Daniel Muthoka King’oo

SCT-221-C014-0120/2017

KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS CAT

1. What do you understand by the following terms: [6 Mks]

 Evolutionary algorithms: are efficient heuristic search methods based on Darwinian
evolution with powerful characteristics of robustness and flexibility to capture global
solutions of complex optimization problems.
 Tautology: is the use of different words to say the same thing twice in the same
statement.
 Certainty factor: is a device used in rule-based systems to assign weight to facts or
pieces of knowledge.
 Premise: is a proposition antecedently supposed or proved as a basis of argument or
inference
 Inference: is the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical
judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on
the basis of direct observation.
 Symbol: is a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object,
function, or process or knowledge.

2. Explain the working principles of genetic algorithms. [6 Mks]

Genetic Algorithms are search based algorithms based on the concepts of natural selection and
genetics.
Working principles:
 Chromosome: a set of genes; a chromosome contains the solution in form of genes.
 Gene: a part of chromosome; a gene contains a part of solution. It determines the
solution.
 Individual: same as chromosome.
 Population: of number individuals present with same length of chromosome.
 Fitness: the value assigned to an individual based on how far or close a individual is
from the solution; greater the fitness value better the solution it contains.
 Fitness function: a function that assigns fitness value to the individual. It is problem
specific.
 Breeding: taking two fit individuals and then intermingling there chromosome to create
new two individuals.
 Mutation: changing a random gene in an individual.
 Selection: selecting individuals for creating the next generation.

3. Give the individuals who interact with expert systems and explain their roles. [6 Mks]

 Domain expert: The individuals who currently are experts in solving the problems; here the
system is intended to solve.
 Knowledge engineer: The individual who encodes the expert's knowledge in a declarative
form that can be used by the expert system.
 User: The individual who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have
been provided by the expert.

4. What is the future of knowledge based systems? [6 Mks]

 Artificial Intelligence: Knowledge-based sytems will bring about the advancements

in artificial intelligence that will differentiate strong AI from weak AI through
knowledge-based representation and reasoning thus this is an incredibly essential
field of study.
 Descion support systems: Knowledge-based systems are an important support
feature in the making of decision support systems in that they enable knowledge
representation in these systems thus making them more efficient and accurate.
 Data management systems: with the advancements in knowledge representation and
classification becoming highly effcieint, knowledge-based systems can aid in the
management of data in the field of data mining.

5. Use some parameters to compare between human intelligence and machine intelligence.
[6 Mks]

Artificial Intelligence Human Intelligence

 AI machines depend  Human beings use
on the data given to their brain power for
them for deductive reasoning.
reasoning
 AI takes much more  Human beings can
time to adjust to adapt to changes in
unused changes in the environment
the environment. quite easily.
 Modern computers  Human beings use
normally use about about 25 watts of
two watts of energy energy to complete a
when tasked with a task.
problem to solve.