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Knowledge Application Systems
• Artificial Intelligence
• Computers to perform tasks that resemble human thinking ability.
Systems that act like humans
Systems that think like humans
a computer program whose input to output behavior matches those of humans.
Systems that think rationally
Systems that follow a specific logic to solve a problem.
Systems that act rationally
Systems that are expected to have specific characteristics that enable them to operate
autonomously within their environments, and even adapt to change in he face of
uncertainty.
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Computer Vs. Human Vs. AI
• Computer
– Perform repetitive and logical tasks extremely well, e.g., complex arithmetic calculations
and database retrieval & storage.
– Computer tasks are mainly algorithmic in nature.
– Operated by precise and logically designed instructions.
• Human
– Solve problems using symbols (i.e., a specific meaning)
– e.g., understanding the meaning of a poem.
• AI
– Intelligence and knowledge are tightly intertwined.
– Knowledge is associated with cognitive symbols.
– Intelligence refers to our ability to learn and communicate in order to solve problems.
– “The science that provides computers with the ability to represent and manipulate
symbols so they can be used to solve problems not easily solved through algorithmic
models.”
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Technologies for Knowledge Application Systems
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Rule-based Systems
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Case-based Reasoning Systems (CBR)
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CBR: Processes
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CBR: Classification
1. Exemplar-based reasoning
– These systems seek to solve problems through classification, that is, finding the right class
for the unclassified exemplar.
2. Instance-based reasoning
– These systems require a large number of instances (or cases) that are typically simple; that
is, they’re defined by a small set of attribute vectors. The major focus of study of these
systems is automated learning, requiring no user involvement (Aha et a1. 1991).
3. Analogy-based reasoning
– These systems are typically used to solve new problems based on past cases from a
different domain.
– Analogy-based reasoning focuses on case reuse, also called the mapping problem, which is
finding a way to map the solution of the analogue case to the present problem.
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Constraint-based Reasoning
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Model-based reasoning
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Diagrammatic Reasoning
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Developing KAS: The Case-Method Cycle
1. System development process
– To develop a knowledge application system that will store new cases and retrieve
relevant cases.
2. Case library development process
– To develop and maintain a large-scale library that will adequately support the domain in
question.
3. System operation process
– To define the installation, deployment and use support of the knowledge application
system. This process in based on standard software engineering and relational database
management procedures.
4. Database mining process
– Uses rule-inferencing technique and statistical analysis to analyze the case library.
5. Management process
– Describes how the project task force will be formed and what organizational support will
be provided.
6. Knowledge transfer process,
– Describes the incentive systems to encourage user acceptance and support.
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Sub-processes of developing case library
1. Case collection
– Collection of seed cases.
– Provides an initial view of the application.
2. Attribute-Value Extraction and Hierarchy Formation
– Process of indexing and organizing the case library.
– Goal is to extract the attributes that define the case representation and indexing.
3. Feedback
– Provide necessary feedback to those supplying the cases to the CBR system, so that the
quality of the cases can be improved.
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Types of KAS
• Expert systems
• Decision support
• Advisor systems
• Fault diagnosis (or troubleshooting)
systems
• Help desk systems
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KAS: Limitation
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Question
Please
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