ordinate axes
1
OA ⋅ OB = 16 ⇒  OA. OB = 32
2
2m − 4
× 4 − 2m = 32
m
(2m – 4)2 = 32 |m|
⇒ 4(m2 – 4m + 4) = 32 |m|
If m ≥ 0 ⇒ m2 – 4m + 4 = 8m
m2 – 12m + 4 = 0
D > 0 ⇒ two real and distinct values of m
If m < 0 ⇒ m2 – 4m + 4 = − 8m
m2 + 4m + 4 = 0
(m + 2)2 = 0 ⇒ m = − 2
∴ three values of m are possible hence number of such lines = 3
Straight Line

27.
 Q. Find equation of line
(i) cuts off intercept 4 on x – axis and passing through (2, -3)
(ii) cuts of equal intercept on co-ordinate axes and passes through (2, 5)
(iii) Makes an angle 135° with positive x-axis and cuts y – axis at a distance 8
from the origin
(iv) Passing through (4, 1) and making a triangle with the axes in the first
quadrant whose area is 8.

x y
Sol. (i) Let equation + =1
4 b

Now it passes through (2,–3) hence
2 3 −1 3
− = 1  ⇒ = ⇒b=–6
4 b 2 b

x y

∴ equation − =1
4 6
x y
(ii) Let line
+ =1 ⇒x+y=a
a b
it passes through (2, 5) ⇒ 2 + 5 = a ⇒ a = 7
∴ equation x + y = 7
(iii) Slope m = tan(135°) = – 1
or m = tan(–135°) = 1
also c = ± 8
hence, equation is y = mx + c
y= x±8
(iv) let line (y – 1) = m(x – 4)
y = mx + 1 – 4m … (1)
 4m − 1 
meets x − axis at A  , 0
 m 
y − axis at B (0, 1 – 4m)
area (∆OAB) = 8
1
OA ⋅ OB = 8 ⇒ OA ⋅ OB = 16
2
 4m - 1 

  . 1 - 4m = 16 ( )
 m 
⇒ (4m – 1)2 = – 16 m
(∵ triangle made is in I quadrant)
⇒ 16m2 – 8m + 1 = – 16m
Straight Line

⇒ 16m2 + 8m + 1 = 0
1
⇒ (4m + 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = −
4

28.
 hence, equation (from(1))
1
y = − x + 1 − −1
4
( )
⇒ 4y = − x + 8
x + 4y = 8

Q. The number of points, having both coordinates as integers, that lie in the inte-
rior of the triangle with vertices (0,0) , (0, 41) and (41, 0 )
(A) 780 (B) 901 (C) 861 (D) 820

Sol. Equation of sides of ∆ are

x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 41
If P(α, β) is point inside the ∆ then
a > 0, b > 0, a + b < 41
If α = 1 ⇒ β = 1,2,3, … , 39 → 39 points
If α = 2 ⇒ β = 1,2,3 , … , 38 → 38 points
⋮
α = 39 ⇒ β → 1 point
∴ total points
40
= 1 + 2 + 3 + …. + 39 = 39. = 780
2

Q. A straight line L with negative slope passes through the point (8, 2) and cuts
the positive coordinate axes at point P and Q. Find the absolute minimum val-
ue of OP + OQ. As L varies where O is the origin.

Sol.

Let equation of line
(y – 2) = m(x – 8) ; m < 0
 8m − 2 
Now P  , 0  , Q(0, 2–8m)
 m 
8m − 2
Now, OP + OQ = + 2 − 8m
m
2
= 8 − + 2 − 8m
m
 1 
= 10 + 2  + 4 −m ( ) … (1)
 −m ( ) 
Straight Line

29.
 by AM ≥ GM
1 1
( )
+ 4 −m ≥ 2 ( )
× 4 −m = 4
( −m) ( −m)
from (1)
(OP + OQ)min = 10 + 2(4) = 18

Q. Find equation of the two lines which join origin and points of trisection of the
portion of line x + 3y – 12 = 0 intercepted between co-ordinate axes.

Sol.
Given line meets coordinate axis at A(12,0), B(0,4)
Now, let P, Q are the points which trisects the line segment AB
 1 × 0 + 2 × 12 1 × 4 + 2 × 0   4
P ,  ≡ P  8, 
 1+ 2 1+ 2   3
 4 
8+ 0 + 4  8
also Q  ,3  ≡ Q  4, 
 2 2   3
 
 
4/3
equation of OP ⇒ y = x ⇒ 6y = x
8
8
x
equation of OQ ⇒ y = 3 ⇒ 3y = 2x
4

Line in Determinant form :

x y 1
x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1

Equation of Median through A(x1, y1) in ∆ABC

x y 1 x y 1
x1 y1 1 + x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
Straight Line

30.
Equation of Internal angle bisector :

x y 1 x y 1
b x1 y1 1 + c x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1

Equation of external angle bisector :

x y 1 x y 1
b x1 y1 1 − c x1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1

Equation of the altitude :

x y 1 x y 1
b cos C x 1 y1 1 + ccosB x 1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1

Angle Between two lines

m1 − m2
tanθ =
1 + m1m2

condition of lines being parallel m1 = m2

condition of lines being perpendicular m1m2 = –1

Equation of the parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is

ax + by + λ = 0

Equation of line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is

bx − ay + λ = 0

Inclination of lines are complementary m1m2 = 1

Straight Line

31.
 Q. Find equation of line parallel and perpendicular to y = 3 and passing
through (2, 7)

Sol. Let line parallel is y = λ

∵ it passes through (2,7) hence,
⇒y=7
let line ⊥ is x = µ
∵ it passes through (2,7) hence,
⇒x=2

Q. Find equation of line parallel and ⊥ to x = 1 and passing through (–9, –3).

Sol. Let line parallel is x = λ

∵ it passes through (-9,-3) hence ⇒ x = –9
let line ⊥ is y = µ
∵ it passes through (-9,–3) hence ⇒ y = – 3

Q. Find equation of line parallel and perpendicular to 2x + 3y = 7 and passing

through (2,-3)

Sol. Let line parallel is 2x + 3y = λ

 it passes through (2,-3) hence
( ) ( )
2 2 + 3 −3 = λ ⇒ λ = −5

⇒ equation is 2x + 3y + 5 = 0
now let line perpendicular is : 3x – 2y = μ
∵ it passes through (2, –3) hence
3(2) – 2(–3) = μ ⇒ μ = 12
⇒ equation is 3x – 2y = 12

Q. If the straight line, 2x – 3y + 17 = 0 is perpendicular to the line passing through

the points (7, 17) and (15, b) the b equals
35 35
(A)    (B)  – 5   (C)   − (D) 5
3 3

Sol. Line ⊥  to  2x − 3y + 17 = 0 is

Straight Line

3x + 2y = λ now this passes through (7, 17)

( ) ( )
3 7 + 2 17 = λ ⇒ λ = 55

32.
 ⇒ equation is : 3x + 2y = 55

( )
also it passes through 15, b hence

( ) ()
 3 15 + 2 b = 55 ⇒ b = 5

Q. Line 2x + 3y = 7 intersects co-ordinate axes in A and B. Find perpendicular

bisector of AB

x y
Sol. 2x + 3y = 7 ⇒ +
7/2 7/3
=1

7   7
hence A  , 0   and B  0, 
2   3
now ⊥ bisector of AB will be passing through
7 7
mid point of AB : M  ,   and  ⊥ to
4 6
given line
let Line is 3x − 2y = λ
7 7 63 − 28
now 3   − 2   = λ ⇒ =λ
4 6 12
35
λ = 35 / 12 equation is ⇒ 3x − 2y = ⇒ 36x − 24x = 35
12

Q. Two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0. If the

equation to one diagonal is 11x + 7y= 9. find the equation to the other diagonal.

Sol.

Clearly A(0, 0)
Now on solving
11x + 7y = 9
and 4x + 5y = 0
 −4x 
⇒ 11x + 7  =9
 5 
27x
⇒ = 9 ⇒ x = 5/3, y = – 4/3
5
 5 −4 
⇒ B , 
3 3 
on solving 11x + 7y = 9 & 7x + 2y = 0
Straight Line

 7x  27x
⇒ 11x + 7  − =9⇒− =9
 2  2

33.
  2 7
⇒ x = −2 / 3, y = 7 / 3 ⇒ D  − , 
 3 3
5 2 4 7 
now C  − − 0, − + − 0  ≡ C 1, 1 ( )
3 3 3 3 
equation of other diagonal AC is y = x

Q. Two sides of a parallelogram are along the lines x + y = 3 and x – y + 3 = 0, If

its diagonals intersect at (2, 4) then one of its vertex is:
(A) (2, 6) (B) (2, 1) (C) (3, 5) (D) (3, 6)

Sol.
On solving given lines we get A(0, 3) also P(2, 4) is mid point of AC
⇒ C(4, 5)
Let equation of DC : x + y = λ
on passing it from C we have x + y = 9
Now on solving x – y + 3 = 0 & x + y = 9
D(3,6)
and B(0 + 4 – 3), (3 + 5 – 6) ≡ B(1, 2)

Q. A(0, 8), B(2, 4) and C(6, 8). Find equation of altitudes, perpendicular bisector
and co-ordinates of orthocenter and circumcentre.

4
Sol. mBC =
4
=1

4
mAC = 0 mAB = = −2
−2

equation of altitude from A

(y – 8) = –1(x – 0)
x + y = 8 … (1)
equation of altitude from B ⇒ x = 2 … (2)
equation of altitude from C
x – 2y + 10 = 0 … (3)
on solving (1) and (2)
Orthocentre H(2, 6)
Now for ⊥ bisectors
mid point of BC ⇒ D(4,6)
Straight Line

AC ⇒ E(3,8)

34.
 mid point of AB ⇒ F 1, 6 ( )
equation of ⊥ bisector of BC
( ) ( )
y − 6 = −1 x − 4 ⇒ x + y = 10 … (4)
⊥ bisector of AC
x = 3 … (5)
⊥ bisector of AB
1
(y − 6)  =  
2
( )
x − 1 ⇒  x − 2y + 11 = 0  … (6)

on solving (4) and (5)

circumcentre O(3, 7)

To Find Tangent of Interior Angles of Triangle

If m1 > m2 > m3 then
m1 − m2
tanA =
1 + m1m2
m2 − m3
tanB =
1 + m2m3
m3 − m1
tanC =
1 + m3m1

Q. If a ∆ABC is formed by the lines 2x + y – 3 = 0, x – y + 5 = 0 and 3x – y + 1 = 0

then obtain tangents of the interior angles of the triangle.

Sol. Slopes of sides are − 2,1,3

so let m1 = 3,m2 = 1,m3 = −2 ( 3 > 1 > −2 )
now

tanA =
3−1
= 1 / 2 , tanB =
( ) = −3 ,
1 − −2
tanC =
(−2) − 3 = 1
1+ 3 1 () 1 + 1 ( −2) 1 + ( −2) (3)

Q. Equation of line passing through (1, 2) making an angle of 45° with the line
2x + 3y = 10

Sol. Slope of given line m1 = – 2/3

Straight Line

let slope of required line m2 now

35.
 m1 − m2
tan45° =
1 + m1m2

−2 / 3 − m2
1=
1 − 2m2 / 3

3m2 + 2
⇒ 1= ⇒ 3m2 + 2 = 2m2 − 3
2m2 − 3
⇒  3m2 + 2 = 2m2 − 3  or 3m2 + 2 = −2m2 + 3
m2 = – 5 or m2 = 1/5
1
equation (y - 2) = – 5 (x – 1) or (y – 2) =
5
x−1 ( )

Reflection of a point about a line

(i) AB = BC

(ii) Angle 90°

If A(x1, y1) & line is ax + by + c = 0 then Foot
of ⊥ of A in line can be evaluated by

x − x1
 y − y1  ax + by + c 
= = −  1 2 12 
a b  a + b 

also image of A in line can be evaluated by

x − x1 y − y1  ax + by + c 
= = −2  1 2 12 
a b  a + b 

Q. Find equation of line passing through (-2, -7) making an angle of tan–1 3/4
with the line 4x + 3y = 3

Sol. Slope of req’d line = m1

slope of given line = m2 = – 4/3
m1 − m2
now tanθ =
1 + m1m2

m1 + 4 / 3 3m1 + 4
(
tan tan−1 3 / 4 = ) 3
( ) (
⇒ 3 4m1 − 3 = ±4 3m1 , +4 )
Straight Line

⇒ =
(
1 + −4m1 / 3 ) 4 4m1 − 3

36.
 (
⇒  12m1 − 9 = ± 12m1 + 16 ) ( +sign ⇒ −9 = +16 ⇒ m1 → ∞
( − ) sign ⇒ 24m1 = −7 ⇒ m1 = −7 / 24
7
Now equation (y + 7) = −
24
( x + 2) , x=–2

Q. Find reflection of point (1, -2) about the line x – y + 5 = 0

x−1 y+2 () ( )
 1 − −2 + 5 
Sol. 1
 =
−1
= −2  2 2 
 1 + ( −1) 
x−1 y+2 8
= = −2  
1 −1 2
x = –7, y = 6
∴ reflection is (–7, 6)

Q. Equation of perpendicular bisector of the sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC is

x – y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y = 0. If the vertex is A(1, –2). find equation of BC.

Sol.
Given
L1 : x – y + 5 = 0
L2 : x + 2y = 0
Now L1 is ⊥ bisector of AB
⇒ B is reflection of A in L 1  hence for B

x−1 y+2
= = 2 2
( )
 1 − −2 + 5 
 
1 −1 2 
 1 + ( −1) 
x−1 y+2 8

1
=
−1
(
= −2   ⇒ B −7, 6 )
2
Now L2 is ⊥ bisector of AC
⇒ C is reflection of A in L2 hence for C
x−1 y+2
= = −2 
( )
 1 + 2 −2 

1 2 2 2
 1 + 2 
x−1 y+2  −3 
= = −2  
1 2  5
Straight Line

37.
  11 2 
⇒ C , 
 5 5

6−2/5 28 / 5 14
mBC = = =−
−7 − 11 / 5 −46 / 5 23
−14
equation of BC  ( y − 6 ) = (x + 7)
23
⇒ 14x + 23y = 40

Q. The equations of perpendiculars of the sides AB and AC of triangle ABC are

x – y – 4 = 0 and 2x – y – 5 = 0 respectively. If the vertex A is (–2, 3) and point
of intersection of perpendiculars bisectors is (3/2, 5/2), find the equation of
medians to the sides AB and AC respectively.

3 5
Sol.
Given circumcentre is O  , 
2 2
also : L1 : x – y – 4 = 0
L2 : 2x – y – 5 = 0
⊥ bisector of AB will be parallel to L1 and passes
from O hence equation L3 : x – y + 1 = 0
⊥ bisector of AC will be || to L2 and passes
1
from O hence eqn : 2x − y − = 0 ⇒ L4 : 4x − 2y − 1 = 0
2
now E is foot of ⊥ from A on L3 hence,

x+2 y−3  −2 − 3 + 1 
= = −1   
1 −1 2 2
 1 + ( −1) 
⇒ E(0, 1) hence, B(2, –1)
also F is foot of ⊥ from A on L4 hence

x+2 y−3
= = −
( )
 4 −2 − 2 3 − 1  ( )

4 −2  16 + 4 
⇒ F(1, 3/2) Hence, C(4, 0)
equation of median of side AB
EC : x + 4y = 4
equation of median of side AC
3
+1
FB : (y + 1) = 2 (
x−2 )
Straight Line

1−2
⇒ 2y + 2 = –5x + 10 ⇒ 5x + 2y = 8

38.
 Q. Find the equation of the sides of triangle having (4, –1) as a vertex, If the lines
x – 1 = 0 and x – y – 1 = 0 are the equations of two internal bisectors of its angles.

Sol. Let given A(4,-1) and angle bisector of

angle B
L1 : x – 1 = 0
and of angle C is
L2 : x – y – 1 = 0
Clearly of reflection of A in L1 and L2 lies
on BC hence reflection of A in L1
x−4 y+1  4 − 1
= = −2  2 
1 0  1 
⇒ A’(−2, − 1)
now reflection of A in L2

x−4 y+1  4 + 1 − 1 
= = −2  2 2
1 −1  1 + ( −1) 
⇒ A”(0, 3)
equation of BC = equation of A’A”
4
(y+1 = ) 2
( )
x + 2 ⇒ 2x − y + 3 = 0

on solving BC with L1 ⇒ B(1, 5) on solving BC with L2 ⇒ C(–4, –5)

6
now equation of AB ⇒ y − 5 =( )
−3
x−1 ( )
⇒ 2x + y = 7
4
equation of AC ⇒ (y + 5) =
8
x+4 ( )
⇒ x – 2y = 6

Q. Find reflection of point (1, –2) about the line x + 2y = 0

x−1 y+2  1 + 2 −2( ) 

Sol. 1
=
2
= −2 
 5


x−1 y+2 6
= =
1 2 5
11 2
⇒x= , y=  
5 5
Straight Line

 11 2 
Reflection is  , 
 5 5
39.
 Length of ⊥ from (x1,y1) on ax + by + c = 0

ax 1 + by 1 + c
p=
a2 + b2

Distance between two parallel lines

c 1 − c2
p=
a2 + b2

Q. Find distance between point (1,2) and line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0

()
3 1 −4 2 +1 ( )
Sol. P=
32 + 42
4
P=
5

Q. Find Distance between point (0, 0) line 12x – 5y + 7 = 0

( )
12 0 − 5 0 + 7( ) 7
Sol. P=
122 + 52
 =  
13

3
Q. Lines are drawn parallel to the line 4x – 3y + 2 = 0 at a distance
5
from the

origin. Then which one of the following points lies on any of these lines?
 1 2  1 1  −1 2  1 1
(A)  − ,  (B)   ,  (C)  , −  (D)  , − 
 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3

Sol.

Let line || to it is
L : 4x – 3y + λ = 0
Straight Line

Now distance of O from L is

3
hence,
( ) ( )
4 0 −3 0 +λ
=
3
5 2
4 +32 5

40.
 ⇒ |λ| = 3 ⇒ λ = ±3
hence lines are 4x – 3y + 3 = 0
or 4x – 3y – 3 = 0

Q. The locus of the mid points of the perpendicular drawn from points on the line
x = 2y to the line x = y is
(A) 2x – 3y = 0 (B) 3x – 2y = 0 (C) 5x – 7y = 0 (D) 7x – 5y = 0

Sol.

Let a point on L1 : x = 2y is A(2a, a)
now foot of ⊥ from A on L2 : x – y = 0
x − 2a y − a  2a − a 
= = −1  2 2
1 −1  1 + ( −1) 
a
x − 2a = − y − a = −( ) 2
⇒ x = 3a / 2,  y = 3a / 2 ⇒ B 3a / 2, 3a / 2 ( )
mid point of AB is P(h, k)
2a + 3a / 2 a + 3a / 2
h= ,k =
2 2
4h = 7a … (1)
4k = 5a … (2)

( 1) ÷ ( 2)  kh = 57 ⇒ 5h = 7k locus ⇒ 5x = 7y

Q. Find the distance between lines 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 and 6x + 8y – 17 = 0

Sol.
L1 : 6x + 8y + 14 = 0
L2 : 6x + 8y – 17 = 0

distance p =
14 − −17 ( ) =
31
62 + 82 10

Area of Parallelogram

Area =
(c 1 )(
− c2 d1 − d2 )
(m1
− m2 )
Straight Line

41.
 Q. Area of quadrilateral formed by the lines
3x - 4y + 10 = 0, 3x - 4y + 20 = 0
4x + 3y + 10 = 0, 4x + 3y − 20 = 0

Sol. Lines are

3 5
L1 : y =   x +  
4 2
3
L2 : y =   x + 5
4
 −4   −10 
L3 : y =  x +  
 3   3 
 −4   20 
L4 : y =  x +  
 3   3 
 5   20 10  5
5 −  
2 3
+ 
3 
  10
2
( )
Area =   =   = 12 sq. unit.
3 4 25
+
4 3 12

Q. Find the area of quadrilateral formed by the lines

3x – 4y + 1 = 0 ; 3x – 4y + 2 = 0
x – 2y + 3 = 0 ; x – 2y + 7 = 0

3  1
Sol. Sides are L1 : y =   x +  
4 4
3 2
L2 : y =   x +  
4 4
 1 3
L3 : y =   x +  
2 2
 1 7
L4 : y =   x +  
2 2
 2 1 7 3 1
 −  −   . 2
area = 4 42 2 = 4 = 2 sq. unit
Straight Line

3 1 1
 −  4
4 2

42.
Note :
Two parallel lines are tangent to same circle then
distance between them is diameter of the circle

Note :
Equation of diameter of tangents is
 λ + λ2 
ax + by +  1 =0
 2 
 

Area of right isosceles ∆ in term of ⊥ from vertex

∆ = p2

Area of equilateral ∆ in terms of median/angle

bisector / ⊥ bisector / altitude

h2
∆=  
3

Q. Find area of equilateral ∆ whose one vertex is (7,0) & a side lies along line y = x

7−0 7
Sol. h=
2
=
2
h2 49
area ∆ = = sq. unit
3 2 3

Q. Two mutually ⊥ lines are drawn passing through point (a,b) and enclosed in
an isosceles ∆ together with the line x cosα + y sinα = p Find the area of ∆.
Straight Line

Sol. Given triangle is right angled isosceles

∆ hence area ∆ = λ2 … (1)

43.
 acosa + bsina − p
λ=
cos2 a + sin2 a
λ = acosa + bsina − p

( )
2
area = ∆ = acosa + bsina − p  

Q. The three lines x + 2y + 3 = 0, x + 2y – 7 = 0 and 2x – y – 4 = 0 form three sides

of a square find the equations of the fourth side.

Sol. Distance between L1 & L2

3+7 10
d= = = 2 5  unit 
1+ 4 5
let fourth side L4 : 2x − y + λ = 0
also distance between L3 & L4 will be d
λ+4
= 2 5 ⇒ λ + 4 = 10
4+1
λ + 4 = ±10
λ = 6, –14
hence fourth side: 2x – y + 6 = 0
or 2x -y – 14 = 0

Parametric Form of Line / Distance form

y − y1 x − x1
= =r
sinθ cosθ
x = x 1 + rcosθ, y = y 1 + rsinθ

Q. In what direction a line through point (1,2) must be drawn so that its intersec-
6
tion point P with the line x + y = 4 may be at a distance of from A
3

Sol. Let required angle is θ from positive x – axis hence,

co-ordinate of P
Straight Line

 6 6 
P1 + cosθ, 2 + sinθ 
 3 3 
 

44.
 Now P lies on x + y = 4

6 6
Hence, 1 + cosθ + 2 + sinθ = 4
3 3
6 3
3
( )
sinθ + cosθ = 1 ⇒ sinθ + cosθ =
6
1 3
⇒ ( sinθ + cosθ) = 2
2
(
⇒ sin θ + π / 4 = 3 / 2 )
θ + π / 4 = π / 3 ,  θ + π / 4 = 2π / 3 ⇒ θ = π / 12, 5π / 12

Q. If A(3, 2), B(7, 4). Find coordinate of C such that ∆ABC is equilateral

Sol. AB = 42 + 22   =  2 5 unit.
hence, length of altitude of ∆ABC
3
h= AB = 15 unit.
2
4−2 1
mAB = =
7−3 2
mid point of AB is M(5, 3) Slope mMC = −2 = tanθ
2 −1
⇒ sinθ = , cosθ =  (θ ∈ II Quadrant)
5 5
2 1
or sinθ = − ,  cosθ =  (θ ∈IV Quadrant)
5 5

(
Now C x 1 + hcos θ, y 1 + h sin θ )
  2 


 −1 
C  5 + 15 
 5

 , 3 + 15 
 
(
 5   ≡ C 5 − 3, 3 + 2 3 )
  −2  


 1 
C  5 + 15 
 5



, 3 + 15 
 
(
 5   ≡ C 5 + 3, 3 − 2 3 )
Straight Line

45.
 Q. A line passing through A(–5, –4) meets the line x + 3y + 2 = 0, 2x + y + 4 = 0
2 2 2
 15   10   6 
and x – y – 5 = 0 at B,C,D. If   +  =   . Find the equation of line
 AB   AC   AD 

Sol.
Given lines
L1 : x + 3y + 2 = 0
L2 : 2x + y + 4 = 0
L3 : x – y – 5 = 0
let required line makes angle θ with
positive x-axis hence,
B(– 5 + AB cosθ, –4 + AB sinθ)
B lies on L1 hence,
(–5 + AB cosθ) + 3(–4 + AB sinθ) + 2 = 0
15
= cosθ + 3sinθ … (1)
AB
(
also C −5 + AC cos θ, −4 + AC sin θ )
( ) ( )
2 −5 + AC cos θ + −4 + AC sin θ + 4 = 0

10
⇒ = 2cosθ + sinθ … (2)
AC
(
and D −5 + AD ⋅ cosθ, −4 + AD ⋅ sinθ )
( −5 + AD cos θ) − ( −4 + AD sin θ) − 5 = 0
6
⇒ = cosθ − sinθ … (3)
AD
2 2 2
 15   10   6 
Now, given   +  = 
 AB   AC   AD 
from equation (1), (2) & (3)
(cosθ + 3sinθ)2 + (2cosθ + sinθ)2 = (cosθ − sinθ)2
⇒ 4 cos2 θ + 9 sin2 θ + 12sinθcosθ = 0 divide by cos2 θ
⇒ 4 + 9tan2 θ + 12tanθ = 0
⇒ (3tanθ + 2)2 = 0 ⇒ tanθ = −2 / 3
hence equation of the line
2
( ) ( )
y + 4 = − x + 5 ⇒ 2x + 3y + 22 = 0
3
Straight Line

46.
 Q. A line is such that its segment between the straight lines 5x – y – 4 = 0 and
3x + 4y – 4 = 0 is bisected at the point (1, 5) obtain the equation.

Sol.
Given
L1 : 5x – y – 4 = 0
L2 : 3x + 4y – 4 = 0
let required line makes angle θ with
positive x – axis hence,
(
C 1 + rcosθ, 5 + rsinθ )
C lies on L2 hence,
( ) (
3 1 + rcosθ + 4 5 + rsinθ − 4 = 0)
−19
= 3cosθ + 4sinθ … (1)
r
(
Similarly B 1 − rcosθ, 5 − rsinθ )
5 ( 1 − rcosθ ) − ( 5 − rsinθ ) − 4 = 0

4
= sin θ − 5 cos θ … (2)
r
(1) ÷ (2) ,
−19 3cosθ + 4sinθ
=
4 sinθ − 5cosθ
83 cosθ = 35 sinθ ⇒ tanθ = 83/35
83
equation (y – 5) =
35
x−1 ( )
⇒ 83x – 35y + 92 = 0

3x 4x
Q. Two side of a rhombus lying in 1st quadrant are given by y =
4
 &  y  =   . If
3
the length of longer diagonal OC = 12. Find the equation of other two sides.

Sol. mOA = 3 / 4

mOB = 4 / 3 let mOC = m

 OC makes equal angles with
OA and OB hence
4
Straight Line

m−
m−3/4 3  
=
1+m 3/4( ) 4
1 + m 
3
47.
 4m − 3 3m − 4
= 16m2 − 9 = 9m2 − 16
4 + 3m 4m + 3
16m2 − 9 = 9m2 − 16 or 16m2 − 9 = 16 − 9m2
7m2 = −7 or  25m2 = 25
m = ±1
clearly
mOC = 1 = tan45°

now
( )(
C 0 + 12cos45 , 0 + 12sin45 ≡ C 6 2, 6 2 )
equation of BC ⇒ ( y − 6 2 ) = ( x − 6 2 )
3

4

equation of AC ⇒ ( y − 6 2 ) = ( x − 6 2 )
4
3

Q. A variable line through origin meets the line a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
2 1 1
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 at P and Q. On it is taken a point R If  OR =  OP  + OQ  then

prove that locus of R is also a straight line.

Sol.
Given lines
L1 : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
L2 : a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Let R(h,k)
and OP = r1, OR = r2, OQ = r3
(
hence P r1cosθ,r1sinθ )
1 a cosθ + b1sinθ
in putting L 1  we get  = 1 … (1)
r1 −c1

(
also Q r3cosθ,r3sinθ )
in pulting L2 we get

1 a cosθ + b2sinθ
= 2
r3 −c2
Straight Line

2 1 1
now given = +
r2 r1 r3

48.
 2  a 1cosθ + b1sinθ   a2cosθ + b2sinθ 
= + 
r2  −c1   −c2 

2=
( ) (
a 1 r2cosθ + b1 r2sinθ ) + a2 (r2cosθ) + b2 (r2sinθ)
−c1 −c2
 
a 1h + b1k a2h + b2k
−2 = +
c1 c2
(a1c2 + a2c1)h + (b1c2 + b2c1)k + 2c1c2 = 0
locus
(a1c2 + a2c1)x + (b1c2 + b2c1)y + 2c1c2 = 0
⇒ It is a straight line.

Position of Point w.r.t a line

(ax2 + by2 + c)(ax3 + by3 + c) > 0

(ax1 + by1 + c)(ax2 + by2 + c) < 0

Q. Find range of a for which (a, a2) and origin lie on same side of line 4x+4y-3=0

Sol. ( 4 (0) + 4 (0) − 3) ( 4a + 4a − 3) > 0

2

(
⇒ 4a2 + 4a − 3 < 0 )
⇒ ( 4a 2
)
+ 6a − 2a − 3 < 0

( ) ( )
⇒ 2a 2a + 3 − 1 2a + 3 < 0

⇒ ( 2a − 1)( 2a + 3) < 0

 3 1
⇒ a ∈ − , 
 2 2
Straight Line

49.
 Q. If point (a, a2) lies between lines x +y − 2 = 0 and 4x + 4y – 3 = 0. Find the
range of a.

Sol.
L1 : x + y – 2 = 0
L2 : 4x + 4y – 3 = 0
for L 1  points O and P are same side
(0+0-2)(a+a2-2) > 0
(a 2
)
+ a − 2 < 0 ⇒ (a2 + 2a – a – 2) < 0

( ) ( ) ( )( )
a a+2 −1 a+2 <0 a−1 a+2 <0

⇒ a ∈ ( −2, 1) … (1)

for L2  points O and P are opposite side

(4 (0) + 4 (0) − 3) (4a + 4a − 3) < 0

2
( )
⇒ 4a2 + 4a − 3 < 0

⇒ ( 4a + 6a − 2a − 3) > 0
2
⇒ 2a(2a + 3) –1 (2a + 3) > 0

( )(
⇒ 2a − 1 2a + 3 > 0 ) ( ) ( )
⇒ −∞, −3 / 2 ∪ 1 / 2, ∞ … (2)
Now by (1) ∩ (2)
 −3   1 
a ∈  −2,  ∪  , 1
 2  2 

Q. Determine values of α for which point (α, α2) lies inside the triangle formed by
the lines 2x + 3y – 1 = 0, x + 2y – 3 = 0 and 5x – 6y – 1 = 0

Sol.
L1 : 2x + 3y – 1 = 0
L2 : x + 2y – 3 = 0
L3 : 5x – 6y – 1 = 0
O & P lie opposite
side of L1 hence,
( −1) ( 2a + 3a2 − 1) < 0
3a2 + 2a − 1 > 0 3a2 + 3a − a − 1 > 0
() ( ) ( )(
3a a + 1 − a + 1 > 0 ⇒ 3a − 1 a + 1 > 0 )
a ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1 / 3, ∞ ) … (1)
Straight Line

50.
 O and P lie same side of L2 hence
( −3) ( a + 2a2 − 3) > 0 ⇒ 2a2 + a − 3 < 0
2a2 + 3a − 2a − 3 < 0
( ) ( ) ( )( )
a 2a + 3 − 2a + 3 < 0 ⇒ a − 1 2a + 3 < 0

a ∈ ( −3 / 2, 1) … (2)
O and P lies same side of L3 hence
( −1) (5a − 6a2 − 1) > 0 ⇒ 6a2 − 5a + 1 > 0
6a2 − 2a − 3a + 1 > 0
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2a 3a − 1 − 3a − 1 > 0 ⇒ 2a − 1 3a − 1 > 0

a ∈ ( −∞, 1 / 3 ) ∪ ( 1 / 2, ∞ ) … (3)
(1) ∩ (2) ∩ (3)
( ) (
a ∈ −3 / 2, −1 ∪ 1 / 2, 1 )
Condition of concurrency
If l1 ≡ a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
l2 ≡ a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
l3 ≡ a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 are concurrent

a 1 b1 c 1
then a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
Note :
Converse need not be true.

Q. Find k if lines x – y = 3, x + y = 7, kx + 3y = 4 are concurrent.

1 −1 −3
Sol. 1 1 −7 = 0
k 3 −4

1(17) + 1(7k – 4) – 3(3 – k) = 0

10k + 4 = 0 ⇒ k = – 2/5
Straight Line

51.
 Q. Prove that in any triangle, altitudes are concurrent.

y3 − y2
Sol. mBC =
x3 − x2
equation of altitude from A
x3 − x2 ( )
(y − y1 = − ) x − x1 ( )
y3 − y2 ( )
(y3-y2 )y − y1 (y3-y2 )= –(x3 – x2 )x+x1 (x3-x2 )
⇒(x3 − x2 )x+(y3−y2 )y = x1 (x3−x2 ) + y1 (y3 − y2) …(1)
Similarly altitude from B
( ) ( )
⇒ x 1 − x3 x + y 1 − y 3 y = x2 x 1 − x3 + y 2 y 1 − y 3 … (2) ( ) ( )
attitude from C
( ) ( ) (
⇒ x2 − x 1 x + y 2 − y 1 y = x3 x2 − x 1 + y 3 y 2 − y 1 … (3) ) ( )
from (1), (2), (3)
x3 − x2 y 3 − y 2 ( ) (
x 1 x3 − x2 + y 1 y 3 − y 2 )
∆ = x 1 − x3 y 1 − y3 x2 (x 1
− x ) + y (y
3 2 1
− y )   3

x2 − x 1 y2 − y 1 x3 (x 2
− x ) + y (y
1 3 2
−y ) 1

R3 → R1 + R2 + R3 ⇒ ∆ = 0 ⇒ altitudes are concurrent.

Q. Let λ, a ∈ R the lines

λx + sina ⋅ y + cosa  = 0
x + cosa ⋅ y − sina  = 0
−x + sina ⋅ y − cosa  = 0
If these lines are concurrent find the range of λ . If λ = 1, find general solution
for a.

λ sina cosa
Sol. 1 cosa −sina = 0
−1 sina −cosa

( ) (
λ − cos2 a + sin2 a − sin a − cos a − sin a  +  cosa sina + cosa = 0 ) ( )
1 + sin2a cosa + sina
( )
λ −cos2a + 2sinacosa + 1 = 0 λ =
cos2a
=
cosa − sina
( )
⇒ λ = tan π / 4 + a ∈ R if λ = 1 then tan π / 4 + a = 1 = tan π / 4 ( ) ( )
Straight Line

π / 4 + a = nπ + π / 4  n ∈ I ⇒ ( ) a = nπ (n ∈ I)

52.
 Q.
If bc ≠ ad and the lines
(sin3θ)x + ay + b = 0
(cos2θ)x + cy + d = 0
2x + (a + 2c)y + (b + 2d) = 0 are concurrent then find the most general values of θ

sin3θ a b
Sol. cos2θ c d =0
2 a + 2c b + 2d
R3 → R3 – (R1 + 2R2)
sin3θ a b
  cos2θ c d =0
2 − sin3θ − 2cos2θ 0 0
Now
(2 – sin3θ – 2cos2θ)(ad – bc) = 0
( )
⇒ 2 1 − cos2θ − sin3θ = 0

( )
⇒ 2 2 sin2 θ − 3sinθ + 4 sin3 θ = 0

{
⇒ sinθ 4 sin2 θ + 4sinθ − 3 = 0 }
⇒ sinθ{4 sin2 θ + 6sinθ − 2sinθ − 3] = 0
( ) (
⇒ sinθ{2sinθ 2sinθ + 3 − 2sinθ + 3 ] = 0 )
( )(
⇒ sinθ 2sinθ − 1 2sinθ + 3 = 0 )
sinθ = 0  or  sinθ = 1 / 2  or  sinθ = −3 / 2
π
( )
n
θ = nπ θ = nπ + −1 X
6
(n ∈ I) (n ∈ I)
Family of Lines
(i) Family of concurrent lines
L1 + λL2 = 0
(ii) Family of parallel lines
ax + by + λ=0
Type – 1

Equation of line always passing through point

of intersection of l1 = 0 and l2 = 0 is
Straight Line

l1 + λl2 = 0 ∀ λ ∈ R

53.
 Q. Find equation of line passing through intersection of 3x–4y + 6 = 0 and
x + y + 2 = 0 and
(i) Parallel to line y = 0
(ii) Parallel to line x = 7
(iii) At a distance of 5 units from origin
(iv) Situated at maximum distance from point (2,3)

Sol. Equation of required line is

(3x – 4y + 6) + λ(x + y + 2) = 0
(3 + λ)x + (λ– 4)y + 2(λ + 3) = 0
(i) for this  3 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −3
-7y + 0 = 0 ⇒ y = 0
(ii) for this  λ − 4 = 0 ⇒ λ = 4
eq’: 7x + 14 = 0 ⇒ x + 2 = 0

iii)
( 3 + λ )(0) + ( λ − 4 )(0) + 2 ( λ + 3) =5
(3 + λ )2 + (λ − 4)2

( ) ( ) (
2 λ + 3 = 5 2λ2 − 2λ + 25 on squaring 4 λ2 + 6λ + 9 = 25 2λ2 − 2λ + 25 )
⇒ 46λ2 − 74λ + 589 = 0
D < 0 ⇒ not possible
iv) point of intersection of given lines is A(–2, 0)
now SL passing through A and at max.
distance from B(2, 3) will be ⊥ to AB
3
hence mAB =
4
4
\ slope of line is –4/3 equation : y − 0 = −( ) 3
( )
x + 2 ⇒ 3y = −4x − 8

⇒ 4x + 3y + 8 = 0

Type – 2 (Converse of Type – 1)

l1 + λl2 = 0 always passes through intersection
of l1 = 0 and l2 = 0
Straight Line

54.
 Q. Find the point through which the line x – 1 + λy = 0 always passes for all λ ∈R

Sol. ( ) ( )
Given family of line is x − 1 + λ y = 0 = L 1 + λL2 = 0

Where L1 : x = 1
L2 : y = 0
which always passes through point of intersection of L1 and L2 which is (1, 0)

Q. Find the point through which the line x – 2 + λ(y – 1) = 0 always passes for all
λ ∈R

Sol. ( ) ( )
Given family of line is x − 2 + λ y − 1 = 0 = L 1 + λL2 = 0

WhereL1 : x = 2
L2 : y = 1
which always passes through point of intersection of L1 and L2 which is (2,1)

Q. Find the point through which the line 2x – 3λy = y + 7 always passes ∀ λ ∈ R

Sol.
Given family of line is
(2x – y – 7) – 3λ(y) = 0 ≡ L1 + KL2 = 0
where L1 : 2x – y – 7 = 0
L2 : y = 0
which always passes through point of intersection of L1 and L2 which is (7/2,0)

Q. If a, b, c are in AP find the point through which ax + by + c = 0 always passes

through.

Sol.
2b = a + c ⇒ c = 2b – a
Now equation ax + by + 2b – a = 0
a(x – 1) + b(y + 2) = 0
b
x − 1 + (y + 2)
L1 a 
L2
Straight Line

Fixed point (1, –2)

2-M ∵ a – 2b + c = 0 … (1)

55.
 ax + by + c = 0 … (2)
On comparing (1) & (2)
x y 1
= =  
1 −2 1
⇒ x = 1, y = – 2
fixed point (1, –2)

Q. If a + 3b = 5c find the fixed point through which line ax + by + c=0 passes

Sol. a + 3b - 5c = 0
ax + by + c = 0
on comparison
x y 1
= =
1 3 −5
⇒ 1 ()
fixed point (-1/5, -3/5)

Q. If a2 + 9b2 = 6ab + 4c2 the ax + by + c = 0 passes through one or the other of

two fixed point. Find the points.

Sol. a2 − 6ab + 9b2 − 4c2 = 0

( )( )
(a − 3b)2 − (2c)2 = 0 a − 3b + 2c a − 3b − 2c = 0
Case – I : a - 3b + 2c = 0
ax + by + c = 0
x y 1 1 3
⇒  = =   fixed point  , − 
1 −3 2 2 2
Case – II : a – 3b – 2c = 0
ax + by + c = 0
x y 1  −1 3 
⇒ = =    fixed point  , 
1 −3 −2  2 2

Q.
If algebraic sum of the perpendiculars from A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), A(x3, y3) on a
variable line ax + by + c = 0 vanished then the variable line always passes
through
(A) G of △ABC (B) O of ∆ABC (C) I of ∆ABC (D) H of ∆ABC
Straight Line

56.
Sol. ⊥ distance from A
ax 1 + by 1 + c
d1 = (algebraic)
a2 + b2
⊥ distance from B
ax2 + by 2 + c
d2 =   (algebraic) 
a2 + b2
ax3 + by 3 + c
⊥ distance from C d3 = (algebraic)
a2 + b2
given d1 + d2 + d3 = 0
1
{a ( x 1 ) ( ) }
+ x2 + x3 + b y 1 + y 2 + y 3 + 3c = 0
a2 + b2
 x + x2 + x3   y + y2 + y3 
a 1  + b 1  + c = 0
 3   3
   
∴ line passes from G of ∆ABC

Q. The family of lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b always passes through a fixed
point. Find the point.

Sol. a(x + y – 1) + b(2x + 3y – 1) = 0

b
x + y − 1 + (2x + 3y − 1) = 0
  a   
L1 L2

which always passes through point of int. of L1 and L2 which is (2, –1)

Q. The equations to the sides of a triangle are x+2y=0,4x + 3y = 5 and 3x + y = 0.

Find the co-ordinates of the orthocentre of the triangle without finding verti-
ces of triangle

Sol.

L1 : x + 2y = 0
L2 : 4x + 3y = 5
L3 : 3x + y = 0
Altitude from A is
L2 + λL3 = 0
(4x + 3y – 5) + λ(3x + y ) = 0
Straight Line

(4 + 3λ) x + ( λ + 3)y – 5 = 0

57.
  4 + 3λ   −1 
which is ⊥ to L1 hence −     = −1
 3 + λ  2 
4 + 3λ = -6 - 2λ ⇒ λ = -2
–2x + y – 5 = 0 ⇒ 2x – y + 5 = 0 … (1)
altitude from B is
L1 + µL3 = 0
(x + 2y) + µ(3x + y) = 0
(3µ + 1)x + (µ + 2)y = 0
Which is ⊥ to L2 hence
 3µ + 1   4 
−   −  = −1
 µ + 2  3
12 µ + 4 = – 3 µ – 6 ⇒ µ = -2/3
equation – x + 4y/3 = 0 ⇒ 3x = 4y … (2)
On solving (1) and (2)
(-4 , -3 ) orthocentre

Type – 3
Equation of diagonal of parallelogram
AC : µ1 µ2 - µ3 µ4 = 0
BD : µ1 µ4 - µ2 µ3 = 0

Q. Find the equations of the diagonals of the ||gm formed by the lines
2x – y + 7 = 0, 2x – y – 5 = 0
3x + 2y – 5 = 0, 3x + 2y + 7 = 0

Sol. Equation of diagonal -1 is

(2x − y + 7) (3x + 2y − 5) − (2x − y − 5) (3x + 2y + 7) = 0
       
a b a b

(αb – 5α + 7b – 35) – (αb + 7α – 5b – 35) = 0

12b = 12α
3x + 2y = 2x − y ⇒ x + 3y = 0
Straight Line

58.
 Equation of diagonal -2 is
(2x − y + 7) (3x + 2y + 7) − (2x − y − 5) (3x + 2y − 5) = 0
       
a b a b

(αβ + 7α + 7β + 49) - (αβ - 5α - 5β + 25) = 0

12α + 12β + 24 = 0 ⇒ α + β + 2 = 0
(2x - y) + (3x + 2y) + 2 = 0 ⇒ 5x + y + 2 = 0

Optics Problems

Q. Find reflection of point A(1, 7) about y – axis.

Sol. Reflection is A’(–1,7)

Q. Find reflection of point (10, 3) about x – axis.

Sol. Reflection is A’(10, –3)

Q. If A(1, 7), B(10, 3). Find co-ordinate of point C and D.

Straight Line

59.
 Sol.

Let reflection of A in y – axis is A’ and reflection of B in x – axis is B’
Hence A’(–1, 7) & B’(10, –3)
Now A’, C, D, B’ are collinear
hence equation
10
y+3 = ( )
−11
(
x − 10 )
⇒ -11y – 33 = 10x - 100
10x + 11y = 67
Now
 67   67 
C  0,   & D  , 0
 11   10 

Q. A(1,2) and B(3,5). Point P lies on x -axis. Find P such that AP + PB is minimum.

Sol.

Let reflection of A
in x-axis A’(1, –2)
Now ∆AMP ≅ ∆A ' MP
∴ AP = A’P
Now AP + PB = A’P + PB
also A’P +PB will be minimum if A’,P,B
will be collinear
equation of A’B
(y + 2) = 7/2(x - 1)
⇒ 2y + 4 = 7x – 7 ⇒ 7x - 2y = 11
hence P(11/7, 0)

Shifting of origin
X=x–a

Y=y–b

Q. Find the new co-ordinate of point (3, –4) if origin is shifted to (1, 2)

Sol. (x, y) ≡ (3, –4) and (a, b) ≡ (1, 2)

X=x–a=3–1=2
Straight Line

Y = y – b = – 4 –2 = –6
hence new co-ordinate is (2, –6)

60.
 Q. Find transformed equation of the straight line 2x – 3y + 5 = 0 if origin is
shifted to (3,-1).

Sol. X = x – 3, Y = y + 1
new equation of line is 2(X + 3) − 3(Y – 1) + 5 = 0
⇒ 2X – 3Y + 14 = 0

Q. Find the point to which the origin should be shifted so that the equation
x2 + y2 - 5x + 2y – 5 = 0 has no one degree terms.

Sol. Let that point be (a, b) hence.

X = x - a, Y = y - b
now equation becomes
(X + a)2+(Y + b)2-5(X + a) + 2(Y + b) – 5 = 0
(X2+2aX+a2) + (Y2 + 2bY + b2) -5X - 5a + 2Y + 2b – 5 = 0
X2+Y2+(2a - 5)X + (2b + 2)Y + (a2 - 5a + b2 + 2b - 5) = 0
which should not have one degree terms
hence
2a – 5 = 0 & 2b + 2 = 0
a = 5/2 & b = –1 ⇒ Point (5/2, –1)

Q. Find the point to which the origin should be shifted so that the equation
y2 - 6y - 4x + 13 = 0 is transformed to y2 = Ax

Sol.
Let that point be (a, b) hence
X = x - a, Y = y − b
now equation becomes
(Y + b)2 - 6(Y + b) - 4(X + a) + 13 = 0
Y2 + 2bY + b2 – 6Y - 6b – 4X - 4a + 13 = 0
Y2 + (2b - 6)Y + (b2 - 6b - 4a + 13) – 4X = 0
for required equation
2b – 6 = 0 & b2 – 6b – 4a + 13 = 0
b = 3 & 9 – 18 – 4a + 13 = 0
4 = 4a ⇒ a = 1
point is (1, 3)
Straight Line

61.
 Q. Find area of triangle formed with vertices (2, 0), (0, 0),(1, 4) if origin is shifted
to (2010, 2012)

Sol. After shifting the origin length of sides of triangle remain same hence area will
also remain same. hence area
1 2 0 0 1 1 2
∆ = + +
2 0 0 0 4 4 0

1
|0 + 0 – 8| = 4 sq. unit
2
Note :
Slope of line remains same after changing the origin.

Q. If the axes are shifted to (1,1) then what do the following becomes
(i) X2 + XY – 3Y2 – Y + 2 = 0
(ii) xy – x – y + 1 = 0
(iii) x2 – y2 – 2x + 2y = 0

Sol. (i) X = x – 1, Y = y – 1
x = X + 1, y = Y + 1
new equation :(X + 1)2 + (X + 1) (Y + 1) – 3(Y + 1)2 – (Y + 1) + 2 = 0
⇒(X2 + 2X + 1) + (XY + X + Y + 1) - 3(Y2 + 2Y + 1) – Y – 1 + 2 = 0
⇒X2 + XY – 3Y2 + 3X – 6Y = 0

(ii) new equation is

(x + 1) (y + 1) – (x + 1) – (y + 1) + 1 = 0
xy + x + y + 1 – x – 1 – y – 1 + 1 = 0
xy = 0
(iii) (x2 -2x + 1) – (y2 – 2y + 1) = – 1
(x – 1)2 – (y – 1)2 = 0

X2 – Y2 = 0
Straight Line

62.
 Rotation of Co-ordinate system

OA = OC – AC
x = Xcosθ – Y sinθ (∵ AC = NB)
PA = AM + PM
y = Xsinθ + Y cosθ
x y
X cosθ sinθ
Y -sinθ cosθ

Q. If the axes are rotated through an angle of 30° in the anticlockwise direction
( )
about the origin. The co-ordinates of point are   4, −2 3 in the new system.

Find its old co-ordinates.

Sol. Given θ = 30°

in new system X = 4, Y = −2 3
in old system x = Xcosθ – Ysinθ
= 4 cos 300 + 2 3sin300
 3  1
= 4 +2 3  = 3 3
 2  2
 
y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ
 3
 1
= 4sin 30° − 2 3cos30° = 4 
2
 − 2 3 
 2
( )
 = −1 , old co-ordinates are 3 3,  − 1


Straight Line

63.
 Angle Bisector :
Locus of point such that its distance from
two intersecting lines is equal to
a 1x + b1 y + c 1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
=±
a21 + b21 a22 + b22

Q. Find equations of angle bisectors for lines 3x + 4y + 1 = 0, 12x + 5y + 3 = 0

3x + 4y + 1 12x + 5y + 3
Sol. Equation is
5
=±
13
⇒ 39x + 52y + 13 = ± (60x + 25y + 15)
(+) sign
39x + 52y + 13 = 60x + 25y + 15
⇒ 21x – 27y + 2 = 0
(–) sign
39x + 52y + 13 = –(60x + 25y + 15)
⇒ 99x + 77y + 28 = 0

To discriminate between the acute & obtuse

angle bisector (method – 1)
If θ is acute angle between bisector B = 0 and
line L1 = 0
Now if

|tanθ | < 1 ⇒ B = 0 is acute angle bisector

|tanθ| > 1 ⇒ B = 0 is obtuse angle bisector

To discriminate between the acute & obtuse

angle bisector (Method – 2)
If P1 and P2 are length of perpendiculars from
point P on L1 = 0 on bisectors B1 = 0 and B2 =
0 respectively Now if

P1 > P2 ⇒ B1 = 0 is obtuse angle bisector

Straight Line

P1 < P2 ⇒ B1 = 0 is acute angle bisector

64.
To discriminate between the acute and obtuse angle bisector (Method–3)
If lines are L1 : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
L2 : a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
and
(i) a1a2 + b1b2 > 0 ⇒ (+) sign gives obtuse A.B.
(–) sign given acute A.B
(ii) a1a2 +b1b2 < 0 ⇒ (+) sign gives acute A.B.
(–) sign gives obtuse A.B.

Q. Find the bisectors between the line 4x + 3y – 7 = 0 and 24x + 7y – 31 = 0.

Identify acute / obtuse and origin containing / not containing.

Sol. Equation of bisectors

4x + 3y − 7
=±
(24x + 7y − 31)
5 25
20x + 15y – 35 = ± (24x + 7y – 31)
(+) sign
B1 : 4x – 8y + 4 = 0
B1 : x – 2y + 1 = 0
(–) sign
B2 : 44x + 22y = 66
B2 : 2x + y = 3
now for acute and obtuse angle bisector
a1a2 + b1 b2 = 4(24) + 3(7) > 0
⇒ B1 = 0 obtuse angle bisector
⇒ B2 = 0 acute angle bisector
Now for origin containing / Not containing.
C1 C2 = ( –7)(–31) > 0
⇒ (+) sign B1 = 0 is origin containing
(–) sign B2 = 0 is non origin containing.

To discriminate between the bisector of angle

containing origin and that of the angle not
containing origin.
(i) Rewrite lines with same sign of absolute term
(ii) Now positive sign will given you origin
Straight Line

containing angle bisector.

65.
 Q. The vertices of a ∆ABC are A(–1, 11), B(–9, –8) and C(15, –2). Find the equation
of the bisector of the angle at vertex A.

Sol. AB = c = 82 + 192 = 5 17

AC = b = 162 + 132 = 5 17
Point D will divide BC in ratio
AB : AC = 1 : 1
 −9 + 15 −8 − 2 
∴ D ,  ≡ D(3, – 5)
 2 2 
equation of bisector AD
 11 + 5 
(y + 5) =  ( x−3 )
 −1 − 3 
(y + 5) = - 4x + 12 ⇒ 4x + y = 7

Q. Find bisectors between the lines x + 3y = 6 + 2 3 and x − 3y = 6 − 2 3

x + 3y − 6 − 2 3 (
x − 3y − 6 + 2 3 )
Sol. 2
=±
2
(+) sign B1 : 2 3y = 4 3
B1 : y = 2
(–) sign B2 : 2x = 12
B2 : x = 6

Note :
If m1 + m2 =0 lines equally inclined with the axes

Pair of straight line

Pair of line through origin.
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 (2° equation)
(i) h2 > ab ⇒ lines are real & distinct
(ii) h2 = ab ⇒ lines are coincidental
(iii) h2 < ab ⇒ lines are imaginary with real point of intersection
Straight Line

66.
 2
y y
Proof: Given equation is b   + 2h   + a = 0
x x
D = 4h2 - 4ba = 4(h2 - ab)
D > 0 ⇒ lines are real & distinct
D = 0 ⇒ lines are coincidental
D < 0 ⇒ lines are imaginary

Note :
A homogeneous equation of degree ‘n’ represents
‘n straight lines passing through origin.

Note :
If y =m1x, y =m2x be two equation represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then
2h a
m1 + m2 = − ,m1m2 =
b b
Angle between two lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
2 h2 − ab
tan θ =
a +b

Lines being perpendicular

coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
i.e. a + b = 0
Lines are parallel or coincident

h = ab
Lines are equally inclined to x-axis then coordinate
axes are bisectors.
coefficient of xy = 0

Q. Find angle between lines given by x2 + 4xy + 4y2 = 0

Sol. a = 1 , h = 2, b = 4
2 h2 − ab 2 4−4
tan θ = = =0
a +b 5
Straight Line

⇒ θ = 0

67.
 Q. Find angle between lines given by x2 + 4xy + y2 = 0

Sol. a = 1, h = 2, b = 1
2 h2 − ab 2 4−1
tan θ = = = 3
a +b 2

⇒ θ = π/3

Q. Find angle between lines given by y2 – 3x2 = 0

Sol. a = –3, h = = 0, b = 1

2 h2 − ab 2 0+3
tan θ = = = 3
a +b −2

⇒ π/3

Q. Find angle between lines given by xy = 0

Sol. The lines are x = 0 (y-axis)

and y = 0 (x – axis)
⇒ angle between them = π/2

Q. Find angle between lines given by 3x2 + 10xy – 3y2 = 0

Sol. a = 3, h = 5, b = –3

2 h2 − ab 2 25 + 9
tan θ = =
a +b 0

⇒ tanθ is not defined hence θ = π/2

Straight Line

68.
General Equation of 2°
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Condition that 2° equation represents pair of lines
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
a h g
or h b f = 0
g f c

Q. Find whether 2x2 – xy – y2 – x + 4y – 3, can be factorized in two linears. If yes

find the factors. Also find the angle between the lines.

Sol. a = 2, h = –1/2, 2b = –1,2 g = –1/2,

2
f = 2, c = –3
abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch
= 2(−1)(−3) + 2(2)(–1/2)(–1/2) – 2(2)2 –(–1)(–1/2)2 – (–3)(–1/2)2
⇒ 6 + 1 – 8 + 1/4 + 3/4 = 0
⇒ Given equation can be factorized
Now to find factors
2x2 – xy – y2 = 2x2 – 2xy + xy – y2
= 2x(x – y) + y(x – y)
= (2x + y) (x – y)
let factors are
(2x + y + c1) (x – y + c2)
coeff. of x ⇒ c1 + 2c2 = –1
coeff. of y ⇒ c2 – c1 = 4 ⇒ c1 = –3, c2 = 1
lines are 2x + y – 3 = 0 & x – y + 1 = 0
acute angle b/w lines
2 h2 − ab 2 1/ 4 + 2
tan θ = =
a +b 1

tanθ = 3 ⇒ θ = tan–1(3)

Q. 12x2 + 7xy – 10y2 + 13x + 45y – 35 = 0. factorize this in two liners.

Sol. 12x2 + 7xy – 10y2 = 12x2 + 15xy – 8xy – 10y2

= 3x(4x + 5y) – 2y (4x + 5y)
= (3x – 2y)(4x + 5y)
let factors are
Straight Line

(3x – 2y + c1) (4x + 5y + c2)

69.
 coefficient of x ⇒ 4c1 + 3c2 = 13 … (1)
coefficient of y ⇒ 5c1 – 2c2 = 45 … (2)
(1) × 2 + (2) × 3
23c1 = 161 ⇒ c1 = 7 , c2 = –5

lines are 3x – 2y + 7 = 0 & 4x + 5y – 5 = 0

Q. Find condition for which ax3 + bx2y + cxy2 + dy3 = 0. Represent three lines two
of which are at right angles.

Sol.
On dividing the given equation of x3
⇒ a + b(y /x) + c(y/x)2 + d(y /x)3 = 0
Let y/x = m (slope)
dm3 + cm2 + bm + a = 0 … (1)
let roots are m1, m2 , m3 and given that m1m2 = –1
product of roots m1m2m3 = –a/d
–m3 = –a/d ⇒ m3 = a/d
in equation (1)
3 2
a a a
d  + c   + b  + a = 0
 d  d  d
a3 ca2 ab
⇒ + + +a =0
d2
d2 d
⇒ a + ca2 +abd + ad2 = 0
3

⇒ a2 + ac + bd + d2 = 0

Q. Prove that 3x2 – 8xy – 3y2 = 0 and x + 2y = 3 enclose a right isosceles ∆ also
find area of ∆.

Sol.
3x2 – 8xy – 3y2 = 3x2 – 9xy + xy – 3y2
= 3x(x – 3y) + y (x – 3y)
= (3x + y)(x – 3y)
Lines L1 : 3x + y = 0 ; m1 = –3
L2 : x – 3y = 0 ; m2 = 1/3
L3 : x + 2y – 3 = 0 ; m3 = - ½
lines are L1 & L2 are ⊥ ⇒ ∆ is Right angled
Now angle b/w L1 & L3
Straight Line

m1 − m3 −3 + 1 / 2
θ = tan−1 = tan−1
1 + m1m3 1+ 3/2

70.
 θ = tan-1(1) = π/4
π π π
hence angles of ∆ are , ,
2 4 4
2

area p2 =
( )
0+2 0 −3
=
9
sq. units
1+ 4 5

Q. Prove that the lines x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 and x + y = 1 enclose an equilateral trian-

gle. Find also its area.

2
y y
Sol. x2 – 4xy + y2 = 0 ⇒   − 4   + 1 = 0
x x
y 4 ± 16 − 4
= = 2± 3
x 2
( )
hence L1 : y = 2 + 3 x : m1 = 2 + 3

L2 : y = 2 − ( 3) x ; m = 2 −
2
3

L3 : x + y = 1 ; m3 = – 1
(m1 > m2 > m3)
m − m2 2 3 π
tan A = 1 = = 3 ⇒ A=
1 + m1m2 1+ 1 3

tanB =
m2 − m3
=
3− 3
=
3 ( 3−1 )
1 + m2m3 1−2+ 3 ( 3−1 )
⇒ B = π/3
hence ∆ formed is equilateral.
h2
Area =
3
0+0−1 1
where h = =
12 + 12 2
1
⇒ Area = sq. unit
2 3
Straight Line

71.
 Q. The length of the perpendicular from the origin, on the normal to the curve,
x2 + 2xy – 3y2 = 0 at the point (2, 2) is :
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 4 2 (D) 2

Sol. x2 + 2xy – 3y2 = x2 + 3xy – xy – 3y2

= x(x + 3y) – y (x + 3y)
= (x – y)(x + 3y)
lines are L1 : x - y = 0 & L2 : x + 3y = 0
∵ (2, 2) lies on L1
∴ equation of Normal to L, at (2,2) is x + y = 4
∴ distance of it from origin
0+0−4
= = 2 2 unit.
2

Q. Find centroid of ∆, the equation of whose sides are 12x2 – 20xy + 7y2 = 0 and
2x – 3y + 4 = 0

Sol.

12x2 – 20xy + 7y2 = 12x2 – 14xy – 6xy + 7y2
= 2x(6x – 7y) – y (6x – 7y)
= (2x -y) (6x – 7y)
Sides are L1 : y = 2x
L2 : 7y = 6x
L3 = 2x – 3y + 4 = 0
point of intersection of sides
L1 & L2 is (0,0),L2 & L3 is (7,6)
L1 & L3 is (1, 2)
8 8
centroid  , 
3 3

Q. Find distance between parallel lines

(i) 4x2 + 4xy + y2 – 6x – 3y – 4 = 0

Sol.
4x2 + 4xy + y2 = (2x + y)2
Lines are L1 : 2x + y + c1 = 0
L2 : 2x + y + c2 = 0
comparison of coeff. of x ⇒ 2c1 + 2c2 = –6 ⇒ c1 + c2 = –3
Straight Line

constant term ⇒ c1 c2 = –4
on solving we get c1 = -4, c2 = 1 (or vice-versa)

72.
 c 1 − c2
distance between L1 and L2 =
4+1
5
= = 5 unit
5

(ii) x2 + 2 3xy + 3y2 – 3x - 3 3y – 4 = 0

( )
2
x2 + 2 3 xy + 3y 2 = x + 3 y
Sol.
Lines are L1 : x + 3 y + c1=0
L2:x + 3 y +c2=0
On comparison of
coefficient of x ⇒ c1 + c2= –3
Constant term ⇒c1 c2= –4
on solving we get c1= – 4, c2=1
(or vice-versa)
c 1 − c2 5
distance between L1 and L2 = = units.
1+ 3 2

Q. The equation ax2 + 6xy – 5y2-4x + 6y + c = 0 represents two perpendicular

straight lines, find ‘a’ and ‘c’

Sol. For ⊥ lines a + b = 0

a + (–5) = 0 ⇒ a = 5
now equation represents a pair of SL and
hence Δ = 0
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
5(–5)c + 2(3)(–2)(3)–5(3)2–(–5)(–2)2–c(3)2 = 0
–25c – 36 – 45 + 20 - 9c = 0
34c = – 61 ⇒ c = – 61/34

Equation of angle bisector of

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

x2 − y 2 xy
is =
a −b h
Straight Line

73.
 Q. Find equation of angle bisector of straight lines xy = 0

Sol. ∵a–b=0
∴ equation of angle bisector is x2 – y2 = 0
⇒ x = y, x = – y

Q. Find equation of angle bisector of straight lines x2 – y2 = 0

Sol.

∵ equation of angle bisector xy = 0
⇒ x = 0, y = 0

Note :
Product of ⊥ dropped from (x1, y1) to line pair given by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

ax21 + 2hx 1 y 1 + by 21
=
(a − b)
2
+ 4h2

Homogenization
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0
lx+ my + n = 0
2
 x + my   lx+ my   lx + my 
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx   + 2f  −n  y + c 
2 2
 =0
 −n     −n 

Q. Find the equation of the line pair joining origin and the point of intersection of
the line 2x – y = 3 and the curve x2 – y2 – xy + 3x – 6y + 18 = 0. Also find the
angle between these two lines.

Sol. Equation using homogenization

2
2 2  2x − y   2x − y   2x − y 
x − y − xy + 3x   − 6y   + 18   =0
 3   3   3 
⇒ x2 – y2 – xy + 2x2 – xy – 4xy + 2y2 + 2(4x2 – 4xy + y2) = 0
⇒ 11x2 – 14xy + 3y2 = 0
angle between lines
Straight Line

2 h2 − ab 2 49 − 33
θ = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 4 / 7
a +b 14

74.
 Q. Find the value of ‘m’ if the lines joining the origin to the points common the
x2 + y2 + x – 2y – m = 0 & x + y = 1 are at right angles.

Sol. Equation of required pair of SL and

x2 + y2 + x(x + y) – 2y(x + y) – m(x + y)2 = 0
⇒ (2 – m)x2 – (1 + 2m)xy – (1 + m)y2 = 0
∵ lines are ⊥ hence
a+b=0
⇒ (2 – m) – (1 + m) = 0 ⇒ m = ½

Q. Show that all chords of the curve 3x2 – y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 subtending right angles
at the origin pass through a fixed point find also co–ordinates of the fixed point.

Sol. Let equation of chord ax + by = 1 … (1)

then required pair of Sls is
3x2 - y2 – 2x(ax + by) + 4y(ax + by) = 0
(3 - 2a)x2 + (4a - 2b)xy + (4b - 1)y2=0
∵ lines are ⊥ hence
(3 – 2a) + (4b – 1) = 0
2a – 4b = 2 ⇒ a – 2b = 1 … (2)
by comparison of (1) and (2) ⇒ fixed point (1, –2)

Q. A Line L passing through the point (2,1) intersects the curve 4x2+y2-x+4y-2=0
at the points A, B. If the lines joining origin and the points A, B are such that
the co-ordinate axes are the bisectors between them then find the equation
of line L.

Sol. Line passing through (2, 1) is

(y-1) = m(x – 2) ⇒ mx – y = 2m – 1
now equation of required pair of SL
2
2 mx − y 
2  mx − y   mx − y 
4x + y − x   + 4y   − 2  =0
 2m − 1   2m − 1   2m − 1 
 co-ordinate axes are angle bisectors
hence h = 0 ≅ or coeff. of xy = 0
Straight Line

1 4m 4m
+ + =0
2m − 1 2m − 1 (2m − 1)2

75.
 (4m + 1) (2m – 1) + 4m = 0
8m2 + 2m – 1 = 0
1 1
(4m − 1)(2m + 1) = 0 ⇒ m = ,−
4 2
x 1
equation of line − y = − 1 ⇒ x − 4y + 2 = 0
4 2
x
− − y = −1 − 1 ⇒ x + 2y = 4
2

Q. A straight line is drawn from the point (1,0) to intersect the curve x2 + y2 + 6x –
10y + 1 = 0 such that the intercept made by it on the curve subtend a right angle
at the origin. Find the equation of the line L.

Sol.

Line passing through (1, 0),
y = m(x - 1) ⇒ mx – y = m
Equation of pair of SL by homogenization
2
2  mx − y 
2  mx − y   mx − y 
x + y + 6x   − 10y  +  =0
 m   m   m 
∵ lines are ⊥ ⇒ a + b = 0
 10 1   10 1 
8 + 1 + + 2  = 0 , 9 + + 2 =0
 m m   m m 
⇒ m = - 1, -1/9, equation of line – x – y = - 1 ⇒ x + y = 1
−x −1
−y= ⇒ x + 9y = 1
9 9
Straight Line

76.