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Preface
The International Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP) recommends protection quantities for dose limits of
occupationally exposed persons and members of the public
and for the optimization of radiation protection (ICRP, 2007).
Protection quantities are defined in tissues and extended
regions of space and are not appropriate for the calibration of
instruments for area and personal dose measurements. A sec-
ond group of quantities, operational dose quantities, has been
defined by the International Commission on Radiation
Quantities & Units (ICRU) for this purpose. These are point
quantities.
Historically, absorbed dose index and dose equivalent
index were recommended in ICRU Report 19 (1971a) as the
operational quantities for exposure to external radiation. In
ICRU Report 20 (1971b), there is consideration of the use of
MADE (maximum dose equivalent in an irradiated body).
Further developments of the operational quantities were pre-
sented in ICRU Report 39 (1985) and Report 43 (1988),
defining ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equiva-
lent, and individual dose equivalent, as the operational quan-
tities. The quantity for individual monitoring was partly
modified in ICRU Report 51 (1993), with individual dose
equivalent being changed to personal dose equivalent.
Information on the application of these quantities was given
for photons and electrons in ICRU Reports 43 and 47 (1988;
1992) and for neutrons in Report 66 (2001). Sets of values of
conversion coefficients to these quantities from radiometric
and dosimetric quantities were published by ICRU in Reports
43 and 47, and jointly with ICRP in ICRU Report 57 (1998)
and ICRP Publication 74 (1996).
In Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), the ICRP reviewed the
protection quantities, including effective dose, originally
introduced in ICRP Publication 60 (1990). Conversion coef-
ficients from physical quantities to the revised protection
quantities were published in ICRP Publication 116 (2010).
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There, conversion coefficents were published for a wide
range of particles, including those occurring only in cosmic
radiation and at particle accelerators, and for an energy
range reaching, in some cases, up to 200 GeV. The Report
identified energy ranges for photons and neutrons where the
operational quantities introduced in ICRU Reports 39 and
51 deviated significantly from the protection quantities.
The operational quantities of ICRU Reports 39 and 51
represent acceptable estimates for the protection quantities
for an energy range of photons (50 keV to 3 MeV) and neu-
trons (thermal—20 MeV) occurring in the nuclear fuel
cycle—uranium processing, nuclear power plants and
nuclear waste storage and reprocessing. Other applications
of radionuclides were also well covered by the use of these
quantities. In the last 2 decades, however, increasing num-
bers of workers are exposed to ionizing radiation in medical
and research applications, and in commercial airflight, and
are exposed to radiation fields of lower and higher energies
than measured using the existing operational quantities.
Occupational radiation protection for these groups requires
operational quantities which represent suitable estimates of
the protection quantities.
These changes of the protection quantities and their appli-
cations have motivated ICRU to re-examine the operational
quantities. This ICRU Report recommends an alternative
approach to the definition of operational quantities, which is
based on the same phantoms as the definition of the protec-
tion quantities, which makes them, by definition, good esti-
mators of protection quantities. The Report introduces the
new quantities and gives conversion coefficents for a wide
range of particles and energies, including for the first time,
particles occurring only in high-energy radiation fields.
Nolan E. Hertel
David T. Bartlett
966223
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966223Journal of the ICRU

Journal of the ICRU

Glossary of Terms and Definitions of

2020, Vol. 20(1) 9­–12
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Basic Quantities All rights reserved.
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Particle Energy along with recommended compositions and densities, are

used to specify the organs and tissues of the human body and
In this Report, the quantities of particle energy and photon are specified in ICRP Publication 110 (2009).
energy are given the symbol Ep, to distinguish it from the
quantity effective dose, symbol E. Particle energy is under-
stood as kinetic energy. Fluence
The fluence, Φ, (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of dN by da,
Charged-Particle Equilibrium where dN is the number of particles incident on a sphere of
cross-sectional area da, thus
Charged-particle equilibrium exists at a point if the distribu-
tion of charged-particle radiance with respect to particle
dN
energy is constant within distances equal to the maximum Φ= .
charged-particle range. Under conditions of charged-particle da
equilibrium, the numerical value of collision kerma at a point
of interest equals the value of absorbed dose. The unit of fluence is m–2.
In dosimetric calculations, fluence is frequently expressed
in terms of the lengths of the particle trajectories. It can be
ICRU 4-Element (Soft) Tissue shown (Papiez and Battista, 1994; and references therein),
ICRU 4-element soft tissue (ICRU, 1980) has a density of that the fluence, Φ, is given by
1 gcm–3, and a composition by mass of 76.2 % oxygen,
Φ = dl dV ,
11.1 % carbon, 10.1 % hydrogen, and 2.6 % nitrogen, with
no further specification of other properties of that material.
where dl is the sum of the lengths of particle trajectories in
the volume dV.
ICRU Sphere The energy distribution of fluence, Φ E , is given by:
p
The ICRU sphere (ICRU, 1980) is a 300 mm diameter sphere
dΦ
of ICRU 4-element tissue. Φ Ep = ,
dEp

ICRP and ICRU Adult where dΦ is the fluence of particles of energy interval
Anthropomorphic Reference between Ep and Ep + dEp. The unit of the energy distribution
Computational Phantoms of fluence is m–2 J–1.
Quantities involving the differential solid angle, dΩ, are
The anthropomorphic reference computational phantoms of
required in certain circumstances. The complete representa-
ICRP and ICRU are models of the human body presented
tion of the double differential of fluence is written Φ Ep ,Ω
and described in ICRP Publication 110 (2009), with the ana-
(Ep, Ω), where Ω is the direction the particle is traveling.
tomical and physiological characteristics defined in ICRP
Publication 89 (2002). Two reference phantoms have been
defined for adults, a male and a female one. The models in Fluence Rate
ICRP Publication 110 are represented by arrays of cuboid
The fluence rate, Φ , (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of dΦ by
voxels based on medical tomographic images in which the
dt, where dΦ is the increment of the fluence of particles in
anatomy is described by small three-dimensional volume
the time interval dt, thus:
elements, of height 8.0 mm and of 2.137 mm × 2.137 mm
in-plane cross section in the male phantom, and of height
4.84 mm and of 1.775 mm × 1.775 mm in-plane cross sec- dΦ
Φ = .
tion in the female phantom. The collections of these voxels, dt
10 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
The unit of fluence rate is m–2 s–1.
Particle Radiance
The particle radiance, ΦΩ , (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of
dΦ by dΩ, where d Φ is the fluence rate of particles propa-
gating within a solid angle dΩ around a specified direction,
thus:
dΦ
Φ Ω = .
dΩ
The unit of particle radiance is m–2 s–1 sr–1. The distribution
of particle radiance with respect to energy is given by:
dΦΩ
ΦΩ,Ε p = , Although kerma is a quantity that concerns the initial
d Ep
where dΦΩ is the particle radiance for particles of energy
between Ep and Ep + dEp. The quantity Φ Ep ,Ω is sometimes
termed angular flux or phase flux in radiation-transport
theory.
Apart from the aspects that are of minor importance in the
present context (e.g., polarization), the field of any radiation
of a given particle type is completely specified by the distri-
bution of the particle radiance with respect to particle energy,
ΦΩ , Ep , as this defines number, energy, local density, and
arrival rate of particles propagating in a given direction. This
quantity, as well as the distribution of the radiance with
respect to energy, can be considered as basic in radiometry.
Response of an Instrument
The response of an instrument R is defined as the ratio
G where μen/ρ is the mass energy-absorption coefficient and
R= , μtr/ρ is the mass energy-transfer coefficient of the mate-
C
where G is the indicated value of the quantity measured by
the personal dosimeter or area monitoring instrument and C
is the conventionally true value of this quantity.
The reference response Rr,0 is defined as the ratio between
indicated value of the quantity measured by the instrument
and the conventionally true value of this quantity at the point
of test for a reference radiation under reference conditions.
The inverse of the reference response is the calibration coef-
ficient, Nr,0.
The relative response r is the ratio
R  is the quotient of dK by dt, where dK
r= , The kerma rate, K,
Rr , 0
of the response of the instrument R and the reference
response Rr,0.
Kerma
The kerma, K, (ICRU, 2011) for ionizing uncharged parti-
cles, is the quotient of dEp tr by dm, where dEp tr is the mean
sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles
liberated in a mass dm of a material by the uncharged parti-
cles incident on dm, thus:
d Ep tr
K= .
dm
The unit of kerma is J kg–l. The special name for the unit of
kerma is gray (Gy), 1 Gy = 1 J kg–1.
transfer of energy to matter, it is sometimes used as an
approximation to absorbed dose. The numerical value of the
kerma approaches that of the absorbed dose to the degree
that charged-particle equilibrium exists, that radiative losses
are negligible, and that the energy of the uncharged particles
is large compared to the binding energy of the liberated
charged particles.
A quantity related to the kerma, termed the collision
kerma, has long been used as an approximation to absorbed
dose (Attix, 1979a; 1979b) when radiative losses are not
negligible. The collision kerma, Kcol, excludes the radiative
losses by the liberated charged particles, and for a fluence,
Φ, of uncharged particles of energy Ep in a specified material
is given by:
µen µ
Κ col =Φ Ε p = Φ Ε p tr (1 − g ) = K (1 − g ) ,
ρ ρ
rial for uncharged particles of energy Ep, and g is the frac-
tion of the total kinetic energy of liberated charged
particles that would be lost in radiative processes in that
material.
In dosimetric calculations, the collision kerma, Kcol, can
be expressed in terms of the distribution, ΦΕ , of the
p
uncharged-particle fluence with respect to energy as
µen µ
Κ col = ∫ ΦΕ p Ε p dEp = ∫ ΦΕ p Ε p tr (1 − g ) dEp = K (1 − g ),
ρ ρ
where g is the mean value of g averaged over the distribu-
tion of the kerma with respect to the electron energy.
is the increment of the kerma in the time interval dt, thus:
Glossary of Terms and Definitions of Basic Quantities 11
dK
K = . unit of absorbed dose is gray (Gy).
dt
The unit of kerma rate is J kg–1 s–1. The special name for the
unit of kerma rate is gray per second (Gy s–1).
Energy Imparted
The energy imparted, є, (ICRU, 2011), to the matter in a
given volume is the sum of all energy deposits in the volume,
thus
ε = ∑ εi ,
i
where the summation is performed over all energy deposits,
єi , in that volume. The unit of energy imparted is J. The
quantity ε may also be expressed in eV.
The energy imparted, ε , is a stochastic quantity. The energy
deposits over which the summation is performed can belong to
one or more energy-deposition events; for example, they might
belong to one or several independent particle trajectories. The
term energy-deposition event denotes the imparting of energy
to matter by correlated particles. Examples include a proton
and its secondary electrons, an electron-positron pair, or the
primary and secondary particles in nuclear reactions.
If the energy imparted to the matter in a given volume is
due to a single energy-deposition event, it is equal to the sum
of the energy deposits in the volume associated with the
energy-deposition event. If the energy imparted to the matter
in a given volume is due to several energy-deposition events,
it is equal to the sum of the individual energies imparted to the
matter in the volume due to each energy-deposition event.
The mean radiant energy imparted, ε , to the matter in a
given volume equals the mean radiant energy, Rin, of all those
charged and uncharged ionizing particles that enter the vol-
ume minus the mean radiant energy, Rout, of all those charged
and uncharged ionizing particles that leave the volume, plus
the mean sum, ∑Q, of all changes of the rest energy of nuclei
and elementary particles that occur in the volume (Q > 0:
decrease of rest energy; Q < 0: increase of rest energy), thus
ε = Rin − Rout + ∑ Q.
Absorbed Dose
The absorbed dose, D, (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of d ε
by dm, where d ε is the mean energy imparted by ionizing
radiation to matter of mass dm, thus:
dε
D= .
dm
The unit of absorbed dose is J kg–l. The special name for the
Absorbed Dose Rate
 (ICRU, 2011) is the quotient of
The absorbed dose rate, D,
dD by dt, where dD is the increment of the absorbed dose in
the time interval dt, thus:
dD
D = .
dt
The unit of absorbed dose rate is J kg–1 s–1. The special name
for the unit of absorbed dose rate is gray per second (Gy s–1).
Mean Absorbed Dose in an Organ or
Tissue
The mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue T is DT,
(ICRP, 2007) defined by:
DT = 1 mT ∫ D dm,
where mT is the mass of the organ or tissue, and D is the
absorbed dose in the mass element dm. The integration
extends over the whole organ or tissue. The unit of mean
absorbed dose is joule per kilogram (J kg–1), and its special
name is gray (Gy).
Two organs or tissues, local skin and the lens of the eye,
with small or no contribution to effective dose merit atten-
tion to prevent deterministic effects or tissue reactions that
occur above a threshold dose.
Organ Equivalent Dose
The definition of the protection quantity, organ equivalent
dose, is based on the mean absorbed dose, DT, R, due to
radiations of type R in the volume of a specified organ or
tissue T. The radiation types R are given by the type and
energy of radiation either incident on the body or emitted
by radionuclides residing within it. The protection quantity
organ equivalent dose in an organ or tissue, HT, is then
defined by
H T = ∑ R wR DT,R ,
where wR is the radiation weighting factor for radiation type
R. The sum is performed over all types of radiations involved.
The unit of organ equivalent dose is J kg–1 and has the special
name sievert (Sv).
12 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Effective Dose
Effective dose, E, is the weighted sum of absorbed doses in
all specified organs and tissues of the body (ICRP, 2007),
given by the expression:
E = ∑ wT ∑ wR D T,R ,
T R
where wT is the sex-averaged tissue weighting factor chosen
to represent the contributions of individual tissues and organs
to the overall radiation detriment due to stochastic effects.
The sum is performed over organs and tissues considered to
be sensitive to the induction of stochastic effects. DT,R is as
defined above.
The tissue weighting factors, wT, used in the definition
of effective dose are rounded values representing the
contributions of individual organs and tissues to overall
stochastic detriment, principally cancer mortality. They are
based on age-, sex-, and population-averaged values of rela-
tive detriment derived from epidemiological studies (ICRP,
2007). The unit of effective dose is J kg–1. The special name
for the unit of effective dose is sievert (Sv).
Conversion Coefficients
Protection or operational quantities are calculated from
physical quantities describing the radiation field by multipli-
cation with a conversion coefficient. This term is used in
external exposure situations, while in internal dosimetry, the
ratios of dose quantities and activity quantities are called
dose coefficients. For external exposure, conversion coeffi-
cients are given to calculate the protection or operational
quantities from the radiometric and dosimetric quantities flu-
ence and air kerma.
966217
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966217Journal of the ICRU
Abstract
Operational, measurable, quantities for external radiation
protection complement the protection quantities, which are,
by their nature, not measurable. Operational quantities are
used for prospective and retrospective assessments of radia-
tion fields, by measurement or calculation. Personal dosim-
eters and instruments for area monitoring are designed to
indicate the operational quantities and are routinely cali-
brated with standard radiation fields that can be related to the
operational quantities.
The definitions of the operational quantities for personal
and ambient dose equivalent in International Commission
on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Report 39
(1985), Report 43 (1988), and Report 51 (1993) give
acceptable estimates of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection (ICRP) protection quantity effective
dose (2007) for photons in the energy range from 70 keV to
3 MeV. At lower and higher photon energies, the ICRU
Report 39/51 defined operational quantities show significant
over- and underestimates of the protection quantities,
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respectively. Furthermore, the conversion coefficients given
for the operational quantities have been calculated only for a
limited subset of particles: photons, electrons, and neutrons.
This Report recommends alternative definitions of the
operational quantities that are better estimators of the pro-
tection quantities than those previously given. Conversion
coefficients from physical field quantities—fluence and, for
photons, air kerma—are given for the following particle
types over wide energy ranges: photons, electrons, neutrons,
protons, muons, pions, and helium ions. This Report recom-
mends that instrument manufacturers and developers work
to develop revised dosimeters and instruments that accu-
rately provide measurements that conform to these recom-
mendations. This Report also recommends that international
and national authorities recognize the need for a gradual and
prudent period of adoption to balance the costs of imple-
mentation with the benefit of a more coherent system of
operational quantities, representing the protection quantity
in measurement.
966222
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966222Journal of the ICRU
Executive Summary
Current radiation protection legislation and regulation world-
wide is based on the three fundamental principles: justifica-
tion, limitation, and optimization of human exposure to
ionizing radiation, introduced by International Commission
on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in its Publication 26
(1977). The practical implementation of the limitation and
optimization principles requires a quantitative measure of
radiation exposure. In 1978, ICRP defined for this purpose
the protection quantity effective dose equivalent, HE. In ICRP
Publication 60 (1991), HE was replaced by the related quan-
tity, effective dose, E. Like HE, E is a measure for whole-body
exposure, and it is used internationally for setting exposure
limits and for guiding quantitatively the practical implemen-
tation of the optimization principle for the control of radia-
tion induced stochastic effects.
The effective dose to the whole body is defined as
E = ∑wT ∑wR DT,R .
T R (1)
The mean absorbed doses DT, R of specified tissues and
organs T in a human body are each is weighted by radiation
weighting factors, wR for all incident radiation types R. This
term is called the equivalent dose to tissue or organ T.
Effective dose, E, is the weighted average of the equivalent
doses, using tissue weighting factors to take account of the
relative contributions of the organs and tissues to total sto-
chastic detriment (i.e., all wT < 1 and ∑wT = 1).
Effective dose due to exposure to external radiation is
linked to quantities characterizing the radiation field, usually
particle fluence or, for photons, kerma in air. Conversion
coefficients h linking the field quantities to effective dose
have been calculated by numerically evaluating equation (1)
in mathematical anthropomorphic reference phantoms
(ICRP, 2009) for eight standard geometrical orientations of
the incoming radiation field (ICRP, 2010).
The protection quantity effective dose is not defined at a
single point but as an average over organs and over the entire
body. Therefore, it is not amenable to direct measurement.
The International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurements (ICRU) has defined a set of operational (mea-
surable) quantities based on dose equivalent [ICRU Report
39(1985), ICRU Report 51(1993)], as estimator of effective
dose for exposure to external radiations, complementing the
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set of protection quantities. Dose equivalent is defined as the
product of an absorbed dose and a quality factor
∞
H = ∫−∞ Q ( L ) DL ( d ) dL. (2)
Absorbed dose, D, is evaluated at a point in a specified
depth d in the body or in a phantom. For whole-body moni-
toring d has been chosen to be 10 mm. The quality factor Q
is a function of the linear energy transfer (LET or L∞) of the
particles at the interaction point (ICRU, 1993).
The ICRU Report 39/51 system of operational quantities
distinguishes between quantities for radiation monitoring of
individuals (personal dose equivalent) and of areas (direc-
tional and ambient dose equivalent). While personal dose
equivalent Hp(d) is defined at d mm (usually 10 mm) under
the “representative location on the body,” directional and
ambient dose equivalent H′(d) are defined at the specified
depth in the ICRU sphere made of ICRU 4-component tissue
and with a 30 cm diameter (ICRU, 1993). Ambient dose
equivalent is made independent from the direction of inci-
dent radiation by virtually expanding and aligning all field
vectors.
Protection quantities and operational quantities differ in
their definitions and in the phantoms employed to calculate
the respective coefficients from radiation field quantities:
1. Calculation of conversion coefficients for both, effec-
tive dose and the operational quantities, were and are
carried out using phantoms and radiation transport
codes. For equivalent dose to organs and tissues and
thus for effective dose anthropomorphic phantoms
were used, more recently the ICRP/ICRU reference
adult phantoms (ICRP, 2010). For the calculation of
conversion coefficients for operational quantities
(used for calibrations of radiation protection moni-
tors) geometrically more simple phantoms were
used: the ICRU sphere for ambient dose equivalent
and a slab phantom (with dimensions 300 mm ×
300 mm × 150 mm) for personal dose equivalent.
The corresponding geometrical and structural differ-
ences sets limits to the quality of the estimates of val-
ues for effective dose from measurements of the
operational quantities. The ICRU sphere has barely a
resemblance to the anthropomorphic phantom and its
Executive Summary 15
anatomical structure used in the calculation of effec-
tive dose.
2. The evaluation of personal and ambient dose equiva-
lent at a single, defined depth d does not reflect the
geometrical anatomical complexity of the human
body and the calculation of conversion coefficients
for E in anthropomorphic reference phantoms as a
weighted average of equivalent doses to specified
body organs and tissues.
3. The quality factor Q(L), used in the calculation of
dose equivalent as well as the radiation weighting
factor, wR, used for equivalent and effective dose is
used to account for differences in the effectiveness of
different radiation type. However, they are based on
different approaches and are not fully equivalent.
4. Hitherto published and widely applied conversion
coefficients for the operational quantities of photons
have been calculated in the kerma approximation.
This simplified approach results in an overestimate
of the protection quantities by the operational quanti-
ties at high photon energies.
The differences in (1) and (2) are the main reasons for
inadequate estimates of effective dose by measured values of
operational quantities for certain particles and energies.
More generally, they are the main reason for the differences
between the conversion coefficients for effective dose and
those for operational quantities.
This Report introduces an alternative definition of the
operational quantities for external radiation which overcomes
deficiencies with regard to their intended use as estimators for
effective dose. In this Report, operational quantities are
defined as the product of particle fluence and a conversion
coefficient (Endo, 2016). Symbolically this is written as:
H = Φ ⋅ hΦ . (3)
The conversion coefficient for effective dose is calculated
as the quotient of the value of the effective dose evaluated in
the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms (ICRP, 2009) for
specified directions of incidence divided by the particle flu-
ence in the absence of the phantom, and the symbol for the
conversion coefficient is written as:
hE = E / Φ . (4)
Definitions (3) and (4) provide a good numerical coherence
between the values of the conversion coefficients for effec-
tive dose and the corresponding values for the operational
quantities. This is mainly due to the fact that the phantom for
the calculation of protection and operational quantities is
now identical
The quantity for monitoring whole-body exposure of
individual workers, named personal dose Hp, is the product
of the particle fluence, Φ, and an energy- and angle-depen-
dent conversion coefficient, hp,(Ep,Ω). The conversion coef-
ficients are calculated within the same anthropomorphic
phantom as the protection quantity effective dose E.
Conversion coefficients are given for various angles of inci-
dence on the body surface to allow assessing the angle
dependence of personal dosimeters. Obviously, the values of
Hp (Ep,0o) are numerically equal to E (AP) for the same par-
ticle energies.
The quantity for assessing potential effective doses in a
given area (predominantly prospectively) is named ambient
dose H*, and is defined at all energies of the particles consid-
ered as the maximum of the values of effective dose for the
different directions of an incident radiation field on an
anthropomorphic phantom as published in ICRP Publication
116 (2010). The selection of the maximum value for the dif-
ferent directions of incidence ensures that the quantity ambi-
ent dose provides close but always conservative estimates of
effective dose.
Radiation protection is not only concerned with control of
stochastic effects but also with the control of more determinis-
tic tissue effects, in particular to the lens of the eye and to local
skin. For each specific exposure limits have been set in terms
of equivalent dose. In practice, also for monitoring the expo-
sure of the lens of the eye and local skin, operational quantities
are in use. For the personal monitoring of the lens of the eye,
the operational quantity personal dose equivalent Hp(3) is used
and for local skin it is the personal dose equivalent HP(0.07).
Concerning these operational quantities for the control of
tissue effects for lens of the eye and local skin, it is proposed
in this Report that quantities based on absorbed dose rather
than equivalent dose are more appropriate for the control of
the nonstochastic effects concerned. The operational quan-
tity personal absorbed dose to the lens of the eye is defined
in the numerical phantom of the eye similar to previous cal-
culations of conversion coefficients for equivalent dose of
the eye. The definition of the quantity personal absorbed
dose in local skin is based on simplified mathematical phan-
toms of trunk, arm, and finger. They are used for defining the
quantity and serve also as an unambiguous calculation pre-
scription for the conversion coefficients.
The Report provides a comprehensive set of values of
conversion coefficients for the proposed quantities H* and
Hp, for photons, electrons, positrons, neutrons, alpha parti-
cles, positive and negative muons, and positive and negative
pions. The energy range of the data published in this Report
corresponds to the energy ranges used in ICRP Publication
116, for conversion coefficients for effective dose they
extend up to 10 GeV.
The proposed definition of the operational quantities for
the control of stochastic effects results in changes of the energy
dependence of the conversion coefficients. Therefore, cali-
bration coefficients of dosimeters will have to be reexamined.
For example, personal dosimeters and survey instruments
16 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
calibrated to the ICRU 39/51 operational quantities for photons
will show too high a response below an energy of 70 keV. In
the most common energy range from 50 keV to 3 MeV, a
straightforward recalibration will be sufficient.
This Report represents a major change in the definition of
operational quantities in radiation protection against external
radiation. The result is a simplification of system of quanti-
ties used in operational radiation protection, by aligning the
definition of protection quantities and operational quantities
and eliminating intermediate steps which are complex and
potentially confusing.
The comprehensive set of conversion coefficients
included as annexes of the Report cover a large energy range
and will give a solid base for future instrument design and
calibration and enable prospective calculations of radiation
fields. It will also help harmonizing radiation protection
monitoring of types of ionizing radiation which were not
included in previous publications.
966197
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966197Journal of the ICRU
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation and Scope of the Report
Protection from the health effects of ionizing radiation
requires the prevention of tissue reactions (deterministic
effects) and limitation of the risks of cancer and hereditary
effects (stochastic effects). To fulfill these requirements,
ICRP in Publication 103 (2007) has defined risk-related
dosimetric quantities: organ equivalent dose is used to set
limits to prevent deterministic effects and effective dose is
used in the limitation and optimization of protection against
stochastic effects. Because the protection quantities are not
measurable directly, they are assessed by measurements of
additional quantities defined for this purpose. For the control
of occupational and environmental exposures to external
radiation, ICRU has defined operational quantities for mea-
surement and instrument calibration.
The operational quantities as defined by the ICRU in
Reports 39 (1985) and 51 (1993) provide acceptable esti-
mates of the protection quantities for photons, electrons, and
neutrons over the energy ranges of greatest relevance in the
1980s and 1990s. In recent decades, however, there has been
an increasing need to also consider very high and very low
energy particles for which the current operational quantities
are substantial under- or over-estimators of the protection
quantities. ICRP Publication 116 (2010), published jointly
with ICRU, provided conversion coefficients from fluence
and air kerma to the protection quantities for a wide range of
particle types and energies. ICRP Publication 116 calcula-
tions applied the most recent updates to the protection quan-
tities, as specified in the 2007 Recommendation of ICRP in
Publication 103 (2007), and also introduced the use of refer-
ence computational models of the adult male and female, as
provided in ICRP Publication 110 (2009), published jointly
with ICRU. These developments led to the reappraisal of
approaches to the calculation of operational quantities and
the proposals for simplification and extension presented in
this Report.
The calculation of the ICRP protection quantities (ICRP,
2007) is a three-step process, beginning with the calculation
of mean absorbed dose to organs and tissues of the body,
equivalent dose to organs and tissues, and effective dose.
Because radiation types differ in their effectiveness in caus-
ing health effects per unit of absorbed dose, the second step
is to multiply values of absorbed dose by radiation weighting
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2020, Vol. 20(1) 17­–19
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factors that represent simplified adjustments for these differ-
ences in the calculation of organ equivalent dose. Because
individual organs and tissues differ in their sensitivity per
unit of equivalent dose to induction of cancer, values of
equivalent doses to organs and tissues are multiplied by tis-
sue weighting factors that are simplified adjustments based
on values of relative detriment, the contributions of the vari-
ous organs and tissues to overall stochastic detriment; effec-
tive dose is calculated as the weighted average of organ
equivalent doses. Organ equivalent dose is used to set limits
on local irradiation of the eyes and the skin. Effective dose is
used to set limits and optimize protection against stochastic
effects, for which a linear nonthreshold dose–response rela-
tionship is assumed (ICRP, 2007).
The purpose of the ICRU operational quantities is to pro-
vide acceptable estimates of the protection quantities. The
operational quantities for the monitoring of external radia-
tion recommended by the ICRU in ICRU Reports 39 (1985),
43 (1988), and 51 (1993) were introduced in two groups; for
individual monitoring, and for area monitoring at workplaces
and the environment. The dose equivalent at a specific depth
in the human body or in a phantom of specified geometry and
depth is chosen to describe the exposure situation. Dose
equivalent is calculated as the product of absorbed dose and
a quality factor that is a function of the linear energy transfer
of the radiation at the point of interaction. The quantity used
as a measure of effective dose for individual monitoring is
personal dose equivalent at a depth of 10 mm in the human
body, and for workplaces and the environment, ambient dose
equivalent in the ICRU sphere at a depth of 10 mm. The
quantities used as estimates for organ equivalent doses to the
lens of the eye and local skin are personal doses equivalents
at the respective depths of 3 mm and 0.07 mm, and direc-
tional dose equivalents at these depths in the ICRU sphere.
It is recommended in this Report that the ICRU Reports
39 and 51 system of operational quantities be replaced with a
simpler scheme in which the ICRP/ICRU reference phan-
toms of the human body are used as the basis for calculations
of both the operational and protection quantities, ensuring
that the operation quantities provide measures of the protec-
tion quantities across all energy ranges. ICRP is currently
reevaluating the use of the protection quantities and proposes
that limits to prevent tissue reactions (deterministic effects)
will be more correctly set in terms of absorbed dose rather
18 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 1.1.  Relationship between the protection quantities defined in ICRP Publication 103 and the ICRU Report 39/51 operational
quantities for use in radiological protection.
than organ equivalent dose, because the radiation weighting
factors used in the calculation of organ equivalent dose relate
to stochastic effects rather than deterministic effects.
Consistent with this change, the recommended operational
quantities are personal dose and ambient dose, as measures
of effective dose, and personal absorbed dose and directional
absorbed dose as measures of local absorbed dose to the lens
of the eye and local skin. ICRP Publication 116 (2010) pro-
vides conversion coefficients from fluence to effective dose
for the particles photons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, pro-
tons, negative muons, and positive muons for energies up to
10 GeV; for negative pions and positive pions for energies up
to 200 GeV; and for He2+ ions up to 100 GeV u−1. This
Report provides conversion coefficients from fluence to the
operational quantities ambient dose and personal dose for the
same particles and energies, and for photons, neutrons, elec-
trons, positrons, and protons compares the energy and angle
dependence with values obtained using the ICRU Reports
39/51 methodology. Full radiation transport was used for the
new calculations in ICRP Publication 116 and in this Report,
rather than the kerma approximation.
Although the proposed changes to the operational quanti-
ties do have implications for design and calibration of
dosimeters and monitoring instruments, the necessary
changes should be reasonably straightforward. ICRP will
only introduce changes to the protection quantities when the
next general recommendations are issued and the parallel
introduction of updated operational quantities would appear
appropriate. Anticipating the time required for incorporation
of recommendations into safety standards and legislation,
there may be a period of around 20 y during which prepara-
tions can be made. This period is rather long compared with
the technological lifetime of dosimeters and area monitoring
instruments.
Figure 1.1 presents the existing relationships between the
protection quantities given in ICRP Publication 103, and the
operational quantities given in ICRU Reports 39/51, and Fig.
1.2 those operational quantities recommended in this Report.
The protection quantities and operational quantities are
related to radiometric and dosimetric quantities that are
obtained through primary standards at national metrology
institutes.
1.2 Outline of the Report
The necessity of operational quantities as a measurable com-
plement to protection quantities is explained in Section 2.
The previous definitions of the ICRU operational quantities
in Report 39/51 are reviewed: the operational quantities are
based on the assessment of absorbed dose at a specified
depth in a phantom, multiplied with an LET-dependent qual-
ity factor. The conceptual and technical shortcomings of
these operational quantities are explained. In Section 3, the
definitions of the operational quantities recommended in this
Report are presented. The quantities are based on the product
of a radiometric quantity describing the external field, and a
conversion coefficient to yield the defined operational quan-
tity, and this represents a change of paradigm from the previ-
ous definitions for the reasons given in this Report. In Section
4, the conversion coefficients from radiometric quantities to
operational quantities are introduced. Their numerical calcu-
lations are described. The coefficients for the recommended
and the ICRU Reports 39 and 51 quantities as given in ICRU
Report 57 (1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996) are
Introduction 19

Figure 1.2.  Relationship between the ICRP Publication 103 protection quantities and the operational quantities recommended in this
Report for use in radiological protection.

compared, where possible, to highlight the differences.
Section 5 deals with the changes in instrument design and
calibration, resulting from the observations made in Section
4, which would result from the implementation of the recom-
mended quantities. In Section 6, the general conclusions on
the improvements resulting from the recommended opera-
tional quantities are reported and the manner in which the
recommended quantities provide a solution to the protection
problems in radiation fields of higher-energy photons, elec-
trons and neutrons, and for other particle types.
Appendix A contains tables and figures of the conversion
coefficients for the recommended quantities.
Appendix B describes the computer programs used for the
calculations.
Appendix C gives alternative conversion coefficients for
absorbed dose to the lens of the eye.
966212
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2 ICRP Publication 103 Protection Quantities
and ICRU Report 39/51 Operational
Quantities
2.1 Protection Quantities
Radiological protection requires the quantification of the
exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation. To this
end, the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) has developed the following protection
quantities: mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue, DT,
organ/tissue equivalent dose, HT, and effective dose, E. The
protection quantities are used for the implementation of dose
limits and of the optimization principle. Their most recent
definitions are published in the 2007 Recommendations of
the ICRP (2007).
The ICRP protection quantity effective dose, E, is consid-
ered to provide a single, risk-related, quantity for the control
of stochastic radiation effects, valid for all persons exposed
under the same conditions, independent of sex, and other
individual properties of the person exposed. Internal expo-
sure from the intake of radionuclides is also considered using
effective dose.
At values of an absorbed dose above a few hundreds of
milligrays, tissue reactions (deterministic effects) can be of
concern and absorbed doses in some tissues and organs
require evaluation (Harrison et al., 2016; ICRP, 2007; 2012).
ICRP (2007) sets specific limits on organ equivalent dose to
prevent damage to the lens of the eye and local skin.
ICRP Publication 116 (2010), published jointly with
Inter­national Commission on Radiation Units & Measure­
ments (ICRU), provides sets of conversion coefficients from
particle fluence to the protection quantities for an extended
range of radiation types and particle energies compared with
the previous joint publication (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998).
The conversion coefficients for the protection quantities in
ICRP Publication 116 supersede the previously published
values.
2.2 Purpose of Operational Quantities
Protection quantities are related to the human body and defined
as averages over organs and tissues, and as weighted sums
over such averages. They are not defined at a single point, but
over extended regions, and are therefore not measurable in
practice. Thus, they cannot be used directly as quantities for
measurement and monitoring of radiation exposures.
The ICRU has recommended a set of operational quanti-
ties in this Report, which complement the protection
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quantities for different irradiation situations. The role of
operational quantities is to provide an acceptable estimate of
the protection quantities for prospective planning of control
measures and optimization and for retrospective assessment
of compliance with legal limits:
•• Prospective use in the planning of control measures
and for optimization:
|| By providing predicted estimates of ambient dose
and ambient dose rate, and directional absorbed
dose and absorbed dose rate to the lens of the eye
and local skin, under planned and existing expo-
sure situations. Such estimates can range from
simple calculations to the results of complex
Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations;
|| For performing measured assessments of ambi-
ent dose and directional absorbed dose to the lens
of the eye and local skin in the workplace or the
environment, with area monitoring instruments
calibrated in terms of ambient or directional dose
rate or, in some cases, using personal dosimeters
for this purpose calibrated in terms of the opera-
tional quantity ambient dose;
|| For optimizing work schedules and procedures
in planned and existing exposure situations with
respect to the collective doses received by the
exposed persons.
•• Retrospective use, to establish whether there was
effective control over the radiation hazard to employ-
ees and compliance with legal limits.
|| For measurement of personal dose and absorbed
dose to the lens of the eye and local dose that the
person has received with personal dosimeters cali-
brated in terms of these quantities;
|| For monitoring of radiation exposure of the public
from natural and artificial environmental sources
of radiation. An application is dose rate monitor-
ing at the fence of nuclear, medical, and other
facilities with area monitoring instruments.
For doses below dose constraints, and significantly below
dose limits, the numerical values of the operational quanti-
ties substitute routinely for those of the protection quantities
in assessments and dose registers (ICRP, 2007). Only as
doses approach or exceed dose constraints is more precise
ICRP 103 Protection Quantities and ICRU Report 39/51 Operational Quantities 21

Table 2.1  Relation of the protection quantities (ICRP, 2007) with the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities for which new
quantities are recommended in section 3.

Whole body Lens of the eye Local skin

Protection quantity
Operational quantity
  Area monitoring
  Individual monitoring
Effective dose Equivalent dose to the lens of the eye Equivalent dose to local skin
E HT lens HT local skin
Ambient dose equivalent| Directional dose equivalent Directional dose equivalent
H*(10) H′(3,Ω) H′(0.07,Ω)
Personal dose equivalent Personal dose equivalent Personal dose equivalent
Hp(10) Hp(3) Hp(0.07)

information needed to better estimate the protection quantity
by taking into account the workplace, any uncertainty in the
conversion from operational to protection quantities, and
imperfections in the response characteristics of the personal
dosimeter with respect to the conversion coefficients to the
operational quantity.
2.3 ICRU Report 39/51 Operational
Quantities
The ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities were intro-
duced in ICRU Report 39 (1985) and ICRU Report 43
(1988), and were revised in Report 51 (1993). ICRU Reports
43 and 47 (1988; 1992) for photons and electrons, and Report
66 (2001) for neutrons, gave detailed information on instru-
ment responses and calibration procedures. During the past
30 years, the ICRU operational dose quantities for measure-
ments of external exposure have been introduced into prac-
tice in many countries by radiation protection directives and
regulations, and most personal dosimeters and area monitor-
ing instruments are calibrated in terms of these quantities.
Conversion coefficients from fluence to the ICRU Report
39/51 operational quantities were given in ICRU Report 57
(1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996), and also in ICRU
Report 66 (2001) for neutrons up to 10 GeV. Values of con-
version coefficients from photon air kerma, electron absorbed
dose in tissue, and neutron fluence for reference calibration
fields were given by the International Organization for
Standardization (see ISO 8529-3:1998; 6980-3:2006; 4037-
3:2019) and in ICRU Report 66 (2001).
The ICRU Report 39/51 system of operational quantities
distinguishes between quantities for monitoring of persons,
that is, personal dose equivalent, and of places at work or in
the environment, that is, directional and ambient dose equiv-
alent. Dose equivalent is defined as the product of absorbed
dose in a tissue or organ and a quality factor:
monitoring, 3 mm for the lens of the eye, and 0.07 mm for
local skin. The quality factor, Q, that addresses the biological
effectiveness of different radiations is a function of the linear
energy transfer (LET or L∞) in water of the particles at the
interaction point.
Personal dose equivalent Hp(d) is defined at the specified
depth d under the “representative location on the body,” and
directional and ambient dose equivalent H′(d,Ω) and H*(d)
are defined at depth d in the ICRU sphere.
The definition of directional dose equivalent required an
expanded radiation field, spatially homogeneous in the
region of interest in which the measuring instrument is
placed. Ambient dose equivalent made the additional require-
ment of an expanded and aligned radiation field, and here the
radiation field at a point was expanded into a field which
impinges on the surface of the ICRU sphere. In practice, this
definition required instruments to have a response that is iso-
tropically uniform.
Table 2.1 gives an overview of the quantities that were
defined as operational quantities and their relationship with
the protection quantities.
The conversion coefficients from radiometric and dosi-
metric quantities to the operational quantities in the joint
ICRU/ ICRP Report (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998) are calcu-
lated in different phantoms from those used to calculate the
conversion coefficients for the protection quantities (Table
2.2). The ICRU sphere was used for calculation of ambient
dose equivalent, H*(10), and directional dose equivalents,
H′(3) and H′(0.07), and a slab phantom of ICRU tissue of
dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm for personal dose
equivalents, Hp(10), Hp(3), and Hp(0.07). More recently, a
cylindrical phantom of ∅ 200 mm × 200 mm has been used
for the calculation of personal dose equivalent to the lens of
the eye, Hp(3), and pillar and rod phantoms with diameters of
73 mm and 19 mm and length of 300 mm for personal dose
equivalent in local skin, Hp(0.07).

H = Q D. (2.1) 2.4 Limitations of the ICRU Report

39/51 Operational Quantities
The absorbed dose D is evaluated at a specified depth d in The set of operational quantities thus defined have several
the body or in a phantom, 10 mm for whole-body inconsistencies and limitations:
22 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table 2.2  Phantoms employed to calculate the conversion coefficients from field quantities (fluence, air kerma) to the protection
quantities (ICRP, 2007) and to the ICRU report 39/51 operational quantities.

Whole body Lens of the eye Local skin

Protection quantity
Operational quantities
  Area monitoring
  Individual monitoring
Note. All phantoms for the operational quantities are composed of ICRU 4-element tissue.
Whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult
reference phantoms (ICRP, 2009) whole-body phantom
ICRU sphere, ∅ 300 mm
Slab phantom
300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm
Eye model embedded in 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm skin
tissue phantom (ICRP, 2010)
(Behrens and Dietze, 2011)
ICRU sphere, ∅ 300 mm ICRU sphere, ∅ 300 mm
Cylinder phantom Slab phantom
∅ 200 mm × 200 mm 300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm
Pillar phantom
∅ 73 mm × 300 mm
Rod phantom
∅ 19 mm × 300 mm

for oblique radiation incidences and lower ener-

1. Inconsistencies arise between protection and opera- gies (Behrens, 2012).
tional quantities as a consequence of their respective •• The quality factor Q(L) and the radiation weight-
definitions: ing factors wR have the purpose of giving a rela-
•• The ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), was tive weight to different types of radiation, but
defined in the ICRU sphere that has no resem- they are based on different concepts of defining
blance to the reference anthropomorphic phan- and measuring radiation effectiveness.
toms used to define the protection quantity
effective dose, E. The consequence of these inconsistencies were poor esti-
•• Personal dose equivalent, Hp(d), was defined in mations of the protection quantities for certain particles and
depth d in the human body, but the conversion
coefficients are calculated in simple geometrical
bodies of slabs, cylinders, and rods.
•• The evaluation of personal and ambient dose
equivalent at a single, defined depth d = 10 mm
did not reflect the geometrical complexity of the
human body with organs (tissues) at different
locations in the body, explicitly accounted for in
the definition and calculation of effective dose E.
For neutrons, this led to an overestimate of E
below 1 MeV and a progressive underestimate of
E at energies above 10 MeV (ICRU, 1985).
•• At low photon energies (Ep < 70 keV), the choice
of the depth d of 10 mm for ambient and personal
dose equivalent led to a considerable overestima-
tion of effective dose (see Fig. 2.1). At the same
time, the construction of personal dosimeters and
Figure 2.1  Comparison of the fluence to dose conversion
area monitoring instruments adapted to this
coefficients for photons. Solid line: conversion coefficients for
energy range was difficult because of the high effective dose, E, in anterior-posterior irradiation; dotted line:
sensitivity required at low photon energies to rep- conversion coefficient for personal dose equivalent, hp(10), as
resent the operational quantity. tabulated in (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998); dashed line: conversion
•• For electrons of energy lower than 1 MeV, the coefficients for personal dose equivalent, hp(10), calculated with
quantities H′(3) and Hp(3) underestimated equiv- full electron transport (present calculations).
Note. For photon energies lower than 3 MeV, dotted and dashed lines
alent dose to the lens of the eye, in particular
coincide. The overestimation and underestimation of the protection
when considering the radiation-sensitive part of quantity by the operational quantity are visible at high and low photon
the lens. The underestimation of dose increased energies, respectively.
ICRP 103 Protection Quantities and ICRU Report 39/51 Operational Quantities 23
energies, and generally differences between the conversion
coefficients for protection and operational quantities.
2. ICRP (to be published) has reviewed the use of pro-
tection quantities and proposed that limits to prevent
damage to the lens of the eye and local skin should be
set in absorbed dose rather than equivalent dose
because the radiation weighting factors used in the
calculation of equivalent dose relate to stochastic
effects rather than tissue reactions. The corresponding
operational quantities will also be defined in terms of
absorbed dose. For protection and operational quanti-
ties, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) weight-
ing of absorbed dose in relation to the specific health
effects could be applied, as appropriate.
3. Conversion coefficients for the operational quantities
for photons were calculated using the kerma approxi-
mation method (ICRP, 1996; ICRU, 1998). In this
approximation, the energy transferred from the pho-
ton to the target is deposited at the location of the
interaction. This approximation neglects the further
transport of energy by generated electrons but leads
to acceptable results in the energy range hitherto con-
sidered as sufficient for radiation protection pur-
poses. Discrepancies between operational and
protection quantities resulting from the use of the
kerma approximation are as follows:
•• At high photon energies (Ep > 3 MeV for d = 10
mm, Ep > 740 keV for d = 3 mm, and Ep > 65
keV for d = 0.07 mm), the values of personal and
ambient dose equivalent, if they are computed
using the kerma approximation method, overesti-
mated the corresponding protection quantities.
For example, the operational quantities for local
skin dose were overly conservative above 65 keV
by a factor 90 for 10 MeV photons (Veinot and
Hertel, 2011).
•• However, if personal dose equivalent Hp(10) and
ambient dose equivalent H*(10) for photons were
correctly calculated with full transport of the elec-
trons generated, a progressive underestimate of
effective dose E would have resulted (see Fig. 2.1).
The collection of conversion coefficients for operational
quantities given in ICRU Report 57 (1998) and ICRP
Publication 74 (1996) only addressed photons, neutrons, and
electrons and only for limited energy ranges. Already at the
time of publication of the conversion coefficients, planned
and existing exposure situations with high-energy radiation
were known to be of importance in the applications of parti-
cle accelerators. Radiation protection has also become a con-
cern at flight altitudes, where exposure to many radiation
types, with high energies, can occur (ICRP, 2016; ICRU,
2010). These sectors have now overtaken the field of nuclear
applications in the number of facilities and of exposed per-
sons. The latest publication of conversion coefficients for the
protection quantities (ICRP, 2010) takes this into account by
making available effective dose conversion coefficients for a
larger selection of radiation types and greatly extended
energy range. The range of particle types and energies of the
operational quantities should match the range of energies and
particle types of the protection quantities to deliver close
estimates for prospective and retrospective applications. A
simple extension in radiation type and energy of the opera-
tional quantities based on the definitions of the ICRU Report
39/51 quantities in ICRU Reports 39, 43, 47, 51, and 66
(1985; 1988; 1993; 2001) is not considered to be the appro-
priate approach because of the discrepancies between opera-
tional and protection quantities described above and further
considerations for other types of radiation.
966213
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3 Operational Quantities for
External Exposure
3.1 Basis of Recommended Operational
Quantities
To address the need for an extension of both the range of
radiation types and energies over which operational quanti-
ties are defined while preserving a good approximation to the
protection quantities over this extended range, a change of
paradigm in the definition of operational quantities is needed.
This Report recommends a redefinition of the operational
quantities as the products of radiometric or dosimetric quan-
tities at a point in space or on the surface of the body and
conversion coefficients related to values of protection quan-
tities (Bartlett and Dietze, 2010; Endo, 2016). Consideration
of this approach has been given previously (see, for example,
Burlin, 1981; Burlin and Wheatley, 1971; Burlin et al., 1979;
Commission of the European Communities, 1983; ICRP
Publication 15, 1969; ICRP Publication 21, 1973; Jahr et al.,
1981; NCRP Report 38, 1971; Sidwell et al., 1969; Siebert
and Bartlett, 19951). The practical application of such a quan-
tity can be made if conversion coefficients to an internation-
ally agreed phantom exist. ICRP and ICRU have now defined
ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms in ICRP Publication
110 (2009). These phantoms are used to define reference val-
ues of conversion coefficients to the protection quantities and
can be used to define the operational quantities. The recom-
mended operational quantities simplify the systems of protec-
tion and operational quantities and assist in the comprehension
of radiological protection quantities by users.
A generic scheme is defined here with variations for the dif-
ferent operational quantities introduced in the following sub-
sections. The recommended operational quantities are defined
as the product of particle fluence or air kerma and a conversion
coefficient. Symbolically, for monoenergetic particles of flu-
ence, Φ, of type R, with energy Ep, this is written as:
( )
H R = hR Ep ⋅Φ R ,(3.1)
where HR stands for a generic operational quantity for radia-
tion type R. The value of the operational quantity in a radia-
tion field is obtained by multiplication of the field quantity,
1
Siebert, B. R. L., and Bartlett, D. J. (1995). 8th Symposium Neutron
Dosimetry, Paris. Personal communication (Braunschweig,
Germany).
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in this case the fluence, Φ, with a conversion coefficient, hR.
In the general case, where the radiation field is multidirec-
tional and has an energy distribution, this expression is inte-
grated over the energy and direction distribution of fluence.
( )
H R ( Ω ) = ∫hR Ep , Ω Φ R ( EP , Ω ) dEP . (3.2)
The conversion coefficients, hR, are calculated for spe-
cific directions of incidence as the quotient of the value of
the dose, evaluated in the whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult ref-
erence phantoms and the other dedicated phantoms, divided
by the particle fluence in the absence of the phantom:
H R ( Ep , Ω )
hR ( Ep , Ω ) = . (3.3)
Φ R ( Ep , Ω )
The consequences of this definition are as follows:
•• The systems of radiation protection quantities and of
operational quantities shown in Fig. 1.2 are similar.
•• The conversion coefficients for operational quantities
are calculated with the same phantoms as the protec-
tion quantities, with the exception of the absorbed
dose in local skin. The anthropomorphic whole-body
and the lens of the eye phantoms are described in
ICRP Publications 110 and 116 (2009; 2010).
•• Operational quantities are now by definition closely
related to protection quantities. For certain combina-
tions of particle energy and angle of incidence, the
numerical values of the operational quantity and the
protection quantity are identical.
This definition, employing the same phantoms, weighting
factors, and calculation models for protection and opera-
tional quantities, ensures coherence of the quantities and
close approximation of their numerical values for specific
radiation type, energy, and direction of incidence. As previ-
ously, conversion coefficients for photons can also be defined
in terms of air kerma instead of fluence.
3.2 Ambient Dose
The ambient dose, H*, at a point in a radiation field, is the
product of the particle fluence at that point, Φ, and the
Operational Quantities for External Exposure 25

Figure 3.1  Schematic representation of the idealized geometries considered in ICRP Publication 116.
Note. AP = antero-posterior; PA = postero-anterior; LLAT = left lateral; RLAT = right lateral; ROT = rotational; ISO = isotropic.

conversion coefficient, h*, relating particle fluence to the
maximum value of effective dose, Emax, for various irradia-
tion conditions.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep, the con-
version coefficient h,i* ( Ep ) = Emax,i ( Ep ) / Φi ( Ep ) is calcu-
lated for exposure of the whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult
reference phantoms (ICRP, 2009) for broad uniform parallel
beams of the radiation field incident in irradiation geome-
tries antero-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), left lat-
eral (LLAT), right lateral (RLAT), and for rotational (ROT),
isotropic (ISO), superior hemisphere semi-isotropic (SS-ISO),
and inferior hemisphere semi-isotropic (IS-ISO) fields for
photons and neutrons; AP, PA, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO
fields for electrons, positrons, muons, and pions; and AP, PA,
and ISO, for He2+ ions (Fig. 3.1).
For a distribution of particles of type i:
( )  dE ,
 dΦi Ep
( )
H i* = ∫ hi* Ep 
 dEp 
p (3.4)
 
The unit of ambient dose rate is J kg–l s–1. The special name for
the unit of ambient dose rate is sievert per second (Sv s–1).
3.4 Directional Absorbed Dose in the
Lens of the Eye
The directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, Dlens′ (Ω ) ,
at a point in a radiation field with a specified direction of
incidence, Ω, is the product of the particle fluence at that
point, Φ(Ω), and the conversion coefficient, dlens ′ (Ω ), relat-
ing particle fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the lens
of the eye.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep, the con-
′ i ( Ep , Ω ) = Dlens,
version coefficient d lens, ′ i ( Ep , Ω ) / Φi ( Ep , Ω )
is calculated for exposure of the eye model and the whole
body (Behrens and Dietze, 2011; ICRP, 2010) for broad uni-
form parallel beams of the radiation field incident in the
direction Ω. For a given Ω, the maximum value of absorbed
dose in the lens of the right or left eye is taken (Fig. 3.2).
For an energy distribution of particles of type i,

where dΦi(Ep)/dEp is the fluence of particles with kinetic

(
 dΦ i Ep , Ω )  dE ,
energies in the interval dEp around Ep. The sum over all con- ′ ,i ( Ω ) = ∫ d lens
Dlens (
′ ,i Ep , Ω ) 
 dEp 
p (3.7)
tributing particle types is:  

H * = ∑ H i* . (3.5) where dΦi(Ep,Ω)/dEp is the fluence of particles with direc-

tion of incidence Ω and with kinetic energies in the interval
The unit of ambient dose is J kg–1. The special name for the dEp around Ep. The sum over all contributing particle types i
unit of ambient dose is sievert (Sv). with direction of incidence Ω is:

3.3 Ambient Dose Rate ′ ( Ω ) = ∑ Dlens,

Dlens ′ i ( Ω ) . (3.8)

The ambient dose rate H * is the quotient of dH* by dt,
where dH* is the increment of the ambient dose in the time The unit of directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye is
interval dt, thus: J kg–1. The special name for the unit of directional absorbed
dose in the lens of the eye is gray (Gy).
dH * The specification of the incident direction, Ω, requires a
H * = . (3.6) reference system for coordinates in which the direction of
dt
26 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 3.2.  Detailed view of the eye phantom (left: the radiation
sensitive part [red] and the rest of the lens [dark blue]; for
details of materials and construction, see Behrens, 2017a) and
the complete phantom including 2 eyes (right) that is used for the
calculations. A broad uniform parallel beam impinges on the head
and the trunk (red frames in the right part).
incidence is expressed. This reference system for an area
monitoring quantity can be related to the radiation field in
which the operational quantity is to be determined. In the
particular case of a unidirectional field, the direction can be
related to the angle, ϕ, between this direction and the direc-
tion of incidence, Ω0, that is, antero-posterior, AP, to the styl-
ized eye model. When ϕ = 0º, the value of Dlens ′ (Ω ) at the
point of interest for measurements using this specified direc-
′ .
tion shall be written Dlens
3.5 Directional Absorbed Dose Rate in
the Lens of the Eye
The directional absorbed dose rate in the lens of the eye,
D lens ′ (Ω ) by dt, where dDlens
′ (Ω ) , is the quotient of dDlens ′ (Ω )
is the increment of directional absorbed dose in the lens of
the eye in the time interval dt, thus:
dD ′ (Ω )
′ ( Ω ) = lens
D lens .(3.9)
dt
The unit of directional absorbed dose rate in the lens of the
eye is J kg–l s–1. The special name for the unit of directional
absorbed dose rate in the lens of the eye is gray per second
(Gy s–1).
3.6 Directional Absorbed Dose in Local Skin
′ skin,i (Ω ),
The directional absorbed dose in local skin, Dlocal
at a point in a radiation field with a specified direction of
incidence, Ω, is the product of the particle fluence at that
point, Φ, and the conversion coefficient, d local
′ skin (Ω ), relat-
ing particle fluence to the value of absorbed dose in local
skin.
Figure 3.3  Geometry of the slab phantom.
Note. Left: isometric view. Right: view from top. The thickness of the skin
layer and the diameter of the circular target volume have been increased
for better visibility.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep, the con-
version coefficient dlocal
′ skin,i ( Ep , Ω ) = Dlocal
′ skin,i ( Ep , Ω ) / Φ ( Ep , Ω ),
is calculated for exposure to broad uniform parallel beams
of the radiation field incident in the direction Ω. The conver-
sion coefficient is calculated for exposure of a specified
phantom, an ICRU 4-element tissue 300 mm × 300 mm
×148 mm slab (ρ = 1.0 g cm–3), the front surface of which
is covered with a 2 mm layer of skin of density 1.09 g cm–3
(ICRP, 2009) of elemental composition given in ICRP
Publication 89 (2002). The absorbed dose is averaged over
the volume of a right circular cylinder with its axis perpen-
dicular to the surface between the depths of 50 μm and
100 µm and a cross-sectional area of 1 cm² below the center
of the front surface (Fig. 3.3).
For an energy distribution of particles of type i:
 dΦ i Ep , Ω ( )  dE ,
′ skin,i ( Ω ) = ∫ d local
Dlocal (
′ skin ,i Ep , Ω 

)
dEp 
p (3.10)
 
where dΦi(Ep,Ω)/dEp is the fluence of particles with direc-
tion of incidence Ω and with kinetic energies in the interval
dEp around Ep. The sum over all contributing particle types
with direction of incidence Ω is:
′ skin ( Ω ) = ∑ Dlocal
Dlocal ′ skin ,i ( Ω ) . (3.11)
The specification of the direction of incidence, Ω, requires
a reference system for coordinates in which the direction is
expressed. This reference system for an area monitoring
quantity can be related to the radiation field in which the
operational quantity is to be determined. In the particular
case of a unidirectional field, the direction can be related to
the angle, ϕ, between this direction of incidence and the
direction of incidence, Ω0, that is normal to the front surface
of the slab phantom. When ϕ = 0º, that is for perpendicular
′ skin (Ω ) at the point of interest
incidence, the value of Dlocal
for measurements using this specified direction shall be
Operational Quantities for External Exposure 27
Figure 3.4  Schematic of the coordinate system for personal
dose.
′ skin . The unit of directional absorbed dose in
written Dlocal
local skin is J kg–1. The special name for the unit of direc-
tional absorbed dose in local skin is gray (Gy).
3.7 Directional Absorbed Dose Rate in
Local Skin
The directional absorbed dose rate in local skin,
D local ′ skin (Ω ) by dt, where
′ skin (Ω ) , is the quotient of dDlocal
′ skin (Ω ) is the increment of the directional absorbed
dDlocal
dose in local skin in the time interval dt, thus:
′ skin (Ω )
dDlocal
D local
′ skin (Ω ) =
dt
.(3.12)
The unit of directional absorbed dose rate in local skin is J
kg–l s–1. The special name for the unit of directional absorbed
dose rate in local skin is gray per second (Gy s–1).
3.8 Personal Dose
The personal dose, Hp, at a point on the body is the product
of the particle fluence incident at that point, Φ, and the con-
version coefficient, hp, relating particle fluence to the value
of effective dose, E.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep and
direction of incidence Ω, the conversion coefficient
hp, i(Ep,Ω) = Ei(Ep,Ω)/Φi(Ep,Ω) is calculated for broad uni-
form parallel beams, and for rotational and isotropic fields
incident on the whole-body ICRP/ICRU adult reference
phantoms (ICRP, 2009).
A right-handed orthogonal system centered at the mid-
point of the body is adopted in which the X-axis is from back
Figure 3.5  The origin of the coordinate system for personal
dose is located at the midpoint of the human body.
to front, the Y-axis from right to left, and the Z-axis from toe
to head. The irradiation directional angle Ω is defined in
terms of the components θ and ϕ, with θ being the angle with
respect to the Z-axis (θ being equal to zero at the head) and ϕ
being the projection on to the XY-plane (positive ϕ pointing
to the left; Fig. 3.4).
For a given Ω, other than those for 0°, 180°, ROT, ISO,
IS-ISO, and SS-ISO, the conversion coefficient taken is that
of effective dose as the average value for radiation incident
from left and right (see Fig. 3.5).
For a distribution of particles of type i:
(
 d 2Φ i Ep , Ω )  dE dΩ ,
( )
H p,i = ∫∫ hp,i Ep , Ω 
 dEp dΩ 
p (3.13)
 
where d2Φi(Ep,Ω)/dEpdΩ is the fluence of particles at that
point, with kinetic energies in the interval dEp around Ep, and
directions of incidence in the interval dΩ around Ω. The sum
over all contributing particle types is:
H p = ∑ H p,i . (3.14)
The unit of personal dose is J kg–1. The special name for the
unit of personal dose is sievert (Sv).
3.9 Personal Absorbed Dose in the
Lens of the Eye
The personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, Dp lens, at
a point on the head or body is the product of the particle flu-
ence incident at that point, Φ, and the conversion coefficient,
dp lens, relating particle fluence to the value of absorbed dose
in the lens of the eye.
28 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 3.6  Geometry of the cylindrically shaped phantoms (not
to scale).
Note. Left: isometric view. Right: view from top. The thickness of the skin
layer and the diameter of the circular target volume have been increased
for better visibility.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep and
direction of incidence Ω, the conversion coefficient
dp  lens,i(Ep, Ω) = Dp lens,i(Ep, Ω)/Φi(Ep, Ω) is calculated for
broad uniform parallel beams incident on the whole-body
eye model (Behrens and Dietze, 2011). For a given Ω, the
conversion coefficient taken is that for the maximum value
of the absorbed dose in the lens of the right or left eye (see
Fig. 3.2).
For a distribution of particles of type i:
 d 2Φ i ( Ep , Ω ) 
Dp lens,i = ∫ ∫ d p lens,i ( Ep , Ω )   dEp dΩ , (3.15)
 dEp dΩ 
where d2Φi(Ep,Ω)/dEpdΩ is the fluence of particles at that
point with kinetic energies in the interval dEp around Ep, and
directions of incidence in the interval dΩ around Ω. The sum
over all contributing particle types, i, is:
Dp lens = ∑ Dp lens,i . (3.16)
The unit of personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye is J
kg–1. The special name for the unit of personal absorbed dose
in the lens of the eye is gray (Gy).
The same right-handed orthogonal system for the body is
adopted as for the quantity Hp. It is different to that used for
calculations for the Behrens-Dietze model in ICRP
Publication 116 (2010), but without consequence for the
numerical results.
3.10 Personal Absorbed Dose in Local Skin
The personal absorbed dose in local skin, Dp local skin, is the
product of the particle fluence incident on the body or
extremities, Φ, and the conversion coefficient, dp local skin,
relating particle fluence to the value of absorbed dose in
local skin.
For a given particle type i with kinetic energy Ep and
direction of incidence Ω, the conversion coefficient dp local skin,
i(Ep,Ω) = Dp local skin, i(Ep,Ω)/Φi(Ep,Ω) is calculated for expo-
sure of the specified phantoms to broad uniform parallel
beams. For each phantom, of the dimensions shown below,
there is a covering layer of 2 mm skin of density 1.09 g cm–3
(ICRP, 2009) with the elemental composition given in ICRP
Publication 89 (2002). The specific phantoms for local skin
are as follows:
•• For the trunk of the body: below the center of the front
surface of a slab with dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm
× 148 mm of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.0 g cm–3),
the front surface of which is covered with a 2 mm
layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over the
volume of a right circular cylinder with its axis per-
pendicular to the surface between the depths of 50 μm
and 100 µm and a cross-sectional area of 1 cm² (Fig. 3.3);
•• For the extremities: at the half-length of the cylindrical
surface of a pillar with dimensions 69 mm diameter and
300 mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with density
in this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g cm–3), the
cylindrical surface of which is covered with a 2 mm
layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over a vol-
ume between the radii 36.4 mm and 36.45 mm with a
circle of area 1 cm2 projected onto the upper and lower
cylindrical surfaces, perpendicular to the radii (Fig. 3.6);
•• For the finger: at the half-length of the cylindrical sur-
face of a rod with dimensions 15 mm diameter and 300
mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with density in
this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g cm–3), the cylin-
drical surface of which is covered with a 2 mm layer of
skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over a volume
between the radii 9.4 mm and 9.45 mm with a circle of
area 1 cm2 projected onto the upper and lower cylindri-
cal surfaces, perpendicular to the radii (see Fig. 3.6).
For the slab, θ is the angle of irradiation incidence with
respect to the surface normal, and ϕ is the azimuthal angle.
For the cylindrical geometries, the angles of incidence θ, ϕ,
are with respect to the axis of the scoring cylinder.
For a distribution of particles of type i,
 d 2Φ i ( Ep , Ω ) 
Dp local skin ,i = ∫ ∫ d p local skin ,i ( Ep , Ω )   dEp dΩ ,
 dEp dΩ 
(3.17)
where d2Φi(Ep, Ω)/dEpdΩ is the fluence of particles with
kinetic energies in the interval dEp around Ep and directions
of incidence in the interval dΩ around Ω. The sum over all
contributing particle types, i, is:
Operational Quantities for External Exposure 29

D p local skin = ∑ D p local skin ,i . 3.11 Summary

(3.18)
The relations between the protection quantities and the rec-
ommended operational quantities are shown in Table 3.1.
The unit of personal absorbed dose in local skin is J kg–1. The The computational phantoms employed for calculating con-
special name for the unit of personal absorbed dose in local version coefficients for the recommended quantities are
skin is gray (Gy). described in Table 3.2.

Table 3.1  Relation of protection quantities and recommended operational quantities.

Whole body Lens of the eye Local skin

Protection quantity Effective dose Equivalent dose in the lens of the eye Equivalent dose in local skin
E HT lens HT local skin
Operational Quantity
  Area monitoring Ambient dose Directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye Directional absorbed dose in local skin
H* ′ (Ω )
Dlens ′ skin ( Ω )
Dlocal

  Individual monitoring Personal dose Personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye Personal absorbed dose in local skin
Hp Dp, lens Dp local skin

Table 3.2  Phantoms employed to calculate the conversion coefficients from field quantities (Fluence, Air Kerma) to protection
quantities and recommended operational quantities.

Whole body Lens of the eye Local skin

Protection quantity
Operational quantities
  Area monitoring
  Individual monitoring
a
Scoring in cylinders of ICRP skin of 1 cm–2 cross-sectional area, axis perpendicular to the surface, between depths from 50 μm to 100 µm, at the center
of the phantom face.
Whole-body Eye model embedded in 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm skin tissue
ICRP/ICRU adult reference whole-body phantom phantom (ICRP, 2010)
phantoms (Behrens and Dietze, 2011)
(ICRP, 2009)
Whole-body ICRP/ICRU Eye model embedded in Slab phantoma
adult reference phantoms whole-body phantom 300 mm × 300 mm × 148 mm ICRU tissue,
the front surface of which is covered with 2
mm skin
Whole-body Eye model embedded in Slab phantoma
ICRP/ICRU adult reference whole-body phantom 300 mm × 300 mm × 148 mm ICRU tissue,
phantoms the front surface of which is covered with 2
mm skin
Pillar phantoma
∅ 69 mm × 300 mm ICRU tissue, cylindrical
surface covered with 2 mm ICRP skin
Rod phantoma
∅ 15 mm × 300 mm ICRU tissue, cylindrical
surface covered with 2 mm ICRP skin
966214
research-article2020
CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966214Journal of the ICRU
4 Conversion Coefficients
4.1 Introduction
Conversion coefficients link the protection and operational
quantities to radiometric and dosimetric quantities character-
izing the radiation field. In practice, the quantity that is usu-
ally used or calculated in external radiological protection is
the particle fluence, Φ, of a radiation type. In the case of
photon radiation, air kerma free-in-air, Kair, is also used.
Thus, effective dose, E, may be related to the fluence of a
particle type by means of the appropriate conversion coeffi-
cient. An internationally agreed set of conversion coefficients
for protection quantities is available for general use in radio-
logical protection for occupational exposures in ICRP
Publication 116 (2010). They are calculated for whole-body
irradiation of phantoms in vacuo to broad uniform parallel
beams assumed to represent occupational exposure for the
following field geometries with antero-posterior (AP), poste-
rior-anterior (PA), left lateral (LLAT), right lateral (RLAT),
and to rotational (ROT), isotropic (ISO), superior hemisphere
semi-isotropic (SS-ISO), and inferior hemisphere semi-iso-
tropic (IS-ISO) fields. Conversion coefficients to effective
dose are available for these ideal exposure geometries only.
4.2 General
The two purposes of this Report are to introduce the general
definitions of operational quantities for external radiation
protection which overcome the limitations of the ICRU
Report 39/51 operational quantities and to publish specific
sets of conversion coefficients (in Appendices A and C) that
permit the calculation of the operational quantities from
physical quantities characterizing the radiation.
Several years passed between the recommendations of the
operational quantities in ICRU Report 39 (1985) and the
publication of conversion coefficients in ICRU Reports 43
and 47 (1988; 1992), and more than a decade until the joint
ICRU and ICRP publications of specific sets of conversion
coefficients for photons, neutrons, and electrons (ICRP,
1996; ICRU, 1998). The joint Report Committee made rec-
ommendations for reference values based on a considerable
number of published conversion coefficients in peer-
reviewed journals and in the “grey literature,” usually inter-
nal publications of research institutes and private
communications. These coefficients were calculated with
several numerical codes, in different geometries and phan-
toms, but agreed with each other within a few intervals of
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2020, Vol. 20(1) 30­–37
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on Radiation Units & Measurements.
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statistical uncertainties. The published Reports by ICRU and
ICRP contained recommended values of the conversion
coefficients, evaluated by averaging and smoothing the
(comparable) values from different sources.
The present Report Committee faced a different situation.
The recommendation of operational quantities and the publi-
cation of reference values for conversion coefficients occur
at the same time. Members and consultants of the Report
Committee undertook the calculations. This task was simpli-
fied by the following observations:
•• Numerical values of conversion coefficients from
radiometric and dosimetric quantities to personal dose
and ambient dose are, by definition, equal to the con-
version coefficients to effective dose at specific parti-
cle energies and angles of incidence, and this
represents a means of checking consistency.
•• Presently several well-documented, general-purpose,
Monte Carlo radiation transport codes are available for
such computations (see Appendix B); the codes are the
result of decades of development and validation; when
used with correct input parameters and properly within
the constraints of the code, these codes represent the
state of the art of computational dosimetry.
4.3 Calculation of Conversion
Coefficients
The conversion coefficients from radiometric and dosimetric
to operational quantities are computed with Monte Carlo radi-
ation transport codes. The characteristics of the employed
codes are briefly described in Appendix B. In these radiation
transport codes, the phantom and the characteristics of the
radiation field (particle energy and angle of incidence) can be
specified precisely. Absorbed dose is scored in specific regions
of the phantom and, where applicable, is weighted by radiation
and tissue weighting factors. The calculation of each of the
operational quantities defined in Section 3, and therefore of
the conversion coefficient from the radiometric or dosimetric
quantity, is therefore technically fully possible. Generally, the
radiometric quantity chosen as the base of the calculation is
fluence, but conversion coefficients from air kerma are also
given for photons of energy up to 50 MeV. The phantoms are
irradiated in vacuo with broad uniform parallel beams, and in
some instances, to rotational and isotropic fields.
Conversion Coefficients 31
The specification of the incident direction, Ω, requires a
reference system for coordinates in which Ω is expressed. For
the responses of area monitoring instruments to determine
directional absorbed dose, this reference system can be related
to the radiation field in which the instrument is exposed. For
personal dosimeters to determine personal dose and absorbed
dose in the lens of the eye and in local skin, this reference
system is related to the body, head and eye, and extremity.
All calculations reported are performed with full transport
of generated particles. Depending on the quantity and the
particle type, at high energy the radiation fields in the scoring
regions of the phantom are not in equilibrium. Personal
dosimeters and area monitoring instruments for photons are
customarily calibrated in a setup where charged-particle
equilibrium is established. For this purpose, additional con-
version coefficients for photons are calculated in the kerma
approximation, which delivers numerical results close to the
situation of charged-particle equilibrium.
The resulting sets of conversion coefficients are given in
Appendix A, by quantity, particle type, energy, and angle of
incidence.
4.3.1 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients
to Ambient Dose
The values of conversion coefficients, h*, from particle flu-
ence to ambient dose are calculated as the maximum of 8
beam geometries of the conversion coefficients to effective
dose, E, for whole-body exposure of ICRP/ICRU adult refer-
ence phantoms with broad uniform parallel beams incident
in the irradiation geometries, and for rotational and isotropic
fields, as published in ICRP Publication 116 (2009) and
shown in Fig. 3.1.
4.3.2 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients to
Personal Dose
The values of conversion coefficients, hp(ϕ), from particle
fluence to personal dose are calculated for whole-body
exposure of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms
(ICRP, 2009).
The conversion coefficients given in this Report are calcu-
lated for broad uniform parallel beams incident at specified
angles ϕ (see Fig. 3.5), from 0° (AP) to 90° in 15° steps, and the
average value of right and left irradiations is taken; and for
180°, rotational, isotropic, superior hemisphere semi-isotropic,
and inferior hemisphere semi-isotropic geometries are taken.
The conversion coefficients in Appendix A.2 are com-
piled from those given in ICRP Publication 116 (2010) and
from calculations by Endo (2017).1 Conversion coefficients
to personal dose hp(ϕ) for the angles ϕ = 0°, 180°, +90°,
and −90° are numerically identical to those for effective
1
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication. (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
dose in the irradiation geometries AP, PA, LLAT, and RLAT,
respectively. The conversion coefficients for incident geom-
etries not available from ICRP Publication 116 are taken
from the calculations by Endo (2017) (see Note 1). The con-
sistency of numerical values between ICRP Publication 116
and the calculations by Endo was studied and validated
(Endo, 2017). The differences between the results of the cal-
culations in this Report and those in ICRP Publication 116
(2010) are less than 2 % for photons and protons; less than
5 % for electrons, positrons, muons, pions, and helium ions;
and less than 5 % at most energies and less than 10 % at sev-
eral energies for neutrons.
4.3.3 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients to
Absorbed Dose in the Lens of the Eye
The numerical values of conversion coefficients from parti-
cle fluence to directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye
′ and from fluence to personal absorbed dose in the lens
d lens
of the eye dp lens are identical for the same particle type,
energy, and direction or angle of incidence, and the symbol
dlens is used in Appendix A.3.
The conversion coefficients for specific irradiation geom-
etries are given to the value of the absorbed dose in the lens of
the eye for whole-body exposure of the stylized eye model
(Behrens and Dietze, 2011); see Fig. 3.2 for broad uniform
parallel beams incident for angles, ϕ, from 0° (AP) to +/− 90°
in 15° steps. The maximum value of absorbed dose is given
for right or left irradiation and for rotational geometry. The
results of the rotational field were calculated in steps of 5°.
4.3.4 Calculation of Conversion Coefficients to
Absorbed Dose in Local Skin
The conversion coefficients from particle fluence to direc-
′ skin and from particle
tional absorbed dose in local skin d local
fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin dp local skin are
numerically identical for exposure of a specific phantom for
the same particle type, energy, and direction or angle of inci-
dence. The symbol dlocal skin is used in Appendix A.4.
With the exception of alpha particles which are for normal
incidence on the slab phantom, the conversion coefficients,
′ skin , are calculated for the following specific irradiation
d local
geometries for all particles:
•• Exposure of the trunk: at the center of the front surface
of a slab phantom of dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm
× 148 mm of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.0 g cm–3),
the front surface of which is covered with 2 mm of skin
(ρ = 1.09 g cm–3) (ICRP, 2009), of elemental composi-
tion given in ICRP Publication 89 (2002). The absorbed
dose is averaged over the volume of a right circular
cylinder between depths of 50 μm and 100 µm and a
cross-sectional area of 1 cm² for angles, ϕ, from 0°
(AP) to 75° in 15° steps (see Fig. 3.3).
32 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table 4.1  Symbols used for conversion coefficients in the figures of Section 4 and the appendices.

Symbol Physical identity Name of conversion coefficient

h* H*/Φ Fluence to ambient dose
h*(10) H*(10)/Φ Fluence to ambient dose equivalent
hp(ϕ) Hp(ϕ)/Φ Fluence to personal dose
hp(10,ϕ) Hp(10,ϕ)/Φ Fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm depth
′ (ϕ )
dlens ′ (ϕ ) / Φ
Dlens Fluence to directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye
h′(3,ϕ) H′(3,ϕ)/Φ Fluence to directional dose equivalent at 3 mm depth
dp lens(ϕ) Dp lens(ϕ)/Φ Fluence to personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye
hp(3,ϕ) Hp(3,ϕ)/Φ Fluence to personal dose equivalent at 3 mm depth
′ skin (ϕ )
dlocal ′ skin (ϕ ) / Φ
Dlocal Fluence to directional absorbed dose in local skin
h′(0.07,ϕ) H′(0.07,ϕ)/Φ Fluence to directional dose equivalent at 0.07 mm depth
′ skin (ϕ )
dlocal Dp local skin (ϕ ) / Φ Fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin
hp(0.07,ϕ) Hp(0.07,ϕ)/Φ Fluence to personal dose equivalent at 0.07 mm depth
The names of the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities are in italics.

•• Exposure of the extremity: at the half-length of the
cylindrical surface of a 69-mm diameter 300-mm length
pillar phantom of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.11 g cm–³
to take account of internal structure), the cylindrical sur-
face of which is covered with 2 mm of skin. The
absorbed dose is averaged over the volume between the
radii 36.4 mm and 36.45 mm with a circle of area 1 cm²
projected onto the upper and lower cylindrical surfaces
perpendicular to the radii, for angles, ϕ, from 0° to 180°
in 15° steps and for rotational geometry (see Fig. 3.6).
•• Exposure of the finger: at the half-length of the cylindri-
cal surface of a 15-mm diameter 300-mm length rod of
ICRU 4-element tissue density (ρ = 1.11 g cm–³), the
cylindrical surface of which is covered with 2 mm of
skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over the volume
between the radii 9.4 mm and 9.45 mm of a circle of area
1 cm² projected onto the upper and lower cylindrical sur-
faces perpendicular to the radii, for angles, ϕ, from 0° to
180° in 15° steps and rotational geometry (see Fig. 3.6).
The conversion coefficients for alpha particles given in
Table A.4.5 and Fig. A.4.5 have been calculated for the vol-
ume of a right circular cylinder between depths of 50 µm and
100 µm and a cross-sectional area of 10 mm² at the center of
the front surface of a 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm phan-
tom of ICRU 4-element tissue density 1 g cm–³, without a
2-mm skin layer (ICRP, 2010).
4.4 Comparison of Values of
Recommended and ICRU Report 39/51
Operational Quantities
4.4.1 General Remarks
In this section, the differences in the energy dependence
between the recommended and the ICRU Report 39/51 con-
version coefficients for specific irradiation geometries are
analyzed. They highlight changes and point to areas where
additional work is required to apply the operational quanti-
ties in practice.
It has already been noted that in ICRU Report 57 (1998)
and ICRP Publication 74 (1996), the values of conversion
coefficients for H*(10) and Hp(10), and H′(0.07) and
Hp(0.07) for photons were calculated using the kerma
approximation method. ICRU and ICRP noted that care must
be taken in using these values. The respective ranges of elec-
trons in tissue are 10, 3, and 0.07 mm, for energies of 3 MeV,
740 keV, and 65 keV. Above these energies, conditions for
charged-particle equilibrium were not met for calculations of
H*(10) and Hp(10), H′(3) and Hp(3), and H′(0.07) and
Hp(0.07), respectively, for irradiation of the ICRU sphere or
the body in vacuo (Daures et al., 2011; Dimbylow and
Francis, 1983; 1984; Ferrari and Pelliccioni, 1994; 1995). In
ICRP Publication 116 (2010), the values of the conversion
coefficients from fluence to the protection quantities for all
particles are calculated using full transport of the radiation
field. The values of the conversion coefficients of the previ-
ous operational quantity ambient dose equivalent included in
the Figures in ICRP Publication 116 (2010) are also calcu-
lated using full transport of generated particles.
In some cases, conversion coefficients for the quantities
as previously defined are not available, and therefore no
comparisons are given. For the comparison of conversion
coefficients for absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, values
of Hp(3) in a cylindrical phantom are used.
In the following, graphical comparisons are given in the
form of ratios of the numerical values of conversion coeffi-
cients following the ICRU Report 39/51 definitions over the
values recommended here. The symbols used in these figures
in Section 4 and in the Appendices of the Report are defined
in Table 4.1.
4.4.2 Ambient Dose and Personal Dose
Numerical values of ambient dose and personal dose are
numerically identical to particular values of effective dose at
Conversion Coefficients 33
Figure 4.1  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*.
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown:
those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,2 those with FLUKA by Pelliccioni
(2000), and those from ICRU Report 57 (1998) which used the kerma
approximation.
Figure 4.2  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, hp(10,0°), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of
hp(0°).
Note. The results of calculations of hp(10,0°) with various codes are
shown: by Kim and Kim (1999), Veinot and Hertel (2011), and those from
ICRU Report 57 (1998) which used the kerma approximation method.
equal energy and angle of incidence. Hence, the comparison
of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities and the recommended
operational quantities amounts to a comparison with the
protection quantity. Numerical values for conversion coeffi-
2
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan)
Figure 4.3  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10
mm depth, hp(10,ϕ), taken from ICRU Report 57 (1998) which
used the kerma approximation method, shown as a ratio to the
recommended values of hp(ϕ) (Endo, 2017).
cients to ambient dose are given in Appendix A.1 and to per-
sonal dose in Appendix A.2.
A significant overestimate below 70 keV of effective dose
for photons by the values of ambient dose equivalent and
personal dose equivalent from ICRU Report 39/51 is
observed in Figs. 4.1 to 4.3. Personal dose equivalent and
ambient dose equivalent are at 10 mm depth, whereas effec-
tive dose is a weighted average over the entire phantom, and
photons below this energy do not penetrate very far. At the
other end of the energy distribution, a progressive underesti-
mate of effective dose for photons by these quantities is vis-
ible at energies exceeding 3 MeV (Pelliccioni, 1998; 2000)
because there is only partial buildup at the depth of 10 mm,
and there is more buildup in the rest of the anthropomorphic
phantom. The depth of 10 mm in tissue for assessing dose
equivalent was chosen in ICRU Report 39 (1985) to approxi-
mately represent the maximum dose equivalent in the organs
and tissues of the body, resulting in ambient dose equivalent
and personal dose equivalent overestimating effective dose
between 100 keV and 3 MeV. Between 3 MeV and 10 MeV,
the use of the kerma approximation in the calculation of con-
version coefficients of ambient and personal dose equivalent
in ICRP Publication 74 (1996) and ICRU Report 57 (1998)
led to agreement with effective numerical values as the sum
of photon and electron contributions because it artificially
gave full buildup to the values at 10 mm depth which more
closely correspond to the dose values relevant in effective
dose calculations.
Figures 4.4 and 4.5 show that the depth of 10 mm in the
sphere, or in the body, is not the most appropriate to estimate
effective dose for neutrons (ICRU, 1985). There is an
increasing underestimation of effective dose by the ICRU
Report 39/51 quantity, H*(10), for neutrons with energies
34 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 4.4  Comparison of incident neutrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*.
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown:
those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,3 those with FLUKA by Pelliccioni
(2000), and those from ICRU Report 57 (1998).
Figure 4.5  Comparison of incident neutrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, hp(10,ϕ), taken from ICRU Report 57 (1998), shown as a
ratio to the recommended values of hp(ϕ) (Endo, 2017).
above 40 MeV. This reflects the fact that from this neutron
energy on, the buildup of absorbed dose in 10 mm depth in
tissue is incomplete. The other changes are a result of using
radiation weighting factor in ambient dose and personal dose
instead of quality factor, and the change to the anthropomor-
phic phantom from a depth of 10 mm in the ICRU sphere.
Figures 4.6 to 4.8 show that for electrons and positrons,
the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities, H*(10) and Hp(10),
3
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
Figure 4.6  Comparison of incident electrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*.
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown:
those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,3 those with FLUKA by Pelliccioni
(2000), and those from ICRU Report 57 (1998).
Figure 4.7  Comparison of incident electrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, hp(10,ϕ), taken from Grosswendt and Chartier (1994) and
ICRU Report 57 (1998), shown as a ratio to the recommended
values of hp(ϕ) (Endo, 2017).
overestimate effective dose between 3 MeV and 30 MeV.
The strong underestimate of effective dose by H*(10) and
Hp(10) at electron energies less than 2 MeV is explained by
the limited range of electrons, r < 10 mm. The recom-
mended operational quantity, H*, considers the detriment to
skin, contributing to effective dose with a tissue weighting
coefficient of wT = 0.01. For positrons, the absorbed dose
deposited by an annihilation photon generated at 10 mm
depth compensates for the limited range of the primary
particle.
Conversion Coefficients 35
Figure 4.8  Comparison of incident positrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*.
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown:
those with FLUKA by Endo4 and with FLUKA by Pelliccioni (2000).
Figure 4.9  Comparison of incident protons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to ambient dose equivalent at 10 mm
depth, h*(10), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of h*.
Note. The results of calculations of h*(10) with various codes are shown:
those with PHITS and FLUKA by Endo,4 and those with FLUKA by
Pelliccioni (2000).
Figures 4.9 shows that H*(10), the ambient dose equiva-
lent for protons with Ep < 80 MeV, overestimates H*, the
ambient dose, because the energy deposited at 10 mm depth
in tissue exceeds the weighted average of energy deposition
in organs on which H* and Hp are based. At high energies,
above about 100 MeV, the conversion coefficients show the
same trend as for neutrons.
4
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
Figure 4.10  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to directional dose equivalent at 3
mm depth, h′(3,ϕ) (Behrens, 2017b), calculated using the kerma
approximation, shown as a ratio to the recommended values of
′ (ϕ ) (Behrens, 2017a).
dlens
4.4.3 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in
the Lens of the Eye
For the same fluence, particle type, energy, and direction of
incidence, the numerical values of conversion coefficients
from particle fluence to directional and personal absorbed
dose in the lens of the eye are the same. In the following
figures, comparisons are given of the numerical values of
conversion coefficients of the ICRU Report 39/51 defini-
tions, H′(3) and Hp(3), with the recommended values of the
conversion coefficients from particle fluence to d lens′ (ϕ ) and
d p′ lens (ϕ ) , as a function of energy for photons and
electrons.
Figures 4.10 and 4.11 show that the ICRU Report 39/51
operational quantities h′(3,ϕ) and hp(3,ϕ) delivered a good
approximation to the protection quantity (numerically close
′ and dp lens) for photons in the energy interval between
to d lens
20 keV and 2 MeV. At higher photon energies, the dose to the
eye lens was progressively overestimated, owing to the use
previously of the kerma approximation. At low energies, the
overestimation and underestimation of the protection quan-
tity depend critically on the angle of incidence of the
photons.
The ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantity, hp(3,ϕ),
overestimates the protection quantity in the lens of the eye
for normally incident electrons with energies around 1 MeV.
36 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Figure 4.11  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 3 mm
depth, hp(3,ϕ), shown as a ratio to the recommended values of
dp′ lens (ϕ ) (Behrens, 2017a).
Note. The results of calculations with various codes of hp(3,ϕ) are shown
(Daures et al., 2011; Gualdrini et al., 2011). Data for hp(3,ϕ) are only
available from 10 keV to 10 MeV.
Figure 4.12  Comparison of incident electrons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 3 mm
depth, hp(3,ϕ) (Ferrari and Gualdrini, 2012), shown as a ratio
to the recommended values of dp′ lens (ϕ ) , maximum for the
complete lens of either eye (Behrens, 2017a).
In the interval between 2 MeV and 10 MeV, the ICRU
Report 39/51 operational quantity gave a reasonable
Figure 4.13  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to directional dose equivalent at 0.07
mm depth, h′(0.07,ϕ), shown as a ratio to the recommended
′ skin slab (ϕ ).5
values for dlocal
Note. The calculations of h'(0.07,ϕ) are from ICRU Report 57 (1998) using
the kerma approximation.
estimate for angles of incidence less than or equal to 60°, as
shown in Fig. 4.12.
4.4.4 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in
Local Skin
For the same fluence, particle type, energy, direction, and
specific phantom, the numerical values of conversion coef-
ficients from particle fluence to directional and personal
absorbed dose in local skin for the slab are the same. In Figs.
4.13 to 4.15, comparisons are given of the numerical values
of the ICRU Report 39/51 definitions for H′(0.07) and
Hp(0.07), with the recommended values of the conversion
′ skin slab (ϕ ) and dp local skin slab(ϕ), from par-
coefficients, d local
ticle fluence as a function of energy for photons and
electrons.
Above 200 keV, the use of kerma approximation to obtain
values of the conversion coefficients given in ICRU Report
57 (1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996) for H'(0.07,ϕ) and
Hp(0.07), gave an overestimate of absorbed dose in local
skin, increasing to a factor of 90 for photons of energy of
10 MeV (Veinot and Hertel, 2011).
5
Dauers, J. (2017). Personal communication (Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex
France).
Conversion Coefficients 37

Figure 4.15  Comparison of incident electrons of conversion

Figure 4.14  Comparison of incident photons of conversion
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 0.07 mm
depth, hp(0.07,ϕ), shown as a ratio to the recommended values
for those for dp local skin slab(ϕ)6 of dp lens(ϕ).
Note. The calculations of hp(0.07,ϕ) are from ICRU Report 57 (1998)
using the kerma approximation.
coefficients from fluence to personal dose equivalent at 0.07 mm
depth, hp(0.07,ϕ), shown as a ratio to the recommended values
for those for dp local skin slab(ϕ).6
Note. The calculations of hp(0.07,ϕ) are from ICRU Report 57 (1998).

6
Daures, J. (2017). Personal communication (Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex
France)
966215
research-article2020
CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966215Journal of the ICRU
5 Practical Consequences of the
Introduction of the Recommended
Operational Quantities
5.1 Introduction
One of the reasons for the introduction of operational quanti-
ties in external radiation protection is that the protection
quantities cannot be measured because they are defined over
an extended volume. An operational quantity must fulfill the
following 3 criteria:
•• Be defined at a single point,
•• Give an estimate of acceptable accuracy of the rele-
vant protection quantity,
•• Be reliably measurable with instruments (personal
dosimeters and area monitoring instruments).
The first two criteria are fulfilled by the definitions of the
recommended quantities. The last criterion seems trivial but
requires the availability of suitable instruments. The intro-
duction of the recommended operational quantities for exter-
nal radiation will have consequences for practical radiation
protection. A comparison of the energy and angle depen-
dence of the recommended fluence-to-dose, and kerma-to-
dose, conversion coefficients with respect to those of the
ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities has been given in
Subsection 4.4. Personal dosimeters and area monitoring
instruments with a sensitivity reproducing exactly the energy
and angle dependence of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantities
would have had responses relative to what is needed for the
recommended operational quantities equal to the ratios
shown, and, therefore, generally, not be suitable to assess
exactly the recommended operational quantities in this
Report, except over limited energy ranges.
In this section, an overview is given of the expected
changes to radiation protection instrumentation and to their
calibration to assess correctly the recommended quantities.
For prospective radiation protection estimates with Monte
Carlo programs, no difficulties are expected once the recom-
mended conversion coefficients are introduced into the
codes.
5.2 Design of Personal Dosimeters and
Area Monitoring Instruments
Suitable personal dosimeters for assessing a dose or a dose
rate are based on one or more sensitive elements (“detectors”),
Journal of the ICRU
2020, Vol. 20(1) 38­–44
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on Radiation Units & Measurements.
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employing a physical effect to generate a reproducible signal
from ionizing radiation of a given particle type and energy.
The energy and angle dependence of the response character-
istics of the dosimeter to a radiometric or dosimetric quantity
describing the radiation field (mostly particle fluence) emu-
lates the energy and angle dependence of an operational
quantity to this same field quantity.
There is no personal dosimeter available (or could be
designed using present knowledge) which would meet these
requirements exactly for more than a restricted range of ener-
gies and angles, and for more than one particle type. The
development of suitable personal dosimeters and area moni-
toring instruments is a science in itself that has been able to
adapt over decades to new or modified definitions of quanti-
ties. Ionization chambers and Geiger-Müller counters, two of
the mainstays in photon monitoring for radiation protection,
have a history of nearly 100 years. Photographic film was the
detector leading to the discovery of radioactivity by
Becquerel, and it is only now that it is being phased out of
personal dosimetry by modern alternatives. The first rem-
counter was described by Andersson and Braun (1963), and
in modified versions, it still continues to be the most used
instrument for the measurement of the operational quantities
for neutrons. None of the classical radiation instruments
above, which were introduced to the market long before pub-
lication of the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities,
emulate precisely their energy and angle dependence.
Despite this limitation, they have been able to deliver useful
assessments of dose and dose rate in the hand of experienced
radiation protection professionals.
5.2.1 Required Personal Dosimeter Response
Characteristics With Respect to ICRU Report
39/51 Operational Quantities
The ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities were devel-
oped in the 1980s and introduced to many national radiation
protection legislations in the 1990s. The legally binding per-
formance requirements with respect to the measurement of
the operational quantities are described in international stan-
dards for different measurement situations and dosimeter
types [International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
60846, 2009; IEC 61526, 2010; IEC 62387, 2012; IEC
61005, 2014].
Practical Consequences of the Introduction of the Recommended Operational Quantities 39
Such standards are developed after consultation and col-
laboration with manufacturers and practitioners, and they
reflect the state of the technology. The most widely used
types of personal dosimeters for photons meet the require-
ments of the standard IEC 62387 (2012) if their response
relative to the quantity Hp(10, ϕ) lies between 0.71 and 1.67
in the energy interval from 80 keV to 1.25 MeV and for
angles less than, or equal to, 60°. Similar requirements are
stated for dosimeters for Hp(3, ϕ) and Hp(0.07, ϕ). These are
minimal requirements, and manufacturers may offer dosim-
eters with tighter relative response characteristics and for
wider ranges of energies and angles. While many dosimeter
systems have an acceptable relative response for photon
energies lower than 80 keV, few extend their measuring
capabilities to higher mean energy than 1.25 MeV.
For neutrons, physical detectors are costlier, and the market
is smaller; consequently, the standards allow narrower inter-
vals of energy or angle in which the dosimeters show satisfac-
tory response characteristics [International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 21909-1:2015].
The following two subsections illustrate the consequence
of the introduction of the recommended operational quanti-
ties on a few types of dosimeters and area monitoring instru-
ments with widespread use. These examples are indicative
and do not constitute a complete overview of the instruments
available. It is expected that researchers and manufacturers
will collaborate in future to modify existing dosimeters and
area monitoring instruments or to make new developments
to meet the required measuring capabilities for the recom-
mended operational quantities.
5.2.2 Response Characteristics of Photon
Dosimeters and Area Monitoring Instruments to
the Recommended Operational Quantities
The dependence on energy and angle of the fluence or air-
kerma response characteristics of a dosimeter or area moni-
toring instrument to an operational quantity should emulate
as closely as possible the corresponding dependence of the
respective conversion coefficient of the quantity. The
response of the dosimeter is the ratio of the value indicated
by the dosimeter, G, over the conventional quantity value, C.
G energy photons, to cover professional exposures in the
R= .
C (5.1)
If a change intervenes in the conventional quantity value C,
for example, by a new definition of the quantity, then the new
response R can be calculated from the known, old response,
Rold = G/Cold, via the old and new conversion coefficients,
hold and h, respectively, by:
G Cold C h
=R = Rold old = Rold old . (5.2)
Cold C C h
This is possible for the recommended quantities if the method
of irradiations for the old and the recommended quantities is
unchanged, on the same phantoms for personal dosimeters,
and free in air for area monitoring instruments.
For example, the response of an area monitoring instru-
ment based on a Geiger-Müller counter is indicated with an
instrument constant of “counts per unit of ambient dose” or:
N (5.3)
R= .
H* 
When the response of the dosimeter to the previous quantity
ambient dose equivalent H*(10) is known, R can be calcu-
lated as:
N H * (10 ) H * (10 ) h* (10 )
R= = Rold = Rold . (5.4)
H * (10 ) H* H* h*
The relative response to the recommended quantity can then
be determined as usual by normalizing to the response of the
instrument under reference conditions. For photon dosime-
ters and area monitoring instruments, the reference condition
is usually the radiation of the 137Cs isotope (Ep = 662 keV),
incident at 0°.
In Fig. 5.1, the responses relative to those for 662-keV
photons of a Geiger-Müller area monitoring instrument for
ambient dose H* and ambient dose equivalent H*(10) are
shown. The ratio of these two corresponds to the ratio in Fig.
4.1 of h*(10)/h*. This rugged field instrument has a cutoff of
its sensitivity below 60 keV caused by a cast aluminum cas-
ing. It is clear that for this instrument, the introduction of the
recommended new operational quantities does not imply any
change of the instrument other than a recalibration in terms
of reading per ambient dose at an energy of 662 keV.
Results similar to those in Fig. 5.1 are obtained for some
ionization chamber instruments (Otto, 2019), whereas other
ionization chambers show an overresponse for ambient dose,
H*, for photons below 70 keV. Presently approved dosime-
ters that model the energy response of Hp(10) show the same
overresponse as these ionization chambers of H*(10) for
photon energies below 70 keV, and thus overestimate effec-
tive dose E. A personal dosimeter must be sensitive to low-
medical sector. At these low energies, where the conversion
coefficients to personal dose are lower than those to personal
dose equivalent (see Fig. 4.2), the introduction of the recom-
mended operational quantities will require a modification of
the low-energy photon energy response. This might be pos-
sible to achieve by introducing more material in front of the
detector element, attenuating predominantly low-energy
photons, but with attention to the response characteristics for
oblique incidence of irradiation, or by a change in the detec-
tor. An example of this is shown in Fig. 5.2, for a passive
40 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
1.4
Relative Response to 662 keV
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
10 100 1000
Energy (keV)
Figure 5.1  Response relative to that at 662 keV for ambient
dose H* (solid line) and ambient dose equivalent H*(10) (dashed
line) of a commercially available area monitoring instrument based
on a Geiger-Müller counter (adapted from Otto, 2019).
personal dosimeter based on thermoluminescent dosimeter
detectors. The overresponse in terms of Hp can be corrected
to a large extent by additional shielding (Eakins and Tanner,
2019). Figure 5.2 shows the limits recommended by the IEC
for personal dose equivalent (IEC 62387:2012): These might
not be applicable to Hp(ϕ).
For personal dosimeters based on the response of two or
more detectors behind different thicknesses of attenuating
material, one can change the coefficients in the evaluation algo-
rithm, often a linear combination of the signal of the different
detectors, to adapt the response to the new requirements.
5.2.3 Response Characteristics of Neutron
Personal Dosimeters and Area Monitoring
Instruments to the Recommended Operational
Quantities
In Subsection 4.4.2. and in Fig. 4.5, the difference in the flu-
ence response of the ICRU Report 39/51 quantity Hp(10, θ)
and the recommended quantity Hp(ϕ) for neutrons was dis-
cussed. The response to Hp(ϕ) of a neutron personal dosim-
eter based on track etching in poly allyl diglycol carbonate
material has been analyzed (Tanner et al., 2018). It was
found that the dosimeter would be more sensitive for normal
radiation incidence, leading to a better signal-to-noise ratio,
which is critical in personal neutron dosimetry. However, the
angle dependence of the response of the dosimeter with
respect to Hp(ϕ) is worse than that for Hp(10, θ). The reason
is the more pronounced dependence on angle of Hp(ϕ), visi-
ble in Fig. 4.5. According to the authors, a redesign of the
dosimeter would be technically possible.
The ambient dose response of neutron area monitoring
instruments (rem-counters) by converting the measured or
calculated response to 19 workplace neutron fields has been
calculated (Eakins et al., 2018). A rem-counter works by
moderating epithermal and fast neutrons and detecting the
resulting thermal neutrons. The energy and angle response
characteristics of these detectors depend largely on the shape
10000
Figure 5.2  Hp(φ) response of the redesigned thermoluminescent
dosimeter relative to its Hp(0°, Cs) response.
Note. Also shown is the Hp(10, 0°)/Hp(10,0°, Cs) relative response of the
redesign (Eakins and Tanner, 2019).
and material of the moderator. The four investigated instru-
ments show a variation of their response of up to a factor of
2.5 in the energy range around 100 keV. The neutron radia-
tion fields have been studied in the EVIDOS project
(Schuhmacher et al., 2006) and cover workplaces in nuclear
fuel cycle facilities.
Reference values of ambient dose or ambient dose equiv-
alent in a workplace field is calculated as an integral over the
fluence energy distribution:
dϕ
H = ∫ dE hϕ ( E ), (5.5)
dE
where, H stands for H* or H*(10) and hϕ(E) for the corre-
sponding conversion coefficient.
The calculated relative responses of the four rem-counters
that were investigated to the broad energy distributions in
realistic workplace fields are shown in Fig. 5.3. The rem-
counters show a higher relative response for ambient dose,
H*, than for ambient dose equivalent, H*(10). This would
lead to more conservative measurements in radiation fields
when referring to the recommended operational quantity.
This overestimate can be corrected in two ways:
•• The authors investigate the modification of one rem-
counter’s moderator, leading to a lower response for
low-neutron energies.
•• A simpler alternative for the four rem-counters con-
sidered here is to correct the H* overresponse of the
instruments. The mean ratio of H*(10) to H* for these
workplace fields is 1.6 with a standard deviation of
0.25. Applying a coefficient c ≈ 1/1.6 would make, in
general, the overall accuracy of the relative responses
over the 19 workplace fields of H* comparable to the
previous accuracy when estimating H*(10) for these
workplace fields.
Practical Consequences of the Introduction of the Recommended Operational Quantities 41
3
H*(10) or H* response relative to
2 of solely the recommended quantities, but also based on the
241Am-Be
1 periods during which ICRU Report 39/51 operational quanti-
0
1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06
Mean Energy of Neutron Workplace Field (eV)
Figure 5.3  Calculated response relative to neutrons from
241
Am-Be of four rem-counters to 19 workplace neutron fields
(taken from Eakins et al., 2018).
Note. Open symbols show the relative response to H*(10) and full
symbols show the response to H*. Each instrument is indicated by one
color. The mean energy of each neutron workplace field is in terms of the
H*(10) conversion coefficient calculated for that field.
5.2.4 Conclusions Regarding the Redesign of
Personal Dosimeters and Area Monitoring
Instruments
The examples in the previous two subsections show that
radiation protection dosimeters will not lose their usefulness
once the recommended operational quantities have become
legal quantities. The introduction phase of the ICRU Report
39/51 operational quantities, which took from approximately
1990 to 2010, stimulated scientific and technological work
for the design of new dosimeters, often in collaboration
between universities, research institutes, and manufacturers.
During this period, the use of Monte Carlo radiation trans-
port codes to predict instrument response has been general-
ized and is no longer reserved to a small group of experts.
This facilitates the design of suitable personal dosimeters
and area monitoring instruments for the recommended quan-
tities. Today, a dosimeter can be designed numerically on the
desktop before a prototype is built, lowering the cost of
development significantly as compared with previous times.
Another cost factor is the replacement of obsolete dosim-
eters. This is a concern for personal dosimetry services, hav-
ing a stock of dosimeters numbering in the 100  000s.
However, considerable time will pass between the publica-
tion of this Report, the introduction of the recommended
quantities into transnational requirements (e.g., Basic Safety
Standards by the International Atomic Energy Agency or the
European Union), their introduction to national legislation,
and finally their obligatory use. If the commercial lifetime of
a dosimeter is 20 years,1 recently introduced dosimeter would
1
The widespread use of microelectronics, with rapid cycles of tech-
nological obsolescence, may make the system lifetime estimate
even shorter than the indicated value.
be close to this lifetime once the recommended operational
quantities become a legal requirement. The investment nec-
essary for replacing the dosimeters is then not a consequence
economic necessity to renew the dosimetry system.
Nevertheless, by experience, regulators will grant extension
ties and recommended operational quantities in this Report
might coexist in practical radiation protection, especially as
presently designed and approved photon dosimeters often
overestimate the operational quantities recommended in this
Report. The Report recommends that international and
national authorities recognize the need for a gradual and pru-
dent period of implementation of the operational quantities
as legally binding to balance the costs of implementation
with the benefit of better estimates of the protection quanti-
ties in prospective and retrospective measurements.
5.3 Calibration of Personal Dosimeters
and Area Monitoring Instruments
The calibration procedures for these devices remain largely
unmodified. The only change is that the value of the opera-
tional quantity in the calibration field is calculated from the
measured quantities fluence or kerma in air by using the rec-
ommended conversion coefficients from this Report.
5.3.1 Schematic Calibration Procedure
In detail, the calibration procedure is as follows:
1. At the point of calibration, fluence rate or air-kerma
rate in air of the calibration field is determined with a
primary or secondary standard, or a transfer instru-
ment which has in turn been calibrated by a second-
ary or primary standard service. If a secondary
standard or a transfer instrument is used, this deter-
mination is performed free in air, without phantom.
2. For photons and neutrons, the rate of the operational
quantity suitable for the personal dosimeter or area
monitoring instrument to be calibrated, H or D , is
calculated from the measured fluence rate, or air-
kerma rate in air, with the applicable conversion
coefficient for particle type, energy and angle of inci-
dence, for the personal dosimeter or area monitoring
instrument that is being calibrated. Conversion coef-
ficients for monoenergetic radiations are given in the
Appendices to this Report; for radiation energy dis-
tributions, such coefficients need to be calculated by
integration over the energy distribution. For electron
sources, the rate of the operational quantity suitable
for the dosimeter or area monitoring instrument to be
calibrated, H or D , is calculated from the measured
absorbed dose rate to tissue (usually measured with
42 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
an extrapolation chamber in a tissue-equivalent slab
phantom, for example, a phantom of polymethyl
methacrylate [PMMA], at 0.07-mm depth) with a
correction factor applied for the respective local skin
or lens of the eye phantom, and angle of incidence.
3. The reference point of the personal dosimeter or area
monitoring instrument is placed at the calibration
point. Personal dosimeters are placed on the corre-
sponding phantom (see below). The reference point
and the reference direction of a personal dosimeter
are stated by the manufacturer. In general, the refer-
ence point of a dosimeter is located inside the dosim-
eter. In agreement with the customer, the reference
point can be set to another location, for example, at
the center of the front face of the phantom (ISO
29661:2012/Amd:2015).
4. The personal dosimeter or area monitoring instru-
ment is exposed to the calibration field and its indi-
cated value, G, is evaluated.
5. At the end of the exposure, the calibration coefficient
is determined by the ratio:
G G
=N = or N , (5.6)
H D
where H and D are the conventional quantity values of the
operational quantities, from the time-integral of the rates
determined in Step 2.
This process may have to be repeated for different angles
of incidence, particle energy, or even particle type, depend-
ing on the type of the dosimeter or area monitoring instru-
ment and the desired extent of the calibration.
5.3.2 Calibration Phantoms for Personal
Dosimeters
The recommended phantoms for the calibration of personal
dosimeters for the different quantities are unchanged from
those for the ICRU Report 39/51 operational quantities:
•• For personal dose: a hollow, water-filled slab made
from PMMA with outer dimensions of 300-mm width,
300-mm height, and 150-mm depth, with walls of
10-mm thickness with exception of the front wall of
2.5-mm thickness (ISO 4037-3:2019);
•• For personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye: a
hollow, water-filled cylinder made from PMMA with
outer dimensions of 200-mm diameter, 200-mm
length, and walls and faces of 5-mm thickness (Daures
et al., 2011; Gualdrini et al., 2011; Vanhavere et al.,
2012);
•• For personal absorbed dose in local skin:
|| For the trunk, the same water-filled slab phantom
as for personal dose (ISO 4037-3:2019);
|| For the extremities (hand and feet), a hollow,
water-filled pillar made from PMMA with outer
dimensions of 73-mm diameter, 300-mm length, a
cylinder wall of 2.5-mm thickness, and end faces
of 10-mm thickness (ISO 4037-3:2019);
|| For the finger, a solid rod made from PMMA with
19-mm diameter and 300-mm length (ISO 4037-
3:2019).
It has been shown variously (see, for example, ICRU
Report 47, 1992) that the differences between conversion
coefficients obtained with phantoms made from ICRU and
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
tissue surrogates and those made from PMMA and filled
with water are negligible in the range of measurement preci-
sion that can be reached in radiation protection metrology.
The water-filled slab phantom is a good surrogate for the
human trunk, the preferred place for wearing personal dosim-
eters for the assessment of effective dose in whole-body
exposure.
5.3.3 Special Provisions for Calibrations
With Photons
In routine procedures for the calibrations of area monitoring
instruments and personal dosimeters in photon fields, condi-
tions approximating full charged-particle equilibrium are
used. Therefore, an additional set of conversion coefficients
for photons, calculated using the kerma approximation to
approximate charged-particle equilibrium, is provided (see
Appendix A.5) for photon energies up to 50 MeV.
If there is insufficient air between the photon source and
the monitoring instrument or personal dosimeter or area
monitoring instrument, charged-particle equilibrium is
obtained by placing in front of the monitoring instrument or
personal dosimeter or area monitoring instrument a build-up
plate made from PMMA with a thickness depending on the
photon energy. The small attenuation in the build-up plate
must be corrected for in the calculation of the rate of the
operational quantity at the calibration point (ISO 4037-
3:2019). This procedure guarantees reproducible calibration
conditions independent of the design and collimation of the
calibration source employed because it eliminates electron
contamination in the photon beam as well as creating
charged-particle equilibrium. It delivers conservative cali-
bration coefficients in photon fields where charged-particle
equilibrium is not attained, but can require separate monitor-
ing of the contaminant electrons which could dominate the
field.
5.3.4 The Role of the ICRU Sphere
The operational quantities ambient dose equivalent H*(10)
and directional dose equivalent H′(d, θ) were defined in
Practical Consequences of the Introduction of the Recommended Operational Quantities 43
depth d of the ICRU sphere, a phantom made from ICRU
4-element tissue, introduced in the calculations to provide
the backscatter contribution to dose at the measurement
depth. It is not possible to produce ICRU 4-element tissue,
and therefore, the operational quantities cannot be material-
ized in full analogy to their definition in standard laborato-
ries. At least one primary standards laboratory has realized
operational quantities using an “approximate ICRU sphere”
constructed from surrogate materials,2 using calculations to
evaluate the difference between the surrogate and a true
ICRU sphere at a single photon energy (Boutillon and Allisy-
Roberts, 1996; Perroche and Boutillon, 1989). In general,
however, calculated conversion coefficients from particle
fluence and air-kerma to the ICRU Report 39/51 operational
quantities have been applied for the calibration of area moni-
toring instruments and personal dosimeters used in radiation
protection (ISO 6980-3:2006; ISO 8529-3:1998; ISO 4037-
3:2019). Taking the availability of these conversion coeffi-
cients into account, the Commission considers that the
abandonment of the ICRU sphere does not represent a weak-
ening of the metrological chain from primary and secondary
laboratories to the manufacturer and the end user of
dosimeters.
5.4 Impact of Recommended
Operational Quantities on Quality
of Radiation Protection
Radiation protection is based on the principles of justifica-
tion, limitation, and optimization. Dose limits for the whole
body, the lens of the eye, local skin, and the extremities guar-
antee minimal standards of protection, but employers of
radiation workers are obliged to optimize their exposure, by
applying shielding, time limitation, improved work methods,
automatization, and other techniques to keep the dose of per-
sonnel As Low As Reasonably Achievable. During optimiza-
tion, radiation fields are assessed using area monitoring
instruments, calibrated in ambient dose, H*. The comparison
of different options of optimization in terms of the dose spar-
ing will determine the preferred course of action for an activ-
ity in a radiation field. In some radiation fields, ambient dose
H* will give a better estimate of expected effective dose than
the previous quantity ambient dose equivalent H*(10).
As an example, one group of persons where the substitu-
tion of effective dose, E, by personal dose equivalent Hp(10)
leads to overestimates of E is the group who work exclu-
sively with low-energy X-rays. For the energy distributions
of the ISO N-series between N-10 and N-40, the numerical
value for personal dose, Hp(10), is between 2.5 and 5 times
higher than effective dose, E, (see Figs. 4.2 and 4.3). Should
2
This is routinely done to produce slab, rod, and pillar phantoms for
the calibration of personal dosimeters.
an annual dose, assessed in terms of Hp(10), approach a legal
limit, the radiation protection expert could assess effective
dose, E, from their knowledge of the conditions of the expo-
sure and demonstrate compliance with regulations. As a
result of introducing the recommended personal dose, Hp,
and of suitable personal dosimeters to measure it more accu-
rately, the present overestimation of effective dose E will be
reduced. Surgeons and nurses working exclusively in inter-
ventional radiology constitute such a group. It is the duty of
the employer and the radiation protection expert of the medi-
cal establishment to correctly determine and optimize their
exposure. The question if they can be assigned longer time in
the operation theater depends on multiple factors other than
radiation exposure, for example, maximum working times
and occupational health and safety. The quality of radiation
protection of these persons will not suffer when effective
dose is assessed by personal dose, Hp, as long as the employer
and the radiation protection expert have conscientiously con-
ducted the optimization process and the employees observe
the approved, optimized working methods and constraints.
For personal dose records, effective dose is generally sub-
stituted by personal dose, Hp. Once the annual dose
approaches the legal dose limit, or a monthly dosimeter read-
ing is unexpectedly high, or the radiation protection expert
determines that a dosimeter is technically not suitable for
giving reliable estimates of effective dose, E, the expert is
entitled to correct dosimeter readings with the help of addi-
tional knowledge, or to determine the value of effective dose
based only on the additional knowledge. This can be infor-
mation on the spatial distribution of the radiation field and its
energy and angle dependence, of the working method with
predominant exposure of certain body regions, and of the
dosimeter response, inducing overestimate or underestimate
of personal dose and of effective dose.
5.5 Impact of Recommended
Operational Quantities on Dose
Records
As seen from the differences between conversion coeffi-
cients in Section 4, and the example given in the previous
section, the numerical values of personal dose in a given
radiation field can be significantly different from those of
personal dose equivalent, and ambient dose from ambient
dose equivalent. The example of low-energy X-rays was pre-
sented above; likewise, a personal dosimeter or area moni-
toring instrument calibrated for personal dose, Hp, and
ambient dose, H*, with radiation from a 137Cs source will
indicate a numerical value 18 % lower than the indicated
result for Hp(10) or H*(10). This is based on the observation
that the fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients for the rec-
ommended quantities are lower than the ones for the ICRU
Report 39/51 quantities. However, by experience
44 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
•• Small differences of the conversion coefficients are
likely to be compensated over wide energy and angle
distributions of radiation in real fields due to averag-
ing effects;
•• Few personal dosimeters can precisely emulate the
energy and angle dependence of the conversion coef-
ficients over a large range of angles and energies;
•• Monthly increments of occupational dose are often
close to the detection limit of the personal dosimeters,
where allowed measurement uncertainties are as large
as a factor of 2.
For these reasons, it is premature to predict a large change in
values of dose of record for radiation workers after introduc-
tion of the recommended quantities into practice.
The compilation and presentation of dose records is of
importance for environmental monitoring, but the modifica-
tions resulting from the changes in the conversion coeffi-
cients are not likely to be large owing to the normally wide
energy and angle distributions of radiation in environmental
radiation fields.
5.6 Possible Future Changes
The numerical values of the recommended operational quan-
tities depend on the method of determination, including the
modeling of the simulated phantoms, and the parameteriza-
tion of effective dose, E, the absorbed dose to the lens of the
eye, Dlens, and absorbed dose to local skin, Dlocal skin. Effective
dose, E, depends on the relative weighting factors for tissues
wT and for radiations wR. Decisions by the ICRP to change
these factors will only be taken after considering new scien-
tific evidence. For example, the weighting factor for protons
changed from wR = 5 in ICRP Publication 60 (1990) to wR =
2 in ICRP Publication 103 (2007). This change has had a
direct impact on the effective dose values calculated for
commercial air flight crew. Substantial further changes in
radiation weighting factors are unlikely.
The proposals in this Report anticipate the change at the
time of the next general ICRP recommendations to set limits
on doses to the lens of the eye and local skin in absorbed
dose rather than equivalent dose, with the corresponding
operational quantities also set in absorbed dose.
A rearrangement of the tissue weighting factors (of which
the sum is normalized to 1) would result in only small
changes in the energy and angle dependence of the protec-
tion quantities. It is likely that these changes would be
smaller than the measurement uncertainties of personal
dosimeters and of area monitoring instruments, and therefore
not of practical importance.
It seems reasonable to assume that the changes proposed
in this Report will be introduced on a similar time-scale to
changes in the protection quantities. The ICRP will only
introduce changes to the protection quantities when the next
general recommendations are issued and the parallel intro-
duction of updated operational quantities would appear
appropriate. Anticipating the time required for incorporation
of recommendations into safety standards and legislation,
there may be a period of around 20 years during which prep-
arations can be made.
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CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966216Journal of the ICRU
6 Concluding Remarks
The use of a definition of an operational quantity based on a
value of a radiometric or dosimetric quantity at a point and a
conversion coefficient to a protection quantity has been
investigated previously. This approach is now considered
acceptable as the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) has defined effective dose in reference
computational phantoms that have published conversion
coefficients from particle fluence to this quantity.
Effective dose is a universal risk-related quantity for con-
trol and optimization of exposures. It is applicable to both
external and internal exposure and to all types of ionizing
radiations. The drawback is that effective dose cannot be
measured as it is defined as a weighted average over radia-
tion types and organs and tissues occupying the volume of
the human body. Further protection quantities are introduced
for the assessment of dose to specific organs, the lens of the
eye, extremities and local skin, and possible targets of deter-
ministic effects of ionizing radiation.
The operational quantities are measurable quantities for the
determination of ionizing radiation defined at a point in space.
The recommendations in this Report on operational quantities
are defined in terms of conversion coefficients to personal
dose, personal absorbed dose to the lens of the eye, and per-
sonal absorbed dose to local skin; ambient dose, directional
absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, and directional absorbed
dose in local skin; that are related directly to the values of the
protection quantities, and effective dose and absorbed dose in
the lens of the eye and local skin. This is a significant change
from the ICRU Report 39/51, where numerical values of the
operational quantities are based on dose equivalent at a fixed
depth in simple phantoms or the ICRU 4-element sphere, and
will give a better estimate of the protection quantities. The sys-
tem of protection and operational quantities is simplified and
assists in the comprehension and consistency of radiation pro-
tection quantities by users.
The numerical values of conversion coefficients for ambi-
ent dose and personal dose for photons of energies from 70
keV to 2 MeV are within about 15 % of those given for the
corresponding quantities defined in ICRU Report 51. The
values of these quantities from 3 to 10 MeV, in conditions
with full charged-particle equilibrium, are also within 18 %
of those calculated with the kerma-approximation method in
ICRU Report 57 (1998) and ICRP Publication 74 (1996).
Journal of the ICRU
2020, Vol. 20(1) 45­
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The only changes required for these photon energy ranges
for the calibration of area monitors and personal dosimeters
are changes to the instrument constants (ICRU Report 76,
2006). Conversion coefficients are also presented that have
been calculated using the kerma-approximation for the cali-
bration of photon area monitoring instruments and personal
dosimeters that are routinely used under conditions of
charged-particle equilibrium.
Increased accuracy in the assessment of absorbed dose to
the lens of the eye can be of particular concern in nuclear
medicine using beta radiation.
For neutrons, the recommended quantities for ambient
dose and personal dose are a considerable improvement on
the ICRU Report 39/51 quantity values for the determination
of the protection quantities. For area monitoring instruments
based on the moderation of the neutron fluence, no changes
are required initially for workplace fields within the cur-
rently accepted degree of accuracy.
The recommended operational quantities will provide a
solution to the protection problems in radiation fields of
high-energy photons, neutrons, and electrons and for other
particle types.
Modifications in the design or algorithm of existing
instrumentation will be required at some stage, at least for
some applications:
•• for photon energies below 70 keV, to correct for the
large overestimation of effective dose by area moni-
toring instruments and personal dosimeters based on
the ICRU Report 39/51 definitions;
•• to improve the estimation of photons and electrons of
absorbed dose in the lens of the eye;
•• to determine ambient and personal dose for photons
with energies between 3 MeV and 10 MeV if charged-
particle equilibrium is not present, but this will depend
on the detector system;
•• to improve the performance of area monitoring instru-
ments and personal dosimeters for the changes in the
conversion coefficients from particle fluence to H*
and Hp compared with H*(10) and Hp(10), for the
lower values for neutron energies from thermal to
2 MeV and for the higher values above neutron ener-
gies of 50 MeV.
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Appendices
Appendix A gives the recommended conversion coefficients
from fluence to the operational quantities. For photons, addi-
tional coefficients for the conversion from kerma in air to
operational quantities are added. The Appendix has the fol-
lowing sections:
A.1 Ambient dose
A.2 Personal Dose
A.3 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in the Lens
of the Eye
A.4 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in Local
Skin
A.5 Operational Quantities for Photons of Energies up
to 50 MeV in Fields with Charged-Particle Equilibrium.
A.6 Air Kerma
Appendix B describes the computer codes to calculate the
conversion coefficients and discusses the uncertainties. The
Appendix has the following sections:
B.1 PHITS
B.2 FLUKA
B.3 MCNP
B.4 EGSnrc
B.5 Uncertainties in Conversion Coefficient Calculations
Appendix C alternative conversion coefficients for
absorbed dose in the lens of the eye:
C.1 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in the
Lens of the Eye, Absorbed Dose in the Sensitive Cells,
dlens sens.
C.2 Photons of Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields with
Charged-Particle Equilibrium.
Journal of the ICRU
2020, Vol. 20(1) 46­–126
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The ICRU Report 90 Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation
Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications
(ICRU, 2014) has changed slightly the charged-particle
stopping powers in water. This is not expected to make a
noticeable difference to the Monte Carlo calculations used
in this Report.
Appendix A. Values of Conversion
Coefficients
A.1 Ambient Dose
Tables A.1.1a to A.1.10 and Figs. A.1.1a to A.1.10 give the
values of conversion coefficients, h*, from particle fluence to
ambient dose for photons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, pro-
tons, negative muons, and positive muons for energies up to
10 GeV; for negative pions and positive pions for energies up
to 200 GeV; and for He2+ ions up to 100 GeV u−1. The conver-
sion coefficients relate the particle fluence to the maximum
value of the effective dose, Emax, calculated for whole-body
exposure of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms (ICRP,
2009) for uniform broad parallel beams incident in irradiation
geometries AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT and for ROT, ISO, SS-ISO,
and IS-ISO fields for photons and neutrons; AP, PA, ISO,
SS-ISO, and IS-ISO fields for electrons, positrons, muons, and
pions; and AP, PA, and ISO for He2+ ions (ICRP, 2010) This is
shown in Table A.1.0; the sets of irradiation geometries are as
described in Subsection 3.2. The conversion coefficients of
Tables A.1.1a to A.1.10, and Figs. A.1.1a to A.1.10, are taken
from those in ICRP Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010) and calcula-
tions by Endo.1 For photons of energy up to 50 MeV, Table
A.1.1b and Fig. A.1.1b give conversion coefficients from air
kerma. Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to air
kerma are tabulated in Table A.6 in this Report.
1
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
Appendices 47

Table A.1.0  Conversion coefficients to ambient dose H*.

Table/figure Particle type Physical quantity Energy range (MeV) Set of irradiation geometries for maximization
A.1.1a Photon Fluence 5.0 E-03–1.0 E+04 AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT,
A.1.1b Photon Air kerma 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 ROT, ISO,
A.1.2 Neutron Fluence 1.0 E-09–1.0 E+04 SS-ISO, IS-ISO  
A.1.3 Electron Fluence 1.0 E-02–1.0 E+04
A.1.4 Positron Fluence 1.0 E-02–1.0 E+04
A.1.5 Proton Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+04 AP, PA,
A.1.6 Neg. Muon Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+04 ISO,
A.1.7 Pos. Muon Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+04 SS-ISO, IS-ISO
A.1.8 Neg. Pion Fluence 1.0 E+00–2.0 E+05
A.1.9 Pos. Pion Fluence 1.0 E+00–2.0 E+05
A.1.10 He2+ion Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+05a AP, PA, ISO
a
Energies for He ions in MeV/u

Table A.1.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to

ambient dose (Endo2; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)

5.000E-03 1.34E-02 2.000E+00 7.48E+00
6.000E-03 1.66E-02 3.000E+00 9.75E+00
7.000E-03 2.25E-02 4.000E+00 1.17E+01
8.000E-03 3.35E-02 5.000E+00 1.34E+01
9.000E-03 4.90E-02 6.000E+00 1.50E+01
1.000E-02 6.85E-02 6.129E+00 1.52E+01
1.200E-02 1.05E-01 8.000E+00 1.86E+01
1.300E-02 1.22E-01 1.000E+01 2.21E+01
1.500E-02 1.56E-01 1.500E+01 3.04E+01
1.700E-02 1.81E-01 2.000E+01 3.82E+01
2.000E-02 2.25E-01 3.000E+01 5.13E+01
2.500E-02 2.75E-01 4.000E+01 6.18E+01
3.000E-02 3.12E-01 5.000E+01 7.23E+01 Figure A.1.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to
4.000E-02 3.50E-01 6.000E+01 8.21E+01 ambient dose (Endo2; ICRP, 2010).
5.000E-02 3.69E-01 8.000E+01 9.81E+01
6.000E-02 3.89E-01 1.000E+02 1.10E+02
7.000E-02 4.11E-01 1.500E+02 1.30E+02
8.000E-02 4.43E-01 2.000E+02 1.44E+02
1.000E-01 5.18E-01 3.000E+02 1.61E+02
1.500E-01 7.47E-01 4.000E+02 1.73E+02
2.000E-01 1.00E+00 5.000E+02 1.81E+02
3.000E-01 1.51E+00 6.000E+02 1.87E+02
4.000E-01 2.00E+00 8.000E+02 1.96E+02
5.000E-01 2.47E+00 1.000E+03 2.06E+02
5.110E-01 2.52E+00 1.500E+03 2.13E+02
6.000E-01 2.91E+00 2.000E+03 2.36E+02
6.620E-01 3.17E+00 3.000E+03 2.53E+02
8.000E-01 3.73E+00 4.000E+03 2.67E+02
1.000E+00 4.49E+00 5.000E+03 2.77E+02
1.117E+00 4.90E+00 6.000E+03 2.85E+02
1.330E+00 5.60E+00 8.000E+03 2.99E+02
1.500E+00 6.12E+00 1.000E+04 3.07E+02

2
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
48 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.1.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to Table A.1.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to
ambient dose (Endo3; ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV h*/(Sv Gy–1) Ep/MeV h*/(Sv Gy–1) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)
5.000E-03 4.37E-04 5.000E-01 1.04E+00 1.00E-09 3.09E+00 3.00E+00 4.58E+02
6.000E-03 7.81E-04 5.110E-01 1.04E+00 1.00E-08 3.55E+00 4.00E+00 4.83E+02
7.000E-03 1.45E-03 6.000E-01 1.02E+00 2.50E-08 4.00E+00 5.00E+00 4.94E+02
8.000E-03 2.84E-03 6.620E-01 1.02E+00 1.00E-07 5.20E+00 6.00E+00 4.98E+02
9.000E-03 5.31E-03 8.000E-01 1.01E+00 2.00E-07 5.87E+00 7.00E+00 4.99E+02
1.000E-02 9.26E-03 1.000E+00 1.00E+00 5.00E-07 6.59E+00 8.00E+00 4.99E+02
1.200E-02 2.09E-02 1.117E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E-06 7.03E+00 9.00E+00 5.00E+02
1.300E-02 2.88E-02 1.330E+00 1.00E+00 2.00E-06 7.39E+00 1.00E+01 5.00E+02
1.500E-02 4.99E-02 1.500E+00 9.96E-01 5.00E-06 7.71E+00 1.20E+01 4.99E+02
1.700E-02 7.58E-02 2.000E+00 9.90E-01 1.00E-05 7.82E+00 1.40E+01 4.95E+02
2.000E-02 1.34E-01 3.000E+00 9.77E-01 2.00E-05 7.84E+00 1.50E+01 4.93E+02
2.500E-02 2.60E-01 4.000E+00 9.64E-01 5.00E-05 7.82E+00 1.60E+01 4.90E+02
3.000E-02 4.32E-01 5.000E+00 9.45E-01 1.00E-04 7.79E+00 1.80E+01 4.84E+02
4.000E-02 8.16E-01 6.000E+00 9.28E-01 2.00E-04 7.73E+00 2.00E+01 4.77E+02
5.000E-02 1.14E+00 6.129E+00 9.25E-01 5.00E-04 7.54E+00 2.10E+01 4.74E+02
6.000E-02 1.35E+00 8.000E+00 9.24E-01 1.00E-03 7.54E+00 3.00E+01 4.53E+02
7.000E-02 1.43E+00 1.000E+01 9.16E-01 2.00E-03 7.61E+00 5.00E+01 4.33E+02
8.000E-02 1.44E+00 1.500E+01 8.82E-01 5.00E-03 7.97E+00 7.50E+01 4.39E+02
1.000E-01 1.39E+00 2.000E+01 8.42E-01 1.00E-02 9.11E+00 1.00E+02 4.44E+02
1.500E-01 1.25E+00 3.000E+01 7.48E-01 2.00E-02 1.22E+01 1.30E+02 4.46E+02
2.000E-01 1.17E+00 4.000E+01 6.62E-01 3.00E-02 1.57E+01 1.50E+02 4.46E+02
3.000E-01 1.09E+00 5.000E+01 6.07E-01 5.00E-02 2.30E+01 1.80E+02 4.47E+02
4.000E-01 1.06E+00   7.00E-02 3.06E+01 2.00E+02 4.48E+02
1.00E-01 4.19E+01 3.00E+02 4.73E+02
1.50E-01 6.06E+01 4.00E+02 5.15E+02
2.00E-01 7.88E+01 5.00E+02 5.33E+02
3.00E-01 1.14E+02 6.00E+02 5.69E+02
5.00E-01 1.77E+02 7.00E+02 6.25E+02
7.00E-01 2.32E+02 8.00E+02 6.38E+02
9.00E-01 2.79E+02 9.00E+02 6.45E+02
1.00E+00 3.01E+02 1.00E+03 6.63E+02
1.20E+00 3.30E+02 2.00E+03 7.69E+02
1.50E+00 3.65E+02 5.00E+03 1.04E+03
2.00E+00 4.07E+02 1.00E+04 1.39E+03

Figure A.1.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma

to ambient dose (Endo3; ICRP, 2010).

3
A. Endo, personal communication, 2016 (Japan Atomic Energy Figure A.1.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Appendices 49

Table A.1.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to Table A.1.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)
1.00E-02 2.69E-02 1.50E+01 1.88E+02 1.00E-02 3.28E+00 1.50E+01 1.84E+02
1.50E-02 4.04E-02 2.00E+01 2.36E+02 1.50E-02 3.29E+00 2.00E+01 2.29E+02
2.00E-02 5.39E-02 3.00E+01 3.02E+02 2.00E-02 3.30E+00 3.00E+01 2.94E+02
3.00E-02 8.10E-02 4.00E+01 3.29E+02 3.00E-02 3.33E+00 4.00E+01 3.20E+02
4.00E-02 1.08E-01 5.00E+01 3.37E+02 4.00E-02 3.36E+00 5.00E+01 3.27E+02
5.00E-02 1.35E-01 6.00E+01 3.44E+02 5.00E-02 3.39E+00 6.00E+01 3.34E+02
6.00E-02 1.63E-01 8.00E+01 3.58E+02 6.00E-02 3.42E+00 8.00E+01 3.49E+02
8.00E-02 2.18E-01 1.00E+02 3.66E+02 8.00E-02 3.47E+00 1.00E+02 3.57E+02
1.00E-01 2.75E-01 1.50E+02 3.79E+02 1.00E-01 3.53E+00 1.50E+02 3.71E+02
1.50E-01 4.18E-01 2.00E+02 3.88E+02 1.50E-01 3.67E+00 2.00E+02 3.83E+02
2.00E-01 5.69E-01 3.00E+02 4.11E+02 2.00E-01 3.84E+00 3.00E+02 4.12E+02
3.00E-01 8.89E-01 4.00E+02 4.35E+02 3.00E-01 4.16E+00 4.00E+02 4.35E+02
4.00E-01 1.24E+00 5.00E+02 4.49E+02 4.00E-01 4.52E+00 5.00E+02 4.49E+02
5.00E-01 1.63E+00 6.00E+02 4.64E+02 5.00E-01 4.90E+00 6.00E+02 4.62E+02
6.00E-01 2.05E+00 8.00E+02 4.88E+02 6.00E-01 5.36E+00 8.00E+02 4.85E+02
8.00E-01 4.04E+00 1.00E+03 5.08E+02 8.00E-01 7.41E+00 1.00E+03 5.05E+02
1.00E+00 7.10E+00 1.50E+03 5.25E+02 1.00E+00 1.05E+01 1.50E+03 5.22E+02
1.50E+00 1.50E+01 2.00E+03 5.68E+02 1.50E+00 1.83E+01 2.00E+03 5.66E+02
2.00E+00 2.24E+01 3.00E+03 6.08E+02 2.00E+00 2.57E+01 3.00E+03 6.04E+02
3.00E+00 3.61E+01 4.00E+03 6.38E+02 3.00E+00 3.91E+01 4.00E+03 6.33E+02
4.00E+00 4.82E+01 5.00E+03 6.61E+02 4.00E+00 5.10E+01 5.00E+03 6.59E+02
5.00E+00 5.93E+01 6.00E+03 6.83E+02 5.00E+00 6.17E+01 6.00E+03 6.83E+02
6.00E+00 7.06E+01 8.00E+03 7.16E+02 6.00E+00 7.29E+01 8.00E+03 7.16E+02
8.00E+00 9.79E+01 1.00E+04 7.42E+02 8.00E+00 9.90E+01 1.00E+04 7.46E+02
1.00E+01 1.25E+02   1.00E+01 1.26E+02  

Figure A.1.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to Figure A.1.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
50 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.1.5  Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to Table A.1.6  Conversion coefficients from negative muon
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). fluence to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)

1.00E+00 5.47E+00 1.00E+00 1.80E+02
1.50E+00 8.21E+00 1.50E+00 1.80E+02
2.00E+00 1.09E+01 2.00E+00 1.84E+02
3.00E+00 1.64E+01 3.00E+00 1.88E+02
4.00E+00 2.19E+01 4.00E+00 1.93E+02
5.00E+00 2.73E+01 5.00E+00 2.05E+02
6.00E+00 3.28E+01 6.00E+00 2.42E+02
8.00E+00 4.37E+01 8.00E+00 2.93E+02
1.00E+01 5.49E+01 1.00E+01 3.32E+02
1.50E+01 1.89E+02 1.50E+01 4.14E+02
2.00E+01 4.28E+02 2.00E+01 4.65E+02
3.00E+01 7.50E+02 3.00E+01 6.57E+02
4.00E+01 1.02E+03 4.00E+01 7.35E+02
5.00E+01 1.18E+03 5.00E+01 7.55E+02
6.00E+01 1.48E+03 6.00E+01 7.75E+02
8.00E+01 2.16E+03 8.00E+01 5.05E+02
1.00E+02 2.51E+03 1.00E+02 4.35E+02
1.50E+02 2.82E+03 1.50E+02 3.55E+02
2.00E+02 2.18E+03 2.00E+02 3.33E+02
3.00E+02 1.45E+03 3.00E+02 3.22E+02
4.00E+02 1.30E+03 4.00E+02 3.22E+02
5.00E+02 1.24E+03 5.00E+02 3.24E+02
6.00E+02 1.23E+03 6.00E+02 3.28E+02
8.00E+02 1.23E+03 8.00E+02 3.33E+02
1.00E+03 1.23E+03 1.00E+03 3.42E+02
1.50E+03 1.25E+03 1.50E+03 3.38E+02
2.00E+03 1.28E+03 2.00E+03 3.41E+02
3.00E+03 1.35E+03 3.00E+03 3.44E+02
4.00E+03 1.48E+03 4.00E+03 3.47E+02
5.00E+03 1.46E+03 5.00E+03 3.48E+02
6.00E+03 1.71E+03 6.00E+03 3.47E+02
8.00E+03 1.88E+03 8.00E+03 3.49E+02
1.00E+04 1.93E+03 1.00E+04 3.49E+02

Figure A.1.5  Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to Figure A.1.6  Conversion coefficients from negative muon
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). fluence to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Appendices 51

Table A.1.7  Conversion coefficients from positive muon fluence Table A.1.8  Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence
to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2)

1.00E+00 1.94E+02 1.00E+00 4.06E+02 6.00E+02 9.17E+02
1.50E+00 1.96E+02 1.50E+00 4.22E+02 8.00E+02 9.76E+02
2.00E+00 1.98E+02 2.00E+00 4.33E+02 1.00E+03 1.02E+03
3.00E+00 2.02E+02 3.00E+00 4.58E+02 1.50E+03 1.08E+03
4.00E+00 2.07E+02 4.00E+00 4.91E+02 2.00E+03 1.12E+03
5.00E+00 2.16E+02 5.00E+00 5.28E+02 3.00E+03 1.13E+03
6.00E+00 2.51E+02 6.00E+00 6.73E+02 4.00E+03 1.17E+03
8.00E+00 3.00E+02 8.00E+00 9.65E+02 5.00E+03 1.23E+03
1.00E+01 3.40E+02 1.00E+01 1.09E+03 6.00E+03 1.26E+03
1.50E+01 4.25E+02 1.50E+01 1.25E+03 8.00E+03 1.39E+03
2.00E+01 4.81E+02 2.00E+01 1.28E+03 1.00E+04 1.46E+03
3.00E+01 6.74E+02 3.00E+01 1.77E+03 1.50E+04 1.60E+03
4.00E+01 7.51E+02 4.00E+01 1.92E+03 2.00E+04 1.70E+03
5.00E+01 7.68E+02 5.00E+01 1.93E+03 3.00E+04 1.86E+03
6.00E+01 7.87E+02 6.00E+01 1.99E+03 4.00E+04 1.99E+03
8.00E+01 5.10E+02 8.00E+01 1.31E+03 5.00E+04 2.11E+03
1.00E+02 4.37E+02 1.00E+02 1.03E+03 6.00E+04 2.21E+03
1.50E+02 3.54E+02 1.50E+02 9.27E+02 8.00E+04 2.42E+03
2.00E+02 3.33E+02 2.00E+02 9.02E+02 1.00E+05 2.60E+03
3.00E+02 3.20E+02 3.00E+02 8.48E+02 1.50E+05 2.98E+03
4.00E+02 3.21E+02 4.00E+02 8.50E+02 2.00E+05 3.14E+03
5.00E+02 3.23E+02 5.00E+02 8.80E+02  
6.00E+02 3.25E+02
8.00E+02 3.30E+02
1.00E+03 3.34E+02
1.50E+03 3.39E+02
2.00E+03 3.41E+02
3.00E+03 3.44E+02
4.00E+03 3.47E+02
5.00E+03 3.48E+02
6.00E+03 3.47E+02
8.00E+03 3.49E+02
1.00E+04 3.49E+02

Figure A.1.8  Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence

to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).

Figure A.1.7  Conversion coefficients from positive muon

fluence to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
52 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.1.9  Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence Table A.1.10  Conversion coefficients from He2+ Ion fluence to
to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010). ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV u-1 h*/(pSv cm2)
1.00E+00 3.14E+02 6.00E+02 9.80E+02 1.00E+00 2.19E+02
1.50E+00 3.24E+02 8.00E+02 1.04E+03 2.00E+00 4.38E+02
2.00E+00 3.40E+02 1.00E+03 1.09E+03 3.00E+00 6.57E+02
3.00E+00 3.79E+02 1.50E+03 1.16E+03 5.00E+00 1.09E+03
4.00E+00 4.29E+02 2.00E+03 1.19E+03 1.00E+01 2.19E+03
5.00E+00 4.89E+02 3.00E+03 1.18E+03 1.40E+01 4.61E+03
6.00E+00 5.40E+02 4.00E+03 1.21E+03 2.00E+01 1.72E+04
8.00E+00 7.17E+02 5.00E+03 1.27E+03 3.00E+01 3.01E+04
1.00E+01 8.19E+02 6.00E+03 1.29E+03 5.00E+01 4.75E+04
1.50E+01 1.00E+03 8.00E+03 1.39E+03 7.50E+01 8.05E+04
2.00E+01 1.10E+03 1.00E+04 1.46E+03 1.00E+02 1.01E+05
3.00E+01 1.52E+03 1.50E+04 1.60E+03 1.50E+02 1.10E+05
4.00E+01 1.75E+03 2.00E+04 1.69E+03 2.00E+02 7.29E+04
5.00E+01 1.83E+03 3.00E+04 1.86E+03 3.00E+02 5.33E+04
6.00E+01 1.82E+03 4.00E+04 1.97E+03 5.00E+02 4.49E+04
8.00E+01 1.38E+03 5.00E+04 2.09E+03 7.00E+02 4.60E+04
1.00E+02 1.13E+03 6.00E+04 2.20E+03 1.00E+03 4.47E+04
1.50E+02 1.22E+03 8.00E+04 2.38E+03 2.00E+03 4.80E+04
2.00E+02 1.25E+03 1.00E+05 2.53E+03 3.00E+03 5.01E+04
3.00E+02 1.10E+03 1.50E+05 2.90E+03 5.00E+03 5.17E+04
4.00E+02 9.98E+02 2.00E+05 3.24E+03 1.00E+04 6.26E+04
5.00E+02 9.70E+02   2.00E+04 7.10E+04
5.00E+04 9.67E+04
1.00E+05 1.24E+05

Figure A.1.9  Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence

to ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Figure A.1.10  Conversion coefficients from He2+ion fluence to
ambient dose (ICRP, 2010).
Appendices 53

A.2 Personal Dose
Tables A.2.1a to A.2.10 and Figs. A.2.1a to A.2.10 give the
values of conversion coefficients from particle fluence to per-
sonal dose for photons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, protons,
negative muons, positive muons, negative pions, and positive
pions for energies up to 1 GeV, and for He2+ions up to 1 GeV
u−1. The conversion coefficients, hp(ϕ), that relate the particle
fluence to effective dose, E, are calculated for whole-body
exposure of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms (ICRP,
2009) for uniform broad parallel beams incident at angles of
incidence, ϕ, from 0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps with the aver-
age value of right and left irradiations taken, 180°, rotational,
isotropic, superior hemisphere semi-isotropic, and inferior
hemisphere semi-isotropic fields. For photons of energy up to
50 MeV, Table A.2.1b and Fig. A.2.1b give conversion coeffi-
cients from air kerma, as given in Table A.2.0.
The conversion coefficients of Tables A.2.1a to A.2.10 and
Figs. A.2.1a to A.2.10 are compiled from those given in ICRP
Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010) and from calculations by Endo4
(2017). ICRP Publication 116 provides conversion coefficients
for broad parallel and isotropic beams of the radiation field at
that point incident in irradiation geometries AP, PA, LLAT,
RLAT, ROT, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO fields for photons and
neutrons; AP, PA, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO fields for electrons,
positrons, muons, and pions; and AP, PA, and ISO for He2+ions.
For photons of energy up to 50 MeV, Table A.2.1b and Fig.
A.2.1b give conversion coefficients from air kerma.
The angles of incidence ϕ = 0°, 180°, +90°, and −90°,
respectively, of hp(α) in the XY plane correspond to irradia-
tion geometries AP, PA, LLAT and RLAT, and these conver-
sion coefficients from ICRP Publication 116 are used in
Tables A.2.1a/b to A.2.10 and Figs. A.2.1a/b to A.2.10. The
conversion coefficients for incident geometries not available
from ICRP Publication 116 are taken from the calculations
by Endo4 (2017). The consistency of numerical values
between ICRP Publication 116 and the calculations by Endo
was studied and validated (Endo, 2017).

Table A.2.0  Conversion coefficients to personal dose Hp for the angle range 0°–90°, 180°, ROT, ISO, SS-ISO, and IS-ISO.

Table/figure Particle type Physical quantity Energy range (MeV)

A.2.1a Photon Fluence 5.0 E-03–1.0 E+03
A.2.1b Photon Air kerma 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01
A.2.2 Neutron Fluence 1.0 E-09–1.0 E+03
A.2.3 Electron Fluence 1.0 E-02–1.0 E+03
A.2.4 Positron Fluence 1.0 E-02–1.0 E+03
A.2.5 Proton Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+03
A.2.6 Neg. Muon Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+03
A.2.7 Pos. Muon Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+03
A.2.8 Neg. Pion Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+03
A.2.9 Pos. Pion Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+03
A.2.10 He2+ ion Fluence 1.0 E+00–1.0 E+03a
a
Energies for He2+ions in MeV/u.

4
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
54 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.2.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal dose (Endo4, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

5.0E-03 1.34E-02 1.41E-02 1.39E-02 1.30E-02 1.16E-02 9.37E-03 6.87E-03 1.33E-02 1.15E-02 1.04E-02 1.05E-02 1.02E-02
6.0E-03 1.66E-02 1.79E-02 1.81E-02 1.71E-02 1.51E-02 1.19E-02 8.28E-03 1.59E-02 1.41E-02 1.28E-02 1.31E-02 1.25E-02
7.0E-03 2.25E-02 2.43E-02 2.42E-02 2.25E-02 1.97E-02 1.51E-02 9.88E-03 1.78E-02 1.74E-02 1.58E-02 1.61E-02 1.53E-02
8.0E-03 3.35E-02 3.48E-02 3.36E-02 3.03E-02 2.57E-02 1.93E-02 1.20E-02 1.87E-02 2.16E-02 1.94E-02 2.00E-02 1.87E-02
9.0E-03 4.90E-02 4.97E-02 4.62E-02 4.05E-02 3.35E-02 2.45E-02 1.48E-02 1.86E-02 2.73E-02 2.36E-02 2.45E-02 2.26E-02
1.0E-02 6.85E-02 6.71E-02 6.13E-02 5.26E-02 4.25E-02 3.06E-02 1.86E-02 1.84E-02 3.37E-02 2.88E-02 3.01E-02 2.75E-02
1.2E-02 1.05E-01 1.03E-01 9.38E-02 7.94E-02 6.24E-02 4.42E-02 2.67E-02 1.62E-02 4.70E-02 3.95E-02 4.06E-02 3.75E-02
1.3E-02 1.22E-01 1.20E-01 1.09E-01 9.30E-02 7.26E-02 5.09E-02 3.10E-02 1.56E-02 5.32E-02 4.49E-02 4.58E-02 4.26E-02
1.5E-02 1.56E-01 1.50E-01 1.39E-01 1.19E-01 9.28E-02 6.40E-02 4.03E-02 1.55E-02 6.65E-02 5.60E-02 5.77E-02 5.43E-02
1.7E-02 1.81E-01 1.79E-01 1.66E-01 1.44E-01 1.13E-01 7.72E-02 4.78E-02 1.75E-02 7.83E-02 6.50E-02 6.54E-02 6.32E-02
2.0E-02 2.25E-01 2.19E-01 2.05E-01 1.78E-01 1.42E-01 9.77E-02 6.14E-02 2.61E-02 9.88E-02 8.13E-02 8.22E-02 8.02E-02
2.5E-02 2.75E-01 2.71E-01 2.55E-01 2.26E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 7.87E-02 5.64E-02 1.30E-01 1.04E-01 1.05E-01 1.01E-01
3.0E-02 3.12E-01 3.07E-01 2.89E-01 2.55E-01 2.09E-01 1.52E-01 9.88E-02 9.46E-02 1.59E-01 1.27E-01 1.29E-01 1.25E-01
4.0E-02 3.50E-01 3.40E-01 3.24E-01 2.90E-01 2.42E-01 1.84E-01 1.26E-01 1.63E-01 1.99E-01 1.58E-01 1.62E-01 1.54E-01
5.0E-02 3.69E-01 3.59E-01 3.44E-01 3.07E-01 2.64E-01 2.00E-01 1.45E-01 2.09E-01 2.26E-01 1.80E-01 1.84E-01 1.76E-01
6.0E-02 3.89E-01 3.82E-01 3.64E-01 3.26E-01 2.81E-01 2.19E-01 1.62E-01 2.43E-01 2.48E-01 1.98E-01 2.04E-01 1.94E-01
7.0E-02 4.11E-01 4.06E-01 3.87E-01 3.48E-01 3.00E-01 2.38E-01 1.78E-01 2.73E-01 2.73E-01 2.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.09E-01
8.0E-02 4.43E-01 4.36E-01 4.18E-01 3.75E-01 3.30E-01 2.63E-01 1.97E-01 3.02E-01 2.97E-01 2.38E-01 2.46E-01 2.32E-01
1.0E-01 5.18E-01 5.12E-01 4.85E-01 4.50E-01 3.95E-01 3.18E-01 2.40E-01 3.63E-01 3.56E-01 2.86E-01 2.95E-01 2.79E-01
1.5E-01 7.47E-01 7.45E-01 7.10E-01 6.55E-01 5.84E-01 4.87E-01 3.69E-01 5.43E-01 5.29E-01 4.29E-01 4.45E-01 4.13E-01
2.0E-01 1.00E+00 9.95E-01 9.54E-01 8.88E-01 8.01E-01 6.73E-01 5.18E-01 7.45E-01 7.22E-01 5.89E-01 6.10E-01 5.68E-01
3.0E-01 1.51E+00 1.50E+00 1.45E+00 1.36E+00 1.24E+00 1.07E+00 8.39E-01 1.16E+00 1.12E+00 9.32E-01 9.64E-01 9.00E-01
4.0E-01 2.00E+00 1.98E+00 1.94E+00 1.82E+00 1.68E+00 1.45E+00 1.18E+00 1.58E+00 1.53E+00 1.28E+00 1.32E+00 1.24E+00
5.0E-01 2.47E+00 2.44E+00 2.39E+00 2.27E+00 2.12E+00 1.84E+00 1.51E+00 1.99E+00 1.92E+00 1.63E+00 1.67E+00 1.59E+00
6.0E-01 2.91E+00 2.89E+00 2.85E+00 2.69E+00 2.52E+00 2.21E+00 1.84E+00 2.39E+00 2.31E+00 1.97E+00 2.02E+00 1.92E+00
8.0E-01 3.73E+00 3.73E+00 3.65E+00 3.52E+00 3.30E+00 2.93E+00 2.49E+00 3.14E+00 3.04E+00 2.62E+00 2.70E+00 2.54E+00
1.0E+00 4.49E+00 4.50E+00 4.41E+00 4.26E+00 4.03E+00 3.57E+00 3.12E+00 3.84E+00 3.73E+00 3.25E+00 3.32E+00 3.18E+00
1.5E+00 6.12E+00 6.11E+00 6.04E+00 5.86E+00 5.60E+00 5.16E+00 4.55E+00 5.41E+00 5.24E+00 4.67E+00 4.74E+00 4.58E+00
2.0E+00 7.48E+00 7.49E+00 7.41E+00 7.20E+00 6.93E+00 6.48E+00 5.81E+00 6.77E+00 6.56E+00 5.91E+00 6.03E+00 5.77E+00
3.0E+00 9.75E+00 9.81E+00 9.65E+00 9.53E+00 9.33E+00 8.69E+00 8.03E+00 9.13E+00 8.85E+00 8.08E+00 8.22E+00 7.94E+00
4.0E+00 1.17E+01 1.17E+01 1.16E+01 1.15E+01 1.13E+01 1.06E+01 1.00E+01 1.12E+01 1.09E+01 1.00E+01 1.02E+01 9.80E+00
5.0E+00 1.34E+01 1.34E+01 1.33E+01 1.32E+01 1.32E+01 1.25E+01 1.18E+01 1.32E+01 1.27E+01 1.18E+01 1.20E+01 1.16E+01
6.0E+00 1.50E+01 1.51E+01 1.49E+01 1.49E+01 1.48E+01 1.42E+01 1.35E+01 1.50E+01 1.44E+01 1.35E+01 1.37E+01 1.33E+01
8.0E+00 1.78E+01 1.80E+01 1.79E+01 1.79E+01 1.80E+01 1.73E+01 1.68E+01 1.86E+01 1.76E+01 1.66E+01 1.69E+01 1.63E+01
1.0E+01 2.05E+01 2.06E+01 2.05E+01 2.06E+01 2.09E+01 2.04E+01 1.99E+01 2.21E+01 2.07E+01 1.97E+01 1.99E+01 1.93E+01
1.5E+01 2.61E+01 2.64E+01 2.64E+01 2.67E+01 2.73E+01 2.72E+01 2.72E+01 3.04E+01 2.77E+01 2.68E+01 2.68E+01 2.62E+01
2.0E+01 3.08E+01 3.10E+01 3.13E+01 3.19E+01 3.29E+01 3.37E+01 3.44E+01 3.82E+01 3.44E+01 3.38E+01 3.39E+01 3.37E+01
3.0E+01 3.79E+01 3.82E+01 3.87E+01 4.03E+01 4.26E+01 4.49E+01 4.77E+01 5.13E+01 4.60E+01 4.61E+01 4.61E+01 4.61E+01
4.0E+01 4.32E+01 4.31E+01 4.46E+01 4.68E+01 5.08E+01 5.54E+01 6.01E+01 6.18E+01 5.60E+01 5.69E+01 5.66E+01 5.72E+01
5.0E+01 4.71E+01 4.70E+01 4.86E+01 5.21E+01 5.71E+01 6.37E+01 7.10E+01 7.01E+01 6.43E+01 6.61E+01 6.58E+01 6.66E+01
6.0E+01 5.01E+01 5.13E+01 5.35E+01 5.75E+01 6.38E+01 7.23E+01 8.04E+01 7.65E+01 7.11E+01 7.41E+01 7.35E+01 7.47E+01
8.0E+01 5.45E+01 5.57E+01 5.84E+01 6.33E+01 7.16E+01 8.28E+01 9.55E+01 8.62E+01 8.18E+01 8.71E+01 8.55E+01 8.89E+01
1.0E+02 5.78E+01 5.93E+01 6.20E+01 6.77E+01 7.72E+01 9.03E+01 1.07E+02 9.27E+01 8.95E+01 9.75E+01 9.61E+01 9.89E+01
1.5E+02 6.32E+01 6.46E+01 6.75E+01 7.52E+01 8.67E+01 1.03E+02 1.26E+02 1.03E+02 1.02E+02 1.16E+02 1.15E+02 1.18E+02
2.0E+02 6.72E+01 6.82E+01 7.17E+01 7.97E+01 9.31E+01 1.11E+02 1.39E+02 1.10E+02 1.10E+02 1.29E+02 1.25E+02 1.35E+02
3.0E+02 7.23E+01 7.40E+01 7.69E+01 8.64E+01 1.01E+02 1.21E+02 1.55E+02 1.18E+02 1.21E+02 1.47E+02 1.40E+02 1.54E+02
4.0E+02 7.54E+01 7.81E+01 8.13E+01 9.11E+01 1.07E+02 1.29E+02 1.66E+02 1.23E+02 1.28E+02 1.59E+02 1.50E+02 1.68E+02
5.0E+02 7.74E+01 7.86E+01 8.27E+01 9.26E+01 1.10E+02 1.33E+02 1.74E+02 1.27E+02 1.32E+02 1.67E+02 1.58E+02 1.78E+02
6.0E+02 7.87E+01 8.01E+01 8.41E+01 9.44E+01 1.12E+02 1.37E+02 1.79E+02 1.30E+02 1.36E+02 1.74E+02 1.65E+02 1.83E+02
8.0E+02 8.04E+01 8.22E+01 8.62E+01 9.70E+01 1.16E+02 1.42E+02 1.87E+02 1.34E+02 1.41E+02 1.85E+02 1.74E+02 1.96E+02
1.0E+03 8.16E+01 8.35E+01 8.79E+01 9.95E+01 1.18E+02 1.46E+02 1.93E+02 1.37E+02 1.45E+02 1.93E+02 1.80E+02 2.06E+02
Appendices 55

Figure A.2.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure A.2.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
personal dose (Endo5, 2017; ICRP, 2010). to personal dose (Endo5, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Table A.2.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal dose (Endo5, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(Sv Gy−1)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

5.0E-03 4.36E-04 4.58E-04 4.55E-04 4.23E-04 3.77E-04 3.06E-04 2.24E-04 4.35E-04 3.74E-04 3.39E-04 3.42E-04 3.33E-04
6.0E-03 7.80E-04 8.41E-04 8.51E-04 8.04E-04 7.12E-04 5.60E-04 3.90E-04 7.47E-04 6.62E-04 6.05E-04 6.15E-04 5.90E-04
7.0E-03 1.45E-03 1.57E-03 1.56E-03 1.45E-03 1.27E-03 9.74E-04 6.37E-04 1.15E-03 1.12E-03 1.02E-03 1.04E-03 9.89E-04
8.0E-03 2.84E-03 2.96E-03 2.85E-03 2.57E-03 2.18E-03 1.64E-03 1.02E-03 1.59E-03 1.84E-03 1.64E-03 1.69E-03 1.58E-03
9.0E-03 5.31E-03 5.39E-03 5.01E-03 4.39E-03 3.63E-03 2.66E-03 1.60E-03 2.02E-03 2.96E-03 2.56E-03 2.66E-03 2.45E-03
1.0E-02 9.26E-03 9.07E-03 8.28E-03 7.10E-03 5.74E-03 4.13E-03 2.51E-03 2.49E-03 4.55E-03 3.89E-03 4.07E-03 3.72E-03
1.2E-02 2.09E-02 2.05E-02 1.87E-02 1.58E-02 1.24E-02 8.80E-03 5.31E-03 3.23E-03 9.36E-03 7.87E-03 8.09E-03 7.47E-03
1.3E-02 2.87E-02 2.83E-02 2.58E-02 2.19E-02 1.71E-02 1.20E-02 7.32E-03 3.67E-03 1.26E-02 1.06E-02 1.08E-02 1.01E-02
1.5E-02 4.99E-02 4.81E-02 4.44E-02 3.80E-02 2.97E-02 2.05E-02 1.29E-02 4.96E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 1.85E-02 1.74E-02
1.7E-02 7.56E-02 7.49E-02 6.97E-02 6.02E-02 4.74E-02 3.23E-02 2.00E-02 7.31E-03 3.28E-02 2.72E-02 2.74E-02 2.64E-02
2.0E-02 1.34E-01 1.30E-01 1.22E-01 1.06E-01 8.45E-02 5.80E-02 3.64E-02 1.55E-02 5.87E-02 4.83E-02 4.88E-02 4.76E-02
2.5E-02 2.60E-01 2.56E-01 2.41E-01 2.14E-01 1.73E-01 1.22E-01 7.45E-02 5.34E-02 1.23E-01 9.81E-02 9.92E-02 9.57E-02
3.0E-02 4.32E-01 4.25E-01 4.01E-01 3.54E-01 2.89E-01 2.10E-01 1.37E-01 1.31E-01 2.20E-01 1.76E-01 1.79E-01 1.73E-01
4.0E-02 8.16E-01 7.92E-01 7.55E-01 6.75E-01 5.65E-01 4.28E-01 2.93E-01 3.80E-01 4.64E-01 3.68E-01 3.78E-01 3.59E-01
5.0E-02 1.14E+00 1.11E+00 1.07E+00 9.50E-01 8.18E-01 6.18E-01 4.49E-01 6.47E-01 7.00E-01 5.57E-01 5.70E-01 5.45E-01
6.0E-02 1.35E+00 1.32E+00 1.26E+00 1.13E+00 9.72E-01 7.59E-01 5.59E-01 8.41E-01 8.58E-01 6.85E-01 7.06E-01 6.72E-01
7.0E-02 1.43E+00 1.41E+00 1.34E+00 1.21E+00 1.04E+00 8.27E-01 6.18E-01 9.49E-01 9.49E-01 7.57E-01 7.74E-01 7.27E-01
8.0E-02 1.44E+00 1.42E+00 1.36E+00 1.22E+00 1.07E+00 8.56E-01 6.42E-01 9.85E-01 9.68E-01 7.76E-01 8.02E-01 7.56E-01
1.0E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.30E+00 1.21E+00 1.06E+00 8.57E-01 6.45E-01 9.77E-01 9.59E-01 7.70E-01 7.94E-01 7.51E-01
1.5E-01 1.25E+00 1.24E+00 1.18E+00 1.09E+00 9.75E-01 8.13E-01 6.15E-01 9.06E-01 8.83E-01 7.16E-01 7.42E-01 6.89E-01
2.0E-01 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.11E+00 1.04E+00 9.35E-01 7.86E-01 6.04E-01 8.70E-01 8.43E-01 6.88E-01 7.12E-01 6.63E-01
3.0E-01 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.05E+00 9.87E-01 8.96E-01 7.71E-01 6.06E-01 8.39E-01 8.10E-01 6.74E-01 6.97E-01 6.51E-01
4.0E-01 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.02E+00 9.62E-01 8.87E-01 7.65E-01 6.21E-01 8.35E-01 8.09E-01 6.77E-01 6.98E-01 6.55E-01
5.0E-01 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.01E+00 9.53E-01 8.90E-01 7.74E-01 6.35E-01 8.36E-01 8.07E-01 6.85E-01 7.02E-01 6.68E-01
6.0E-01 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.00E+00 9.47E-01 8.86E-01 7.77E-01 6.47E-01 8.40E-01 8.12E-01 6.93E-01 7.10E-01 6.75E-01
8.0E-01 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 9.85E-01 9.51E-01 8.92E-01 7.91E-01 6.71E-01 8.48E-01 8.21E-01 7.08E-01 7.29E-01 6.86E-01
1.0E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 9.84E-01 9.50E-01 8.98E-01 7.97E-01 6.95E-01 8.57E-01 8.32E-01 7.25E-01 7.41E-01 7.10E-01
1.5E+00 9.96E-01 9.94E-01 9.82E-01 9.53E-01 9.11E-01 8.40E-01 7.39E-01 8.80E-01 8.52E-01 7.60E-01 7.71E-01 7.46E-01
2.0E+00 9.90E-01 9.91E-01 9.80E-01 9.53E-01 9.17E-01 8.57E-01 7.69E-01 8.96E-01 8.68E-01 7.82E-01 7.98E-01 7.64E-01
(Continued)
5
Endo, A. (2016). Personal communication (Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan).
56 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.2.1b  (Continued)

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(Sv Gy−1)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

3.0E+00 9.77E-01 9.83E-01 9.67E-01 9.55E-01 9.35E-01 8.71E-01 8.05E-01 9.15E-01 8.87E-01 8.10E-01 8.24E-01 7.96E-01
4.0E+00 9.64E-01 9.64E-01 9.55E-01 9.51E-01 9.31E-01 8.76E-01 8.25E-01 9.23E-01 8.98E-01 8.24E-01 8.40E-01 8.07E-01
5.0E+00 9.45E-01 9.43E-01 9.40E-01 9.34E-01 9.32E-01 8.80E-01 8.32E-01 9.31E-01 8.96E-01 8.32E-01 8.46E-01 8.18E-01
6.0E+00 9.28E-01 9.32E-01 9.22E-01 9.18E-01 9.16E-01 8.75E-01 8.35E-01 9.28E-01 8.91E-01 8.35E-01 8.47E-01 8.23E-01
8.0E+00 8.84E-01 8.92E-01 8.90E-01 8.90E-01 8.93E-01 8.61E-01 8.32E-01 9.24E-01 8.74E-01 8.25E-01 8.40E-01 8.10E-01
1.0E+01 8.50E-01 8.54E-01 8.51E-01 8.54E-01 8.65E-01 8.46E-01 8.23E-01 9.16E-01 8.58E-01 8.16E-01 8.25E-01 8.00E-01
1.5E+01 7.57E-01 7.66E-01 7.65E-01 7.74E-01 7.92E-01 7.90E-01 7.89E-01 8.82E-01 8.04E-01 7.78E-01 7.77E-01 7.59E-01
2.0E+01 6.79E-01 6.83E-01 6.90E-01 7.04E-01 7.26E-01 7.44E-01 7.57E-01 8.42E-01 7.58E-01 7.45E-01 7.47E-01 7.43E-01
3.0E+01 5.53E-01 5.57E-01 5.64E-01 5.88E-01 6.20E-01 6.54E-01 6.95E-01 7.48E-01 6.71E-01 6.72E-01 6.72E-01 6.72E-01
4.0E+01 4.63E-01 4.62E-01 4.78E-01 5.02E-01 5.45E-01 5.94E-01 6.44E-01 6.62E-01 6.00E-01 6.10E-01 6.07E-01 6.13E-01
5.0E+01 3.95E-01 3.95E-01 4.08E-01 4.37E-01 4.79E-01 5.35E-01 5.96E-01 5.88E-01 5.39E-01 5.55E-01 5.52E-01 5.59E-01

Table A.2.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E-09 3.09E+00 2.93E+00 2.67E+00 2.25E+00 1.86E+00 1.38E+00 9.67E-01 1.85E+00 1.70E+00 1.29E+00 1.35E+00 1.23E+00
1.0E-08 3.55E+00 3.48E+00 3.14E+00 2.67E+00 2.18E+00 1.60E+00 1.06E+00 2.11E+00 2.03E+00 1.56E+00 1.58E+00 1.54E+00
2.5E-08 4.00E+00 3.89E+00 3.48E+00 2.97E+00 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.22E+00 2.44E+00 2.31E+00 1.76E+00 1.76E+00 1.76E+00
1.0E-07 5.20E+00 5.06E+00 4.62E+00 3.93E+00 3.16E+00 2.35E+00 1.56E+00 3.25E+00 2.98E+00 2.26E+00 2.33E+00 2.19E+00
2.0E-07 5.87E+00 5.73E+00 5.20E+00 4.45E+00 3.58E+00 2.61E+00 1.79E+00 3.72E+00 3.36E+00 2.54E+00 2.61E+00 2.47E+00
5.0E-07 6.59E+00 6.65E+00 6.00E+00 5.14E+00 4.16E+00 3.05E+00 2.04E+00 4.33E+00 3.86E+00 2.92E+00 2.99E+00 2.85E+00
1.0E-06 7.03E+00 7.01E+00 6.34E+00 5.51E+00 4.34E+00 3.26E+00 2.21E+00 4.73E+00 4.17E+00 3.15E+00 3.25E+00 3.05E+00
2.0E-06 7.39E+00 7.37E+00 6.70E+00 5.69E+00 4.59E+00 3.41E+00 2.32E+00 5.02E+00 4.40E+00 3.32E+00 3.37E+00 3.27E+00
5.0E-06 7.71E+00 7.69E+00 6.95E+00 5.95E+00 4.83E+00 3.53E+00 2.43E+00 5.30E+00 4.59E+00 3.47E+00 3.56E+00 3.38E+00
1.0E-05 7.82E+00 7.81E+00 7.06E+00 6.02E+00 4.87E+00 3.65E+00 2.45E+00 5.44E+00 4.68E+00 3.52E+00 3.62E+00 3.42E+00
2.0E-05 7.84E+00 7.83E+00 7.09E+00 6.04E+00 4.87E+00 3.64E+00 2.47E+00 5.51E+00 4.72E+00 3.54E+00 3.60E+00 3.48E+00
5.0E-05 7.82E+00 7.81E+00 7.06E+00 6.09E+00 4.87E+00 3.61E+00 2.45E+00 5.55E+00 4.73E+00 3.55E+00 3.65E+00 3.45E+00
1.0E-04 7.79E+00 7.71E+00 7.06E+00 6.00E+00 4.90E+00 3.63E+00 2.44E+00 5.57E+00 4.72E+00 3.54E+00 3.64E+00 3.44E+00
2.0E-04 7.73E+00 7.75E+00 7.01E+00 6.04E+00 4.85E+00 3.63E+00 2.45E+00 5.59E+00 4.67E+00 3.52E+00 3.64E+00 3.40E+00
5.0E-04 7.54E+00 7.59E+00 7.00E+00 5.96E+00 4.78E+00 3.56E+00 2.42E+00 5.60E+00 4.60E+00 3.47E+00 3.67E+00 3.27E+00
1.0E-03 7.54E+00 7.56E+00 6.91E+00 5.89E+00 4.80E+00 3.51E+00 2.41E+00 5.60E+00 4.58E+00 3.46E+00 3.64E+00 3.28E+00
2.0E-03 7.61E+00 7.61E+00 6.94E+00 5.98E+00 4.76E+00 3.54E+00 2.40E+00 5.62E+00 4.61E+00 3.48E+00 3.64E+00 3.32E+00
5.0E-03 7.97E+00 8.03E+00 7.33E+00 6.23E+00 5.03E+00 3.76E+00 2.54E+00 5.95E+00 4.86E+00 3.66E+00 3.88E+00 3.44E+00
1.0E-02 9.11E+00 9.21E+00 8.41E+00 7.21E+00 5.83E+00 4.30E+00 2.90E+00 6.81E+00 5.57E+00 4.19E+00 4.38E+00 4.00E+00
2.0E-02 1.22E+01 1.23E+01 1.13E+01 9.68E+00 7.78E+00 5.78E+00 3.91E+00 8.93E+00 7.41E+00 5.61E+00 5.80E+00 5.42E+00
3.0E-02 1.57E+01 1.59E+01 1.45E+01 1.26E+01 1.00E+01 7.43E+00 5.01E+00 1.12E+01 9.46E+00 7.18E+00 7.66E+00 6.70E+00
5.0E-02 2.30E+01 2.33E+01 2.14E+01 1.83E+01 1.48E+01 1.09E+01 7.35E+00 1.57E+01 1.37E+01 1.04E+01 1.10E+01 9.80E+00
7.0E-02 3.06E+01 3.10E+01 2.84E+01 2.43E+01 1.97E+01 1.45E+01 9.73E+00 2.00E+01 1.80E+01 1.37E+01 1.47E+01 1.27E+01
1.0E-01 4.19E+01 4.25E+01 3.90E+01 3.36E+01 2.70E+01 1.99E+01 1.34E+01 2.59E+01 2.43E+01 1.86E+01 1.94E+01 1.78E+01
1.5E-01 6.06E+01 6.10E+01 5.63E+01 4.86E+01 3.92E+01 2.89E+01 1.94E+01 3.49E+01 3.47E+01 2.66E+01 2.77E+01 2.55E+01
2.0E-01 7.88E+01 7.93E+01 7.35E+01 6.38E+01 5.16E+01 3.81E+01 2.53E+01 4.31E+01 4.47E+01 3.44E+01 3.57E+01 3.31E+01
3.0E-01 1.14E+02 1.13E+02 1.05E+02 9.24E+01 7.50E+01 5.55E+01 3.70E+01 5.81E+01 6.38E+01 4.94E+01 5.11E+01 4.77E+01
5.0E-01 1.77E+02 1.79E+02 1.67E+02 1.48E+02 1.21E+02 8.90E+01 5.91E+01 8.59E+01 9.91E+01 7.71E+01 7.97E+01 7.45E+01
7.0E-01 2.32E+02 2.34E+02 2.20E+02 1.96E+02 1.62E+02 1.20E+02 7.91E+01 1.12E+02 1.31E+02 1.02E+02 1.08E+02 9.60E+01
9.0E-01 2.79E+02 2.81E+02 2.65E+02 2.36E+02 1.96E+02 1.48E+02 9.72E+01 1.36E+02 1.60E+02 1.26E+02 1.30E+02 1.22E+02
1.0E+00 3.01E+02 2.88E+02 2.72E+02 2.42E+02 1.99E+02 1.48E+02 1.06E+02 1.48E+02 1.74E+02 1.37E+02 1.31E+02 1.43E+02
1.2E+00 3.30E+02 3.31E+02 3.15E+02 2.82E+02 2.35E+02 1.79E+02 1.20E+02 1.67E+02 1.93E+02 1.53E+02 1.57E+02 1.49E+02
1.5E+00 3.65E+02 3.69E+02 3.50E+02 3.18E+02 2.70E+02 2.08E+02 1.39E+02 1.95E+02 2.19E+02 1.74E+02 1.83E+02 1.65E+02

(Continued)
Appendices 57

Table A.2.2  (Continued)

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

2.0E+00 4.07E+02 4.11E+02 3.92E+02 3.57E+02 3.10E+02 2.43E+02 1.66E+02 2.35E+02 2.54E+02 2.03E+02 2.13E+02 1.93E+02
3.0E+00 4.58E+02 4.57E+02 4.39E+02 4.07E+02 3.58E+02 2.93E+02 2.07E+02 2.92E+02 3.01E+02 2.44E+02 2.58E+02 2.30E+02
4.0E+00 4.83E+02 4.90E+02 4.74E+02 4.39E+02 3.88E+02 3.18E+02 2.35E+02 3.30E+02 3.31E+02 2.71E+02 2.81E+02 2.61E+02
5.0E+00 4.94E+02 4.92E+02 4.78E+02 4.52E+02 4.05E+02 3.43E+02 2.55E+02 3.54E+02 3.51E+02 2.90E+02 3.05E+02 2.75E+02
6.0E+00 4.98E+02 4.99E+02 4.85E+02 4.59E+02 4.15E+02 3.54E+02 2.70E+02 3.71E+02 3.65E+02 3.03E+02 3.15E+02 2.91E+02
7.0E+00 4.99E+02 4.95E+02 4.82E+02 4.58E+02 4.18E+02 3.68E+02 2.81E+02 3.83E+02 3.74E+02 3.13E+02 3.28E+02 2.98E+02
8.0E+00 4.99E+02 4.93E+02 4.81E+02 4.56E+02 4.20E+02 3.66E+02 2.90E+02 3.92E+02 3.81E+02 3.21E+02 3.29E+02 3.13E+02
9.0E+00 5.00E+02 4.93E+02 4.82E+02 4.59E+02 4.22E+02 3.72E+02 2.97E+02 3.98E+02 3.86E+02 3.27E+02 3.32E+02 3.22E+02
1.0E+01 5.00E+02 5.04E+02 4.90E+02 4.68E+02 4.32E+02 3.81E+02 3.03E+02 4.04E+02 3.90E+02 3.32E+02 3.40E+02 3.24E+02
1.2E+01 4.99E+02 5.08E+02 4.95E+02 4.73E+02 4.37E+02 3.85E+02 3.13E+02 4.12E+02 3.95E+02 3.39E+02 3.49E+02 3.29E+02
1.4E+01 4.95E+02 4.95E+02 4.87E+02 4.68E+02 4.34E+02 3.93E+02 3.22E+02 4.17E+02 3.98E+02 3.44E+02 3.56E+02 3.32E+02
1.5E+01 4.93E+02 4.93E+02 4.84E+02 4.67E+02 4.36E+02 3.91E+02 3.25E+02 4.19E+02 3.98E+02 3.46E+02 3.59E+02 3.33E+02
1.6E+01 4.90E+02 4.87E+02 4.79E+02 4.62E+02 4.30E+02 3.92E+02 3.28E+02 4.20E+02 3.99E+02 3.47E+02 3.62E+02 3.32E+02
1.8E+01 4.84E+02 4.64E+02 4.62E+02 4.44E+02 4.18E+02 3.83E+02 3.33E+02 4.22E+02 3.99E+02 3.50E+02 3.65E+02 3.35E+02
2.0E+01 4.77E+02 4.62E+02 4.61E+02 4.45E+02 4.22E+02 3.84E+02 3.38E+02 4.23E+02 3.98E+02 3.52E+02 3.73E+02 3.31E+02
2.1E+01 4.74E+02 4.09E+02 4.04E+02 3.97E+02 3.85E+02 3.59E+02 3.39E+02 4.23E+02 3.98E+02 3.53E+02 3.35E+02 3.71E+02
3.0E+01 4.53E+02 4.27E+02 4.23E+02 4.19E+02 4.05E+02 3.88E+02 3.53E+02 4.22E+02 3.95E+02 3.58E+02 3.66E+02 3.50E+02
5.0E+01 4.33E+02 4.01E+02 4.00E+02 4.00E+02 3.92E+02 3.85E+02 3.75E+02 4.28E+02 3.95E+02 3.71E+02 3.46E+02 3.96E+02
7.5E+01 4.20E+02 4.11E+02 4.12E+02 4.09E+02 4.08E+02 4.04E+02 3.96E+02 4.39E+02 4.02E+02 3.87E+02 3.53E+02 4.21E+02
1.0E+02 4.02E+02 4.14E+02 4.18E+02 4.20E+02 4.25E+02 4.24E+02 4.07E+02 4.44E+02 4.06E+02 3.97E+02 3.73E+02 4.21E+02
1.3E+02 3.82E+02 4.23E+02 4.30E+02 4.39E+02 4.46E+02 4.49E+02 4.15E+02 4.46E+02 4.11E+02 4.07E+02 4.12E+02 4.02E+02
1.5E+02 3.73E+02 4.19E+02 4.23E+02 4.40E+02 4.47E+02 4.57E+02 4.19E+02 4.46E+02 4.14E+02 4.12E+02 4.09E+02 4.15E+02
1.8E+02 3.63E+02 4.05E+02 4.09E+02 4.31E+02 4.45E+02 4.59E+02 4.25E+02 4.47E+02 4.18E+02 4.21E+02 4.22E+02 4.20E+02
2.0E+02 3.59E+02 4.04E+02 4.09E+02 4.30E+02 4.49E+02 4.67E+02 4.28E+02 4.48E+02 4.22E+02 4.26E+02 4.33E+02 4.19E+02
3.0E+02 3.63E+02 3.80E+02 3.89E+02 4.06E+02 4.27E+02 4.47E+02 4.46E+02 4.64E+02 4.43E+02 4.55E+02 4.37E+02 4.73E+02
4.0E+02 3.89E+02 3.98E+02 4.07E+02 4.25E+02 4.41E+02 4.61E+02 4.78E+02 4.96E+02 4.72E+02 4.88E+02 4.61E+02 5.15E+02
5.0E+02 4.22E+02 4.38E+02 4.49E+02 4.65E+02 4.85E+02 5.08E+02 5.17E+02 5.33E+02 5.03E+02 5.21E+02 5.09E+02 5.33E+02
6.0E+02 4.57E+02 4.72E+02 4.83E+02 5.03E+02 5.24E+02 5.46E+02 5.55E+02 5.69E+02 5.32E+02 5.53E+02 5.66E+02 5.40E+02
7.0E+02 4.86E+02 4.94E+02 5.06E+02 5.23E+02 5.43E+02 5.69E+02 5.88E+02 5.99E+02 5.58E+02 5.80E+02 6.25E+02 5.35E+02
8.0E+02 5.08E+02 5.10E+02 5.22E+02 5.42E+02 5.64E+02 5.90E+02 6.12E+02 6.23E+02 5.80E+02 6.04E+02 6.38E+02 5.70E+02
9.0E+02 5.24E+02 5.20E+02 5.33E+02 5.54E+02 5.75E+02 6.01E+02 6.30E+02 6.40E+02 5.98E+02 6.24E+02 6.45E+02 6.03E+02
1.0E+03 5.37E+02 5.28E+02 5.40E+02 5.63E+02 5.84E+02 6.12E+02 6.43E+02 6.54E+02 6.14E+02 6.42E+02 6.63E+02 6.21E+02

Figure A.2.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to Figure A.2.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to
personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010). personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
58 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.2.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E-02 2.69E-02 2.60E-02 2.44E-02 2.20E-02 1.98E-02 1.67E-02 1.35E-02 2.68E-02 2.13E-02 1.88E-02 1.89E-02 1.87E-02
1.5E-02 4.04E-02 3.88E-02 3.64E-02 3.28E-02 2.94E-02 2.49E-02 2.02E-02 4.02E-02 3.17E-02 2.83E-02 2.84E-02 2.82E-02
2.0E-02 5.39E-02 5.17E-02 4.85E-02 4.37E-02 3.92E-02 3.32E-02 2.70E-02 5.35E-02 4.22E-02 3.77E-02 3.78E-02 3.76E-02
3.0E-02 8.10E-02 7.76E-02 7.29E-02 6.57E-02 5.88E-02 4.99E-02 4.05E-02 8.01E-02 6.34E-02 5.67E-02 5.70E-02 5.64E-02
4.0E-02 1.08E-01 1.04E-01 9.75E-02 8.80E-02 7.89E-02 6.68E-02 5.41E-02 1.07E-01 8.48E-02 7.58E-02 7.59E-02 7.57E-02
5.0E-02 1.35E-01 1.30E-01 1.22E-01 1.10E-01 9.87E-02 8.37E-02 6.76E-02 1.33E-01 1.06E-01 9.48E-02 9.50E-02 9.46E-02
6.0E-02 1.63E-01 1.56E-01 1.47E-01 1.33E-01 1.19E-01 1.01E-01 8.12E-02 1.60E-01 1.27E-01 1.14E-01 1.15E-01 1.13E-01
8.0E-02 2.18E-01 2.10E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E-01 1.60E-01 1.35E-01 1.09E-01 2.13E-01 1.70E-01 1.52E-01 1.54E-01 1.50E-01
1.0E-01 2.75E-01 2.63E-01 2.49E-01 2.25E-01 2.02E-01 1.70E-01 1.36E-01 2.67E-01 2.13E-01 1.91E-01 1.92E-01 1.90E-01
1.5E-01 4.18E-01 4.02E-01 3.85E-01 3.50E-01 3.12E-01 2.60E-01 2.06E-01 3.99E-01 3.23E-01 2.91E-01 2.94E-01 2.88E-01
2.0E-01 5.69E-01 5.48E-01 5.29E-01 4.85E-01 4.32E-01 3.56E-01 2.78E-01 5.30E-01 4.37E-01 3.93E-01 3.96E-01 3.90E-01
3.0E-01 8.89E-01 8.65E-01 8.50E-01 7.92E-01 6.99E-01 5.63E-01 4.26E-01 7.87E-01 6.73E-01 6.06E-01 6.16E-01 5.96E-01
4.0E-01 1.24E+00 1.22E+00 1.22E+00 1.15E+00 1.01E+00 7.98E-01 5.81E-01 1.04E+00 9.21E-01 8.32E-01 8.51E-01 8.13E-01
5.0E-01 1.63E+00 1.60E+00 1.65E+00 1.56E+00 1.36E+00 1.06E+00 7.48E-01 1.28E+00 1.19E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.07E+00
6.0E-01 2.05E+00 2.06E+00 2.13E+00 2.03E+00 1.77E+00 1.35E+00 9.19E-01 1.50E+00 1.48E+00 1.35E+00 1.38E+00 1.32E+00
8.0E-01 4.04E+00 3.79E+00 3.70E+00 3.36E+00 2.82E+00 2.06E+00 1.33E+00 1.68E+00 2.23E+00 1.97E+00 2.03E+00 1.91E+00
1.0E+00 7.10E+00 6.55E+00 6.07E+00 5.25E+00 4.20E+00 2.94E+00 1.81E+00 1.68E+00 3.23E+00 2.76E+00 2.86E+00 2.66E+00
1.5E+00 1.50E+01 1.40E+01 1.26E+01 1.05E+01 8.16E+00 5.50E+00 3.16E+00 1.62E+00 5.93E+00 4.96E+00 5.10E+00 4.57E+00
2.0E+00 2.24E+01 2.13E+01 1.92E+01 1.60E+01 1.23E+01 8.27E+00 4.76E+00 1.62E+00 8.73E+00 7.24E+00 7.59E+00 6.89E+00
3.0E+00 3.61E+01 3.45E+01 3.12E+01 2.63E+01 2.06E+01 1.40E+01 8.44E+00 1.95E+00 1.42E+01 1.19E+01 1.25E+01 1.13E+01
4.0E+00 4.82E+01 4.69E+01 4.27E+01 3.64E+01 2.85E+01 1.98E+01 1.23E+01 2.62E+00 1.96E+01 1.64E+01 1.72E+01 1.56E+01
5.0E+00 5.93E+01 5.82E+01 5.39E+01 4.65E+01 3.66E+01 2.54E+01 1.63E+01 3.63E+00 2.50E+01 2.10E+01 2.18E+01 2.02E+01
6.0E+00 7.06E+01 6.94E+01 6.54E+01 5.68E+01 4.50E+01 3.16E+01 2.03E+01 5.04E+00 3.07E+01 2.55E+01 2.62E+01 2.48E+01
8.0E+00 9.79E+01 9.70E+01 9.27E+01 8.14E+01 6.46E+01 4.50E+01 2.92E+01 9.46E+00 4.43E+01 3.55E+01 3.59E+01 3.51E+01
1.0E+01 1.25E+02 1.26E+02 1.21E+02 1.09E+02 8.71E+01 6.08E+01 3.96E+01 1.83E+01 5.87E+01 4.67E+01 4.74E+01 4.60E+01
1.5E+01 1.88E+02 1.87E+02 1.80E+02 1.65E+02 1.36E+02 9.95E+01 6.40E+01 5.31E+01 9.63E+01 7.69E+01 7.85E+01 7.18E+01
2.0E+01 2.36E+02 2.35E+02 2.25E+02 2.07E+02 1.76E+02 1.32E+02 8.62E+01 1.04E+02 1.34E+02 1.06E+02 1.10E+02 1.02E+02
3.0E+01 3.02E+02 3.05E+02 2.90E+02 2.72E+02 2.39E+02 1.89E+02 1.27E+02 2.20E+02 2.03E+02 1.64E+02 1.71E+02 1.57E+02
4.0E+01 3.29E+02 3.31E+02 3.25E+02 3.11E+02 2.87E+02 2.46E+02 1.78E+02 2.97E+02 2.56E+02 2.12E+02 2.21E+02 2.01E+02
5.0E+01 3.37E+02 3.40E+02 3.38E+02 3.33E+02 3.18E+02 2.90E+02 2.32E+02 3.31E+02 2.90E+02 2.49E+02 2.57E+02 2.41E+02
6.0E+01 3.41E+02 3.45E+02 3.42E+02 3.41E+02 3.33E+02 3.17E+02 2.71E+02 3.44E+02 3.12E+02 2.75E+02 2.82E+02 2.68E+02
8.0E+01 3.46E+02 3.49E+02 3.49E+02 3.50E+02 3.48E+02 3.45E+02 3.16E+02 3.58E+02 3.37E+02 3.09E+02 3.16E+02 3.02E+02
1.0E+02 3.49E+02 3.52E+02 3.53E+02 3.55E+02 3.55E+02 3.56E+02 3.40E+02 3.66E+02 3.51E+02 3.31E+02 3.37E+02 3.25E+02
1.5E+02 3.55E+02 3.58E+02 3.59E+02 3.63E+02 3.67E+02 3.75E+02 3.70E+02 3.79E+02 3.70E+02 3.63E+02 3.66E+02 3.60E+02
2.0E+02 3.59E+02 3.61E+02 3.62E+02 3.67E+02 3.76E+02 3.85E+02 3.92E+02 3.88E+02 3.84E+02 3.83E+02 3.84E+02 3.82E+02
3.0E+02 3.65E+02 3.67E+02 3.68E+02 3.75E+02 3.86E+02 4.01E+02 4.20E+02 3.99E+02 3.98E+02 4.10E+02 4.09E+02 4.11E+02
4.0E+02 3.69E+02 3.70E+02 3.73E+02 3.81E+02 3.92E+02 4.12E+02 4.37E+02 4.08E+02 4.08E+02 4.30E+02 4.25E+02 4.35E+02
5.0E+02 3.72E+02 3.73E+02 3.75E+02 3.85E+02 4.00E+02 4.19E+02 4.50E+02 4.14E+02 4.16E+02 4.45E+02 4.41E+02 4.49E+02
6.0E+02 3.75E+02 3.78E+02 3.79E+02 3.89E+02 4.06E+02 4.26E+02 4.60E+02 4.19E+02 4.24E+02 4.57E+02 4.50E+02 4.64E+02
8.0E+02 3.79E+02 3.79E+02 3.84E+02 3.94E+02 4.09E+02 4.37E+02 4.78E+02 4.28E+02 4.37E+02 4.78E+02 4.68E+02 4.88E+02
1.0E+03 3.82E+02 3.83E+02 3.86E+02 4.00E+02 4.18E+02 4.45E+02 4.94E+02 4.34E+02 4.47E+02 4.95E+02 4.82E+02 5.08E+02
Appendices 59

Table A.2.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E-02 3.28E+00 3.11E+00 2.81E+00 2.37E+00 1.92E+00 1.43E+00 9.99E-01 1.62E+00 1.77E+00 1.39E+00 1.45E+00 1.33E+00
1.5E-02 3.29E+00 3.00E+00 2.70E+00 2.28E+00 1.85E+00 1.38E+00 9.68E-01 1.64E+00 1.71E+00 1.40E+00 1.47E+00 1.33E+00
2.0E-02 3.30E+00 2.98E+00 2.67E+00 2.24E+00 1.82E+00 1.36E+00 9.68E-01 1.65E+00 1.70E+00 1.41E+00 1.46E+00 1.36E+00
3.0E-02 3.33E+00 2.98E+00 2.66E+00 2.24E+00 1.81E+00 1.37E+00 9.71E-01 1.68E+00 1.70E+00 1.43E+00 1.49E+00 1.37E+00
4.0E-02 3.36E+00 3.06E+00 2.74E+00 2.32E+00 1.87E+00 1.42E+00 1.00E+00 1.71E+00 1.75E+00 1.45E+00 1.50E+00 1.40E+00
5.0E-02 3.39E+00 3.07E+00 2.77E+00 2.32E+00 1.87E+00 1.42E+00 1.01E+00 1.73E+00 1.77E+00 1.47E+00 1.52E+00 1.42E+00
6.0E-02 3.42E+00 3.09E+00 2.78E+00 2.34E+00 1.90E+00 1.44E+00 1.03E+00 1.76E+00 1.78E+00 1.49E+00 1.57E+00 1.41E+00
8.0E-02 3.47E+00 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 2.37E+00 1.93E+00 1.46E+00 1.05E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E+00 1.53E+00 1.60E+00 1.46E+00
1.0E-01 3.53E+00 3.18E+00 2.86E+00 2.40E+00 1.97E+00 1.50E+00 1.07E+00 1.87E+00 1.86E+00 1.57E+00 1.63E+00 1.51E+00
1.5E-01 3.67E+00 3.32E+00 2.99E+00 2.53E+00 2.07E+00 1.59E+00 1.14E+00 2.01E+00 1.97E+00 1.67E+00 1.72E+00 1.62E+00
2.0E-01 3.84E+00 3.46E+00 3.13E+00 2.66E+00 2.20E+00 1.68E+00 1.21E+00 2.14E+00 2.07E+00 1.77E+00 1.81E+00 1.73E+00
3.0E-01 4.16E+00 3.79E+00 3.47E+00 2.98E+00 2.47E+00 1.89E+00 1.35E+00 2.40E+00 2.32E+00 1.98E+00 2.05E+00 1.91E+00
4.0E-01 4.52E+00 4.13E+00 3.84E+00 3.37E+00 2.79E+00 2.13E+00 1.50E+00 2.65E+00 2.57E+00 2.21E+00 2.28E+00 2.14E+00
5.0E-01 4.90E+00 4.54E+00 4.29E+00 3.79E+00 3.15E+00 2.39E+00 1.66E+00 2.90E+00 2.84E+00 2.45E+00 2.54E+00 2.36E+00
6.0E-01 5.36E+00 5.00E+00 4.77E+00 4.28E+00 3.57E+00 2.69E+00 1.84E+00 3.12E+00 3.13E+00 2.72E+00 2.82E+00 2.62E+00
8.0E-01 7.41E+00 6.80E+00 6.41E+00 5.65E+00 4.66E+00 3.41E+00 2.24E+00 3.32E+00 3.90E+00 3.38E+00 3.51E+00 3.25E+00
1.0E+00 1.05E+01 9.61E+00 8.83E+00 7.58E+00 6.07E+00 4.33E+00 2.73E+00 3.37E+00 4.94E+00 4.20E+00 4.39E+00 4.01E+00
1.5E+00 1.83E+01 1.71E+01 1.54E+01 1.30E+01 1.01E+01 6.92E+00 4.15E+00 3.44E+00 7.66E+00 6.42E+00 6.50E+00 5.87E+00
2.0E+00 2.57E+01 2.42E+01 2.18E+01 1.83E+01 1.42E+01 9.75E+00 5.79E+00 3.59E+00 1.05E+01 8.70E+00 9.13E+00 8.27E+00
3.0E+00 3.91E+01 3.72E+01 3.37E+01 2.84E+01 2.22E+01 1.55E+01 9.45E+00 4.19E+00 1.59E+01 1.33E+01 1.39E+01 1.27E+01
4.0E+00 5.10E+01 4.92E+01 4.50E+01 3.83E+01 3.01E+01 2.12E+01 1.33E+01 5.11E+00 2.13E+01 1.80E+01 1.88E+01 1.72E+01
5.0E+00 6.17E+01 6.01E+01 5.57E+01 4.79E+01 3.80E+01 2.68E+01 1.72E+01 6.31E+00 2.66E+01 2.24E+01 2.33E+01 2.15E+01
6.0E+00 7.29E+01 7.12E+01 6.71E+01 5.84E+01 4.63E+01 3.28E+01 2.13E+01 8.03E+00 3.23E+01 2.69E+01 2.77E+01 2.61E+01
8.0E+00 9.90E+01 9.75E+01 9.32E+01 8.18E+01 6.56E+01 4.58E+01 3.01E+01 1.40E+01 4.61E+01 3.67E+01 3.77E+01 3.57E+01
1.0E+01 1.26E+02 1.24E+02 1.19E+02 1.08E+02 8.65E+01 6.13E+01 3.95E+01 2.36E+01 5.95E+01 4.76E+01 4.89E+01 4.63E+01
1.5E+01 1.84E+02 1.83E+02 1.75E+02 1.59E+02 1.33E+02 9.68E+01 6.37E+01 5.90E+01 9.55E+01 7.55E+01 7.72E+01 7.17E+01
2.0E+01 2.29E+02 2.25E+02 2.16E+02 1.99E+02 1.72E+02 1.28E+02 8.47E+01 1.11E+02 1.30E+02 1.04E+02 1.08E+02 1.00E+02
3.0E+01 2.94E+02 2.89E+02 2.78E+02 2.58E+02 2.28E+02 1.82E+02 1.24E+02 2.21E+02 1.95E+02 1.62E+02 1.65E+02 1.59E+02
4.0E+01 3.20E+02 3.14E+02 3.08E+02 2.95E+02 2.73E+02 2.38E+02 1.72E+02 2.91E+02 2.42E+02 2.09E+02 2.10E+02 2.08E+02
5.0E+01 3.27E+02 3.22E+02 3.20E+02 3.12E+02 3.00E+02 2.75E+02 2.19E+02 3.21E+02 2.76E+02 2.43E+02 2.44E+02 2.42E+02
6.0E+01 3.33E+02 3.26E+02 3.27E+02 3.22E+02 3.16E+02 3.01E+02 2.58E+02 3.34E+02 2.96E+02 2.68E+02 2.67E+02 2.69E+02
8.0E+01 3.39E+02 3.35E+02 3.35E+02 3.34E+02 3.31E+02 3.27E+02 2.98E+02 3.49E+02 3.20E+02 3.02E+02 3.00E+02 3.04E+02
1.0E+02 3.42E+02 3.38E+02 3.40E+02 3.39E+02 3.39E+02 3.40E+02 3.24E+02 3.57E+02 3.34E+02 3.23E+02 3.19E+02 3.27E+02
1.5E+02 3.49E+02 3.47E+02 3.48E+02 3.50E+02 3.54E+02 3.59E+02 3.59E+02 3.71E+02 3.55E+02 3.56E+02 3.49E+02 3.46E+02
2.0E+02 3.54E+02 3.52E+02 3.54E+02 3.58E+02 3.63E+02 3.73E+02 3.79E+02 3.81E+02 3.68E+02 3.77E+02 3.71E+02 3.83E+02
3.0E+02 3.62E+02 3.59E+02 3.61E+02 3.67E+02 3.78E+02 3.90E+02 4.06E+02 3.93E+02 3.85E+02 4.05E+02 3.98E+02 4.12E+02
4.0E+02 3.66E+02 3.64E+02 3.66E+02 3.74E+02 3.86E+02 4.02E+02 4.26E+02 4.02E+02 3.99E+02 4.25E+02 4.15E+02 4.35E+02
5.0E+02 3.69E+02 3.68E+02 3.72E+02 3.81E+02 3.92E+02 4.13E+02 4.39E+02 4.09E+02 4.08E+02 4.40E+02 4.31E+02 4.49E+02
6.0E+02 3.72E+02 3.71E+02 3.75E+02 3.84E+02 3.99E+02 4.20E+02 4.53E+02 4.15E+02 4.18E+02 4.53E+02 4.44E+02 4.62E+02
8.0E+02 3.76E+02 3.76E+02 3.79E+02 3.90E+02 4.08E+02 4.30E+02 4.72E+02 4.24E+02 4.32E+02 4.74E+02 4.63E+02 4.85E+02
1.0E+03 3.79E+02 3.80E+02 3.83E+02 3.95E+02 4.14E+02 4.41E+02 4.89E+02 4.30E+02 4.36E+02 4.91E+02 4.77E+02 5.05E+02
60 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure A.2.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to Figure A.2.5  Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to
personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010). personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Table A.2.5  Conversion coefficients from proton fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E+00 5.46E+00 5.30E+00 5.01E+00 4.53E+00 4.07E+00 3.44E+00 2.81E+00 5.47E+00 4.50E+00 3.52E+00 3.44E+00 3.51E+00
1.5E+00 8.20E+00 7.94E+00 7.50E+00 6.78E+00 6.09E+00 5.15E+00 4.21E+00 8.21E+00 6.75E+00 5.28E+00 5.16E+00 5.26E+00
2.0E+00 1.09E+01 1.06E+01 9.97E+00 9.01E+00 8.10E+00 6.86E+00 5.62E+00 1.09E+01 8.98E+00 7.02E+00 6.86E+00 7.00E+00
3.0E+00 1.64E+01 1.58E+01 1.49E+01 1.34E+01 1.21E+01 1.02E+01 8.42E+00 1.64E+01 1.34E+01 1.05E+01 1.03E+01 1.05E+01
4.0E+00 2.19E+01 2.10E+01 1.97E+01 1.77E+01 1.60E+01 1.36E+01 1.12E+01 2.19E+01 1.78E+01 1.39E+01 1.36E+01 1.39E+01
5.0E+00 2.73E+01 2.61E+01 2.44E+01 2.19E+01 1.98E+01 1.69E+01 1.40E+01 2.73E+01 2.21E+01 1.73E+01 1.69E+01 1.72E+01
6.0E+00 3.28E+01 3.11E+01 2.90E+01 2.60E+01 2.34E+01 2.01E+01 1.68E+01 3.28E+01 2.63E+01 2.05E+01 2.01E+01 2.05E+01
8.0E+00 4.37E+01 4.09E+01 3.76E+01 3.36E+01 3.03E+01 2.63E+01 2.24E+01 4.37E+01 3.45E+01 2.68E+01 2.62E+01 2.67E+01
1.0E+01 5.49E+01 6.28E+01 6.75E+01 6.54E+01 5.78E+01 4.39E+01 2.81E+01 5.46E+01 5.01E+01 4.58E+01 4.66E+01 4.50E+01
1.5E+01 1.89E+02 1.85E+02 1.49E+02 1.30E+02 1.15E+02 8.59E+01 4.98E+01 5.61E+01 9.37E+01 8.01E+01 8.31E+01 7.71E+01
2.0E+01 4.28E+02 4.04E+02 3.52E+02 2.90E+02 2.06E+02 1.45E+02 8.08E+01 4.36E+01 1.65E+02 1.36E+02 1.45E+02 1.27E+02
3.0E+01 7.50E+02 7.26E+02 6.60E+02 5.59E+02 4.28E+02 2.92E+02 1.76E+02 3.61E+01 2.96E+02 2.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.32E+02
4.0E+01 1.02E+03 1.00E+03 9.19E+02 7.80E+02 6.19E+02 4.38E+02 2.84E+02 4.55E+01 4.22E+02 3.58E+02 3.81E+02 3.35E+02
5.0E+01 1.18E+03 1.18E+03 1.15E+03 1.04E+03 7.97E+02 5.50E+02 3.76E+02 7.15E+01 5.32E+02 4.51E+02 4.62E+02 4.40E+02
6.0E+01 1.48E+03 1.46E+03 1.41E+03 1.30E+03 1.05E+03 7.18E+02 4.74E+02 1.56E+02 6.87E+02 5.51E+02 5.47E+02 5.55E+02
8.0E+01 2.16E+03 2.14E+03 2.04E+03 1.86E+03 1.58E+03 1.19E+03 7.01E+02 5.60E+02 1.09E+03 8.37E+02 8.71E+02 8.03E+02
1.0E+02 2.51E+03 2.48E+03 2.36E+03 2.17E+03 1.90E+03 1.46E+03 9.06E+02 1.19E+03 1.44E+03 1.13E+03 1.18E+03 1.08E+03
1.5E+02 2.38E+03 2.40E+03 2.41E+03 2.44E+03 2.30E+03 2.10E+03 1.55E+03 2.82E+03 2.16E+03 1.79E+03 1.85E+03 1.73E+03
2.0E+02 1.77E+03 1.79E+03 1.81E+03 1.84E+03 1.91E+03 2.01E+03 2.17E+03 1.93E+03 1.96E+03 1.84E+03 1.90E+03 1.78E+03
3.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.39E+03 1.40E+03 1.41E+03 1.43E+03 1.44E+03 1.45E+03 1.45E+03 1.44E+03 1.42E+03 1.45E+03 1.39E+03
4.0E+02 1.23E+03 1.25E+03 1.25E+03 1.26E+03 1.28E+03 1.28E+03 1.28E+03 1.30E+03 1.28E+03 1.25E+03 1.28E+03 1.22E+03
5.0E+02 1.15E+03 1.19E+03 1.19E+03 1.21E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.21E+03 1.24E+03 1.22E+03 1.18E+03 1.21E+03 1.15E+03
6.0E+02 1.16E+03 1.16E+03 1.17E+03 1.18E+03 1.20E+03 1.20E+03 1.20E+03 1.23E+03 1.22E+03 1.17E+03 1.21E+03 1.13E+03
8.0E+02 1.11E+03 1.13E+03 1.14E+03 1.15E+03 1.17E+03 1.17E+03 1.20E+03 1.23E+03 1.20E+03 1.17E+03 1.18E+03 1.16E+03
1.0E+03 1.09E+03 1.11E+03 1.12E+03 1.14E+03 1.15E+03 1.16E+03 1.19E+03 1.23E+03 1.19E+03 1.15E+03 1.18E+03 1.12E+03
Appendices 61

Table A.2.6  Conversion coefficients from negative muon fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E+00 1.80E+02 1.77E+02 1.62E+02 1.40E+02 1.14E+02 8.32E+01 5.33E+01 7.52E+01 9.75E+01 7.87E+01 8.18E+01 7.56E+01
1.5E+00 1.80E+02 1.80E+02 1.64E+02 1.41E+02 1.15E+02 8.39E+01 5.42E+01 7.68E+01 9.93E+01 7.95E+01 8.28E+01 7.62E+01
2.0E+00 1.84E+02 1.82E+02 1.68E+02 1.43E+02 1.16E+02 8.58E+01 5.46E+01 7.83E+01 1.00E+02 8.09E+01 8.39E+01 7.79E+01
3.0E+00 1.88E+02 1.87E+02 1.70E+02 1.48E+02 1.21E+02 8.85E+01 5.69E+01 8.14E+01 1.04E+02 8.37E+01 8.70E+01 8.04E+01
4.0E+00 1.93E+02 1.93E+02 1.77E+02 1.55E+02 1.26E+02 9.23E+01 5.89E+01 8.48E+01 1.07E+02 8.71E+01 9.06E+01 8.36E+01
5.0E+00 2.05E+02 2.04E+02 1.86E+02 1.64E+02 1.34E+02 9.76E+01 6.14E+01 8.77E+01 1.12E+02 9.15E+01 9.51E+01 8.79E+01
6.0E+00 2.42E+02 2.36E+02 2.11E+02 1.77E+02 1.43E+02 1.04E+02 6.61E+01 8.67E+01 1.22E+02 9.81E+01 1.03E+02 9.32E+01
8.0E+00 2.93E+02 2.82E+02 2.56E+02 2.16E+02 1.69E+02 1.21E+02 7.46E+01 8.68E+01 1.41E+02 1.13E+02 1.18E+02 1.08E+02
1.0E+01 3.32E+02 3.22E+02 2.95E+02 2.48E+02 1.97E+02 1.41E+02 8.79E+01 8.86E+01 1.58E+02 1.27E+02 1.33E+02 1.21E+02
1.5E+01 4.14E+02 4.07E+02 3.73E+02 3.21E+02 2.58E+02 1.85E+02 1.21E+02 1.00E+02 2.00E+02 1.61E+02 1.68E+02 1.54E+02
2.0E+01 4.65E+02 4.65E+02 4.45E+02 3.98E+02 3.18E+02 2.26E+02 1.52E+02 1.22E+02 2.41E+02 1.91E+02 1.97E+02 1.85E+02
3.0E+01 6.57E+02 6.54E+02 6.20E+02 5.64E+02 4.78E+02 3.53E+02 2.25E+02 2.51E+02 3.57E+02 2.75E+02 2.83E+02 2.67E+02
4.0E+01 7.35E+02 7.29E+02 6.95E+02 6.41E+02 5.63E+02 4.40E+02 2.91E+02 4.57E+02 4.62E+02 3.63E+02 3.77E+02 3.49E+02
5.0E+01 7.55E+02 7.59E+02 7.08E+02 6.58E+02 5.91E+02 4.94E+02 3.40E+02 7.03E+02 5.56E+02 4.46E+02 4.64E+02 4.28E+02
6.0E+01 6.28E+02 6.38E+02 6.57E+02 6.69E+02 6.09E+02 5.71E+02 4.29E+02 7.75E+02 5.98E+02 4.96E+02 5.15E+02 4.77E+02
8.0E+01 4.31E+02 4.36E+02 4.49E+02 4.79E+02 5.27E+02 5.89E+02 6.19E+02 4.85E+02 5.29E+02 4.98E+02 5.05E+02 4.91E+02
1.0E+02 3.82E+02 3.89E+02 3.90E+02 3.97E+02 4.06E+02 4.26E+02 4.80E+02 4.02E+02 4.27E+02 4.32E+02 4.35E+02 4.29E+02
1.5E+02 3.40E+02 3.48E+02 3.48E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.50E+02 3.61E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.54E+02 3.53E+02 3.55E+02
2.0E+02 3.26E+02 3.36E+02 3.37E+02 3.41E+02 3.41E+02 3.37E+02 3.45E+02 3.29E+02 3.39E+02 3.32E+02 3.31E+02 3.33E+02
3.0E+02 3.19E+02 3.33E+02 3.34E+02 3.38E+02 3.37E+02 3.32E+02 3.39E+02 3.21E+02 3.33E+02 3.21E+02 3.20E+02 3.22E+02
4.0E+02 3.20E+02 3.35E+02 3.37E+02 3.40E+02 3.40E+02 3.35E+02 3.41E+02 3.21E+02 3.36E+02 3.21E+02 3.20E+02 3.22E+02
5.0E+02 3.21E+02 3.39E+02 3.41E+02 3.45E+02 3.44E+02 3.39E+02 3.46E+02 3.24E+02 3.41E+02 3.23E+02 3.22E+02 3.24E+02
6.0E+02 3.25E+02 3.43E+02 3.44E+02 3.48E+02 3.47E+02 3.41E+02 3.48E+02 3.26E+02 3.43E+02 3.26E+02 3.24E+02 3.28E+02
8.0E+02 3.27E+02 3.45E+02 3.47E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.32E+02 3.47E+02 3.31E+02 3.29E+02 3.33E+02
1.0E+03 3.33E+02 3.50E+02 3.52E+02 3.55E+02 3.54E+02 3.49E+02 3.56E+02 3.37E+02 3.51E+02 3.37E+02 3.32E+02 3.42E+02

Figure A.2.6  Conversion coefficients from negative muon Figure A.2.7  Conversion coefficients from positive muon
fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2017). fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
62 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.2.7  Conversion coefficients from positive muon fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Ep MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E+00 1.94E+02 1.79E+02 1.65E+02 1.41E+02 1.15E+02 8.50E+01 5.45E+01 8.26E+01 1.00E+02 8.52E+01 8.89E+01 8.15E+01
1.5E+00 1.96E+02 1.81E+02 1.67E+02 1.43E+02 1.16E+02 8.51E+01 5.53E+01 8.41E+01 1.01E+02 8.62E+01 9.00E+01 8.24E+01
2.0E+00 1.98E+02 1.83E+02 1.69E+02 1.44E+02 1.18E+02 8.64E+01 5.63E+01 8.57E+01 1.02E+02 8.75E+01 9.12E+01 8.38E+01
3.0E+00 2.02E+02 1.89E+02 1.75E+02 1.49E+02 1.23E+02 8.97E+01 5.78E+01 8.89E+01 1.05E+02 9.03E+01 9.40E+01 8.66E+01
4.0E+00 2.07E+02 1.94E+02 1.81E+02 1.56E+02 1.27E+02 9.37E+01 5.97E+01 9.21E+01 1.09E+02 9.36E+01 9.74E+01 8.98E+01
5.0E+00 2.16E+02 2.04E+02 1.89E+02 1.65E+02 1.35E+02 9.90E+01 6.20E+01 9.43E+01 1.14E+02 9.77E+01 1.02E+02 9.34E+01
6.0E+00 2.51E+02 2.34E+02 2.10E+02 1.77E+02 1.44E+02 1.06E+02 6.61E+01 9.25E+01 1.22E+02 1.03E+02 1.08E+02 9.80E+01
8.0E+00 3.00E+02 2.83E+02 2.55E+02 2.16E+02 1.68E+02 1.22E+02 7.57E+01 9.28E+01 1.40E+02 1.17E+02 1.23E+02 1.11E+02
1.0E+01 3.40E+02 3.22E+02 2.94E+02 2.48E+02 1.97E+02 1.40E+02 8.86E+01 9.48E+01 1.58E+02 1.32E+02 1.38E+02 1.26E+02
1.5E+01 4.25E+02 4.07E+02 3.76E+02 3.21E+02 2.60E+02 1.88E+02 1.23E+02 1.08E+02 2.02E+02 1.67E+02 1.74E+02 1.60E+02
2.0E+01 4.81E+02 4.68E+02 4.48E+02 4.02E+02 3.21E+02 2.27E+02 1.55E+02 1.33E+02 2.43E+02 1.99E+02 2.05E+02 1.93E+02
3.0E+01 6.74E+02 6.60E+02 6.26E+02 5.68E+02 4.82E+02 3.56E+02 2.27E+02 2.65E+02 3.61E+02 2.84E+02 2.93E+02 2.75E+02
4.0E+01 7.51E+02 7.34E+02 6.99E+02 6.46E+02 5.68E+02 4.42E+02 2.94E+02 4.73E+02 4.67E+02 3.73E+02 3.89E+02 3.57E+02
5.0E+01 7.68E+02 7.64E+02 7.14E+02 6.63E+02 5.94E+02 4.95E+02 3.42E+02 7.21E+02 5.59E+02 4.56E+02 4.76E+02 4.36E+02
6.0E+01 6.35E+02 6.42E+02 6.59E+02 6.72E+02 6.13E+02 5.75E+02 4.32E+02 7.87E+02 5.99E+02 5.06E+02 5.25E+02 4.87E+02
8.0E+01 4.31E+02 4.37E+02 4.49E+02 4.79E+02 5.26E+02 5.91E+02 6.20E+02 4.83E+02 5.29E+02 5.02E+02 5.10E+02 4.94E+02
1.0E+02 3.81E+02 3.89E+02 3.90E+02 3.97E+02 4.06E+02 4.27E+02 4.79E+02 3.99E+02 4.27E+02 4.32E+02 4.37E+02 4.27E+02
1.5E+02 3.39E+02 3.48E+02 3.48E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.50E+02 3.61E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.54E+02 3.54E+02 3.54E+02
2.0E+02 3.26E+02 3.35E+02 3.37E+02 3.41E+02 3.41E+02 3.37E+02 3.45E+02 3.28E+02 3.39E+02 3.32E+02 3.31E+02 3.33E+02
3.0E+02 3.18E+02 3.33E+02 3.34E+02 3.38E+02 3.37E+02 3.32E+02 3.38E+02 3.20E+02 3.33E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02
4.0E+02 3.19E+02 3.35E+02 3.37E+02 3.40E+02 3.39E+02 3.34E+02 3.41E+02 3.21E+02 3.36E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02 3.20E+02
5.0E+02 3.20E+02 3.39E+02 3.41E+02 3.45E+02 3.44E+02 3.39E+02 3.46E+02 3.23E+02 3.41E+02 3.22E+02 3.22E+02 3.22E+02
6.0E+02 3.22E+02 3.43E+02 3.44E+02 3.48E+02 3.46E+02 3.41E+02 3.48E+02 3.25E+02 3.43E+02 3.24E+02 3.24E+02 3.24E+02
8.0E+02 3.25E+02 3.45E+02 3.47E+02 3.51E+02 3.50E+02 3.45E+02 3.52E+02 3.30E+02 3.46E+02 3.29E+02 3.29E+02 3.29E+02
1.0E+03 3.27E+02 3.50E+02 3.51E+02 3.55E+02 3.54E+02 3.49E+02 3.56E+02 3.33E+02 3.51E+02 3.33E+02 3.32E+02 3.34E+02

Table A.2.8  Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E+00 4.06E+02 3.99E+02 3.73E+02 3.27E+02 2.81E+02 2.25E+02 1.70E+02 1.94E+02 2.45E+02 1.76E+02 1.91E+02 1.61E+02
1.5E+00 4.22E+02 4.19E+02 3.91E+02 3.42E+02 2.92E+02 2.31E+02 1.70E+02 2.01E+02 2.53E+02 1.89E+02 2.06E+02 1.72E+02
2.0E+00 4.33E+02 4.36E+02 4.09E+02 3.57E+02 3.03E+02 2.37E+02 1.73E+02 2.10E+02 2.61E+02 1.98E+02 2.17E+02 1.79E+02
3.0E+00 4.58E+02 4.69E+02 4.44E+02 3.88E+02 3.28E+02 2.53E+02 1.78E+02 2.25E+02 2.80E+02 2.15E+02 2.37E+02 1.93E+02
4.0E+00 4.91E+02 5.12E+02 4.84E+02 4.26E+02 3.60E+02 2.72E+02 1.85E+02 2.33E+02 3.00E+02 2.32E+02 2.55E+02 2.09E+02
5.0E+00 5.28E+02 5.66E+02 5.41E+02 4.77E+02 3.98E+02 2.96E+02 1.92E+02 2.37E+02 3.27E+02 2.51E+02 2.70E+02 2.32E+02
6.0E+00 6.73E+02 6.90E+02 6.26E+02 5.32E+02 4.40E+02 3.26E+02 2.03E+02 2.08E+02 3.59E+02 2.71E+02 3.02E+02 2.40E+02
8.0E+00 9.65E+02 9.79E+02 8.81E+02 7.26E+02 5.32E+02 3.95E+02 2.37E+02 1.81E+02 4.37E+02 3.17E+02 3.52E+02 2.82E+02
1.0E+01 1.09E+03 1.08E+03 1.00E+03 8.20E+02 6.46E+02 4.59E+02 2.80E+02 1.78E+02 4.88E+02 3.61E+02 3.96E+02 3.26E+02
1.5E+01 1.25E+03 1.25E+03 1.15E+03 9.85E+02 8.07E+02 5.86E+02 3.71E+02 1.97E+02 5.81E+02 4.39E+02 4.70E+02 4.08E+02
2.0E+01 1.28E+03 1.33E+03 1.31E+03 1.17E+03 9.13E+02 6.43E+02 4.56E+02 2.44E+02 6.62E+02 5.08E+02 5.31E+02 4.85E+02
3.0E+01 1.77E+03 1.83E+03 1.75E+03 1.57E+03 1.33E+03 9.32E+02 5.82E+02 5.47E+02 9.51E+02 6.76E+02 6.98E+02 6.54E+02
4.0E+01 1.92E+03 1.92E+03 1.84E+03 1.69E+03 1.48E+03 1.16E+03 7.53E+02 1.02E+03 1.18E+03 8.68E+02 9.01E+02 8.35E+02
5.0E+01 1.93E+03 1.93E+03 1.77E+03 1.63E+03 1.47E+03 1.22E+03 8.20E+02 1.70E+03 1.36E+03 1.02E+03 1.07E+03 9.70E+02
6.0E+01 1.68E+03 1.71E+03 1.79E+03 1.61E+03 1.50E+03 1.33E+03 9.36E+02 1.99E+03 1.47E+03 1.15E+03 1.21E+03 1.09E+03
8.0E+01 1.14E+03 1.17E+03 1.21E+03 1.26E+03 1.41E+03 1.43E+03 1.41E+03 1.31E+03 1.36E+03 1.15E+03 1.19E+03 1.11E+03
1.0E+02 9.95E+02 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.04E+03 1.08E+03 1.19E+03 9.91E+02 1.08E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03
1.5E+02 9.27E+02 9.50E+02 9.48E+02 9.45E+02 9.25E+02 9.12E+02 8.75E+02 8.89E+02 9.22E+02 8.57E+02 8.45E+02 8.69E+02
2.0E+02 9.02E+02 9.01E+02 8.98E+02 9.01E+02 8.89E+02 8.70E+02 8.41E+02 8.71E+02 8.71E+02 8.15E+02 8.28E+02 8.02E+02
3.0E+02 8.48E+02 8.63E+02 8.65E+02 8.72E+02 8.60E+02 8.54E+02 8.24E+02 8.43E+02 8.57E+02 7.94E+02 8.06E+02 7.82E+02
4.0E+02 8.44E+02 8.62E+02 8.62E+02 8.66E+02 8.52E+02 8.48E+02 8.26E+02 8.50E+02 8.43E+02 8.07E+02 8.02E+02 8.12E+02
5.0E+02 8.69E+02 8.82E+02 8.86E+02 8.87E+02 8.70E+02 8.67E+02 8.45E+02 8.80E+02 8.63E+02 8.38E+02 8.37E+02 8.39E+02
6.0E+02 9.01E+02 8.96E+02 8.84E+02 8.95E+02 8.93E+02 8.79E+02 8.62E+02 9.17E+02 8.83E+02 8.75E+02 8.90E+02 8.60E+02
8.0E+02 9.47E+02 9.31E+02 9.26E+02 9.39E+02 9.27E+02 9.24E+02 8.99E+02 9.76E+02 9.18E+02 9.35E+02 9.37E+02 9.33E+02
1.0E+03 9.77E+02 9.43E+02 9.38E+02 9.57E+02 9.44E+02 9.39E+02 9.22E+02 1.02E+03 9.38E+02 9.79E+02 9.78E+02 9.80E+02
Appendices 63

Figure A.2.8  Conversion coefficients from negative pion fluence Figure A.2.9  Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence
to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010). to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Table A.2.9  Conversion coefficients from positive pion fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E+00 3.14E+02 2.75E+02 2.53E+02 2.23E+02 1.92E+02 1.53E+02 1.16E+02 1.21E+02 1.65E+02 1.51E+02 1.70E+02 1.32E+02
1.5E+00 3.24E+02 2.87E+02 2.64E+02 2.32E+02 1.99E+02 1.56E+02 1.15E+02 1.25E+02 1.71E+02 1.60E+02 1.82E+02 1.38E+02
2.0E+00 3.40E+02 3.01E+02 2.77E+02 2.42E+02 2.06E+02 1.58E+02 1.16E+02 1.33E+02 1.76E+02 1.68E+02 1.84E+02 1.52E+02
3.0E+00 3.79E+02 3.33E+02 3.06E+02 2.67E+02 2.24E+02 1.72E+02 1.23E+02 1.51E+02 1.91E+02 1.83E+02 2.02E+02 1.64E+02
4.0E+00 4.29E+02 3.78E+02 3.48E+02 3.02E+02 2.50E+02 1.90E+02 1.31E+02 1.70E+02 2.16E+02 1.98E+02 2.20E+02 1.76E+02
5.0E+00 4.89E+02 4.36E+02 4.05E+02 3.48E+02 2.85E+02 2.13E+02 1.44E+02 1.83E+02 2.45E+02 2.16E+02 2.39E+02 1.93E+02
6.0E+00 5.40E+02 4.92E+02 4.49E+02 3.94E+02 3.17E+02 2.31E+02 1.49E+02 1.85E+02 2.64E+02 2.33E+02 2.57E+02 2.09E+02
8.0E+00 7.17E+02 6.50E+02 5.87E+02 4.84E+02 3.77E+02 2.72E+02 1.72E+02 1.77E+02 3.11E+02 2.65E+02 2.93E+02 2.37E+02
1.0E+01 8.19E+02 7.43E+02 6.71E+02 5.59E+02 4.46E+02 3.17E+02 2.01E+02 1.79E+02 3.52E+02 2.96E+02 3.28E+02 2.64E+02
1.5E+01 1.00E+03 9.14E+02 8.38E+02 7.17E+02 5.80E+02 4.18E+02 2.71E+02 2.01E+02 4.38E+02 3.67E+02 3.93E+02 3.41E+02
2.0E+01 1.10E+03 1.03E+03 9.91E+02 8.71E+02 6.82E+02 4.89E+02 3.38E+02 2.47E+02 5.17E+02 4.39E+02 4.66E+02 4.12E+02
3.0E+01 1.52E+03 1.44E+03 1.36E+03 1.22E+03 1.03E+03 7.23E+02 4.65E+02 4.94E+02 7.49E+02 6.02E+02 6.21E+02 5.83E+02
4.0E+01 1.75E+03 1.64E+03 1.56E+03 1.43E+03 1.23E+03 9.59E+02 6.27E+02 9.06E+02 9.77E+02 7.87E+02 8.20E+02 7.54E+02
5.0E+01 1.83E+03 1.71E+03 1.59E+03 1.47E+03 1.31E+03 1.07E+03 7.21E+02 1.48E+03 1.17E+03 9.53E+02 9.93E+02 9.13E+02
6.0E+01 1.66E+03 1.62E+03 1.64E+03 1.49E+03 1.37E+03 1.18E+03 8.38E+02 1.82E+03 1.30E+03 1.09E+03 1.15E+03 1.03E+03
8.0E+01 1.22E+03 1.21E+03 1.24E+03 1.28E+03 1.36E+03 1.35E+03 1.28E+03 1.38E+03 1.30E+03 1.16E+03 1.21E+03 1.11E+03
1.0E+02 1.13E+03 1.11E+03 1.10E+03 1.10E+03 1.11E+03 1.14E+03 1.20E+03 1.12E+03 1.12E+03 1.10E+03 1.10E+03 1.10E+03
1.5E+02 1.22E+03 1.19E+03 1.18E+03 1.16E+03 1.12E+03 1.08E+03 1.01E+03 1.15E+03 1.09E+03 1.05E+03 1.04E+03 1.06E+03
2.0E+02 1.25E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.19E+03 1.15E+03 1.09E+03 1.23E+03 1.18E+03 1.08E+03 1.12E+03 1.04E+03
3.0E+02 1.07E+03 1.08E+03 1.09E+03 1.09E+03 1.09E+03 1.10E+03 1.07E+03 1.10E+03 1.09E+03 1.02E+03 1.04E+03 1.00E+03
4.0E+02 9.69E+02 9.91E+02 9.98E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+03 1.01E+03 9.87E+02 9.98E+02 1.00E+03 9.53E+02 9.36E+02 9.70E+02
5.0E+02 9.43E+02 9.73E+02 9.69E+02 9.81E+02 9.73E+02 9.72E+02 9.53E+02 9.70E+02 9.75E+02 9.30E+02 9.19E+02 9.41E+02
6.0E+02 9.52E+02 9.58E+02 9.58E+02 9.65E+02 9.65E+02 9.62E+02 9.48E+02 9.80E+02 9.62E+02 9.38E+02 9.44E+02 9.32E+02
8.0E+02 9.99E+02 1.00E+03 1.01E+03 1.02E+03 1.01E+03 1.01E+03 9.96E+02 1.04E+03 1.00E+03 9.93E+02 9.97E+02 9.89E+02
1.0E+03 1.04E+03 1.02E+03 1.03E+03 1.04E+03 1.03E+03 1.03E+03 1.02E+03 1.09E+03 1.03E+03 1.05E+03 1.05E+03 1.05E+03
64 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.2.10  Conversion coefficients from He2+ ion fluence to personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV u-1 hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E+00 2.19E+02 2.12E+02 2.00E+02 1.81E+02 1.63E+02 1.37E+02 1.10E+02 2.19E+02 1.76E+02 1.41E+02 1.38E+02 1.40E+02
2.0E+00 4.38E+02 4.23E+02 3.99E+02 3.60E+02 3.24E+02 2.74E+02 2.20E+02 4.38E+02 3.52E+02 2.81E+02 2.75E+02 2.80E+02
3.0E+00 6.56E+02 6.32E+02 5.95E+02 5.37E+02 4.83E+02 4.10E+02 3.30E+02 6.57E+02 5.26E+02 4.19E+02 4.10E+02 4.18E+02
5.0E+00 1.09E+03 1.04E+03 9.75E+02 8.77E+02 7.90E+02 6.75E+02 5.50E+02 1.09E+03 8.66E+02 6.89E+02 6.74E+02 6.87E+02
1.0E+01 2.19E+03 2.51E+03 2.70E+03 2.61E+03 2.31E+03 1.75E+03 1.10E+03 2.19E+03 1.97E+03 1.82E+03 1.86E+03 1.73E+03
1.4E+01 4.61E+03 4.95E+03 4.74E+03 4.58E+03 4.03E+03 2.94E+03 1.61E+03 2.56E+03 3.09E+03 2.81E+03 2.95E+03 2.64E+03
2.0E+01 1.72E+04 1.61E+04 1.41E+04 1.16E+04 8.24E+03 5.78E+03 3.19E+03 1.74E+03 6.56E+03 5.46E+03 5.73E+03 5.02E+03
3.0E+01 3.01E+04 2.89E+04 2.63E+04 2.23E+04 1.70E+04 1.16E+04 7.00E+03 1.44E+03 1.18E+04 9.86E+03 1.04E+04 9.15E+03
5.0E+01 4.75E+04 4.70E+04 4.58E+04 4.13E+04 3.17E+04 2.20E+04 1.51E+04 2.88E+03 2.15E+04 1.78E+04 1.86E+04 1.71E+04
7.5E+01 8.05E+04 7.91E+04 7.59E+04 6.90E+04 5.87E+04 4.19E+04 2.50E+04 1.75E+04 3.94E+04 3.00E+04 3.11E+04 2.91E+04
1.0E+02 1.01E+05 9.66E+04 9.18E+04 8.46E+04 7.39E+04 5.69E+04 3.58E+04 4.84E+04 5.64E+04 4.55E+04 4.62E+04 4.23E+04
1.5E+02 9.25E+04 9.16E+04 9.18E+04 9.29E+04 8.78E+04 8.00E+04 6.01E+04 1.10E+05 8.26E+04 6.95E+04 7.21E+04 6.61E+04
2.0E+02 6.74E+04 6.79E+04 6.86E+04 7.01E+04 7.25E+04 7.52E+04 8.22E+04 7.29E+04 7.36E+04 7.01E+04 7.20E+04 6.90E+04
3.0E+02 5.14E+04 5.13E+04 5.14E+04 5.19E+04 5.23E+04 5.22E+04 5.29E+04 5.33E+04 5.22E+04 5.25E+04 5.33E+04 5.22E+04
5.0E+02 4.27E+04 4.23E+04 4.22E+04 4.26E+04 4.27E+04 4.24E+04 4.23E+04 4.49E+04 4.23E+04 4.27E+04 4.27E+04 4.20E+04
7.0E+02 4.11E+04 3.98E+04 3.98E+04 4.01E+04 4.05E+04 4.04E+04 4.04E+04 4.60E+04 4.03E+04 4.19E+04 4.04E+04 4.03E+04
1.0E+03 4.00E+04 3.84E+04 3.82E+04 3.90E+04 3.93E+04 3.93E+04 3.91E+04 4.47E+04 3.92E+04 4.09E+04 3.89E+04 3.94E+04

and from fluence to personal absorbed dose in the lens of the

Figure A.2.10  Conversion coefficients from He2+ ion fluence to
personal dose (Endo, 2017; ICRP, 2010).
A.3 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in
the Lens of the Eye
The numerical values of conversion coefficients from particle
fluence to directional absorbed dose in the lens of the eye d'lens
eye dp lens are the same and the symbol dlens is used in the fol-
lowing Tables and Figures. The conversion coefficients given
here are calculated for whole-body exposure of the eye model
(Behrens and Dietze, 2011) for uniform broad parallel beams
incident in the horizontal plane as a function of angle, ϕ, from
0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps, and for a rotational field. The
conversion coefficient calculations for neutrons are for expo-
sure of the head and neck and include the angle, ϕ, of 180°.
The maximum value of absorbed dose in the right and left
lens is taken for radiation incident from the left and the right.
Due to the selection of the value in the most exposed eye lens
for every angle, the calculated values for rotational incidence
are not congruent with the values obtained by integration of
the results for the angles ϕ. For the particles, photons, with
and without charged-particle equilibrium, electrons, and posi-
trons, the ratios of the values of the conversion coefficients
calculated for the maximum to those for rotational irradiation
lie between 1.0 and 1.3: the inconsistency of using the maxi-
mum results is always less than 30 %.
Tables A.3.1a to A.3.4 and Figs. A.3.1a to A.3.4 give the
numerical values of the conversion coefficients for energies
up to 50 MeV from particle fluence for photons, neutrons,
electrons, and positrons, and Table A.3.1b and Fig. A.3.1b
are conversion coefficients for photons from air kerma, as
shown in Table A.3.0.
Appendices 65

Table A.3.0  Conversion coefficients to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and right irradiations, dlens,
for angle ranges of 0°–90°, to 180° for neutrons, and for rotational.

Table/figure Particle type Physical quantity Energy range (MeV)

A.3.1a Photon Fluence 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01
A.3.1b Photon Air kerma 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01
A.3.2 Neutrons Fluence 1.0 E-09–5.0 E+01
A.3.3 Electron Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01
A.3.4 Positron Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01

Table A.3.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 8.61E-06 1.63E-05 3.47E-05 3.29E-05 1.35E-05 1.66E-06 6.90E-08 8.85E-06
0.006 2.00E-03 2.44E-03 2.97E-03 2.85E-03 1.48E-03 4.08E-04 4.26E-05 8.75E-04
0.007 3.74E-02 3.56E-02 3.67E-02 3.38E-02 2.02E-02 7.75E-03 1.75E-03 1.24E-02
0.008 1.85E-01 1.72E-01 1.63E-01 1.50E-01 9.81E-02 4.70E-02 1.47E-02 5.81E-02
0.009 4.75E-01 4.41E-01 4.13E-01 3.77E-01 2.66E-01 1.50E-01 5.89E-02 1.50E-01
0.01 8.33E-01 7.78E-01 7.30E-01 6.72E-01 5.07E-01 3.20E-01 1.52E-01 2.74E-01
0.011 1.15E+00 1.10E+00 1.04E+00 9.66E-01 7.72E-01 5.35E-01 2.89E-01 3.98E-01
0.013 1.54E+00 1.52E+00 1.46E+00 1.35E+00 1.19E+00 9.32E-01 5.98E-01 5.80E-01
0.015 1.63E+00 1.63E+00 1.58E+00 1.49E+00 1.37E+00 1.16E+00 8.31E-01 6.57E-01
0.017 1.55E+00 1.57E+00 1.54E+00 1.46E+00 1.39E+00 1.23E+00 9.53E-01 6.66E-01
0.02 1.35E+00 1.37E+00 1.36E+00 1.30E+00 1.27E+00 1.16E+00 9.65E-01 6.19E-01
0.024 1.09E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 9.98E-01 8.69E-01 5.35E-01
0.03 8.12E-01 8.35E-01 8.34E-01 8.13E-01 8.13E-01 7.80E-01 6.99E-01 4.34E-01
0.04 5.80E-01 5.93E-01 6.01E-01 5.89E-01 5.92E-01 5.69E-01 5.29E-01 3.36E-01
0.05 4.83E-01 4.94E-01 5.04E-01 4.96E-01 4.95E-01 4.76E-01 4.47E-01 2.95E-01
0.06 4.50E-01 4.59E-01 4.67E-01 4.64E-01 4.61E-01 4.50E-01 4.28E-01 2.85E-01
0.07 4.55E-01 4.63E-01 4.67E-01 4.63E-01 4.61E-01 4.53E-01 4.33E-01 2.94E-01
0.08 4.82E-01 4.83E-01 4.89E-01 4.85E-01 4.90E-01 4.79E-01 4.58E-01 3.15E-01
0.1 5.59E-01 5.62E-01 5.69E-01 5.71E-01 5.70E-01 5.57E-01 5.41E-01 3.76E-01
0.12 6.63E-01 6.66E-01 6.72E-01 6.73E-01 6.71E-01 6.63E-01 6.43E-01 4.52E-01
0.15 8.38E-01 8.40E-01 8.46E-01 8.45E-01 8.45E-01 8.36E-01 8.11E-01 5.80E-01
0.2 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.15E+00 1.14E+00 1.13E+00 8.10E-01
0.24 1.38E+00 1.38E+00 1.41E+00 1.42E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 1.00E+00
0.3 1.74E+00 1.75E+00 1.77E+00 1.80E+00 1.75E+00 1.75E+00 1.73E+00 1.28E+00
0.4 2.29E+00 2.32E+00 2.34E+00 2.38E+00 2.35E+00 2.31E+00 2.32E+00 1.75E+00
0.5 2.83E+00 2.84E+00 2.89E+00 2.93E+00 2.90E+00 2.84E+00 2.83E+00 2.22E+00
0.511 2.88E+00 2.88E+00 2.97E+00 3.01E+00 2.98E+00 2.89E+00 2.89E+00 2.26E+00
0.6 3.34E+00 3.36E+00 3.40E+00 3.46E+00 3.41E+00 3.36E+00 3.35E+00 2.64E+00
0.662 3.63E+00 3.65E+00 3.66E+00 3.77E+00 3.70E+00 3.65E+00 3.64E+00 2.90E+00
0.8 4.26E+00 4.28E+00 4.33E+00 4.39E+00 4.37E+00 4.28E+00 4.27E+00 3.46E+00
1 5.06E+00 5.09E+00 5.14E+00 5.27E+00 5.21E+00 5.08E+00 5.12E+00 4.20E+00
1.117 5.50E+00 5.55E+00 5.56E+00 5.65E+00 5.64E+00 5.56E+00 5.57E+00 4.63E+00
1.2 5.83E+00 5.84E+00 5.86E+00 5.98E+00 5.95E+00 5.82E+00 5.92E+00 4.87E+00
1.3 6.07E+00 6.14E+00 6.16E+00 6.35E+00 6.30E+00 6.15E+00 6.20E+00 5.18E+00
1.33 6.16E+00 6.26E+00 6.26E+00 6.40E+00 6.45E+00 6.29E+00 6.29E+00 5.25E+00
1.5 6.59E+00 6.63E+00 6.71E+00 6.88E+00 6.91E+00 6.74E+00 6.83E+00 5.76E+00
1.7 6.92E+00 6.93E+00 7.08E+00 7.25E+00 7.40E+00 7.23E+00 7.37E+00 6.20E+00
2 7.04E+00 7.16E+00 7.29E+00 7.66E+00 7.92E+00 7.88E+00 8.05E+00 6.75E+00
(Continued)
66 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.3.1a  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

2.4 6.84E+00 6.93E+00 7.24E+00 7.84E+00 8.47E+00 8.64E+00 8.74E+00 7.32E+00
3 6.35E+00 6.49E+00 6.92E+00 7.87E+00 8.99E+00 9.61E+00 9.32E+00 7.86E+00
4 5.62E+00 5.85E+00 6.43E+00 7.67E+00 9.64E+00 1.09E+01 1.10E+01 8.63E+00
5 5.13E+00 5.35E+00 6.08E+00 7.68E+00 1.01E+01 1.22E+01 1.26E+01 9.35E+00
6 4.82E+00 5.05E+00 5.87E+00 7.60E+00 1.07E+01 1.34E+01 1.40E+01 9.99E+00
6.129 4.79E+00 5.06E+00 5.76E+00 7.62E+00 1.08E+01 1.34E+01 1.43E+01 1.01E+01
8 4.42E+00 4.67E+00 5.52E+00 7.47E+00 1.16E+01 1.56E+01 1.71E+01 1.14E+01
10 4.17E+00 4.38E+00 5.19E+00 7.16E+00 1.22E+01 1.76E+01 1.95E+01 1.27E+01
15 3.97E+00 4.16E+00 4.78E+00 6.58E+00 1.25E+01 2.08E+01 2.57E+01 1.58E+01
20 3.94E+00 4.08E+00 4.60E+00 6.15E+00 1.24E+01 2.29E+01 3.09E+01 1.89E+01
30 4.01E+00 4.12E+00 4.58E+00 5.84E+00 1.19E+01 2.46E+01 3.79E+01 2.45E+01
40 4.09E+00 4.18E+00 4.68E+00 5.69E+00 1.17E+01 2.55E+01 4.22E+01 2.95E+01
50 4.16E+00 4.32E+00 4.71E+00 5.70E+00 1.16E+01 2.64E+01 4.53E+01 3.36E+01

Figure A.3.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure A.3.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye
left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a). for left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Appendices 67

Table A.3.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(Gy Gy-1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 2.81E-07 5.30E-07 1.13E-06 1.07E-06 4.39E-07 5.42E-08 2.25E-09 2.89E-07
0.006 9.41E-05 1.15E-04 1.40E-04 1.34E-04 6.97E-05 1.92E-05 2.01E-06 4.12E-05
0.007 2.41E-03 2.29E-03 2.37E-03 2.18E-03 1.30E-03 5.00E-04 1.13E-04 7.99E-04
0.008 1.57E-02 1.46E-02 1.38E-02 1.27E-02 8.32E-03 3.98E-03 1.24E-03 4.92E-03
0.009 5.15E-02 4.78E-02 4.47E-02 4.09E-02 2.89E-02 1.63E-02 6.39E-03 1.63E-02
0.01 1.13E-01 1.05E-01 9.87E-02 9.09E-02 6.85E-02 4.33E-02 2.06E-02 3.70E-02
0.011 1.91E-01 1.82E-01 1.72E-01 1.60E-01 1.28E-01 8.86E-02 4.78E-02 6.59E-02
0.013 3.63E-01 3.59E-01 3.44E-01 3.20E-01 2.82E-01 2.20E-01 1.41E-01 1.37E-01
0.015 5.20E-01 5.21E-01 5.07E-01 4.76E-01 4.40E-01 3.72E-01 2.66E-01 2.10E-01
0.017 6.49E-01 6.58E-01 6.43E-01 6.11E-01 5.82E-01 5.15E-01 3.99E-01 2.79E-01
0.02 7.99E-01 8.15E-01 8.07E-01 7.71E-01 7.55E-01 6.91E-01 5.73E-01 3.68E-01
0.024 9.47E-01 9.64E-01 9.67E-01 9.29E-01 9.21E-01 8.67E-01 7.56E-01 4.66E-01
0.03 1.12E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.08E+00 9.69E-01 6.02E-01
0.04 1.35E+00 1.38E+00 1.40E+00 1.37E+00 1.38E+00 1.33E+00 1.23E+00 7.85E-01
0.05 1.50E+00 1.53E+00 1.56E+00 1.54E+00 1.53E+00 1.48E+00 1.38E+00 9.12E-01
0.06 1.56E+00 1.59E+00 1.62E+00 1.61E+00 1.60E+00 1.56E+00 1.48E+00 9.86E-01
0.07 1.58E+00 1.61E+00 1.62E+00 1.61E+00 1.60E+00 1.58E+00 1.51E+00 1.02E+00
0.08 1.57E+00 1.58E+00 1.59E+00 1.58E+00 1.60E+00 1.56E+00 1.49E+00 1.03E+00
0.1 1.51E+00 1.51E+00 1.53E+00 1.54E+00 1.54E+00 1.50E+00 1.46E+00 1.01E+00
0.12 1.44E+00 1.45E+00 1.46E+00 1.46E+00 1.46E+00 1.44E+00 1.40E+00 9.81E-01
0.15 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.41E+00 1.41E+00 1.41E+00 1.39E+00 1.35E+00 9.67E-01
0.2 1.32E+00 1.34E+00 1.36E+00 1.37E+00 1.34E+00 1.33E+00 1.32E+00 9.45E-01
0.24 1.30E+00 1.30E+00 1.32E+00 1.33E+00 1.31E+00 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 9.44E-01
0.3 1.26E+00 1.26E+00 1.28E+00 1.31E+00 1.27E+00 1.26E+00 1.25E+00 9.28E-01
0.4 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.24E+00 1.22E+00 1.23E+00 9.27E-01
0.5 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.22E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 9.31E-01
0.511 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.22E+00 1.24E+00 1.23E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 9.28E-01
0.6 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.20E+00 1.22E+00 1.20E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 9.28E-01
0.662 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.21E+00 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 9.31E-01
0.8 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 9.35E-01
1 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 1.18E+00 1.16E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 9.36E-01
1.117 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 9.48E-01
1.2 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 9.42E-01
1.3 1.10E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 9.43E-01
1.33 1.10E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 9.39E-01
1.5 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 9.37E-01
1.7 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.05E+00 1.08E+00 1.10E+00 1.08E+00 1.10E+00 9.22E-01
2 9.32E-01 9.48E-01 9.64E-01 1.01E+00 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.07E+00 8.93E-01
2.4 7.99E-01 8.10E-01 8.46E-01 9.16E-01 9.89E-01 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 8.54E-01
3 6.36E-01 6.51E-01 6.93E-01 7.89E-01 9.02E-01 9.63E-01 9.35E-01 7.88E-01
4 4.63E-01 4.82E-01 5.29E-01 6.32E-01 7.94E-01 9.01E-01 9.04E-01 7.11E-01
5 3.62E-01 3.77E-01 4.29E-01 5.41E-01 7.15E-01 8.61E-01 8.89E-01 6.60E-01
6 2.98E-01 3.12E-01 3.63E-01 4.70E-01 6.62E-01 8.30E-01 8.68E-01 6.18E-01
6.129 2.92E-01 3.08E-01 3.50E-01 4.63E-01 6.55E-01 8.13E-01 8.69E-01 6.15E-01
8 2.20E-01 2.32E-01 2.74E-01 3.71E-01 5.74E-01 7.73E-01 8.47E-01 5.67E-01
10 1.73E-01 1.81E-01 2.15E-01 2.97E-01 5.06E-01 7.28E-01 8.07E-01 5.26E-01
15 1.15E-01 1.21E-01 1.39E-01 1.91E-01 3.62E-01 6.04E-01 7.47E-01 4.59E-01
20 8.69E-02 9.00E-02 1.01E-01 1.35E-01 2.74E-01 5.04E-01 6.81E-01 4.17E-01
30 5.84E-02 6.00E-02 6.68E-02 8.51E-02 1.74E-01 3.59E-01 5.53E-01 3.57E-01
40 4.39E-02 4.48E-02 5.01E-02 6.10E-02 1.26E-01 2.73E-01 4.52E-01 3.16E-01
50 3.49E-02 3.62E-02 3.95E-02 4.79E-02 9.77E-02 2.21E-01 3.80E-01 2.82E-01
68 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.3.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations.6
Ep/MeV dlens, (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 180° ROT

1.00E-09 2.31E+00 2.38E+00 2.49E+00 2.31E+00 2.04E+00 1.64E+00 1.17E+00 1.19E-01 4.73E-01
1.00E-08 2.75E+00 2.83E+00 2.89E+00 2.72E+00 2.49E+00 1.97E+00 1.47E+00 1.39E-01 5.67E-01
2.50E-08 2.73E+00 2.90E+00 3.02E+00 2.87E+00 2.57E+00 2.10E+00 1.57E+00 1.62E-01 6.06E-01
1.00E-07 2.79E+00 2.94E+00 3.07E+00 3.14E+00 2.76E+00 2.38E+00 1.86E+00 2.07E-01 6.70E-01
2.00E-07 2.76E+00 3.06E+00 3.22E+00 2.99E+00 2.80E+00 2.46E+00 1.95E+00 2.45E-01 6.99E-01
5.00E-07 2.78E+00 3.03E+00 3.06E+00 3.02E+00 2.83E+00 2.46E+00 2.07E+00 2.77E-01 7.09E-01
1.00E-06 2.80E+00 2.87E+00 3.14E+00 2.99E+00 2.78E+00 2.50E+00 2.04E+00 3.18E-01 7.22E-01
2.00E-06 2.73E+00 2.75E+00 2.88E+00 2.83E+00 2.76E+00 2.43E+00 2.06E+00 3.32E-01 7.39E-01
5.00E-06 2.62E+00 2.72E+00 2.87E+00 2.87E+00 2.66E+00 2.42E+00 2.01E+00 3.54E-01 7.22E-01
1.00E-05 2.57E+00 2.68E+00 2.67E+00 2.77E+00 2.57E+00 2.35E+00 1.94E+00 3.54E-01 6.98E-01
2.00E-05 2.39E+00 2.51E+00 2.67E+00 2.46E+00 2.48E+00 2.20E+00 1.84E+00 3.68E-01 6.90E-01
5.00E-05 2.20E+00 2.50E+00 2.40E+00 2.48E+00 2.26E+00 2.09E+00 1.82E+00 3.53E-01 6.61E-01
1.00E-04 2.20E+00 2.22E+00 2.29E+00 2.34E+00 2.18E+00 2.00E+00 1.75E+00 3.71E-01 6.41E-01
2.00E-04 2.02E+00 2.17E+00 2.28E+00 2.26E+00 2.09E+00 1.92E+00 1.66E+00 3.88E-01 6.07E-01
5.00E-04 1.93E+00 2.04E+00 2.14E+00 2.12E+00 2.00E+00 1.88E+00 1.59E+00 3.73E-01 5.97E-01
1.00E-03 1.97E+00 1.91E+00 2.00E+00 2.08E+00 1.94E+00 1.81E+00 1.60E+00 3.77E-01 5.76E-01
2.00E-03 1.91E+00 2.03E+00 2.09E+00 2.12E+00 1.85E+00 1.80E+00 1.58E+00 3.52E-01 5.81E-01
5.00E-03 1.99E+00 2.17E+00 2.25E+00 2.07E+00 2.12E+00 1.88E+00 1.62E+00 3.62E-01 6.12E-01
1.00E-02 2.39E+00 2.52E+00 2.47E+00 2.41E+00 2.35E+00 2.13E+00 1.87E+00 3.62E-01 6.85E-01
2.00E-02 3.04E+00 3.11E+00 3.05E+00 3.03E+00 2.93E+00 2.70E+00 2.33E+00 3.52E-01 8.07E-01
3.00E-02 3.69E+00 3.73E+00 3.71E+00 3.66E+00 3.54E+00 3.31E+00 2.80E+00 4.01E-01 9.62E-01
5.00E-02 4.94E+00 4.88E+00 4.82E+00 4.60E+00 4.60E+00 4.32E+00 3.79E+00 3.86E-01 1.24E+00
7.00E-02 5.99E+00 5.93E+00 5.95E+00 5.64E+00 5.71E+00 5.37E+00 4.77E+00 4.05E-01 1.55E+00
1.00E-01 7.29E+00 7.42E+00 7.35E+00 7.02E+00 7.19E+00 6.65E+00 5.89E+00 4.23E-01 1.84E+00
1.50E-01 9.41E+00 9.43E+00 9.29E+00 9.05E+00 9.00E+00 8.60E+00 7.76E+00 4.45E-01 2.37E+00
2.00E-01 1.11E+01 1.12E+01 1.10E+01 1.08E+01 1.07E+01 1.03E+01 9.39E+00 4.45E-01 2.80E+00
3.00E-01 1.39E+01 1.43E+01 1.39E+01 1.36E+01 1.37E+01 1.33E+01 1.23E+01 4.88E-01 3.66E+00
5.00E-01 1.83E+01 1.89E+01 1.85E+01 1.78E+01 1.84E+01 1.78E+01 1.70E+01 5.63E-01 4.99E+00
7.00E-01 2.14E+01 2.19E+01 2.16E+01 2.08E+01 2.11E+01 2.09E+01 1.98E+01 6.69E-01 6.07E+00
9.00E-01 2.48E+01 2.53E+01 2.49E+01 2.42E+01 2.37E+01 2.42E+01 2.30E+01 8.41E-01 7.05E+00
1.00E+00 2.96E+01 3.01E+01 2.95E+01 3.01E+01 2.87E+01 2.82E+01 2.66E+01 6.48E-01 7.85E+00
1.20E+00 2.84E+01 2.89E+01 2.88E+01 2.69E+01 2.75E+01 2.77E+01 2.70E+01 1.09E+00 8.42E+00
1.50E+00 3.07E+01 3.11E+01 3.11E+01 2.95E+01 3.06E+01 2.98E+01 2.97E+01 1.64E+00 9.42E+00
2.00E+00 3.48E+01 3.44E+01 3.43E+01 3.54E+01 3.37E+01 3.35E+01 3.32E+01 2.76E+00 1.11E+01
3.00E+00 4.02E+01 4.01E+01 3.97E+01 4.08E+01 3.90E+01 3.91E+01 3.89E+01 5.53E+00 1.40E+01
4.00E+00 4.78E+01 4.70E+01 4.79E+01 4.86E+01 4.61E+01 4.59E+01 4.72E+01 7.34E+00 1.64E+01
5.00E+00 5.00E+01 4.93E+01 4.96E+01 5.07E+01 4.85E+01 4.72E+01 4.83E+01 1.09E+01 1.83E+01
6.00E+00 5.40E+01 5.38E+01 5.41E+01 5.42E+01 5.27E+01 5.17E+01 5.25E+01 1.29E+01 1.99E+01
7.00E+00 5.37E+01 5.32E+01 5.34E+01 5.38E+01 5.27E+01 5.18E+01 5.27E+01 1.65E+01 2.10E+01
8.00E+00 5.68E+01 5.61E+01 5.74E+01 5.62E+01 5.58E+01 5.51E+01 5.56E+01 1.79E+01 2.21E+01
9.00E+00 6.06E+01 5.95E+01 6.00E+01 6.02E+01 5.92E+01 5.82E+01 5.89E+01 1.94E+01 2.33E+01
1.00E+01 6.31E+01 6.31E+01 6.49E+01 6.44E+01 6.19E+01 6.14E+01 6.15E+01 2.15E+01 2.51E+01
1.20E+01 7.00E+01 6.89E+01 7.03E+01 7.01E+01 6.71E+01 6.72E+01 6.88E+01 2.42E+01 2.74E+01
1.40E+01 7.09E+01 7.11E+01 7.18E+01 7.17E+01 6.83E+01 6.95E+01 7.04E+01 2.81E+01 2.88E+01
1.50E+01 7.46E+01 7.38E+01 7.54E+01 7.47E+01 7.22E+01 7.20E+01 7.36E+01 3.01E+01 3.00E+01
1.60E+01 7.44E+01 7.52E+01 7.50E+01 7.54E+01 7.29E+01 7.21E+01 7.33E+01 3.22E+01 3.06E+01
1.80E+01 7.45E+01 7.47E+01 7.37E+01 7.51E+01 7.26E+01 7.19E+01 7.51E+01 3.55E+01 3.16E+01
2.00E+01 7.56E+01 7.37E+01 7.74E+01 7.60E+01 7.29E+01 7.35E+01 7.61E+01 3.87E+01 3.24E+01
3.00E+01 7.01E+01 7.05E+01 7.44E+01 7.97E+01 6.71E+01 7.43E+01 7.91E+01 4.88E+01 3.43E+01
5.00E+01 5.57E+01 5.82E+01 6.19E+01 7.13E+01 7.09E+01 7.66E+01 7.97E+01 6.61E+01 3.50E+01

6
K.G. Veinot et al. (2020). Personal communication (Y-12 National
Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee).
Appendices 69

Figure A.3.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to

the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for
left and right irradiations.7

Figure A.3.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to

the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for
left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Table A.3.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.01 6.50E-07 7.33E-07 6.46E-07 4.68E-07 3.82E-07 2.91E-07 1.67E-07 3.32E-07
0.015 1.55E-05 1.47E-05 1.37E-05 1.20E-05 1.10E-05 6.71E-06 3.99E-06 4.60E-06
0.02 5.26E-05 5.21E-05 4.29E-05 4.00E-05 3.07E-05 2.01E-05 1.56E-05 1.69E-05
0.03 1.62E-04 1.69E-04 1.52E-04 1.37E-04 9.59E-05 7.96E-05 4.59E-05 5.49E-05
0.04 3.16E-04 3.04E-04 3.07E-04 2.53E-04 1.99E-04 1.55E-04 8.87E-05 9.57E-05
0.05 4.90E-04 5.09E-04 4.76E-04 3.94E-04 3.45E-04 2.36E-04 1.44E-04 1.56E-04
0.06 6.27E-04 6.42E-04 6.12E-04 5.17E-04 4.43E-04 3.05E-04 1.93E-04 2.19E-04
0.08 1.03E-03 1.05E-03 9.82E-04 8.34E-04 7.25E-04 5.15E-04 3.28E-04 3.51E-04
0.1 1.43E-03 1.47E-03 1.34E-03 1.26E-03 1.01E-03 7.44E-04 4.96E-04 4.84E-04
0.15 2.60E-03 2.66E-03 2.48E-03 2.14E-03 1.79E-03 1.37E-03 9.10E-04 9.40E-04
0.2 3.87E-03 4.05E-03 3.76E-03 3.39E-03 2.81E-03 2.18E-03 1.43E-03 1.44E-03
0.3 7.36E-03 7.18E-03 6.86E-03 6.29E-03 5.15E-03 4.07E-03 2.84E-03 2.63E-03
0.4 1.14E-02 1.15E-02 1.08E-02 1.02E-02 8.49E-03 6.68E-03 4.73E-03 4.19E-03
0.5 1.65E-02 1.63E-02 1.56E-02 1.44E-02 1.22E-02 9.69E-03 6.87E-03 6.38E-03
0.6 4.71E-02 5.68E-02 6.98E-02 6.62E-02 4.51E-02 2.34E-02 1.16E-02 2.29E-02
0.7 1.46E+00 1.65E+00 1.88E+00 1.73E+00 1.17E+00 5.49E-01 1.73E-01 5.98E-01
0.8 1.00E+01 1.03E+01 1.04E+01 9.08E+00 6.28E+00 3.28E+00 1.18E+00 3.45E+00
1 6.95E+01 6.74E+01 6.02E+01 4.86E+01 3.36E+01 1.89E+01 7.80E+00 2.08E+01
1.25 1.92E+02 1.85E+02 1.64E+02 1.32E+02 9.15E+01 5.38E+01 2.43E+01 5.71E+01
1.5 3.08E+02 2.99E+02 2.69E+02 2.23E+02 1.61E+02 9.82E+01 4.72E+01 9.53E+01
1.75 3.85E+02 3.78E+02 3.50E+02 3.02E+02 2.28E+02 1.46E+02 7.39E+01 1.26E+02
2 4.16E+02 4.12E+02 3.95E+02 3.58E+02 2.83E+02 1.93E+02 1.03E+02 1.45E+02
(Continued)
7
K.G. Veinot et al. (2020). Personal communication (Y-12 National
Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee).
70 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.3.3  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

2.5 4.08E+02 4.12E+02 4.13E+02 4.04E+02 3.52E+02 2.70E+02 1.62E+02 1.61E+02
3 3.78E+02 3.87E+02 3.99E+02 4.11E+02 3.82E+02 3.21E+02 2.11E+02 1.64E+02
3.5 3.54E+02 3.66E+02 3.82E+02 4.05E+02 3.91E+02 3.52E+02 2.54E+02 1.64E+02
4 3.39E+02 3.51E+02 3.69E+02 3.99E+02 3.87E+02 3.70E+02 2.86E+02 1.64E+02
5 3.23E+02 3.35E+02 3.54E+02 3.92E+02 3.68E+02 3.81E+02 3.33E+02 1.65E+02
6 3.15E+02 3.28E+02 3.49E+02 3.94E+02 3.49E+02 3.76E+02 3.61E+02 1.68E+02
7 3.10E+02 3.22E+02 3.46E+02 4.01E+02 3.37E+02 3.64E+02 3.75E+02 1.72E+02
8 3.07E+02 3.18E+02 3.41E+02 4.06E+02 3.28E+02 3.53E+02 3.76E+02 1.77E+02
10 3.04E+02 3.12E+02 3.30E+02 4.03E+02 3.44E+02 3.36E+02 3.61E+02 1.85E+02
15 3.01E+02 3.06E+02 3.09E+02 3.53E+02 4.15E+02 3.15E+02 3.25E+02 2.01E+02
20 3.01E+02 3.03E+02 3.05E+02 3.23E+02 4.03E+02 3.76E+02 3.12E+02 2.12E+02
30 3.03E+02 3.04E+02 3.06E+02 3.12E+02 3.67E+02 3.67E+02 3.09E+02 2.36E+02
40 3.03E+02 3.07E+02 3.03E+02 3.13E+02 3.47E+02 3.46E+02 3.13E+02 2.64E+02
50 3.00E+02 3.01E+02 3.06E+02 3.10E+02 3.41E+02 3.32E+02 3.13E+02 2.90E+02

Table A.3.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left and
right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.001 6.79E+00 7.16E+00 7.32E+00 6.78E+00 5.84E+00 4.70E+00 3.40E+00 2.83E+00
0.002 6.47E+00 6.82E+00 6.92E+00 6.44E+00 5.51E+00 4.37E+00 3.11E+00 2.65E+00
0.003 6.32E+00 6.68E+00 6.79E+00 6.30E+00 5.38E+00 4.26E+00 3.01E+00 2.59E+00
0.004 6.29E+00 6.65E+00 6.78E+00 6.27E+00 5.37E+00 4.21E+00 2.95E+00 2.59E+00
0.005 6.30E+00 6.62E+00 6.75E+00 6.27E+00 5.33E+00 4.18E+00 2.94E+00 2.55E+00
0.006 6.26E+00 6.61E+00 6.71E+00 6.25E+00 5.24E+00 4.17E+00 2.88E+00 2.52E+00
0.007 6.27E+00 6.67E+00 6.70E+00 6.23E+00 5.28E+00 4.15E+00 2.91E+00 2.52E+00
0.008 6.26E+00 6.66E+00 6.65E+00 6.23E+00 5.31E+00 4.14E+00 2.93E+00 2.52E+00
0.009 6.25E+00 6.65E+00 6.71E+00 6.23E+00 5.30E+00 4.16E+00 2.89E+00 2.54E+00
0.01 6.26E+00 6.63E+00 6.71E+00 6.18E+00 5.33E+00 4.18E+00 2.86E+00 2.52E+00
0.013 6.25E+00 6.65E+00 6.67E+00 6.23E+00 5.26E+00 4.12E+00 2.89E+00 2.51E+00
0.015 6.24E+00 6.66E+00 6.65E+00 6.19E+00 5.31E+00 4.13E+00 2.89E+00 2.52E+00
0.017 6.23E+00 6.59E+00 6.71E+00 6.20E+00 5.30E+00 4.12E+00 2.91E+00 2.50E+00
0.02 6.23E+00 6.58E+00 6.69E+00 6.18E+00 5.28E+00 4.15E+00 2.92E+00 2.52E+00
0.024 6.27E+00 6.64E+00 6.70E+00 6.21E+00 5.30E+00 4.16E+00 2.88E+00 2.51E+00
0.03 6.26E+00 6.59E+00 6.66E+00 6.19E+00 5.26E+00 4.10E+00 2.88E+00 2.51E+00
0.04 6.26E+00 6.55E+00 6.73E+00 6.19E+00 5.28E+00 4.14E+00 2.85E+00 2.50E+00
0.05 6.29E+00 6.62E+00 6.66E+00 6.22E+00 5.31E+00 4.12E+00 2.89E+00 2.53E+00
0.06 6.26E+00 6.58E+00 6.68E+00 6.28E+00 5.28E+00 4.14E+00 2.88E+00 2.51E+00
0.07 6.29E+00 6.66E+00 6.75E+00 6.18E+00 5.31E+00 4.20E+00 2.91E+00 2.53E+00
0.08 6.26E+00 6.64E+00 6.73E+00 6.26E+00 5.31E+00 4.15E+00 2.91E+00 2.53E+00
0.1 6.30E+00 6.66E+00 6.70E+00 6.27E+00 5.36E+00 4.13E+00 2.90E+00 2.51E+00
0.15 6.36E+00 6.68E+00 6.79E+00 6.28E+00 5.35E+00 4.15E+00 2.93E+00 2.56E+00
0.2 6.43E+00 6.78E+00 6.85E+00 6.43E+00 5.46E+00 4.24E+00 2.94E+00 2.58E+00
0.3 6.56E+00 6.93E+00 7.02E+00 6.46E+00 5.48E+00 4.34E+00 2.98E+00 2.67E+00
0.4 6.76E+00 7.11E+00 7.16E+00 6.57E+00 5.62E+00 4.41E+00 3.07E+00 2.72E+00
0.5 6.98E+00 7.36E+00 7.42E+00 6.75E+00 5.82E+00 4.45E+00 3.16E+00 2.80E+00
0.6 7.31E+00 7.60E+00 7.67E+00 7.04E+00 5.95E+00 4.67E+00 3.25E+00 2.91E+00
(Continued)
Appendices 71

Table A.3.4  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.7 9.18E+00 9.70E+00 9.91E+00 9.15E+00 7.40E+00 5.37E+00 3.51E+00 3.68E+00
0.8 1.89E+01 1.94E+01 1.96E+01 1.73E+01 1.31E+01 8.52E+00 4.68E+00 6.87E+00
1 8.22E+01 8.02E+01 7.23E+01 5.91E+01 4.20E+01 2.51E+01 1.20E+01 2.53E+01
1.25 2.05E+02 1.99E+02 1.76E+02 1.44E+02 1.03E+02 6.13E+01 2.90E+01 6.24E+01
1.5 3.17E+02 3.07E+02 2.78E+02 2.32E+02 1.70E+02 1.05E+02 5.25E+01 9.91E+01
1.75 3.84E+02 3.77E+02 3.51E+02 3.07E+02 2.35E+02 1.52E+02 7.86E+01 1.27E+02
2 4.06E+02 4.03E+02 3.87E+02 3.53E+02 2.88E+02 1.98E+02 1.08E+02 1.44E+02
2.5 3.88E+02 3.94E+02 3.97E+02 3.89E+02 3.49E+02 2.66E+02 1.65E+02 1.57E+02
3 3.59E+02 3.69E+02 3.78E+02 3.96E+02 3.69E+02 3.12E+02 2.12E+02 1.59E+02
3.5 3.38E+02 3.47E+02 3.65E+02 3.85E+02 3.73E+02 3.40E+02 2.48E+02 1.57E+02
4 3.22E+02 3.36E+02 3.53E+02 3.81E+02 3.68E+02 3.55E+02 2.78E+02 1.58E+02
5 3.10E+02 3.22E+02 3.42E+02 3.74E+02 3.49E+02 3.65E+02 3.23E+02 1.60E+02
6 3.05E+02 3.17E+02 3.38E+02 3.80E+02 3.36E+02 3.60E+02 3.48E+02 1.63E+02
7 3.00E+02 3.12E+02 3.34E+02 3.84E+02 3.25E+02 3.46E+02 3.59E+02 1.67E+02
8 2.99E+02 3.06E+02 3.32E+02 3.91E+02 3.16E+02 3.38E+02 3.61E+02 1.70E+02
10 2.96E+02 3.02E+02 3.23E+02 3.88E+02 3.33E+02 3.23E+02 3.44E+02 1.80E+02
15 2.97E+02 3.01E+02 3.06E+02 3.40E+02 3.94E+02 3.09E+02 3.17E+02 1.94E+02
20 2.98E+02 2.99E+02 3.01E+02 3.16E+02 3.86E+02 3.58E+02 3.05E+02 2.07E+02
30 2.99E+02 2.99E+02 3.00E+02 3.07E+02 3.53E+02 3.47E+02 3.03E+02 2.31E+02
40 2.99E+02 3.03E+02 3.03E+02 3.03E+02 3.40E+02 3.30E+02 3.01E+02 2.60E+02
50 3.02E+02 3.00E+02 3.03E+02 3.02E+02 3.31E+02 3.23E+02 3.03E+02 2.83E+02

A.4 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose in

Local Skin
The numerical values of conversion coefficients from parti-
cle fluence to directional absorbed dose in local skin d'local skin
and from particle fluence to personal absorbed dose in local
skin dp local skin are the same for exposure of the slab phantom.
The symbol dlocal skin is used in the following Tables for the
slab phantom. Tables A.4.1.1a, A.4.1.2a, A.4.1.3a, A.4.4,
A.4.5 and Figs. A.4.1.1a, A.4.1.2a, A.4.1.3a, A.4.4, A.4.5
give the values of the conversion coefficients from particle
fluence for photons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons, for
energies up to 50 MeV, and for alpha particles up to 10 MeV,
and in Tables A.4.1.1b, A.4.1.2b, A.4.1.3b, and Figs.
A.4.1.1b, A.4.1.2b, and A.4.1.3b for photons from air kerma,
indicated in Table A.4.0. The conversion coefficients relate
the particle fluence to the value of the absorbed dose in local
skin calculated for exposure of the specific phantoms for uni-
form broad parallel beams incident in specific directions, and
a rotational field. Conversion coefficients are calculated as
follows:

•• For the trunk: below the center of the front surface of

Figure A.3.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to a slab with dimensions 300 mm × 300 mm × 148 mm
the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for of ICRU 4-element tissue (ρ = 1.0 g cm−3), the front
left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a). surface of which is covered with a 2 mm layer of skin
72 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

of density 1.09 g cm−3 (ICRP, 2009), of elemental
composition given in ICRP Publication 89 (2002).
The absorbed dose is averaged over the volume of a
right circular cylinder with its axis perpendicular to
the surface between the depths of 50 μm and 100 µm
and a cross-sectional area of 1 cm²;
•• For the extremities: at the half-length of the cylindri-
cal surface of a pillar with dimensions 69 mm diame-
ter and 300 mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with
density in this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g
cm−3), the cylindrical surface of which is covered with
a 2 mm layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged
over a volume between the radii 36.4 mm and 36.45
mm with a circle of area 1 cm2 projected onto the
upper and lower cylindrical surfaces, perpendicular to
the radii;
•• For the finger: at the half-length of the cylindrical
surface of a rod with dimensions 15 mm diameter and
300 mm length of ICRU 4-element tissue (with den-
sity in this instance taken to be equal to 1.11 g cm−3),
the cylindrical surface of which is covered with a 2
mm layer of skin. The absorbed dose is averaged over
a volume between the radii 9.4 mm and 9.45 mm with
a circle of area 1 cm2 projected onto the upper and
lower cylindrical surfaces, perpendicular to the radii.
The conversion coefficients for alpha particles given in Table
A.4.5 and Fig. A.4.5 have been calculated for the volume of a
right circular cylinder between depths of 50 μm and 100 µm and
a cross-sectional area of 1 cm² at the center of the front surface of
a 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm phantom of ICRU 4-element
tissue density 1 g cm−³, without a 2 mm skin layer (ICRP, 2010).

Table A.4.0  Conversion coefficients to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin, d′local skin and dp local skin

Table/figure Particle type Phantom Physical quantity Energy range (MeV) Angle range
A.4.1.1a Photon Slab Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.1.1b Photon Slab Air kerma 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.1.2a Photon Pillar Fluence 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.1.2b Photon Pillar Air kerma 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.1.3a Photon Rod Fluence 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.1.3b Photon Rod Air kerma 2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.2.1 Neutron Slab Fluence 1.0 E-09–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.2.2 Neutron Pillar Fluence 1.0 E-09–2.0E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.2.3 Neutron Rod Fluence 1.0 E-09–5.0E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.3.1 Electron Slab Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.3.2 Electron Pillar Fluence 5.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.3.3 Electron Rod Fluence 5.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.4.1 Positron Slab Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–75°
A.4.4.2. Positron Pillar Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.4.3 Positron Rod Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01 0°–180°, ROT
A.4.5 He2+ions Slab Fluence 6.6 E+00–1.0 E+01 0°

Table A.4.1.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.8

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.01 7.20E+00 7.17E+00 7.14E+00 7.04E+00 6.89E+00 6.38E+00
0.015 3.22E+00 3.20E+00 3.19E+00 3.17E+00 3.14E+00 3.04E+00
0.02 1.85E+00 1.83E+00 1.81E+00 1.80E+00 1.79E+00 1.73E+00
0.03 9.35E-01 9.24E-01 9.18E-01 9.05E-01 8.89E-01 8.24E-01
0.04 6.36E-01 6.47E-01 6.30E-01 6.25E-01 6.00E-01 5.45E-01
0.05 5.43E-01 5.46E-01 5.23E-01 5.26E-01 4.81E-01 4.49E-01
0.06 5.10E-01 5.06E-01 4.91E-01 4.85E-01 4.51E-01 4.25E-01
0.07 5.20E-01 5.14E-01 5.04E-01 4.87E-01 4.74E-01 4.48E-01
(Continued)
8
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal commu-
nication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 73

Table A.4.1.1a  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.08 5.50E-01 5.31E-01 5.39E-01 5.24E-01 4.99E-01 4.63E-01
0.1 6.17E-01 6.09E-01 6.16E-01 6.21E-01 5.81E-01 5.63E-01
0.15 9.21E-01 9.04E-01 9.27E-01 8.95E-01 8.88E-01 8.66E-01
0.2 1.20E+00 1.21E+00 1.24E+00 1.19E+00 1.23E+00 1.20E+00
0.3 1.28E+00 1.34E+00 1.41E+00 1.46E+00 1.62E+00 1.69E+00
0.4 1.23E+00 1.29E+00 1.34E+00 1.49E+00 1.75E+00 1.87E+00
0.5 1.13E+00 1.16E+00 1.27E+00 1.49E+00 1.80E+00 2.07E+00
0.6 1.08E+00 1.11E+00 1.24E+00 1.47E+00 1.82E+00 2.25E+00
0.662 1.03E+00 1.08E+00 1.25E+00 1.41E+00 1.82E+00 2.26E+00
0.8 9.46E-01 9.89E-01 1.12E+00 1.41E+00 1.81E+00 2.40E+00
1 8.52E-01 8.87E-01 1.03E+00 1.33E+00 1.82E+00 2.62E+00
1.25 7.35E-01 7.98E-01 9.72E-01 1.23E+00 1.77E+00 2.65E+00
1.5 6.59E-01 7.06E-01 9.05E-01 1.23E+00 1.80E+00 2.78E+00
2 5.74E-01 6.23E-01 7.74E-01 1.05E+00 1.74E+00 2.98E+00
3 4.46E-01 4.66E-01 6.48E-01 9.71E-01 1.71E+00 3.17E+00
5 3.34E-01 3.57E-01 4.85E-01 7.33E-01 1.59E+00 3.44E+00
10 2.88E-01 3.05E-01 3.77E-01 5.88E-01 1.23E+00 3.72E+00
15 2.67E-01 2.80E-01 3.33E-01 5.02E-01 1.14E+00 3.78E+00
20 2.59E-01 2.58E-01 3.00E-01 4.96E-01 1.12E+00 3.93E+00
30 2.43E-01 2.38E-01 3.03E-01 4.16E-01 9.71E-01 4.14E+00
50 2.13E-01 2.01E-01 2.82E-01 3.86E-01 8.26E-01 3.78E+00

Figure A.4.1.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence Figure A.4.1.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the
slab phantom.9 slab phantom.9

9
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal commu-
nication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
74 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.1.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.10

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.01 9.73E-01 9.69E-01 9.65E-01 9.51E-01 9.31E-01 8.62E-01
0.015 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 9.73E-01
0.02 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.03E+00
0.03 1.30E+00 1.28E+00 1.27E+00 1.25E+00 1.23E+00 1.14E+00
0.04 1.48E+00 1.51E+00 1.47E+00 1.46E+00 1.40E+00 1.27E+00
0.05 1.68E+00 1.69E+00 1.62E+00 1.63E+00 1.49E+00 1.39E+00
0.06 1.77E+00 1.75E+00 1.70E+00 1.68E+00 1.56E+00 1.47E+00
0.07 1.81E+00 1.79E+00 1.75E+00 1.69E+00 1.65E+00 1.56E+00
0.08 1.79E+00 1.73E+00 1.76E+00 1.71E+00 1.63E+00 1.51E+00
0.1 1.66E+00 1.64E+00 1.66E+00 1.67E+00 1.56E+00 1.52E+00
0.15 1.54E+00 1.51E+00 1.55E+00 1.49E+00 1.48E+00 1.44E+00
0.2 1.40E+00 1.41E+00 1.45E+00 1.39E+00 1.44E+00 1.40E+00
0.3 9.26E-01 9.69E-01 1.02E+00 1.06E+00 1.17E+00 1.22E+00
0.4 6.50E-01 6.82E-01 7.08E-01 7.88E-01 9.25E-01 9.88E-01
0.5 4.75E-01 4.88E-01 5.34E-01 6.26E-01 7.57E-01 8.70E-01
0.6 3.80E-01 3.90E-01 4.36E-01 5.17E-01 6.40E-01 7.91E-01
0.662 3.31E-01 3.47E-01 4.02E-01 4.53E-01 5.85E-01 7.26E-01
0.8 2.56E-01 2.67E-01 3.03E-01 3.81E-01 4.89E-01 6.48E-01
1 1.90E-01 1.98E-01 2.30E-01 2.97E-01 4.06E-01 5.85E-01
1.25 1.38E-01 1.50E-01 1.82E-01 2.31E-01 3.32E-01 4.97E-01
1.5 1.07E-01 1.15E-01 1.47E-01 2.00E-01 2.93E-01 4.52E-01
2 7.60E-02 8.24E-02 1.02E-01 1.39E-01 2.30E-01 3.94E-01
3 4.47E-02 4.67E-02 6.49E-02 9.73E-02 1.71E-01 3.18E-01
5 2.36E-02 2.52E-02 3.42E-02 5.17E-02 1.12E-01 2.43E-01
10 1.19E-02 1.26E-02 1.56E-02 2.44E-02 5.10E-02 1.54E-01
15 7.75E-03 8.13E-03 9.66E-03 1.46E-02 3.31E-02 1.10E-01
20 5.71E-03 5.69E-03 6.61E-03 1.09E-02 2.47E-02 8.66E-02
30 3.54E-03 3.47E-03 4.42E-03 6.07E-03 1.42E-02 6.04E-02
50 1.79E-03 1.69E-03 2.37E-03 3.24E-03 6.93E-03 3.17E-02

Table A.4.1.2a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.11

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 2.94E+00 2.59E+00 1.67E+00 6.73E-01 1.10E-01 2.05E-03 3.28E-05
0.003 2.08E+01 1.98E+01 1.69E+01 1.20E+01 5.71E+00 8.73E-01 2.53E-03
0.004 2.62E+01 2.57E+01 2.38E+01 2.04E+01 1.43E+01 5.20E+00 9.54E-02
0.005 2.27E+01 2.24E+01 2.16E+01 1.99E+01 1.65E+01 9.14E+00 5.56E-01
0.007 1.40E+01 1.40E+01 1.37E+01 1.33E+01 1.24E+01 9.81E+00 1.83E+00
0.01 7.20E+00 7.22E+00 7.17E+00 7.14E+00 6.94E+00 6.37E+00 2.44E+00
0.015 3.22E+00 3.22E+00 3.22E+00 3.20E+00 3.18E+00 3.08E+00 2.00E+00
0.02 1.85E+00 1.84E+00 1.85E+00 1.83E+00 1.81E+00 1.77E+00 1.41E+00
0.03 8.97E-01 9.00E-01 9.04E-01 8.90E-01 8.86E-01 8.68E-01 7.72E-01
0.05 4.64E-01 4.67E-01 4.55E-01 4.63E-01 4.54E-01 4.50E-01 4.23E-01
0.07 4.19E-01 4.20E-01 4.17E-01 4.13E-01 4.13E-01 4.10E-01 3.90E-01
0.1 5.11E-01 5.11E-01 5.14E-01 5.09E-01 5.11E-01 5.13E-01 4.93E-01

(Continued)

10 11
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal com- T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette, Switzerland).
Cedex France).
Appendices 75

Table A.4.1.2a  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.15 7.77E-01 7.79E-01 7.73E-01 7.73E-01 7.83E-01 7.95E-01 7.74E-01
0.2 1.03E+00 1.04E+00 1.05E+00 1.06E+00 1.08E+00 1.11E+00 1.07E+00
0.3 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.19E+00 1.28E+00 1.42E+00 1.54E+00 1.58E+00
0.5 9.41E-01 9.72E-01 1.09E+00 1.28E+00 1.57E+00 1.90E+00 2.17E+00
0.662 8.19E-01 8.59E-01 9.85E-01 1.23E+00 1.58E+00 2.04E+00 2.47E+00
0.7 8.05E-01 8.37E-01 9.75E-01 1.21E+00 1.60E+00 2.08E+00 2.54E+00
1 6.63E-01 7.08E-01 8.32E-01 1.09E+00 1.60E+00 2.26E+00 2.98E+00
1.25 5.74E-01 6.08E-01 7.57E-01 1.10E+00 1.60E+00 2.35E+00 3.29E+00
1.5 5.33E-01 5.72E-01 7.29E-01 9.77E-01 1.56E+00 2.45E+00 3.53E+00
2 4.40E-01 4.63E-01 6.05E-01 9.11E-01 1.49E+00 2.57E+00 3.99E+00
3 3.24E-01 3.56E-01 4.96E-01 7.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.62E+00 4.69E+00
5 2.51E-01 2.76E-01 3.65E-01 5.63E-01 1.08E+00 2.48E+00 5.52E+00
7 2.03E-01 2.33E-01 2.92E-01 4.67E-01 8.95E-01 2.17E+00 6.06E+00
10 2.06E-01 1.94E-01 2.27E-01 3.74E-01 7.47E-01 1.81E+00 5.91E+00
15 1.81E-01 1.85E-01 2.11E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 1.37E+00 5.44E+00
20 1.53E-01 1.54E-01 1.90E-01 2.47E-01 4.55E-01 1.15E+00 5.07E+00
30 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.58E-01 2.24E-01 3.73E-01 9.26E-01 4.67E+00
50 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.45E-01 1.76E-01 3.04E-01 7.51E-01 4.37E+00

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.43E-01
0.003 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.48E+00
0.004 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.55E+00
0.005 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.45E+00
0.007 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.01E+00
0.01 4.14E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.41E+00
0.015 1.94E-01 1.07E-02 8.54E-04 1.52E-04 8.87E-05 3.80E-05 1.64E+00
0.02 4.41E-01 1.15E-01 3.88E-02 1.63E-02 1.05E-02 8.05E-03 1.01E+00
0.03 4.62E-01 2.65E-01 1.68E-01 1.24E-01 9.98E-02 9.86E-02 5.70E-01
0.05 3.24E-01 2.31E-01 1.86E-01 1.59E-01 1.43E-01 1.34E-01 3.38E-01
0.07 3.07E-01 2.40E-01 1.98E-01 1.67E-01 1.51E-01 1.49E-01 3.18E-01
0.1 3.99E-01 3.16E-01 2.63E-01 2.26E-01 2.17E-01 2.10E-01 4.03E-01
0.15 6.35E-01 5.25E-01 4.42E-01 3.99E-01 3.65E-01 3.56E-01 6.34E-01
0.2 9.12E-01 7.57E-01 6.46E-01 5.86E-01 5.39E-01 5.28E-01 8.87E-01
0.3 1.42E+00 1.21E+00 1.08E+00 9.82E-01 9.45E-01 9.33E-01 1.23E+00
0.5 2.12E+00 1.98E+00 1.85E+00 1.74E+00 1.68E+00 1.65E+00 1.64E+00
0.662 2.55E+00 2.48E+00 2.36E+00 2.28E+00 2.22E+00 2.18E+00 1.88E+00
0.7 2.66E+00 2.57E+00 2.46E+00 2.38E+00 2.32E+00 2.32E+00 1.93E+00
1 3.34E+00 3.36E+00 3.28E+00 3.24E+00 3.18E+00 3.19E+00 2.32E+00
1.25 3.75E+00 3.95E+00 3.93E+00 3.91E+00 3.92E+00 3.88E+00 2.62E+00
1.5 4.22E+00 4.48E+00 4.50E+00 4.47E+00 4.43E+00 4.49E+00 2.87E+00
2 4.97E+00 5.47E+00 5.63E+00 5.60E+00 5.62E+00 5.69E+00 3.37E+00
3 6.38E+00 7.19E+00 7.62E+00 7.67E+00 7.62E+00 7.67E+00 4.23E+00
5 8.92E+00 1.04E+01 1.11E+01 1.13E+01 1.14E+01 1.14E+01 5.77E+00
7 1.07E+01 1.33E+01 1.43E+01 1.47E+01 1.49E+01 1.49E+01 7.14E+00
10 1.28E+01 1.71E+01 1.90E+01 1.97E+01 2.00E+01 2.02E+01 9.01E+00
15 1.44E+01 2.18E+01 2.61E+01 2.79E+01 2.84E+01 2.86E+01 1.18E+01
20 1.50E+01 2.43E+01 3.06E+01 3.41E+01 3.57E+01 3.60E+01 1.38E+01
30 1.58E+01 2.71E+01 3.58E+01 4.13E+01 4.44E+01 4.53E+01 1.61E+01
50 1.70E+01 3.07E+01 4.16E+01 4.93E+01 5.37E+01 5.53E+01 1.88E+01
76 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure A.4.1.2a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.12

Table A.4.1.2b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.12

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(GyGy-1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 1.80E-02 1.58E-02 1.02E-02 4.11E-03 6.70E-04 1.25E-05 2.00E-07
0.003 2.76E-01 2.64E-01 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.59E-02 1.16E-02 3.36E-05
0.004 5.50E-01 5.39E-01 5.01E-01 4.28E-01 3.01E-01 1.09E-01 2.00E-03
0.005 7.40E-01 7.31E-01 7.04E-01 6.48E-01 5.38E-01 2.98E-01 1.81E-02
0.007 9.04E-01 9.01E-01 8.87E-01 8.60E-01 8.02E-01 6.33E-01 1.18E-01
0.01 9.74E-01 9.75E-01 9.69E-01 9.65E-01 9.38E-01 8.61E-01 3.30E-01
0.015 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 9.86E-01 6.39E-01
0.02 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.07E+00 1.05E+00 8.35E-01
0.03 1.24E+00 1.25E+00 1.25E+00 1.23E+00 1.23E+00 1.20E+00 1.07E+00
0.05 1.44E+00 1.45E+00 1.41E+00 1.43E+00 1.41E+00 1.39E+00 1.31E+00
0.07 1.46E+00 1.46E+00 1.45E+00 1.43E+00 1.44E+00 1.43E+00 1.35E+00
0.1 1.37E+00 1.38E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 1.37E+00 1.38E+00 1.33E+00
0.15 1.30E+00 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 1.29E+00 1.31E+00 1.33E+00 1.29E+00
0.2 1.20E+00 1.22E+00 1.23E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.29E+00 1.25E+00
0.3 8.01E-01 8.14E-01 8.62E-01 9.27E-01 1.02E+00 1.11E+00 1.14E+00
0.5 3.96E-01 4.08E-01 4.57E-01 5.38E-01 6.58E-01 7.97E-01 9.11E-01
0.662 2.63E-01 2.76E-01 3.16E-01 3.97E-01 5.06E-01 6.56E-01 7.94E-01
0.7 2.46E-01 2.55E-01 2.98E-01 3.71E-01 4.88E-01 6.36E-01 7.75E-01
1 1.48E-01 1.58E-01 1.86E-01 2.43E-01 3.57E-01 5.04E-01 6.65E-01
1.25 1.08E-01 1.14E-01 1.42E-01 2.06E-01 3.00E-01 4.41E-01 6.17E-01
1.5 8.68E-02 9.30E-02 1.19E-01 1.59E-01 2.54E-01 3.99E-01 5.74E-01
2 5.82E-02 6.13E-02 8.01E-02 1.21E-01 1.97E-01 3.40E-01 5.28E-01
3 3.25E-02 3.57E-02 4.97E-02 7.65E-02 1.38E-01 2.62E-01 4.70E-01
5 1.77E-02 1.94E-02 2.57E-02 3.97E-02 7.60E-02 1.75E-01 3.90E-01
7 1.11E-02 1.28E-02 1.61E-02 2.57E-02 4.92E-02 1.20E-01 3.33E-01
10 8.54E-03 8.05E-03 9.39E-03 1.55E-02 3.09E-02 7.50E-02 2.45E-01
15 5.25E-03 5.36E-03 6.13E-03 8.80E-03 1.55E-02 3.98E-02 1.58E-01
20 3.37E-03 3.40E-03 4.20E-03 5.45E-03 1.00E-02 2.54E-02 1.12E-01
30 2.17E-03 2.16E-03 2.31E-03 3.27E-03 5.44E-03 1.35E-02 6.81E-02
50 9.33E-04 9.27E-04 1.22E-03 1.48E-03 2.55E-03 6.30E-03 3.67E-02
(Continued)
12
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 77

Table A.4.1.2b  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(GyGy-1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.32E-03
0.003 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 7.27E-02
0.004 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.80E-01
0.005 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.76E-01
0.007 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.88E-01
0.01 5.60E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.61E-01
0.015 6.21E-02 3.41E-03 2.73E-04 4.87E-05 2.84E-05 1.22E-05 5.26E-01
0.02 2.62E-01 6.85E-02 2.31E-02 9.66E-03 6.24E-03 4.78E-03 5.97E-01
0.03 6.40E-01 3.67E-01 2.33E-01 1.72E-01 1.38E-01 1.37E-01 7.90E-01
0.05 1.00E+00 7.15E-01 5.75E-01 4.92E-01 4.44E-01 4.16E-01 1.05E+00
0.07 1.07E+00 8.36E-01 6.87E-01 5.79E-01 5.26E-01 5.19E-01 1.10E+00
0.1 1.07E+00 8.51E-01 7.08E-01 6.09E-01 5.85E-01 5.65E-01 1.08E+00
0.15 1.06E+00 8.75E-01 7.37E-01 6.65E-01 6.08E-01 5.93E-01 1.06E+00
0.2 1.07E+00 8.84E-01 7.54E-01 6.84E-01 6.29E-01 6.16E-01 1.04E+00
0.3 1.03E+00 8.76E-01 7.82E-01 7.10E-01 6.84E-01 6.75E-01 8.91E-01
0.5 8.92E-01 8.32E-01 7.77E-01 7.33E-01 7.06E-01 6.93E-01 6.88E-01
0.662 8.20E-01 7.95E-01 7.58E-01 7.34E-01 7.14E-01 7.02E-01 6.04E-01
0.7 8.13E-01 7.85E-01 7.52E-01 7.27E-01 7.10E-01 7.08E-01 5.91E-01
1 7.45E-01 7.50E-01 7.32E-01 7.23E-01 7.10E-01 7.12E-01 5.18E-01
1.25 7.03E-01 7.41E-01 7.37E-01 7.33E-01 7.35E-01 7.28E-01 4.91E-01
1.5 6.87E-01 7.28E-01 7.32E-01 7.27E-01 7.21E-01 7.31E-01 4.67E-01
2 6.58E-01 7.23E-01 7.45E-01 7.42E-01 7.44E-01 7.52E-01 4.45E-01
3 6.39E-01 7.21E-01 7.64E-01 7.69E-01 7.64E-01 7.69E-01 4.24E-01
5 6.29E-01 7.33E-01 7.80E-01 7.97E-01 8.03E-01 8.04E-01 4.07E-01
7 5.89E-01 7.33E-01 7.89E-01 8.08E-01 8.19E-01 8.21E-01 3.92E-01
10 5.30E-01 7.10E-01 7.88E-01 8.18E-01 8.30E-01 8.37E-01 3.74E-01
15 4.19E-01 6.33E-01 7.57E-01 8.10E-01 8.25E-01 8.29E-01 3.41E-01
20 3.31E-01 5.35E-01 6.75E-01 7.52E-01 7.87E-01 7.94E-01 3.03E-01
30 2.31E-01 3.95E-01 5.22E-01 6.02E-01 6.47E-01 6.61E-01 2.35E-01
50 1.43E-01 2.57E-01 3.49E-01 4.13E-01 4.51E-01 4.64E-01 1.58E-01

Figure A.4.1.2b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.13

13
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
78 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.1.3a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.14

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 2.54E+00 2.28E+00 1.63E+00 9.08E-01 3.62E-01 8.54E-02 0.00E+00
0.003 1.97E+01 1.87E+01 1.58E+01 1.14E+01 6.66E+00 2.91E+00 7.39E-01
0.004 2.56E+01 2.49E+01 2.29E+01 1.90E+01 1.32E+01 7.36E+00 2.84E+00
0.005 2.24E+01 2.21E+01 2.10E+01 1.88E+01 1.45E+01 9.19E+00 4.35E+00
0.007 1.39E+01 1.38E+01 1.36E+01 1.30E+01 1.14E+01 8.19E+00 4.71E+00
0.01 7.22E+00 7.21E+00 7.17E+00 7.06E+00 6.68E+00 5.44E+00 3.65E+00
0.015 3.23E+00 3.22E+00 3.21E+00 3.18E+00 3.11E+00 2.83E+00 2.29E+00
0.02 1.80E+00 1.80E+00 1.80E+00 1.79E+00 1.77E+00 1.69E+00 1.50E+00
0.03 8.14E-01 8.14E-01 8.13E-01 8.09E-01 8.03E-01 7.84E-01 7.41E-01
0.05 3.83E-01 3.82E-01 3.81E-01 3.79E-01 3.77E-01 3.71E-01 3.58E-01
0.06 3.43E-01 3.43E-01 3.43E-01 3.42E-01 3.41E-01 3.37E-01 3.26E-01
0.07 3.44E-01 3.44E-01 3.44E-01 3.44E-01 3.43E-01 3.39E-01 3.29E-01
0.1 4.36E-01 4.36E-01 4.36E-01 4.36E-01 4.36E-01 4.33E-01 4.24E-01
0.15 6.93E-01 6.93E-01 6.94E-01 6.96E-01 6.97E-01 6.93E-01 6.79E-01
0.2 9.51E-01 9.53E-01 9.57E-01 9.64E-01 9.73E-01 9.74E-01 9.59E-01
0.3 1.02E+00 1.04E+00 1.10E+00 1.18E+00 1.28E+00 1.37E+00 1.42E+00
0.5 8.71E-01 9.05E-01 1.01E+00 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 1.70E+00 1.94E+00
0.662 7.67E-01 8.08E-01 9.36E-01 1.16E+00 1.48E+00 1.86E+00 2.22E+00
0.7 7.49E-01 7.90E-01 9.19E-01 1.15E+00 1.48E+00 1.88E+00 2.27E+00
1 6.19E-01 6.65E-01 8.10E-01 1.08E+00 1.51E+00 2.06E+00 2.65E+00
1.25 5.34E-01 5.79E-01 7.28E-01 1.02E+00 1.50E+00 2.16E+00 2.90E+00
1.5 4.72E-01 5.16E-01 6.63E-01 9.64E-01 1.48E+00 2.23E+00 3.09E+00
2 3.89E-01 4.28E-01 5.62E-01 8.55E-01 1.41E+00 2.29E+00 3.39E+00
3 2.92E-01 3.20E-01 4.27E-01 6.74E-01 1.21E+00 2.22E+00 3.65E+00
5 2.04E-01 2.23E-01 2.90E-01 4.56E-01 8.71E-01 1.82E+00 3.45E+00
10 1.33E-01 1.43E-01 1.79E-01 2.70E-01 5.29E-01 1.27E+00 2.75E+00
15 1.09E-01 1.17E-01 1.44E-01 2.13E-01 4.23E-01 1.10E+00 2.53E+00
20 9.85E-02 1.05E-01 1.28E-01 1.87E-01 3.73E-01 1.02E+00 2.45E+00
30 8.76E-02 9.32E-02 1.13E-01 1.62E-01 3.28E-01 9.65E-01 2.43E+00
50 8.12E-02 8.56E-02 1.02E-01 1.46E-01 3.00E-01 9.53E-01 2.51E+00

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.45E-01
0.003 4.71E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.51E+00
0.004 4.55E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.62E+00
0.005 1.08E+00 1.93E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.52E+00
0.007 1.77E+00 1.70E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.13E+00
0.01 1.85E+00 5.05E-01 5.54E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.60E+00
0.015 1.61E+00 9.41E-01 4.97E-01 2.91E-01 2.06E-01 1.84E-01 1.93E+00
0.02 1.24E+00 9.50E-01 7.16E-01 5.72E-01 4.97E-01 4.73E-01 1.29E+00
0.03 6.77E-01 6.02E-01 5.34E-01 4.86E-01 4.58E-01 4.49E-01 6.79E-01
0.05 3.39E-01 3.16E-01 2.95E-01 2.79E-01 2.69E-01 2.66E-01 3.39E-01
0.06 3.09E-01 2.89E-01 2.72E-01 2.59E-01 2.51E-01 2.48E-01 3.09E-01
0.07 3.14E-01 2.96E-01 2.78E-01 2.65E-01 2.57E-01 2.55E-01 3.13E-01
0.1 4.08E-01 3.89E-01 3.70E-01 3.56E-01 3.47E-01 3.44E-01 4.05E-01
0.15 6.57E-01 6.30E-01 6.05E-01 5.85E-01 5.71E-01 5.66E-01 6.53E-01
0.2 9.33E-01 8.95E-01 8.61E-01 8.39E-01 8.27E-01 8.25E-01 9.19E-01
(Continued)

14
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 79

Table A.4.1.3a  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.3 1.44E+00 1.43E+00 1.40E+00 1.37E+00 1.35E+00 1.34E+00 1.30E+00
0.5 2.11E+00 2.20E+00 2.24E+00 2.25E+00 2.24E+00 2.24E+00 1.73E+00
0.662 2.50E+00 2.69E+00 2.79E+00 2.83E+00 2.85E+00 2.85E+00 1.99E+00
0.7 2.59E+00 2.79E+00 2.91E+00 2.96E+00 2.98E+00 2.99E+00 2.05E+00
1 3.17E+00 3.54E+00 3.77E+00 3.89E+00 3.95E+00 3.97E+00 2.45E+00
1.25 3.57E+00 4.08E+00 4.39E+00 4.57E+00 4.65E+00 4.68E+00 2.73E+00
1.5 3.92E+00 4.56E+00 4.97E+00 5.19E+00 5.30E+00 5.33E+00 2.98E+00
2 4.50E+00 5.41E+00 6.00E+00 6.33E+00 6.49E+00 6.53E+00 3.43E+00
3 5.27E+00 6.71E+00 7.73E+00 8.31E+00 8.59E+00 8.67E+00 4.13E+00
5 5.60E+00 7.86E+00 9.76E+00 1.11E+01 1.18E+01 1.20E+01 4.94E+00
10 4.93E+00 7.50E+00 9.93E+00 1.18E+01 1.30E+01 1.34E+01 4.92E+00
15 4.72E+00 7.37E+00 9.92E+00 1.19E+01 1.32E+01 1.36E+01 4.88E+00
20 4.68E+00 7.41E+00 1.01E+01 1.22E+01 1.35E+01 1.40E+01 4.93E+00
30 4.76E+00 7.67E+00 1.05E+01 1.28E+01 1.43E+01 1.48E+01 5.13E+00
50 5.02E+00 8.20E+00 1.14E+01 1.39E+01 1.55E+01 1.61E+01 5.51E+00

Figure A.4.1.3a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.15

15
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
80 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.1.3b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.16

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 1.55E-02 1.39E-02 9.96E-03 5.55E-03 2.21E-03 5.22E-04 0.00E+00
0.003 2.62E-01 2.48E-01 2.10E-01 1.51E-01 8.84E-02 3.86E-02 9.81E-03
0.004 5.38E-01 5.23E-01 4.81E-01 3.99E-01 2.77E-01 1.55E-01 5.96E-02
0.005 7.31E-01 7.21E-01 6.85E-01 6.13E-01 4.73E-01 3.00E-01 1.42E-01
0.007 8.97E-01 8.90E-01 8.77E-01 8.39E-01 7.35E-01 5.28E-01 3.04E-01
0.01 9.76E-01 9.74E-01 9.69E-01 9.54E-01 9.03E-01 7.35E-01 4.93E-01
0.015 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 9.95E-01 9.06E-01 7.33E-01
0.02 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.00E+00 8.91E-01
0.03 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 1.03E+00
0.05 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.15E+00 1.11E+00
0.06 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 1.13E+00
0.07 1.20E+00 1.20E+00 1.20E+00 1.20E+00 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.14E+00
0.1 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.14E+00
0.15 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.13E+00
0.2 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.12E+00
0.3 7.38E-01 7.52E-01 7.95E-01 8.53E-01 9.26E-01 9.91E-01 1.03E+00
0.5 3.66E-01 3.80E-01 4.25E-01 5.00E-01 6.05E-01 7.15E-01 8.15E-01
0.662 2.46E-01 2.60E-01 3.01E-01 3.73E-01 4.76E-01 5.98E-01 7.13E-01
0.7 2.29E-01 2.41E-01 2.81E-01 3.51E-01 4.52E-01 5.74E-01 6.93E-01
1 1.05E-01 1.15E-01 1.48E-01 2.15E-01 3.30E-01 4.98E-01 6.90E-01
1.25 1.00E-01 1.09E-01 1.37E-01 1.91E-01 2.81E-01 4.05E-01 5.44E-01
1.5 1.01E-01 1.08E-01 1.32E-01 1.76E-01 2.46E-01 3.35E-01 4.31E-01
2 5.15E-02 5.66E-02 7.44E-02 1.13E-01 1.87E-01 3.03E-01 4.49E-01
3 2.93E-02 3.21E-02 4.28E-02 6.76E-02 1.21E-01 2.23E-01 3.66E-01
5 1.44E-02 1.57E-02 2.05E-02 3.22E-02 6.14E-02 1.28E-01 2.43E-01
10 5.51E-03 5.93E-03 7.42E-03 1.12E-02 2.19E-02 5.26E-02 1.14E-01
15 3.16E-03 3.40E-03 4.18E-03 6.18E-03 1.23E-02 3.19E-02 7.34E-02
20 2.17E-03 2.31E-03 2.82E-03 4.12E-03 8.22E-03 2.25E-02 5.40E-02
30 1.28E-03 1.36E-03 1.65E-03 2.36E-03 4.78E-03 1.41E-02 3.54E-02
50 6.81E-04 7.18E-04 8.56E-04 1.22E-03 2.52E-03 7.99E-03 2.11E-02

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.33E-03
0.003 6.25E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 7.32E-02
0.004 9.55E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.81E-01
0.005 3.52E-02 6.30E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.78E-01
0.007 1.14E-01 1.10E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.95E-01
0.01 2.50E-01 6.82E-02 7.49E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.86E-01
0.015 5.15E-01 3.01E-01 1.59E-01 9.31E-02 6.59E-02 5.89E-02 6.18E-01
0.02 7.36E-01 5.64E-01 4.25E-01 3.40E-01 2.95E-01 2.81E-01 7.66E-01
0.03 9.38E-01 8.34E-01 7.40E-01 6.73E-01 6.35E-01 6.22E-01 9.41E-01
0.05 1.05E+00 9.79E-01 9.14E-01 8.64E-01 8.33E-01 8.24E-01 1.05E+00
0.06 1.07E+00 1.00E+00 9.42E-01 8.97E-01 8.69E-01 8.58E-01 1.07E+00
0.07 1.09E+00 1.03E+00 9.66E-01 9.21E-01 8.93E-01 8.86E-01 1.09E+00
0.1 1.10E+00 1.05E+00 9.96E-01 9.59E-01 9.34E-01 9.26E-01 1.09E+00
0.15 1.10E+00 1.05E+00 1.01E+00 9.76E-01 9.53E-01 9.44E-01 1.09E+00
0.2 1.09E+00 1.04E+00 1.01E+00 9.79E-01 9.65E-01 9.63E-01 1.07E+00
0.3 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.01E+00 9.91E-01 9.76E-01 9.69E-01 9.40E-01
0.5 8.87E-01 9.25E-01 9.42E-01 9.46E-01 9.42E-01 9.42E-01 7.27E-01
0.662 8.03E-01 8.64E-01 8.97E-01 9.09E-01 9.16E-01 9.16E-01 6.39E-01

(Continued)
16
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 81

Table A.4.1.3b  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.7 7.91E-01 8.52E-01 8.89E-01 9.04E-01 9.10E-01 9.13E-01 6.26E-01
1 8.75E-01 1.02E+00 1.11E+00 1.16E+00 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 6.65E-01
1.25 6.70E-01 7.65E-01 8.23E-01 8.57E-01 8.72E-01 8.78E-01 5.12E-01
1.5 5.16E-01 5.76E-01 6.13E-01 6.33E-01 6.43E-01 6.46E-01 3.99E-01
2 5.95E-01 7.16E-01 7.94E-01 8.38E-01 8.59E-01 8.64E-01 4.54E-01
3 5.28E-01 6.73E-01 7.75E-01 8.33E-01 8.61E-01 8.69E-01 4.14E-01
5 3.95E-01 5.54E-01 6.88E-01 7.83E-01 8.32E-01 8.46E-01 3.48E-01
10 2.04E-01 3.11E-01 4.12E-01 4.89E-01 5.39E-01 5.55E-01 2.04E-01
15 1.37E-01 2.14E-01 2.88E-01 3.45E-01 3.83E-01 3.95E-01 1.42E-01
20 1.03E-01 1.63E-01 2.23E-01 2.69E-01 2.98E-01 3.09E-01 1.09E-01
30 6.94E-02 1.12E-01 1.53E-01 1.87E-01 2.08E-01 2.16E-01 7.48E-02
50 4.21E-02 6.88E-02 9.56E-02 1.17E-01 1.30E-01 1.35E-01 4.62E-02

Figure A.4.1.3b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.17

Figure A.4.2.1  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to

directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
17
phantom (Veinot et al., 2020). T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
82 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.2.1  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose on local skin on the slab
phantom (Veinot et al., 2020).

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/pGy cm2 for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

1.00E-09 3.63E+00 3.59E+00 3.25E+00 3.02E+00 2.60E+00 1.94E+00
1.00E-08 2.22E+00 2.17E+00 2.02E+00 1.73E+00 1.40E+00 1.00E+00
2.50E-08 2.03E+00 1.99E+00 1.81E+00 1.50E+00 1.16E+00 7.71E-01
1.00E-07 1.96E+00 1.89E+00 1.72E+00 1.35E+00 1.01E+00 6.07E-01
2.00E-07 1.98E+00 1.88E+00 1.68E+00 1.41E+00 9.90E-01 5.88E-01
5.00E-07 2.04E+00 1.92E+00 1.75E+00 1.36E+00 9.48E-01 5.42E-01
1.00E-06 2.05E+00 1.98E+00 1.72E+00 1.37E+00 9.55E-01 5.39E-01
2.00E-06 2.06E+00 1.91E+00 1.75E+00 1.36E+00 9.23E-01 5.45E-01
5.00E-06 1.98E+00 2.01E+00 1.69E+00 1.36E+00 8.73E-01 5.15E-01
1.00E-05 2.01E+00 1.88E+00 1.73E+00 1.33E+00 8.99E-01 5.15E-01
2.00E-05 1.94E+00 1.93E+00 1.62E+00 1.29E+00 8.91E-01 5.06E-01
5.00E-05 1.82E+00 1.81E+00 1.56E+00 1.22E+00 7.80E-01 4.71E-01
1.00E-04 1.80E+00 1.76E+00 1.57E+00 1.19E+00 8.22E-01 4.73E-01
2.00E-04 1.81E+00 1.70E+00 1.51E+00 1.19E+00 7.94E-01 4.54E-01
5.00E-04 1.69E+00 1.67E+00 1.46E+00 1.18E+00 8.31E-01 4.83E-01
1.00E-03 1.73E+00 1.65E+00 1.52E+00 1.19E+00 8.56E-01 5.25E-01
2.00E-03 1.78E+00 1.70E+00 1.55E+00 1.31E+00 9.66E-01 6.38E-01
5.00E-03 2.07E+00 2.05E+00 1.82E+00 1.58E+00 1.22E+00 9.58E-01
1.00E-02 2.54E+00 2.42E+00 2.23E+00 2.03E+00 1.76E+00 1.47E+00
2.00E-02 3.32E+00 3.38E+00 3.20E+00 2.96E+00 2.75E+00 2.42E+00
3.00E-02 4.18E+00 4.12E+00 3.83E+00 3.76E+00 3.61E+00 3.09E+00
5.00E-02 5.59E+00 5.49E+00 5.32E+00 5.35E+00 4.98E+00 4.79E+00
7.00E-02 6.84E+00 6.46E+00 6.65E+00 6.47E+00 6.43E+00 5.78E+00
1.00E-01 8.42E+00 8.36E+00 8.37E+00 7.87E+00 7.94E+00 7.49E+00
1.50E-01 1.06E+01 1.06E+01 1.05E+01 1.01E+01 1.02E+01 9.48E+00
2.00E-01 1.24E+01 1.22E+01 1.21E+01 1.18E+01 1.21E+01 1.11E+01
3.00E-01 1.54E+01 1.53E+01 1.53E+01 1.49E+01 1.55E+01 1.40E+01
5.00E-01 1.89E+01 1.92E+01 1.95E+01 1.95E+01 1.98E+01 1.82E+01
7.00E-01 2.21E+01 2.26E+01 2.27E+01 2.22E+01 2.27E+01 2.13E+01
9.00E-01 2.61E+01 2.60E+01 2.60E+01 2.60E+01 2.62E+01 2.45E+01
1.00E+00 3.19E+01 3.30E+01 3.33E+01 3.16E+01 3.19E+01 2.91E+01
1.20E+00 2.95E+01 2.73E+01 2.96E+01 2.93E+01 3.02E+01 2.80E+01
1.50E+00 3.15E+01 2.96E+01 3.18E+01 3.16E+01 3.27E+01 3.09E+01
2.00E+00 3.51E+01 3.52E+01 3.59E+01 3.64E+01 3.68E+01 3.70E+01
3.00E+00 3.57E+01 3.51E+01 3.74E+01 3.93E+01 4.19E+01 4.34E+01
4.00E+00 3.43E+01 3.53E+01 3.68E+01 4.04E+01 4.62E+01 4.93E+01
5.00E+00 3.08E+01 3.16E+01 3.26E+01 3.62E+01 4.20E+01 4.75E+01
6.00E+00 3.03E+01 3.15E+01 3.27E+01 3.65E+01 4.17E+01 4.77E+01
7.00E+00 2.59E+01 2.62E+01 2.78E+01 3.18E+01 3.71E+01 4.44E+01
8.00E+00 2.51E+01 2.59E+01 2.72E+01 3.09E+01 3.69E+01 4.46E+01
9.00E+00 2.75E+01 2.77E+01 2.88E+01 3.32E+01 3.86E+01 4.67E+01
1.00E+01 2.86E+01 2.87E+01 3.01E+01 3.40E+01 3.99E+01 4.80E+01
1.20E+01 3.09E+01 3.19E+01 3.40E+01 3.75E+01 4.30E+01 5.17E+01
1.40E+01 3.05E+01 3.01E+01 3.23E+01 3.63E+01 4.30E+01 5.14E+01
1.50E+01 3.21E+01 3.18E+01 3.37E+01 3.80E+01 4.41E+01 5.45E+01
1.60E+01 3.08E+01 3.19E+01 3.29E+01 3.78E+01 4.32E+01 5.20E+01
1.80E+01 2.98E+01 2.89E+01 3.10E+01 3.55E+01 4.21E+01 5.31E+01
2.00E+01 2.88E+01 2.96E+01 3.11E+01 3.53E+01 4.17E+01 5.37E+01
3.00E+01 2.91E+01 3.03E+01 3.07E+01 3.67E+01 4.25E+01 5.33E+01
5.00E+01 2.33E+01 2.34E+01 2.38E+01 2.92E+01 3.69E+01 4.76E+01
Appendices 83

Table A.4.2.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom (Veinot
et al., 2020).

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

1.00E-09 3.14E+00 3.10E+00 2.97E+00 2.83E+00 2.52E+00 2.02E+00 7.31E-01
1.00E-08 1.77E+00 1.72E+00 1.67E+00 1.52E+00 1.34E+00 1.09E+00 5.71E-01
2.50E-08 1.44E+00 1.43E+00 1.35E+00 1.24E+00 1.12E+00 9.15E-01 5.48E-01
1.00E-07 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.10E+00 1.06E+00 9.44E-01 7.79E-01 5.71E-01
2.00E-07 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.05E+00 9.80E-01 8.91E-01 7.72E-01 6.18E-01
5.00E-07 9.87E-01 1.01E+00 9.43E-01 8.85E-01 8.62E-01 7.55E-01 6.14E-01
1.00E-06 9.36E-01 9.21E-01 8.71E-01 8.59E-01 8.10E-01 6.95E-01 6.19E-01
2.00E-06 8.41E-01 8.17E-01 8.26E-01 8.01E-01 7.45E-01 7.07E-01 5.98E-01
5.00E-06 7.95E-01 7.97E-01 7.60E-01 7.33E-01 6.88E-01 6.43E-01 5.69E-01
1.00E-05 7.34E-01 7.17E-01 7.44E-01 7.06E-01 6.69E-01 6.17E-01 5.22E-01
2.00E-05 6.98E-01 6.84E-01 6.89E-01 6.39E-01 6.05E-01 5.67E-01 5.11E-01
5.00E-05 6.31E-01 6.01E-01 6.06E-01 5.81E-01 5.70E-01 5.25E-01 4.97E-01
1.00E-04 5.65E-01 5.44E-01 5.77E-01 5.68E-01 5.20E-01 4.88E-01 4.55E-01
2.00E-04 5.35E-01 5.31E-01 5.38E-01 5.12E-01 4.93E-01 4.93E-01 4.50E-01
5.00E-04 5.25E-01 5.37E-01 5.28E-01 5.14E-01 5.04E-01 4.75E-01 4.44E-01
1.00E-03 5.50E-01 5.65E-01 5.53E-01 5.22E-01 5.14E-01 5.12E-01 4.42E-01
2.00E-03 6.08E-01 6.05E-01 6.24E-01 6.20E-01 6.08E-01 5.90E-01 5.17E-01
5.00E-03 8.93E-01 8.78E-01 8.97E-01 8.87E-01 9.02E-01 9.03E-01 7.14E-01
1.00E-02 1.35E+00 1.34E+00 1.34E+00 1.37E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.06E+00
2.00E-02 2.23E+00 2.24E+00 2.25E+00 2.28E+00 2.33E+00 2.36E+00 1.78E+00
3.00E-02 3.04E+00 3.03E+00 3.07E+00 3.10E+00 3.20E+00 3.22E+00 2.43E+00
5.00E-02 4.46E+00 4.44E+00 4.47E+00 4.56E+00 4.67E+00 4.76E+00 3.65E+00
7.00E-02 5.65E+00 5.65E+00 5.70E+00 5.80E+00 5.94E+00 6.05E+00 4.69E+00
1.00E-01 7.18E+00 7.17E+00 7.23E+00 7.36E+00 7.56E+00 7.70E+00 6.09E+00
1.50E-01 9.27E+00 9.28E+00 9.35E+00 9.49E+00 9.74E+00 9.94E+00 8.17E+00
2.00E-01 1.10E+01 1.10E+01 1.11E+01 1.12E+01 1.15E+01 1.18E+01 9.92E+00
3.00E-01 1.40E+01 1.40E+01 1.40E+01 1.42E+01 1.45E+01 1.48E+01 1.28E+01
5.00E-01 1.74E+01 1.74E+01 1.76E+01 1.81E+01 1.87E+01 1.94E+01 1.75E+01
7.00E-01 2.06E+01 2.06E+01 2.08E+01 2.12E+01 2.18E+01 2.24E+01 2.07E+01
9.00E-01 2.41E+01 2.41E+01 2.43E+01 2.46E+01 2.52E+01 2.58E+01 2.39E+01
1.00E+00 3.05E+01 3.05E+01 3.03E+01 3.02E+01 3.04E+01 3.07E+01 2.74E+01
1.20E+00 2.77E+01 2.77E+01 2.78E+01 2.80E+01 2.85E+01 2.92E+01 2.75E+01
1.50E+00 2.96E+01 2.96E+01 2.97E+01 3.00E+01 3.07E+01 3.16E+01 3.02E+01
2.00E+00 3.32E+01 3.26E+01 3.25E+01 3.34E+01 3.41E+01 3.45E+01 3.47E+01
3.00E+00 3.24E+01 3.34E+01 3.29E+01 3.70E+01 3.78E+01 4.00E+01 4.02E+01
4.00E+00 3.15E+01 3.14E+01 3.27E+01 3.62E+01 4.14E+01 4.58E+01 4.78E+01
5.00E+00 2.79E+01 2.80E+01 2.94E+01 3.28E+01 3.69E+01 4.29E+01 4.85E+01
6.00E+00 2.71E+01 2.70E+01 2.82E+01 3.15E+01 3.58E+01 4.31E+01 4.85E+01
7.00E+00 2.20E+01 2.30E+01 2.34E+01 2.76E+01 3.33E+01 4.03E+01 4.65E+01
8.00E+00 2.16E+01 2.19E+01 2.40E+01 2.73E+01 3.15E+01 4.11E+01 4.63E+01
9.00E+00 2.33E+01 2.35E+01 2.43E+01 2.80E+01 3.36E+01 4.03E+01 4.87E+01
1.00E+01 2.42E+01 2.43E+01 2.59E+01 2.99E+01 3.45E+01 4.31E+01 4.99E+01
1.20E+01 2.62E+01 2.70E+01 2.77E+01 3.18E+01 3.67E+01 4.63E+01 5.46E+01
1.40E+01 2.55E+01 2.53E+01 2.74E+01 3.06E+01 3.44E+01 4.33E+01 5.21E+01
1.50E+01 2.71E+01 2.74E+01 2.87E+01 3.32E+01 3.77E+01 4.71E+01 5.58E+01
1.60E+01 2.66E+01 2.67E+01 2.83E+01 3.20E+01 3.76E+01 4.55E+01 5.42E+01
1.80E+01 2.57E+01 2.58E+01 2.68E+01 2.99E+01 3.43E+01 4.51E+01 5.47E+01
2.00E+01 2.54E+01 2.54E+01 2.69E+01 3.01E+01 3.53E+01 4.48E+01 5.28E+01
3.00E+01 2.74E+01 1.97E+01 2.71E+01 3.11E+01 3.69E+01 4.44E+01 5.38E+01
5.00E+01 2.00E+01 1.60E+01 2.24E+01 2.50E+01 3.07E+01 3.84E+01 4.88E+01
(Continued)
84 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.2.2  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

1.00E-09 2.13E-01 1.78E-01 1.52E-01 1.45E-01 1.40E-01 1.42E-01 1.39E+00
1.00E-08 2.47E-01 2.07E-01 1.87E-01 1.67E-01 1.72E-01 1.60E-01 8.22E-01
2.50E-08 2.77E-01 2.39E-01 2.11E-01 1.91E-01 1.91E-01 1.80E-01 7.10E-01
1.00E-07 3.75E-01 3.10E-01 2.86E-01 2.68E-01 2.54E-01 2.59E-01 6.55E-01
2.00E-07 4.12E-01 3.55E-01 3.24E-01 2.93E-01 2.87E-01 2.82E-01 6.46E-01
5.00E-07 4.77E-01 4.04E-01 3.79E-01 3.57E-01 3.45E-01 3.25E-01 6.41E-01
1.00E-06 4.99E-01 4.28E-01 3.91E-01 3.76E-01 3.62E-01 3.53E-01 6.23E-01
2.00E-06 4.98E-01 4.44E-01 3.94E-01 3.94E-01 3.77E-01 3.59E-01 6.00E-01
5.00E-06 5.01E-01 4.44E-01 4.25E-01 3.99E-01 3.73E-01 3.72E-01 5.75E-01
1.00E-05 4.88E-01 4.26E-01 4.18E-01 4.02E-01 3.78E-01 3.77E-01 5.54E-01
2.00E-05 4.63E-01 4.27E-01 4.00E-01 3.94E-01 3.70E-01 3.55E-01 5.22E-01
5.00E-05 4.28E-01 4.06E-01 3.91E-01 3.86E-01 3.47E-01 3.57E-01 4.86E-01
1.00E-04 4.28E-01 3.92E-01 3.67E-01 3.63E-01 3.40E-01 3.43E-01 4.58E-01
2.00E-04 4.07E-01 3.70E-01 3.50E-01 3.51E-01 3.30E-01 3.22E-01 4.37E-01
5.00E-04 3.94E-01 3.53E-01 3.43E-01 3.20E-01 3.29E-01 3.25E-01 4.30E-01
1.00E-03 3.69E-01 3.30E-01 3.15E-01 3.09E-01 2.98E-01 3.04E-01 4.30E-01
2.00E-03 3.39E-01 3.22E-01 3.05E-01 3.00E-01 2.92E-01 2.86E-01 4.65E-01
5.00E-03 3.81E-01 3.04E-01 2.95E-01 2.81E-01 2.64E-01 2.73E-01 6.06E-01
1.00E-02 4.33E-01 3.11E-01 2.90E-01 2.77E-01 2.61E-01 2.69E-01 8.56E-01
2.00E-02 5.80E-01 3.24E-01 2.71E-01 2.57E-01 2.62E-01 2.56E-01 1.35E+00
3.00E-02 7.50E-01 3.61E-01 2.83E-01 2.43E-01 2.50E-01 2.33E-01 1.80E+00
5.00E-02 1.11E+00 4.48E-01 3.00E-01 2.60E-01 2.54E-01 2.54E-01 2.61E+00
7.00E-02 1.52E+00 5.59E-01 3.49E-01 2.80E-01 2.57E-01 2.59E-01 3.31E+00
1.00E-01 2.12E+00 7.55E-01 4.33E-01 3.49E-01 2.90E-01 2.66E-01 4.23E+00
1.50E-01 3.09E+00 1.22E+00 6.34E-01 4.51E-01 3.63E-01 3.41E-01 5.54E+00
2.00E-01 4.09E+00 1.72E+00 9.21E-01 5.81E-01 4.90E-01 4.51E-01 6.68E+00
3.00E-01 5.98E+00 2.79E+00 1.54E+00 1.05E+00 8.03E-01 7.54E-01 8.65E+00
5.00E-01 9.36E+00 4.76E+00 2.93E+00 2.12E+00 1.71E+00 1.60E+00 1.16E+01
7.00E-01 1.23E+01 7.15E+00 4.94E+00 3.62E+00 3.03E+00 2.91E+00 1.42E+01
9.00E-01 1.51E+01 8.94E+00 6.42E+00 4.80E+00 4.12E+00 3.90E+00 1.68E+01
1.00E+00 1.54E+01 8.13E+00 5.11E+00 3.90E+00 3.32E+00 3.11E+00 1.93E+01
1.20E+00 1.84E+01 1.21E+01 9.05E+00 7.10E+00 6.05E+00 5.91E+00 1.99E+01
1.50E+00 2.15E+01 1.54E+01 1.18E+01 9.56E+00 8.39E+00 8.16E+00 2.23E+01
2.00E+00 2.66E+01 1.94E+01 1.54E+01 1.35E+01 1.22E+01 1.17E+01 2.59E+01
3.00E+00 3.12E+01 2.67E+01 2.26E+01 1.95E+01 1.83E+01 1.80E+01 3.04E+01
4.00E+00 3.77E+01 3.19E+01 2.73E+01 2.39E+01 2.26E+01 2.20E+01 3.38E+01
5.00E+00 4.10E+01 3.56E+01 3.11E+01 2.86E+01 2.68E+01 2.59E+01 3.40E+01
6.00E+00 4.34E+01 3.84E+01 3.30E+01 3.12E+01 2.89E+01 2.89E+01 3.47E+01
7.00E+00 4.52E+01 4.00E+01 3.68E+01 3.42E+01 3.23E+01 3.28E+01 3.42E+01
8.00E+00 4.82E+01 4.45E+01 3.98E+01 3.62E+01 3.48E+01 3.41E+01 3.53E+01
9.00E+00 4.76E+01 4.44E+01 4.13E+01 3.88E+01 3.66E+01 3.67E+01 3.64E+01
1.00E+01 5.16E+01 4.95E+01 4.37E+01 4.15E+01 3.96E+01 3.90E+01 3.88E+01
1.20E+01 5.48E+01 5.29E+01 4.97E+01 4.56E+01 4.44E+01 4.45E+01 4.22E+01
1.40E+01 5.44E+01 5.46E+01 5.17E+01 4.91E+01 4.68E+01 4.69E+01 4.21E+01
1.50E+01 5.89E+01 5.77E+01 5.38E+01 5.08E+01 4.95E+01 4.83E+01 4.49E+01
1.60E+01 5.74E+01 5.64E+01 5.49E+01 5.25E+01 5.24E+01 5.03E+01 4.47E+01
1.80E+01 5.72E+01 5.93E+01 5.68E+01 5.47E+01 5.27E+01 5.26E+01 4.47E+01
2.00E+01 5.83E+01 5.87E+01 5.95E+01 5.63E+01 5.48E+01 5.62E+01 4.53E+01
3.00E+01 5.85E+01 6.40E+01 6.53E+01 6.30E+01 6.32E+01 6.38E+01 4.76E+01
5.00E+01 5.97E+01 6.66E+01 7.19E+01 6.95E+01 7.25E+01 7.31E+01 4.73E+01
Appendices 85

Figure A.4.2.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom (Veinot
et al., 2020).

Table A.4.2.3  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom (Veinot et al.,
2020).

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

1.00E-09 2.66E+00 2.64E+00 2.58E+00 2.45E+00 2.12E+00 1.64E+00 1.07E+00
1.00E-08 1.22E+00 1.21E+00 1.18E+00 1.13E+00 1.05E+00 8.68E-01 6.42E-01
2.50E-08 8.56E-01 8.59E-01 8.45E-01 8.21E-01 7.51E-01 6.35E-01 5.25E-01
1.00E-07 4.95E-01 4.94E-01 4.85E-01 4.79E-01 4.61E-01 4.24E-01 3.68E-01
2.00E-07 3.80E-01 3.76E-01 3.76E-01 3.72E-01 3.68E-01 3.47E-01 3.12E-01
5.00E-07 2.55E-01 2.58E-01 2.61E-01 2.58E-01 2.58E-01 2.50E-01 2.31E-01
1.00E-06 1.95E-01 2.03E-01 2.01E-01 2.00E-01 2.04E-01 1.98E-01 1.85E-01
2.00E-06 1.44E-01 1.44E-01 1.46E-01 1.49E-01 1.50E-01 1.46E-01 1.41E-01
5.00E-06 1.03E-01 1.01E-01 1.05E-01 1.11E-01 1.16E-01 1.15E-01 1.11E-01
1.00E-05 8.05E-02 8.01E-02 8.09E-02 8.59E-02 8.89E-02 8.81E-02 8.69E-02
2.00E-05 6.64E-02 6.67E-02 6.86E-02 6.95E-02 7.06E-02 7.01E-02 6.99E-02
5.00E-05 5.28E-02 5.17E-02 5.36E-02 5.47E-02 5.74E-02 5.68E-02 5.57E-02
1.00E-04 4.71E-02 4.78E-02 4.81E-02 4.91E-02 4.95E-02 5.09E-02 4.94E-02
2.00E-04 5.03E-02 4.93E-02 5.02E-02 5.03E-02 5.34E-02 5.16E-02 4.84E-02
5.00E-04 7.24E-02 7.25E-02 7.33E-02 7.49E-02 6.85E-02 7.31E-02 6.12E-02
1.00E-03 1.21E-01 1.21E-01 1.22E-01 1.23E-01 1.19E-01 1.16E-01 1.02E-01
2.00E-03 2.20E-01 2.22E-01 2.24E-01 2.27E-01 2.23E-01 2.15E-01 1.88E-01
5.00E-03 5.21E-01 5.23E-01 5.26E-01 5.33E-01 5.31E-01 5.11E-01 4.48E-01
1.00E-02 9.99E-01 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 9.87E-01 8.69E-01
2.00E-02 1.89E+00 1.89E+00 1.90E+00 1.93E+00 1.93E+00 1.87E+00 1.66E+00
3.00E-02 2.69E+00 2.70E+00 2.72E+00 2.75E+00 2.76E+00 2.69E+00 2.39E+00
5.00E-02 4.11E+00 4.10E+00 4.12E+00 4.17E+00 4.19E+00 4.10E+00 3.67E+00
7.00E-02 5.30E+00 5.28E+00 5.32E+00 5.38E+00 5.42E+00 5.31E+00 4.79E+00
1.00E-01 6.77E+00 6.78E+00 6.82E+00 6.90E+00 6.96E+00 6.85E+00 6.26E+00
1.50E-01 8.80E+00 8.81E+00 8.86E+00 8.95E+00 9.06E+00 8.93E+00 8.25E+00
2.00E-01 1.06E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.06E+01 1.07E+01 1.07E+01 9.88E+00
3.00E-01 1.33E+01 1.32E+01 1.33E+01 1.34E+01 1.34E+01 1.34E+01 1.25E+01

(Continued)
86 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.2.3  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

5.00E-01 1.66E+01 1.66E+01 1.67E+01 1.69E+01 1.72E+01 1.73E+01 1.66E+01
7.00E-01 1.96E+01 1.96E+01 1.97E+01 1.99E+01 2.01E+01 2.03E+01 1.95E+01
9.00E-01 2.26E+01 2.26E+01 2.27E+01 2.29E+01 2.31E+01 2.32E+01 2.23E+01
1.00E+00 2.77E+01 2.77E+01 2.76E+01 2.75E+01 2.74E+01 2.72E+01 2.57E+01
1.20E+00 2.59E+01 2.59E+01 2.60E+01 2.61E+01 2.61E+01 2.63E+01 2.54E+01
1.50E+00 2.80E+01 2.79E+01 2.81E+01 2.81E+01 2.81E+01 2.84E+01 2.77E+01
2.00E+00 3.12E+01 3.12E+01 3.12E+01 3.15E+01 3.17E+01 3.12E+01 3.06E+01
3.00E+00 3.12E+01 3.17E+01 3.25E+01 3.42E+01 3.58E+01 3.65E+01 3.66E+01
4.00E+00 2.97E+01 3.02E+01 3.15E+01 3.40E+01 3.69E+01 3.92E+01 4.17E+01
5.00E+00 2.59E+01 2.65E+01 2.82E+01 3.08E+01 3.45E+01 3.80E+01 4.16E+01
6.00E+00 2.37E+01 2.46E+01 2.61E+01 2.93E+01 3.30E+01 3.76E+01 4.14E+01
7.00E+00 2.07E+01 2.14E+01 2.30E+01 2.66E+01 3.10E+01 3.59E+01 4.15E+01
8.00E+00 2.03E+01 2.08E+01 2.24E+01 2.52E+01 3.01E+01 3.57E+01 4.08E+01
9.00E+00 2.13E+01 2.17E+01 2.32E+01 2.62E+01 3.12E+01 3.70E+01 4.30E+01
1.00E+01 2.17E+01 2.21E+01 2.42E+01 2.69E+01 3.17E+01 3.73E+01 4.40E+01
1.20E+01 2.47E+01 2.49E+01 2.69E+01 3.02E+01 3.47E+01 4.09E+01 4.72E+01
1.40E+01 2.40E+01 2.50E+01 2.57E+01 2.93E+01 3.44E+01 4.06E+01 4.77E+01
1.50E+01 2.57E+01 2.58E+01 2.69E+01 3.04E+01 3.52E+01 4.14E+01 4.70E+01
1.60E+01 2.53E+01 2.57E+01 2.74E+01 3.10E+01 3.56E+01 4.17E+01 4.83E+01
1.80E+01 2.47E+01 2.46E+01 2.59E+01 2.90E+01 3.31E+01 3.96E+01 4.63E+01
2.00E+01 2.45E+01 2.48E+01 2.56E+01 2.86E+01 3.38E+01 3.91E+01 4.65E+01
3.00E+01 2.61E+01 2.61E+01 2.73E+01 3.06E+01 3.33E+01 3.90E+01 4.56E+01
5.00E+01 2.02E+01 2.04E+01 2.22E+01 2.37E+01 2.79E+01 3.27E+01 3.91E+01

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

1.00E-09 6.44E-01 2.56E-01 1.51E-01 1.30E-01 1.30E-01 1.28E-01 1.27E+00
1.00E-08 4.38E-01 2.64E-01 1.80E-01 1.58E-01 1.46E-01 1.46E-01 6.63E-01
2.50E-08 3.78E-01 2.56E-01 1.91E-01 1.62E-01 1.53E-01 1.52E-01 5.08E-01
1.00E-07 2.96E-01 2.35E-01 1.94E-01 1.76E-01 1.62E-01 1.58E-01 3.41E-01
2.00E-07 2.65E-01 2.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.72E-01 1.66E-01 1.64E-01 2.88E-01
5.00E-07 2.06E-01 1.83E-01 1.62E-01 1.51E-01 1.47E-01 1.44E-01 2.14E-01
1.00E-06 1.71E-01 1.54E-01 1.36E-01 1.30E-01 1.27E-01 1.28E-01 1.72E-01
2.00E-06 1.29E-01 1.24E-01 1.17E-01 1.08E-01 1.05E-01 1.03E-01 1.33E-01
5.00E-06 1.06E-01 9.50E-02 9.12E-02 8.64E-02 8.57E-02 8.59E-02 1.03E-01
1.00E-05 8.49E-02 8.00E-02 7.61E-02 7.32E-02 7.03E-02 7.00E-02 8.13E-02
2.00E-05 6.78E-02 6.56E-02 6.24E-02 6.04E-02 5.85E-02 5.77E-02 6.71E-02
5.00E-05 5.38E-02 4.96E-02 4.70E-02 4.56E-02 4.62E-02 4.60E-02 5.25E-02
1.00E-04 4.65E-02 4.35E-02 3.95E-02 3.72E-02 3.74E-02 3.67E-02 4.63E-02
2.00E-04 4.44E-02 4.00E-02 3.50E-02 3.33E-02 3.01E-02 3.14E-02 4.25E-02
5.00E-04 5.79E-02 4.65E-02 3.66E-02 3.31E-02 3.00E-02 3.06E-02 5.59E-02
1.00E-03 8.47E-02 6.78E-02 4.65E-02 3.61E-02 3.28E-02 3.19E-02 8.70E-02
2.00E-03 1.54E-01 1.17E-01 8.00E-02 5.91E-02 5.16E-02 5.13E-02 1.57E-01
5.00E-03 3.66E-01 2.64E-01 1.88E-01 1.38E-01 1.19E-01 1.15E-01 3.72E-01
1.00E-02 7.10E-01 5.16E-01 3.66E-01 2.71E-01 2.35E-01 2.31E-01 7.20E-01
2.00E-02 1.35E+00 1.00E+00 7.20E-01 5.45E-01 4.81E-01 4.67E-01 1.37E+00
3.00E-02 1.98E+00 1.48E+00 1.08E+00 8.29E-01 7.33E-01 7.12E-01 1.98E+00
5.00E-02 3.08E+00 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 1.39E+00 1.25E+00 1.24E+00 3.07E+00
7.00E-02 4.09E+00 3.18E+00 2.42E+00 1.97E+00 1.80E+00 1.76E+00 4.04E+00
1.00E-01 5.43E+00 4.33E+00 3.38E+00 2.78E+00 2.61E+00 2.58E+00 5.32E+00
1.50E-01 7.16E+00 5.97E+00 4.81E+00 4.04E+00 3.84E+00 3.78E+00 7.08E+00
(Continued)
Appendices 87

Table A.4.2.3  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

2.00E-01 8.75E+00 7.35E+00 5.99E+00 5.18E+00 4.97E+00 4.89E+00 8.57E+00
3.00E-01 1.13E+01 9.75E+00 8.26E+00 7.17E+00 7.03E+00 6.89E+00 1.11E+01
5.00E-01 1.54E+01 1.37E+01 1.20E+01 1.07E+01 1.05E+01 1.04E+01 1.47E+01
7.00E-01 1.82E+01 1.66E+01 1.48E+01 1.34E+01 1.33E+01 1.30E+01 1.76E+01
9.00E-01 2.08E+01 1.90E+01 1.71E+01 1.56E+01 1.55E+01 1.53E+01 2.03E+01
1.00E+00 2.34E+01 2.07E+01 1.80E+01 1.64E+01 1.57E+01 1.55E+01 2.32E+01
1.20E+00 2.39E+01 2.20E+01 2.02E+01 1.93E+01 1.86E+01 1.85E+01 2.35E+01
1.50E+00 2.63E+01 2.46E+01 2.31E+01 2.21E+01 2.21E+01 2.18E+01 2.60E+01
2.00E+00 2.89E+01 2.76E+01 2.61E+01 2.53E+01 2.53E+01 2.54E+01 2.91E+01
3.00E+00 3.50E+01 3.38E+01 3.26E+01 3.16E+01 3.11E+01 3.11E+01 3.35E+01
4.00E+00 4.13E+01 4.01E+01 3.90E+01 3.74E+01 3.65E+01 3.58E+01 3.67E+01
5.00E+00 4.18E+01 4.19E+01 4.13E+01 3.98E+01 3.98E+01 3.98E+01 3.64E+01
6.00E+00 4.40E+01 4.42E+01 4.35E+01 4.21E+01 4.24E+01 4.15E+01 3.68E+01
7.00E+00 4.43E+01 4.53E+01 4.52E+01 4.41E+01 4.48E+01 4.46E+01 3.63E+01
8.00E+00 4.53E+01 4.74E+01 4.75E+01 4.71E+01 4.67E+01 4.62E+01 3.69E+01
9.00E+00 4.85E+01 5.09E+01 5.22E+01 5.01E+01 5.02E+01 4.88E+01 3.91E+01
1.00E+01 4.88E+01 5.18E+01 5.34E+01 5.24E+01 5.27E+01 5.27E+01 4.02E+01
1.20E+01 5.28E+01 5.68E+01 5.81E+01 5.73E+01 5.49E+01 5.53E+01 4.37E+01
1.40E+01 5.29E+01 5.75E+01 6.14E+01 6.02E+01 6.06E+01 5.91E+01 4.48E+01
1.50E+01 5.31E+01 5.90E+01 6.18E+01 6.29E+01 6.29E+01 6.11E+01 4.58E+01
1.60E+01 5.40E+01 5.93E+01 6.16E+01 6.28E+01 6.35E+01 6.32E+01 4.63E+01
1.80E+01 5.28E+01 5.73E+01 6.13E+01 6.30E+01 6.38E+01 6.39E+01 4.51E+01
2.00E+01 5.33E+01 5.87E+01 6.26E+01 6.39E+01 6.64E+01 6.45E+01 4.57E+01
3.00E+01 5.35E+01 6.05E+01 6.48E+01 7.04E+01 6.57E+01 7.08E+01 4.70E+01
5.00E+01 4.67E+01 5.42E+01 6.19E+01 6.79E+01 7.07E+01 7.39E+01 4.28E+01

Figure A.4.2.3  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom (Veinot
et al., 2020).
88 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.3.1  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.18

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.01 1.18E-03 1.24E-03 1.25E-03 9.98E-04 5.93E-04 2.30E-04
0.02 4.21E-03 4.27E-03 4.39E-03 2.92E-03 2.05E-03 9.30E-04
0.05 1.62E-02 1.97E-02 1.41E-02 1.25E-02 7.51E-03 3.77E-03
0.06 1.39E+01 1.16E+01 6.29E+00 2.13E+00 5.02E-01 8.94E-02
0.07 2.22E+02 1.92E+02 1.26E+02 6.01E+01 1.93E+01 3.52E+00
0.08 6.63E+02 5.94E+02 4.23E+02 2.31E+02 8.93E+01 2.00E+01
0.09 1.10E+03 1.00E+03 7.53E+02 4.45E+02 1.96E+02 5.05E+01
0.1 1.40E+03 1.30E+03 1.03E+03 6.53E+02 3.11E+02 8.91E+01
0.11 1.51E+03 1.42E+03 1.17E+03 7.91E+02 4.07E+02 1.25E+02
0.12 1.49E+03 1.42E+03 1.22E+03 8.67E+02 4.73E+02 1.56E+02
0.15 1.21E+03 1.20E+03 1.14E+03 9.22E+02 5.67E+02 2.05E+02
0.2 8.43E+02 8.73E+02 9.29E+02 8.67E+02 6.00E+02 2.34E+02
0.3 5.44E+02 5.67E+02 6.40E+02 7.23E+02 6.20E+02 2.64E+02
0.5 3.86E+02 3.98E+02 4.38E+02 5.15E+02 5.91E+02 3.20E+02
1 3.07E+02 3.12E+02 3.34E+02 3.70E+02 4.53E+02 4.31E+02
2 2.78E+02 2.82E+02 2.94E+02 3.19E+02 3.69E+02 4.74E+02
5 2.69E+02 2.69E+02 2.75E+02 2.89E+02 3.26E+02 3.96E+02
10 2.67E+02 2.70E+02 2.73E+02 2.80E+02 3.02E+02 3.61E+02
20 2.71E+02 2.71E+02 2.74E+02 2.78E+02 2.91E+02 3.39E+02
30 2.72E+02 2.74E+02 2.76E+02 2.78E+02 2.86E+02 3.25E+02
50 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.77E+02 2.78E+02 2.85E+02 3.11E+02

Figure A.4.3.1  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence

to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the
slab phantom.18

18
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 89

Table A.4.3.2  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.19

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.05 1.90E-02 2.00E-02 1.62E-02 1.17E-02 7.53E-03 3.42E-03 3.52E-04
0.055 7.57E-01 6.18E-01 3.19E-01 1.03E-01 2.72E-02 7.17E-03 7.04E-04
0.06 2.20E+01 1.85E+01 1.06E+01 4.11E+00 1.08E+00 1.71E-01 7.78E-03
0.065 1.12E+02 9.64E+01 6.14E+01 2.80E+01 8.82E+00 1.70E+00 8.78E-02
0.07 2.75E+02 2.42E+02 1.64E+02 8.31E+01 2.96E+01 6.61E+00 3.79E-01
0.075 4.84E+02 4.33E+02 3.05E+02 1.65E+02 6.46E+01 1.57E+01 9.96E-01
0.08 7.11E+02 6.42E+02 4.67E+02 2.66E+02 1.11E+02 2.96E+01 1.98E+00
0.085 9.39E+02 8.55E+02 6.38E+02 3.78E+02 1.66E+02 4.67E+01 3.33E+00
0.09 1.14E+03 1.05E+03 8.00E+02 4.90E+02 2.25E+02 6.62E+01 4.91E+00
0.1 1.38E+03 1.29E+03 1.04E+03 6.78E+02 3.37E+02 1.08E+02 8.48E+00
0.11 1.44E+03 1.37E+03 1.14E+03 7.93E+02 4.22E+02 1.45E+02 1.21E+01
0.12 1.41E+03 1.35E+03 1.16E+03 8.50E+02 4.78E+02 1.73E+02 1.49E+01
0.15 1.16E+03 1.15E+03 1.09E+03 8.85E+02 5.53E+02 2.19E+02 2.02E+01
0.2 8.20E+02 8.47E+02 8.88E+02 8.33E+02 5.90E+02 2.51E+02 2.38E+01
0.3 5.81E+02 6.03E+02 6.67E+02 7.10E+02 5.82E+02 2.68E+02 2.62E+01
0.5 4.12E+02 4.25E+02 4.66E+02 5.41E+02 5.56E+02 3.11E+02 3.20E+01
1 3.20E+02 3.27E+02 3.49E+02 3.94E+02 4.73E+02 3.88E+02 5.06E+01
2 2.86E+02 2.89E+02 3.02E+02 3.30E+02 3.91E+02 4.51E+02 9.82E+01
5 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.79E+02 2.90E+02 3.22E+02 4.40E+02 2.78E+02
10 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.79E+02 2.89E+02 3.40E+02 4.33E+02
20 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.74E+02 2.77E+02 2.81E+02 2.93E+02 3.49E+02
50 2.72E+02 2.72E+02 2.74E+02 2.76E+02 2.79E+02 2.85E+02 3.01E+02

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.73E-03
0.055 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.21E-01
0.06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.79E+00
0.065 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.10E+01
0.07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.53E+01
0.075 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.02E+02
0.08 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.56E+02
0.085 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.13E+02
0.09 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.67E+02
0.1 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.46E+02
0.11 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.83E+02
0.12 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.94E+02
0.15 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.75E+02
0.2 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.20E+02
0.3 3.50E-04 1.00E-04 1.39E-04 2.04E-04 3.09E-04 9.97E-04 2.62E+02
0.5 1.86E-03 3.49E-04 2.67E-04 1.13E-04 2.53E-04 1.22E-03 2.11E+02
1 6.52E-03 4.89E-03 2.85E-03 2.04E-03 5.05E-03 1.58E-03 1.78E+02
2 2.13E-01 3.03E-02 1.79E-02 1.72E-02 1.43E-02 1.58E-02 1.67E+02
5 2.44E+01 1.04E+00 2.23E-01 2.36E-01 2.41E-01 2.21E-01 1.71E+02
10 2.03E+02 7.43E+01 1.60E+01 2.29E+00 9.93E-01 1.08E+00 1.94E+02
20 3.23E+02 3.09E+02 2.82E+02 2.45E+02 2.14E+02 2.01E+02 2.80E+02
50 3.06E+02 3.15E+02 3.21E+02 3.24E+02 3.25E+02 3.24E+02 2.98E+02

19
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
90 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure A.4.3.2  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.20

Table A.4.3.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.20

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.05 1.90E-02 1.83E-02 1.63E-02 1.29E-02 8.66E-03 4.65E-03 1.86E-03
0.055 7.84E-01 6.88E-01 4.54E-01 2.19E-01 7.71E-02 2.07E-02 4.15E-03
0.06 1.93E+01 1.71E+01 1.18E+01 6.19E+00 2.38E+00 6.52E-01 1.19E-01
0.065 9.66E+01 8.67E+01 6.24E+01 3.53E+01 1.54E+01 4.87E+00 1.04E+00
0.07 2.39E+02 2.17E+02 1.61E+02 9.64E+01 4.53E+01 1.59E+01 3.82E+00
0.075 4.26E+02 3.89E+02 2.95E+02 1.84E+02 9.14E+01 3.46E+01 9.02E+00
0.08 6.33E+02 5.82E+02 4.49E+02 2.88E+02 1.49E+02 5.93E+01 1.65E+01
0.085 8.44E+02 7.80E+02 6.12E+02 4.02E+02 2.15E+02 8.88E+01 2.58E+01
0.09 1.04E+03 9.63E+02 7.65E+02 5.13E+02 2.82E+02 1.20E+02 3.63E+01
0.1 1.29E+03 1.21E+03 9.86E+02 6.90E+02 3.99E+02 1.81E+02 5.84E+01
0.11 1.37E+03 1.29E+03 1.08E+03 7.89E+02 4.78E+02 2.28E+02 7.73E+01
0.12 1.35E+03 1.29E+03 1.11E+03 8.32E+02 5.22E+02 2.59E+02 9.16E+01
0.15 1.14E+03 1.11E+03 1.01E+03 8.24E+02 5.61E+02 3.02E+02 1.15E+02
0.2 8.34E+02 8.38E+02 8.23E+02 7.30E+02 5.42E+02 3.16E+02 1.30E+02
0.3 5.62E+02 5.80E+02 6.14E+02 6.00E+02 4.92E+02 3.19E+02 1.45E+02
0.5 4.02E+02 4.15E+02 4.53E+02 4.82E+02 4.34E+02 3.13E+02 1.66E+02
1 3.14E+02 3.20E+02 3.44E+02 3.87E+02 3.90E+02 3.17E+02 2.02E+02
2 2.82E+02 2.85E+02 2.95E+02 3.28E+02 3.68E+02 3.44E+02 2.66E+02
5 2.71E+02 2.71E+02 2.74E+02 2.81E+02 3.05E+02 3.30E+02 3.41E+02
10 2.71E+02 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.76E+02 2.84E+02 2.93E+02 3.00E+02
20 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.74E+02 2.76E+02 2.80E+02 2.86E+02 2.91E+02
50 2.72E+02 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.78E+02 2.82E+02 2.87E+02

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.05 4.25E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.08E-03
0.055 7.32E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.09E-04 1.55E-01
0.06 1.24E-02 1.53E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.00E+00
0.065 1.19E-01 1.28E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.12E+01

(Continued)
20
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 91

Table A.4.3.3  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.07 4.81E-01 5.72E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.50E+01
0.075 1.25E+00 1.48E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.01E+02
0.08 2.41E+00 2.88E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.55E+02
0.085 4.01E+00 5.24E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.12E+02
0.09 5.80E+00 7.80E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.67E+02
0.1 9.96E+00 1.39E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.48E+02
0.11 1.39E+01 2.18E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.87E+02
0.12 1.72E+01 2.80E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.00E+02
0.15 2.31E+01 4.38E-01 1.69E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.77E+02
0.2 2.79E+01 6.57E-01 7.56E-04 4.15E-04 1.72E-04 2.15E-04 3.19E+02
0.3 3.42E+01 1.08E+00 4.41E-04 5.53E-04 6.36E-04 6.42E-04 2.55E+02
0.5 4.63E+01 2.32E+00 1.70E-03 1.13E-03 9.15E-04 9.53E-04 2.09E+02
1 7.85E+01 8.79E+00 1.38E-01 6.64E-03 6.25E-03 5.64E-03 1.84E+02
2 1.53E+02 4.72E+01 9.21E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E-01 8.30E-02 1.86E+02
5 3.32E+02 2.95E+02 2.53E+02 2.20E+02 1.97E+02 1.89E+02 2.77E+02
10 3.06E+02 3.06E+02 3.06E+02 3.07E+02 3.07E+02 3.08E+02 2.93E+02
20 2.97E+02 3.01E+02 3.05E+02 3.08E+02 3.10E+02 3.11E+02 2.91E+02
50 2.93E+02 2.99E+02 3.04E+02 3.09E+02 3.12E+02 3.13E+02 2.90E+02

Figure A.4.3.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.21

21
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
92 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.4.1  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom.22

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.01 1.17E+01 1.11E+01 9.91E+00 7.59E+00 4.89E+00 2.02E+00
0.02 1.17E+01 1.11E+01 9.90E+00 7.55E+00 4.85E+00 2.02E+00
0.05 1.20E+01 1.11E+01 9.94E+00 7.70E+00 5.25E+00 1.91E+00
0.06 2.60E+01 2.35E+01 1.59E+01 9.71E+00 5.29E+00 2.03E+00
0.07 2.34E+02 2.04E+02 1.36E+02 6.79E+01 2.40E+01 5.53E+00
0.08 6.75E+02 6.04E+02 4.34E+02 2.39E+02 9.43E+01 2.21E+01
0.09 1.11E+03 1.01E+03 7.63E+02 4.53E+02 2.00E+02 5.24E+01
0.1 1.41E+03 1.31E+03 1.04E+03 6.60E+02 3.16E+02 9.12E+01
0.11 1.52E+03 1.43E+03 1.18E+03 7.99E+02 4.12E+02 1.28E+02
0.12 1.50E+03 1.44E+03 1.23E+03 8.75E+02 4.79E+02 1.58E+02
0.15 1.23E+03 1.22E+03 1.15E+03 9.31E+02 5.72E+02 2.08E+02
0.2 8.54E+02 8.83E+02 9.38E+02 8.73E+02 6.04E+02 2.36E+02
0.3 5.55E+02 5.77E+02 6.51E+02 7.31E+02 6.24E+02 2.66E+02
0.5 3.96E+02 4.07E+02 4.46E+02 5.20E+02 5.97E+02 3.22E+02
1 3.15E+02 3.20E+02 3.42E+02 3.77E+02 4.58E+02 4.33E+02
2 2.85E+02 2.88E+02 3.00E+02 3.23E+02 3.73E+02 4.76E+02
5 2.73E+02 2.73E+02 2.80E+02 2.93E+02 3.29E+02 3.97E+02
10 2.71E+02 2.74E+02 2.74E+02 2.82E+02 3.05E+02 3.63E+02
20 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.80E+02 2.92E+02 3.39E+02
30 2.72E+02 2.75E+02 2.77E+02 2.78E+02 2.86E+02 3.27E+02
50 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.76E+02 2.78E+02 2.86E+02 3.10E+02

Figure A.4.4.1  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence

to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the
slab phantom.22

22
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J.-M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 93

Table A.4.4.2  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.23

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.005 1.01E+01 9.90E+00 9.04E+00 7.13E+00 5.21E+00 3.16E+00 1.36E+00
0.01 1.05E+01 1.01E+01 8.97E+00 7.18E+00 5.28E+00 3.08E+00 1.51E+00
0.02 1.06E+01 1.04E+01 9.26E+00 7.61E+00 5.40E+00 3.07E+00 1.55E+00
0.04 1.06E+01 1.06E+01 9.31E+00 7.21E+00 5.14E+00 3.28E+00 1.26E+00
0.05 1.09E+01 1.08E+01 9.50E+00 7.39E+00 5.22E+00 2.93E+00 1.38E+00
0.06 2.81E+01 2.48E+01 1.75E+01 1.05E+01 6.23E+00 3.00E+00 1.32E+00
0.065 1.06E+02 9.28E+01 6.08E+01 3.06E+01 1.24E+01 4.46E+00 1.33E+00
0.07 2.58E+02 2.27E+02 1.55E+02 8.02E+01 3.06E+01 8.43E+00 1.58E+00
0.075 4.60E+02 4.11E+02 2.90E+02 1.57E+02 6.28E+01 1.68E+01 2.31E+00
0.08 6.84E+02 6.17E+02 4.48E+02 2.54E+02 1.07E+02 2.95E+01 3.18E+00
0.085 9.12E+02 8.30E+02 6.17E+02 3.63E+02 1.60E+02 4.57E+01 4.32E+00
0.09 1.12E+03 1.03E+03 7.82E+02 4.77E+02 2.18E+02 6.47E+01 5.91E+00
0.1 1.39E+03 1.30E+03 1.03E+03 6.73E+02 3.32E+02 1.06E+02 9.34E+00
0.11 1.46E+03 1.39E+03 1.15E+03 7.96E+02 4.20E+02 1.43E+02 1.29E+01
0.12 1.43E+03 1.38E+03 1.18E+03 8.60E+02 4.80E+02 1.73E+02 1.60E+01
0.15 1.19E+03 1.18E+03 1.11E+03 9.03E+02 5.63E+02 2.23E+02 2.16E+01
0.2 8.38E+02 8.62E+02 9.03E+02 8.46E+02 5.99E+02 2.55E+02 2.54E+01
0.3 5.88E+02 6.11E+02 6.72E+02 7.15E+02 5.85E+02 2.70E+02 2.72E+01
0.5 4.14E+02 4.27E+02 4.67E+02 5.39E+02 5.54E+02 3.09E+02 3.30E+01
1 3.21E+02 3.27E+02 3.48E+02 3.91E+02 4.66E+02 3.84E+02 5.11E+01
2 2.87E+02 2.90E+02 3.01E+02 3.27E+02 3.85E+02 4.46E+02 9.92E+01
5 2.74E+02 2.75E+02 2.79E+02 2.89E+02 3.18E+02 4.32E+02 2.76E+02
10 2.73E+02 2.73E+02 2.74E+02 2.78E+02 2.87E+02 3.34E+02 4.22E+02
20 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.74E+02 2.77E+02 2.80E+02 2.91E+02 3.44E+02
50 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.74E+02 2.76E+02 2.80E+02 2.84E+02 2.98E+02

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.005 9.83E-01 7.16E-01 5.98E-01 7.67E-01 5.72E-01 5.01E-01 3.73E+00
0.01 1.02E+00 7.38E-01 7.15E-01 5.01E-01 7.23E-01 6.69E-01 3.78E+00
0.02 9.96E-01 7.40E-01 6.96E-01 5.42E-01 5.97E-01 6.10E-01 3.87E+00
0.04 9.60E-01 9.00E-01 6.24E-01 5.70E-01 5.00E-01 6.01E-01 3.83E+00
0.05 9.49E-01 7.33E-01 6.46E-01 6.12E-01 6.05E-01 4.93E-01 3.87E+00
0.06 9.12E-01 6.29E-01 5.98E-01 5.89E-01 5.25E-01 4.68E-01 6.74E+00
0.065 8.38E-01 7.56E-01 5.79E-01 5.37E-01 6.27E-01 4.93E-01 2.16E+01
0.07 8.94E-01 6.30E-01 7.37E-01 6.09E-01 5.97E-01 6.44E-01 5.30E+01
0.075 8.36E-01 7.11E-01 7.94E-01 6.00E-01 5.93E-01 5.60E-01 9.79E+01
0.08 9.43E-01 7.59E-01 7.00E-01 6.17E-01 4.81E-01 5.36E-01 1.50E+02
0.085 9.28E-01 7.44E-01 5.48E-01 7.14E-01 7.06E-01 4.60E-01 2.07E+02
0.09 9.66E-01 6.23E-01 6.29E-01 6.47E-01 5.84E-01 6.09E-01 2.62E+02
0.1 8.78E-01 7.23E-01 6.49E-01 5.52E-01 4.86E-01 8.47E-01 3.46E+02
0.11 9.13E-01 7.50E-01 7.72E-01 5.38E-01 6.18E-01 5.89E-01 3.87E+02
0.12 8.18E-01 7.98E-01 7.32E-01 6.11E-01 5.65E-01 6.63E-01 4.01E+02
0.15 8.97E-01 7.43E-01 6.78E-01 6.67E-01 6.23E-01 5.30E-01 3.84E+02
0.2 7.66E-01 6.39E-01 6.34E-01 5.00E-01 6.27E-01 7.27E-01 3.26E+02
0.3 8.80E-01 7.39E-01 6.63E-01 6.58E-01 6.16E-01 5.42E-01 2.65E+02
0.5 1.07E+00 7.90E-01 5.95E-01 6.59E-01 5.30E-01 4.43E-01 2.12E+02
1 1.01E+00 9.46E-01 7.67E-01 7.17E-01 5.99E-01 6.85E-01 1.78E+02
2 1.34E+00 9.81E-01 8.88E-01 8.79E-01 7.67E-01 7.35E-01 1.66E+02
5 2.61E+01 2.71E+00 1.67E+00 1.53E+00 1.48E+00 1.64E+00 1.70E+02
10 1.99E+02 7.68E+01 1.93E+01 4.77E+00 3.23E+00 3.24E+00 1.92E+02
20 3.15E+02 3.00E+02 2.73E+02 2.39E+02 2.11E+02 1.99E+02 2.76E+02
50 2.99E+02 3.02E+02 3.05E+02 3.05E+02 3.04E+02 3.04E+02 2.91E+02

23
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
94 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure A.4.4.2  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom.24

Table A.4.4.3  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.24

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.005 8.08E+00 7.79E+00 7.03E+00 5.88E+00 4.43E+00 3.07E+00 2.05E+00
0.01 7.96E+00 7.76E+00 7.12E+00 6.00E+00 4.73E+00 3.41E+00 2.26E+00
0.02 8.11E+00 7.95E+00 7.26E+00 6.12E+00 4.72E+00 3.25E+00 2.12E+00
0.04 8.24E+00 8.05E+00 7.40E+00 6.26E+00 4.70E+00 3.16E+00 2.02E+00
0.05 8.29E+00 7.94E+00 7.14E+00 5.91E+00 4.39E+00 3.12E+00 2.07E+00
0.06 2.45E+01 2.24E+01 1.71E+01 1.12E+01 6.36E+00 3.47E+00 2.01E+00
0.065 9.17E+01 8.28E+01 6.08E+01 3.62E+01 1.74E+01 7.10E+00 2.85E+00
0.07 2.25E+02 2.04E+02 1.52E+02 9.24E+01 4.47E+01 1.70E+01 5.33E+00
0.075 4.06E+02 3.70E+02 2.81E+02 1.76E+02 8.79E+01 3.42E+01 1.00E+01
0.08 6.10E+02 5.60E+02 4.33E+02 2.77E+02 1.44E+02 5.82E+01 1.72E+01
0.085 8.21E+02 7.58E+02 5.93E+02 3.89E+02 2.08E+02 8.66E+01 2.61E+01
0.09 1.02E+03 9.47E+02 7.51E+02 5.02E+02 2.75E+02 1.18E+02 3.65E+01
0.1 1.29E+03 1.21E+03 9.83E+02 6.85E+02 3.95E+02 1.79E+02 5.84E+01
0.11 1.39E+03 1.31E+03 1.10E+03 7.95E+02 4.79E+02 2.28E+02 7.75E+01
0.12 1.38E+03 1.31E+03 1.12E+03 8.43E+02 5.28E+02 2.61E+02 9.29E+01
0.15 1.16E+03 1.14E+03 1.04E+03 8.39E+02 5.71E+02 3.06E+02 1.17E+02
0.2 8.48E+02 8.53E+02 8.37E+02 7.43E+02 5.52E+02 3.23E+02 1.34E+02
0.3 5.65E+02 5.83E+02 6.17E+02 6.03E+02 4.95E+02 3.21E+02 1.47E+02
0.5 4.02E+02 4.15E+02 4.53E+02 4.81E+02 4.33E+02 3.13E+02 1.66E+02
1 3.13E+02 3.19E+02 3.41E+02 3.83E+02 3.85E+02 3.13E+02 2.00E+02
2 2.79E+02 2.82E+02 2.93E+02 3.24E+02 3.63E+02 3.40E+02 2.63E+02
5 2.70E+02 2.71E+02 2.72E+02 2.78E+02 2.99E+02 3.21E+02 3.29E+02
10 2.70E+02 2.71E+02 2.72E+02 2.74E+02 2.81E+02 2.88E+02 2.94E+02
20 2.71E+02 2.71E+02 2.72E+02 2.74E+02 2.78E+02 2.83E+02 2.87E+02
50 2.71E+02 2.72E+02 2.73E+02 2.75E+02 2.78E+02 2.82E+02 2.86E+02

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.005 1.39E+00 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.06E+00 1.02E+00 1.06E+00 3.38E+00
0.01 1.63E+00 1.26E+00 1.13E+00 1.24E+00 1.34E+00 1.36E+00 3.55E+00
0.02 1.35E+00 1.07E+00 9.70E-01 9.49E-01 1.02E+00 1.00E+00 3.44E+00
(Continued)

24
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 95

Table A.4.4.3  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.04 1.40E+00 1.16E+00 1.14E+00 1.01E+00 8.95E-01 9.26E-01 3.48E+00
0.05 1.50E+00 1.23E+00 9.94E-01 8.43E-01 7.36E-01 7.49E-01 3.36E+00
0.06 1.34E+00 1.14E+00 1.05E+00 9.70E-01 9.23E-01 9.19E-01 6.72E+00
0.065 1.55E+00 1.21E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.15E+00 2.16E+01
0.07 1.78E+00 1.15E+00 1.04E+00 9.32E-01 9.12E-01 9.06E-01 5.29E+01
0.075 2.54E+00 1.17E+00 1.06E+00 9.74E-01 8.92E-01 9.17E-01 9.74E+01
0.08 3.56E+00 1.14E+00 1.08E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.50E+02
0.085 5.08E+00 1.12E+00 9.57E-01 9.43E-01 9.73E-01 9.89E-01 2.07E+02
0.09 6.81E+00 1.13E+00 1.02E+00 1.24E+00 1.56E+00 1.64E+00 2.63E+02
0.1 1.11E+01 1.28E+00 1.11E+00 9.82E-01 8.72E-01 9.71E-01 3.47E+02
0.11 1.47E+01 1.18E+00 8.52E-01 7.46E-01 6.90E-01 6.45E-01 3.92E+02
0.12 1.85E+01 1.73E+00 1.25E+00 1.11E+00 9.58E-01 9.71E-01 4.06E+02
0.15 2.44E+01 1.47E+00 1.10E+00 1.12E+00 1.16E+00 1.19E+00 3.85E+02
0.2 2.96E+01 1.68E+00 8.91E-01 8.88E-01 8.70E-01 8.25E-01 3.25E+02
0.3 3.57E+01 2.19E+00 1.05E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 2.58E+02
0.5 4.77E+01 3.65E+00 1.27E+00 1.32E+00 1.27E+00 1.18E+00 2.10E+02
1 7.92E+01 1.05E+01 1.64E+00 1.32E+00 1.05E+00 9.01E-01 1.83E+02
2 1.53E+02 4.86E+01 1.10E+01 2.72E+00 1.50E+00 1.47E+00 1.85E+02
5 3.19E+02 2.83E+02 2.46E+02 2.15E+02 1.95E+02 1.87E+02 2.71E+02
10 2.96E+02 2.94E+02 2.90E+02 2.88E+02 2.87E+02 2.86E+02 2.84E+02
20 2.90E+02 2.92E+02 2.94E+02 2.96E+02 2.97E+02 2.97E+02 2.85E+02
50 2.90E+02 2.95E+02 2.99E+02 3.03E+02 3.05E+02 3.06E+02 2.87E+02

Figure A.4.4.3  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom.25

25
T. Otto (2020). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
96 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.4.5  Conversion coefficients from alpha particle

fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin
on the slab phantom for radiation incident at normal incidence
(ICRP, 2010).

Ep/MeV dlocal skin/(pGy cm2) for normal incidence

6.5 1.11E+03
6.8 2.56E+04
7.0 4.20E+04
7.5 7.52E+04
8.0 1.03E+05
8.5 1.28E+05
9.0 1.50E+05
9.5 1.72E+05
10.0 1.80E+05

Figure A.4.5  Conversion coefficients from alpha particle fluence

to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the
slab phantom for radiation incident at normal incidence (ICRP,
2010).

A.5 Operational Quantities for Photons of
Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields With Charged-
Particle Equilibrium
The calibration of area monitoring instruments and personal
dosimeters for photon radiation to measure ambient dose,
personal dose, directional and personal absorbed dose in the
lens of the eye and local skin is performed routinely in air
with sufficient material in front of the instrument to provide
full charged-particle equilibrium at the point of test (Section
6.2). The calculations of conversion coefficients given here
use the kerma-approximation method to approximate
absorbed dose when there is charged-particle equilibrium.
Data for the lens of the eye: Table A.5.1a and Fig. A.5.1a
give values of conversion coefficients from photon fluence to
ambient dose; Table A.5.1b and Fig. A.5.1b from air kerma;
Table A.5.2a and Fig. A.5.2a from photon fluence to personal
dose; and in Table A.5.2b and Fig. A.5.2b from air kerma;
Table A.5.3a and Fig. A.5.3a from photon fluence to direc-
tional and personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye; and in
Table A.5.3b and Fig. A.5.3b from air kerma (See Table A.5.0).
Data for local skin: Tables A.5.4.1a, A5.4.2a, A5.4.3a, and
Figs. A.5.4.1a, A5.4.2a, A5.4.3a from photon fluence to
directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin, and in
Tables A.5.4.1b, A5.4.2b, A5.4.3b and Figs. A.5.4.1b,
A5.4.2b, A5.4.3b from air kerma.

Table A.5.0  Conversion coefficients for photons calculated with the kerma-approximation method.

Table/figure Physical quantity Operational quantity Phantom Energy range (MeV)

A.5.1a Fluence
Ambient dose H*
A.5.1b Air kerma ICRU/ICRP
1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01
A.5.2a Fluence Anthropomorphic phantom
Personal dose Hp
A.5.2b Air kerma
A.5.3a Fluence Absorbed dose in the lens of Eye model (Behrens and
5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01 
A.5.3b Air kerma the eye Dlens Dietze, 2011)
A.5.4.1a Fluence
Slab 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01
A.5.4.1b Air kerma
A.5.4.2a Fluence Absorbed dose in local skin
Pillar
A.5.4.2b Air kerma Dskin
2.0 E-03–5.0 E+01
A.5.4.3a Fluence
Rod
A.5.4.3b Air kerma
Appendices 97

Table A.5.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Table A.5.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to
ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method
(Endo, 2017). (Endo, 2017).

Ep/MeV h*/(pSv cm2) Ep/MeV h*/(Sv Gy-1)

1.00E-02 6.75E-02 1.0E-02 9.12E-03
1.50E-02 1.53E-01 1.5E-02 4.89E-02
2.00E-02 2.22E-01 2.0E-02 1.32E-01
3.00E-02 3.10E-01 3.0E-02 4.30E-01
4.00E-02 3.45E-01 4.0E-02 8.05E-01
5.00E-02 3.64E-01 5.0E-02 1.13E+00
6.00E-02 3.85E-01 6.0E-02 1.33E+00
7.00E-02 4.11E-01 7.0E-02 1.43E+00
8.00E-02 4.43E-01 8.0E-02 1.44E+00
1.00E-01 5.19E-01 1.0E-01 1.40E+00
1.50E-01 7.48E-01 1.5E-01 1.25E+00
2.00E-01 9.98E-01 2.0E-01 1.16E+00
3.00E-01 1.50E+00 3.0E-01 1.09E+00
4.00E-01 2.00E+00 4.0E-01 1.06E+00
5.00E-01 2.46E+00 5.0E-01 1.04E+00
6.00E-01 2.91E+00 6.0E-01 1.02E+00
8.00E-01 3.73E+00 8.0E-01 1.01E+00
1.00E+00 4.49E+00 1.0E+00 1.00E+00
1.50E+00 6.13E+00 1.5E+00 9.98E-01
2.00E+00 7.54E+00 2.0E+00 9.97E-01
3.00E+00 9.98E+00 3.0E+00 1.00E+00
4.00E+00 1.21E+01 4.0E+00 1.00E+00
5.00E+00 1.42E+01 5.0E+00 1.00E+00
6.00E+00 1.61E+01 6.0E+00 9.97E-01
8.00E+00 1.99E+01 8.0E+00 9.89E-01
1.00E+01 2.37E+01 1.0E+01 9.82E-01
1.50E+01 3.33E+01 1.5E+01 9.65E-01
2.00E+01 4.32E+01 2.0E+01 9.52E-01
3.00E+01 6.41E+01 3.0E+01 9.34E-01
4.00E+01 8.63E+01 4.0E+01 9.25E-01
5.00E+01 1.09E+02 5.0E+01 9.17E-01

Figure A.5.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure A.5.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma
ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method to ambient dose calculated using the kerma-approximation
(Endo, 2017). method (Endo, 2017).
98 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.5.2a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Endo,
2017).

Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(pSv cm2)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E-02 6.75E-02 6.68E-02 6.13E-02 5.26E-02 4.24E-02 3.06E-02 1.83E-02 1.80E-02 3.31E-02 2.90E-02 2.94E-02 2.76E-02
1.5E-02 1.53E-01 1.50E-01 1.39E-01 1.19E-01 9.29E-02 6.41E-02 3.91E-02 1.53E-02 6.57E-02 5.45E-02 5.63E-02 5.33E-02
2.0E-02 2.22E-01 2.17E-01 2.03E-01 1.80E-01 1.42E-01 9.70E-02 5.96E-02 2.65E-02 9.97E-02 8.04E-02 8.00E-02 7.73E-02
3.0E-02 3.10E-01 3.05E-01 2.87E-01 2.55E-01 2.10E-01 1.52E-01 9.63E-02 9.61E-02 1.58E-01 1.24E-01 1.27E-01 1.22E-01
4.0E-02 3.45E-01 3.41E-01 3.22E-01 2.87E-01 2.41E-01 1.84E-01 1.23E-01 1.62E-01 1.97E-01 1.57E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01
5.0E-02 3.64E-01 3.60E-01 3.41E-01 3.07E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.43E-01 2.07E-01 2.22E-01 1.78E-01 1.82E-01 1.72E-01
6.0E-02 3.85E-01 3.82E-01 3.62E-01 3.27E-01 2.81E-01 2.22E-01 1.59E-01 2.40E-01 2.44E-01 1.97E-01 2.01E-01 1.91E-01
7.0E-02 4.11E-01 4.07E-01 3.85E-01 3.51E-01 3.04E-01 2.42E-01 1.76E-01 2.71E-01 2.67E-01 2.16E-01 2.21E-01 2.11E-01
8.0E-02 4.43E-01 4.37E-01 4.16E-01 3.80E-01 3.30E-01 2.64E-01 1.94E-01 3.01E-01 2.95E-01 2.37E-01 2.43E-01 2.28E-01
1.0E-01 5.19E-01 5.12E-01 4.87E-01 4.50E-01 3.93E-01 3.19E-01 2.36E-01 3.61E-01 3.50E-01 2.85E-01 2.94E-01 2.76E-01
1.5E-01 7.48E-01 7.40E-01 7.11E-01 6.58E-01 5.82E-01 4.81E-01 3.65E-01 5.39E-01 5.21E-01 4.31E-01 4.44E-01 4.17E-01
2.0E-01 9.98E-01 9.91E-01 9.54E-01 8.91E-01 7.97E-01 6.68E-01 5.13E-01 7.35E-01 7.15E-01 5.94E-01 6.07E-01 5.72E-01
3.0E-01 1.50E+00 1.49E+00 1.45E+00 1.37E+00 1.24E+00 1.06E+00 8.33E-01 1.15E+00 1.11E+00 9.34E-01 9.64E-01 9.06E-01
4.0E-01 2.00E+00 1.98E+00 1.93E+00 1.83E+00 1.68E+00 1.46E+00 1.16E+00 1.57E+00 1.51E+00 1.28E+00 1.32E+00 1.25E+00
5.0E-01 2.46E+00 2.45E+00 2.39E+00 2.28E+00 2.10E+00 1.85E+00 1.50E+00 1.98E+00 1.90E+00 1.64E+00 1.68E+00 1.58E+00
6.0E-01 2.91E+00 2.89E+00 2.83E+00 2.71E+00 2.51E+00 2.23E+00 1.84E+00 2.37E+00 2.29E+00 1.98E+00 2.02E+00 1.91E+00
8.0E-01 3.73E+00 3.72E+00 3.65E+00 3.50E+00 3.29E+00 2.96E+00 2.48E+00 3.12E+00 3.01E+00 2.63E+00 2.69E+00 2.57E+00
1.0E+00 4.49E+00 4.47E+00 4.40E+00 4.24E+00 4.01E+00 3.64E+00 3.09E+00 3.82E+00 3.70E+00 3.25E+00 3.33E+00 3.18E+00
1.5E+00 6.13E+00 6.11E+00 6.03E+00 5.86E+00 5.60E+00 5.18E+00 4.52E+00 5.38E+00 5.22E+00 4.68E+00 4.77E+00 4.58E+00
2.0E+00 7.54E+00 7.52E+00 7.43E+00 7.26E+00 6.98E+00 6.52E+00 5.80E+00 6.75E+00 6.57E+00 5.95E+00 6.05E+00 5.83E+00
3.0E+00 9.98E+00 9.97E+00 9.86E+00 9.67E+00 9.36E+00 8.88E+00 8.05E+00 9.10E+00 8.90E+00 8.18E+00 8.32E+00 8.03E+00
4.0E+00 1.21E+01 1.21E+01 1.20E+01 1.18E+01 1.15E+01 1.09E+01 1.01E+01 1.12E+01 1.10E+01 1.02E+01 1.03E+01 1.00E+01
5.0E+00 1.42E+01 1.41E+01 1.40E+01 1.38E+01 1.34E+01 1.29E+01 1.20E+01 1.31E+01 1.29E+01 1.20E+01 1.22E+01 1.19E+01
6.0E+00 1.61E+01 1.61E+01 1.59E+01 1.57E+01 1.53E+01 1.47E+01 1.38E+01 1.50E+01 1.47E+01 1.38E+01 1.40E+01 1.36E+01
8.0E+00 1.99E+01 1.99E+01 1.97E+01 1.94E+01 1.90E+01 1.83E+01 1.72E+01 1.86E+01 1.83E+01 1.73E+01 1.75E+01 1.71E+01
1.0E+01 2.37E+01 2.36E+01 2.35E+01 2.31E+01 2.26E+01 2.19E+01 2.07E+01 2.22E+01 2.19E+01 2.07E+01 2.10E+01 2.05E+01
1.5E+01 3.33E+01 3.32E+01 3.30E+01 3.25E+01 3.18E+01 3.08E+01 2.93E+01 3.12E+01 3.09E+01 2.93E+01 2.96E+01 2.90E+01
2.0E+01 4.32E+01 4.31E+01 4.28E+01 4.22E+01 4.14E+01 4.01E+01 3.81E+01 4.05E+01 4.02E+01 3.82E+01 3.85E+01 3.77E+01
3.0E+01 6.41E+01 6.39E+01 6.35E+01 6.26E+01 6.13E+01 5.94E+01 5.65E+01 6.00E+01 5.96E+01 5.66E+01 5.72E+01 5.60E+01
4.0E+01 8.63E+01 8.61E+01 8.55E+01 8.42E+01 8.25E+01 7.99E+01 7.61E+01 8.08E+01 8.02E+01 7.62E+01 7.70E+01 7.54E+01
5.0E+01 1.09E+02 1.09E+02 1.08E+02 1.07E+02 1.05E+02 1.01E+02 9.63E+01 1.02E+02 1.02E+02 9.64E+01 9.75E+01 9.55E+01

Figure A.5.2a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to

personal dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method
(Endo, 2017).
Appendices 99

Table A.5.2b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method
(Endo, 2017).
Ep/MeV hp (ϕ)/(Sv Gy−1)

  0° avg(±15°) avg(±30°) avg(±45°) avg(±60°) avg(±75°) avg(±90°) 180° ROT ISO SS-ISO IS-ISO

1.0E-02 9.12E-03 9.03E-03 8.28E-03 7.11E-03 5.73E-03 4.14E-03 2.47E-03 2.44E-03 4.47E-03 3.91E-03 3.98E-03 3.73E-03
1.5E-02 4.89E-02 4.80E-02 4.43E-02 3.81E-02 2.97E-02 2.05E-02 1.25E-02 4.90E-03 2.10E-02 1.74E-02 1.80E-02 1.71E-02
2.0E-02 1.32E-01 1.29E-01 1.21E-01 1.07E-01 8.44E-02 5.76E-02 3.54E-02 1.57E-02 5.92E-02 4.77E-02 4.75E-02 4.59E-02
3.0E-02 4.30E-01 4.23E-01 3.98E-01 3.53E-01 2.91E-01 2.10E-01 1.33E-01 1.33E-01 2.19E-01 1.72E-01 1.76E-01 1.69E-01
4.0E-02 8.05E-01 7.95E-01 7.52E-01 6.69E-01 5.62E-01 4.30E-01 2.87E-01 3.79E-01 4.60E-01 3.65E-01 3.74E-01 3.51E-01
5.0E-02 1.13E+00 1.11E+00 1.06E+00 9.52E-01 8.10E-01 6.29E-01 4.42E-01 6.40E-01 6.87E-01 5.52E-01 5.65E-01 5.33E-01
6.0E-02 1.33E+00 1.32E+00 1.25E+00 1.13E+00 9.73E-01 7.67E-01 5.49E-01 8.30E-01 8.44E-01 6.82E-01 6.96E-01 6.62E-01
7.0E-02 1.43E+00 1.41E+00 1.34E+00 1.22E+00 1.06E+00 8.40E-01 6.10E-01 9.41E-01 9.28E-01 7.49E-01 7.70E-01 7.32E-01
8.0E-02 1.44E+00 1.43E+00 1.36E+00 1.24E+00 1.08E+00 8.60E-01 6.34E-01 9.83E-01 9.62E-01 7.74E-01 7.93E-01 7.45E-01
1.0E-01 1.40E+00 1.38E+00 1.31E+00 1.21E+00 1.06E+00 8.59E-01 6.36E-01 9.71E-01 9.42E-01 7.67E-01 7.90E-01 7.44E-01
1.5E-01 1.25E+00 1.23E+00 1.19E+00 1.10E+00 9.70E-01 8.03E-01 6.09E-01 8.99E-01 8.69E-01 7.19E-01 7.41E-01 6.95E-01
2.0E-01 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.11E+00 1.04E+00 9.30E-01 7.80E-01 5.99E-01 8.58E-01 8.34E-01 6.93E-01 7.08E-01 6.68E-01
3.0E-01 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.05E+00 9.88E-01 8.96E-01 7.66E-01 6.02E-01 8.34E-01 8.06E-01 6.75E-01 6.97E-01 6.55E-01
4.0E-01 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.02E+00 9.68E-01 8.87E-01 7.70E-01 6.15E-01 8.29E-01 7.99E-01 6.79E-01 6.98E-01 6.59E-01
5.0E-01 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.00E+00 9.57E-01 8.84E-01 7.77E-01 6.31E-01 8.32E-01 8.01E-01 6.88E-01 7.04E-01 6.64E-01
6.0E-01 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 9.95E-01 9.52E-01 8.83E-01 7.85E-01 6.46E-01 8.35E-01 8.04E-01 6.95E-01 7.10E-01 6.72E-01
8.0E-01 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 9.86E-01 9.47E-01 8.88E-01 8.00E-01 6.70E-01 8.44E-01 8.13E-01 7.10E-01 7.25E-01 6.94E-01
1.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.99E-01 9.83E-01 9.47E-01 8.95E-01 8.13E-01 6.90E-01 8.52E-01 8.25E-01 7.25E-01 7.42E-01 7.10E-01
1.5E+00 9.98E-01 9.94E-01 9.80E-01 9.53E-01 9.11E-01 8.43E-01 7.35E-01 8.76E-01 8.50E-01 7.61E-01 7.76E-01 7.46E-01
2.0E+00 9.97E-01 9.95E-01 9.84E-01 9.61E-01 9.24E-01 8.63E-01 7.67E-01 8.93E-01 8.69E-01 7.87E-01 8.01E-01 7.71E-01
3.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.99E-01 9.89E-01 9.69E-01 9.39E-01 8.90E-01 8.07E-01 9.12E-01 8.92E-01 8.20E-01 8.34E-01 8.05E-01
4.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.98E-01 9.90E-01 9.72E-01 9.44E-01 9.01E-01 8.30E-01 9.20E-01 9.03E-01 8.39E-01 8.51E-01 8.25E-01
5.0E+00 1.00E+00 9.97E-01 9.89E-01 9.72E-01 9.47E-01 9.08E-01 8.43E-01 9.24E-01 9.08E-01 8.50E-01 8.61E-01 8.37E-01
6.0E+00 9.97E-01 9.94E-01 9.86E-01 9.71E-01 9.47E-01 9.10E-01 8.51E-01 9.26E-01 9.11E-01 8.56E-01 8.66E-01 8.43E-01
8.0E+00 9.89E-01 9.87E-01 9.80E-01 9.66E-01 9.43E-01 9.10E-01 8.56E-01 9.24E-01 9.10E-01 8.61E-01 8.70E-01 8.48E-01
1.0E+01 9.82E-01 9.80E-01 9.73E-01 9.59E-01 9.38E-01 9.07E-01 8.57E-01 9.19E-01 9.07E-01 8.59E-01 8.68E-01 8.48E-01
1.5E+01 9.65E-01 9.63E-01 9.57E-01 9.43E-01 9.24E-01 8.95E-01 8.50E-01 9.06E-01 8.96E-01 8.51E-01 8.60E-01 8.42E-01
2.0E+01 9.52E-01 9.50E-01 9.44E-01 9.30E-01 9.12E-01 8.83E-01 8.40E-01 8.93E-01 8.85E-01 8.41E-01 8.50E-01 8.32E-01
3.0E+01 9.34E-01 9.32E-01 9.26E-01 9.13E-01 8.94E-01 8.66E-01 8.24E-01 8.75E-01 8.69E-01 8.25E-01 8.34E-01 8.16E-01
4.0E+01 9.25E-01 9.23E-01 9.16E-01 9.03E-01 8.84E-01 8.57E-01 8.16E-01 8.66E-01 8.60E-01 8.16E-01 8.26E-01 8.09E-01
5.0E+01 9.17E-01 9.15E-01 9.09E-01 8.95E-01 8.77E-01 8.49E-01 8.08E-01 8.58E-01 8.52E-01 8.09E-01 8.18E-01 8.01E-01

Figure A.5.2b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to

personal dose calculated using the kerma-approximation method
(Endo, 2017).
Figure A.5.3a  Conversion coefficients from photons fluence
to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens for left
and right irradiations calculated using the kerma-approximation
method (Behrens, 2017a).
100 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.5.3a  Conversion coefficients from photons fluence to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 8.43E-06 1.56E-05 3.25E-05 3.23E-05 1.20E-05 1.59E-06 8.80E-08 6.67E-06
0.006 2.01E-03 2.34E-03 2.97E-03 2.76E-03 1.46E-03 3.83E-04 4.32E-05 8.42E-04
0.007 3.47E-02 3.55E-02 3.65E-02 3.19E-02 2.03E-02 7.95E-03 1.44E-03 1.15E-02
0.008 1.73E-01 1.72E-01 1.64E-01 1.41E-01 9.78E-02 4.72E-02 1.35E-02 5.45E-02
0.009 4.49E-01 4.40E-01 4.12E-01 3.56E-01 2.67E-01 1.51E-01 5.48E-02 1.44E-01
0.01 7.96E-01 7.78E-01 7.30E-01 6.44E-01 5.08E-01 3.22E-01 1.39E-01 2.63E-01
0.011 1.12E+00 1.10E+00 1.04E+00 9.34E-01 7.72E-01 5.36E-01 2.70E-01 3.87E-01
0.013 1.54E+00 1.52E+00 1.46E+00 1.35E+00 1.19E+00 9.34E-01 5.79E-01 5.75E-01
0.015 1.65E+00 1.63E+00 1.58E+00 1.50E+00 1.38E+00 1.16E+00 8.29E-01 6.60E-01
0.017 1.58E+00 1.57E+00 1.54E+00 1.48E+00 1.39E+00 1.23E+00 9.58E-01 6.73E-01
0.02 1.38E+00 1.38E+00 1.36E+00 1.32E+00 1.27E+00 1.17E+00 9.82E-01 6.28E-01
0.024 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 1.06E+00 9.99E-01 8.87E-01 5.46E-01
0.03 8.32E-01 8.36E-01 8.39E-01 8.32E-01 8.11E-01 7.78E-01 7.17E-01 4.41E-01
0.04 5.87E-01 5.95E-01 5.96E-01 5.96E-01 5.90E-01 5.71E-01 5.35E-01 3.40E-01
0.05 4.88E-01 4.90E-01 4.98E-01 4.99E-01 4.95E-01 4.79E-01 4.53E-01 2.98E-01
0.06 4.55E-01 4.56E-01 4.64E-01 4.67E-01 4.62E-01 4.46E-01 4.27E-01 2.86E-01
0.07 4.56E-01 4.62E-01 4.66E-01 4.67E-01 4.64E-01 4.52E-01 4.34E-01 2.95E-01
0.08 4.81E-01 4.87E-01 4.91E-01 4.90E-01 4.88E-01 4.78E-01 4.60E-01 3.15E-01
0.1 5.59E-01 5.62E-01 5.72E-01 5.71E-01 5.65E-01 5.59E-01 5.41E-01 3.77E-01
0.12 6.64E-01 6.67E-01 6.73E-01 6.74E-01 6.72E-01 6.66E-01 6.44E-01 4.52E-01
0.15 8.35E-01 8.39E-01 8.46E-01 8.50E-01 8.45E-01 8.39E-01 8.19E-01 5.81E-01
0.2 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.17E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.13E+00 8.17E-01
0.24 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 1.40E+00 1.41E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 1.00E+00
0.3 1.74E+00 1.74E+00 1.76E+00 1.79E+00 1.75E+00 1.75E+00 1.73E+00 1.29E+00
0.4 2.30E+00 2.34E+00 2.34E+00 2.37E+00 2.34E+00 2.32E+00 2.29E+00 1.75E+00
0.5 2.82E+00 2.85E+00 2.88E+00 2.93E+00 2.90E+00 2.84E+00 2.85E+00 2.21E+00
0.511 2.88E+00 2.90E+00 2.94E+00 2.99E+00 2.96E+00 2.90E+00 2.91E+00 2.25E+00
0.6 3.33E+00 3.35E+00 3.39E+00 3.45E+00 3.42E+00 3.35E+00 3.36E+00 2.64E+00
0.662 3.63E+00 3.65E+00 3.69E+00 3.77E+00 3.72E+00 3.65E+00 3.65E+00 2.91E+00
0.8 4.24E+00 4.28E+00 4.30E+00 4.39E+00 4.38E+00 4.28E+00 4.29E+00 3.46E+00
1 5.08E+00 5.10E+00 5.15E+00 5.25E+00 5.23E+00 5.13E+00 5.12E+00 4.21E+00
1.117 5.54E+00 5.57E+00 5.63E+00 5.69E+00 5.68E+00 5.55E+00 5.56E+00 4.63E+00
1.2 5.83E+00 5.91E+00 5.94E+00 5.99E+00 5.96E+00 5.89E+00 5.88E+00 4.92E+00
1.3 6.20E+00 6.21E+00 6.27E+00 6.37E+00 6.36E+00 6.22E+00 6.25E+00 5.24E+00
1.33 6.29E+00 6.31E+00 6.37E+00 6.46E+00 6.44E+00 6.34E+00 6.34E+00 5.36E+00
1.5 6.88E+00 6.90E+00 6.92E+00 7.04E+00 7.05E+00 6.86E+00 6.90E+00 5.86E+00
1.7 7.49E+00 7.53E+00 7.58E+00 7.67E+00 7.65E+00 7.49E+00 7.54E+00 6.48E+00
2 8.39E+00 8.39E+00 8.44E+00 8.56E+00 8.53E+00 8.41E+00 8.37E+00 7.25E+00
2.4 9.44E+00 9.49E+00 9.50E+00 9.63E+00 9.64E+00 9.48E+00 9.53E+00 8.33E+00
3 1.10E+01 1.10E+01 1.10E+01 1.11E+01 1.11E+01 1.10E+01 1.09E+01 9.77E+00
4 1.32E+01 1.32E+01 1.33E+01 1.33E+01 1.33E+01 1.32E+01 1.32E+01 1.19E+01
5 1.53E+01 1.53E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.55E+01 1.53E+01 1.53E+01 1.39E+01
6 1.74E+01 1.74E+01 1.74E+01 1.75E+01 1.75E+01 1.74E+01 1.74E+01 1.59E+01
6.129 1.76E+01 1.77E+01 1.77E+01 1.78E+01 1.78E+01 1.76E+01 1.76E+01 1.61E+01
8 2.15E+01 2.14E+01 2.15E+01 2.15E+01 2.15E+01 2.14E+01 2.13E+01 1.94E+01
10 2.54E+01 2.54E+01 2.55E+01 2.54E+01 2.54E+01 2.53E+01 2.54E+01 2.35E+01
15 3.57E+01 3.58E+01 3.56E+01 3.56E+01 3.57E+01 3.55E+01 3.56E+01 3.28E+01
20 4.63E+01 4.66E+01 4.65E+01 4.66E+01 4.64E+01 4.63E+01 4.62E+01 4.30E+01
30 6.92E+01 6.91E+01 6.93E+01 6.91E+01 6.94E+01 6.91E+01 6.86E+01 6.39E+01
40 9.30E+01 9.35E+01 9.33E+01 9.28E+01 9.32E+01 9.32E+01 9.23E+01 8.63E+01
50 1.18E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.18E+02 1.18E+02 1.18E+02 1.18E+02 1.09E+02
Appendices 101

Table A.5.3b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 2.75E-07 5.10E-07 1.06E-06 1.05E-06 3.92E-07 5.20E-08 2.87E-09 2.18E-07
0.006 9.46E-05 1.10E-04 1.40E-04 1.30E-04 6.88E-05 1.80E-05 2.03E-06 3.96E-05
0.007 2.24E-03 2.29E-03 2.36E-03 2.06E-03 1.31E-03 5.13E-04 9.28E-05 7.45E-04
0.008 1.47E-02 1.46E-02 1.39E-02 1.19E-02 8.29E-03 4.00E-03 1.15E-03 4.62E-03
0.009 4.87E-02 4.77E-02 4.47E-02 3.86E-02 2.89E-02 1.64E-02 5.95E-03 1.56E-02
0.01 1.08E-01 1.05E-01 9.87E-02 8.71E-02 6.87E-02 4.35E-02 1.88E-02 3.56E-02
0.011 1.86E-01 1.83E-01 1.73E-01 1.55E-01 1.28E-01 8.87E-02 4.47E-02 6.41E-02
0.013 3.63E-01 3.58E-01 3.44E-01 3.19E-01 2.81E-01 2.20E-01 1.37E-01 1.36E-01
0.015 5.27E-01 5.21E-01 5.06E-01 4.81E-01 4.41E-01 3.72E-01 2.65E-01 2.11E-01
0.017 6.62E-01 6.57E-01 6.43E-01 6.21E-01 5.82E-01 5.13E-01 4.01E-01 2.82E-01
0.02 8.20E-01 8.17E-01 8.05E-01 7.84E-01 7.54E-01 6.92E-01 5.83E-01 3.73E-01
0.024 9.67E-01 9.70E-01 9.65E-01 9.50E-01 9.24E-01 8.69E-01 7.72E-01 4.75E-01
0.03 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.12E+00 1.08E+00 9.94E-01 6.11E-01
0.04 1.37E+00 1.39E+00 1.39E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.33E+00 1.25E+00 7.92E-01
0.05 1.51E+00 1.52E+00 1.54E+00 1.54E+00 1.53E+00 1.48E+00 1.40E+00 9.21E-01
0.06 1.57E+00 1.58E+00 1.61E+00 1.61E+00 1.60E+00 1.54E+00 1.48E+00 9.89E-01
0.07 1.58E+00 1.61E+00 1.62E+00 1.62E+00 1.61E+00 1.57E+00 1.51E+00 1.03E+00
0.08 1.57E+00 1.59E+00 1.60E+00 1.60E+00 1.59E+00 1.56E+00 1.50E+00 1.03E+00
0.1 1.51E+00 1.51E+00 1.54E+00 1.54E+00 1.52E+00 1.50E+00 1.46E+00 1.01E+00
0.12 1.44E+00 1.45E+00 1.46E+00 1.46E+00 1.46E+00 1.45E+00 1.40E+00 9.82E-01
0.15 1.39E+00 1.40E+00 1.41E+00 1.42E+00 1.41E+00 1.40E+00 1.37E+00 9.69E-01
0.2 1.32E+00 1.33E+00 1.35E+00 1.36E+00 1.34E+00 1.34E+00 1.31E+00 9.54E-01
0.24 1.30E+00 1.31E+00 1.31E+00 1.33E+00 1.31E+00 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 9.41E-01
0.3 1.26E+00 1.26E+00 1.27E+00 1.29E+00 1.27E+00 1.26E+00 1.25E+00 9.34E-01
0.4 1.22E+00 1.23E+00 1.24E+00 1.25E+00 1.24E+00 1.23E+00 1.21E+00 9.27E-01
0.5 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.22E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 9.29E-01
0.511 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.22E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 9.27E-01
0.6 1.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.20E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 9.29E-01
0.662 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.20E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 9.35E-01
0.8 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 9.35E-01
1 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 9.39E-01
1.117 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 9.47E-01
1.2 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 9.52E-01
1.3 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 9.53E-01
1.33 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 9.57E-01
1.5 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 9.54E-01
1.7 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 9.63E-01
2 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 9.60E-01
2.4 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 9.73E-01
3 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 9.79E-01
4 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 9.77E-01
5 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 9.80E-01
6 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 9.80E-01
6.129 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 9.79E-01
8 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.66E-01
10 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 9.73E-01
15 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 9.52E-01
20 1.02E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 9.48E-01
30 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 9.32E-01
40 9.97E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 9.94E-01 9.98E-01 9.99E-01 9.89E-01 9.26E-01
50 9.92E-01 9.99E-01 9.96E-01 9.93E-01 9.88E-01 9.91E-01 9.88E-01 9.18E-01
102 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure A.5.4.1a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to

directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
Figure A.5.3b  Conversion coefficients from photons air kerma phantom calculated using the kerma-approximation method.26
to the maximum absorbed dose in the complete lens for left
and right irradiations calculated using the kerma-approximation
method (Behrens, 2017a).

Table A.5.4.1a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom, calculated using the kerma-approximation method.26
Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.01 7.16E+00 7.15E+00 7.13E+00 7.04E+00 6.89E+00 6.38E+00
0.015 3.20E+00 3.19E+00 3.19E+00 3.17E+00 3.14E+00 3.05E+00
0.02 1.84E+00 1.83E+00 1.83E+00 1.82E+00 1.80E+00 1.75E+00
0.03 9.28E-01 9.26E-01 9.21E-01 9.08E-01 8.83E-01 8.34E-01
0.04 6.47E-01 6.45E-01 6.40E-01 6.26E-01 6.01E-01 5.52E-01
0.05 5.43E-01 5.40E-01 5.35E-01 5.21E-01 4.97E-01 4.52E-01
0.06 5.10E-01 5.08E-01 5.02E-01 4.90E-01 4.67E-01 4.24E-01
0.07 5.15E-01 5.12E-01 5.07E-01 4.95E-01 4.72E-01 4.33E-01
0.08 5.40E-01 5.38E-01 5.33E-01 5.22E-01 5.01E-01 4.62E-01
0.1 6.25E-01 6.24E-01 6.21E-01 6.11E-01 5.92E-01 5.54E-01
0.15 9.14E-01 9.13E-01 9.15E-01 9.09E-01 8.97E-01 8.61E-01
0.2 1.23E+00 1.23E+00 1.23E+00 1.23E+00 1.23E+00 1.20E+00
0.3 1.84E+00 1.84E+00 1.86E+00 1.87E+00 1.89E+00 1.87E+00
0.4 2.42E+00 2.42E+00 2.44E+00 2.46E+00 2.50E+00 2.51E+00
0.5 2.96E+00 2.96E+00 2.99E+00 3.02E+00 3.07E+00 3.11E+00
0.6 3.47E+00 3.47E+00 3.50E+00 3.54E+00 3.61E+00 3.66E+00
0.662 3.77E+00 3.78E+00 3.81E+00 3.84E+00 3.92E+00 4.00E+00
0.8 4.40E+00 4.41E+00 4.44E+00 4.49E+00 4.58E+00 4.69E+00
1 5.24E+00 5.25E+00 5.29E+00 5.34E+00 5.45E+00 5.58E+00
1.25 6.18E+00 6.19E+00 6.23E+00 6.28E+00 6.40E+00 6.57E+00
1.5 7.03E+00 7.03E+00 7.08E+00 7.13E+00 7.26E+00 7.46E+00
2 8.55E+00 8.54E+00 8.59E+00 8.64E+00 8.79E+00 9.01E+00
3 1.11E+01 1.11E+01 1.12E+01 1.12E+01 1.13E+01 1.16E+01
5 1.55E+01 1.55E+01 1.56E+01 1.56E+01 1.57E+01 1.60E+01
10 2.57E+01 2.57E+01 2.57E+01 2.57E+01 2.58E+01 2.60E+01
15 3.60E+01 3.59E+01 3.60E+01 3.60E+01 3.61E+01 3.62E+01
20 4.67E+01 4.67E+01 4.68E+01 4.67E+01 4.69E+01 4.70E+01
30 6.96E+01 6.95E+01 6.97E+01 6.96E+01 6.97E+01 6.97E+01
50 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02

26
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J. M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
Appendices 103

Table A.5.4.1b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom calculated using the kerma-approximation method.27

Ep/MeV dlocal skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75°

0.01 9.68E-01 9.66E-01 9.64E-01 9.51E-01 9.31E-01 8.62E-01
0.015 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 9.76E-01
0.02 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.04E+00
0.03 1.29E+00 1.28E+00 1.28E+00 1.26E+00 1.22E+00 1.16E+00
0.04 1.51E+00 1.50E+00 1.49E+00 1.46E+00 1.40E+00 1.29E+00
0.05 1.68E+00 1.67E+00 1.66E+00 1.61E+00 1.54E+00 1.40E+00
0.06 1.77E+00 1.76E+00 1.74E+00 1.70E+00 1.62E+00 1.47E+00
0.07 1.79E+00 1.78E+00 1.76E+00 1.72E+00 1.64E+00 1.50E+00
0.08 1.76E+00 1.75E+00 1.74E+00 1.70E+00 1.63E+00 1.51E+00
0.1 1.68E+00 1.68E+00 1.67E+00 1.65E+00 1.59E+00 1.49E+00
0.15 1.52E+00 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.52E+00 1.50E+00 1.44E+00
0.2 1.44E+00 1.44E+00 1.44E+00 1.44E+00 1.44E+00 1.40E+00
0.3 1.33E+00 1.33E+00 1.34E+00 1.35E+00 1.37E+00 1.35E+00
0.4 1.28E+00 1.28E+00 1.29E+00 1.30E+00 1.32E+00 1.33E+00
0.5 1.24E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.27E+00 1.29E+00 1.31E+00
0.6 1.22E+00 1.22E+00 1.23E+00 1.24E+00 1.27E+00 1.29E+00
0.662 1.21E+00 1.21E+00 1.22E+00 1.23E+00 1.26E+00 1.29E+00
0.8 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 1.21E+00 1.24E+00 1.27E+00
1 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.22E+00 1.25E+00
1.25 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.20E+00 1.23E+00
1.5 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.18E+00 1.21E+00
2 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.19E+00
3 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.16E+00
5 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.13E+00
10 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.08E+00
15 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00
20 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.04E+00
30 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00
50 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01

Figure A.5.4.1b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma

to directional and personal absorbed dose in local skin on the slab
phantom calculated using the kerma-approximation method.27

27
J. Daures, J. Gouriou, and J. M. Bordy (2017). Personal com-
munication (Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel, Gif-sur-Yvette,
Cedex France).
104 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.5.4.2a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.28

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 2.95E+00 2.58E+00 1.67E+00 6.77E-01 1.09E-01 2.16E-03 2.33E-05
0.003 2.08E+01 1.99E+01 1.69E+01 1.20E+01 5.71E+00 8.70E-01 2.59E-03
0.004 2.62E+01 2.57E+01 2.39E+01 2.04E+01 1.43E+01 5.19E+00 9.66E-02
0.005 2.26E+01 2.24E+01 2.16E+01 1.98E+01 1.64E+01 9.14E+00 5.54E-01
0.007 1.40E+01 1.39E+01 1.38E+01 1.34E+01 1.24E+01 9.83E+00 1.84E+00
0.01 7.23E+00 7.20E+00 7.20E+00 7.12E+00 6.93E+00 6.37E+00 2.44E+00
0.015 3.22E+00 3.23E+00 3.22E+00 3.19E+00 3.17E+00 3.09E+00 1.99E+00
0.02 1.84E+00 1.85E+00 1.84E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.78E+00 1.41E+00
0.03 9.07E-01 9.04E-01 8.99E-01 8.93E-01 8.79E-01 8.67E-01 7.70E-01
0.05 4.64E-01 4.71E-01 4.59E-01 4.68E-01 4.59E-01 4.59E-01 4.28E-01
0.07 4.22E-01 4.18E-01 4.19E-01 4.12E-01 4.13E-01 4.13E-01 3.89E-01
0.1 5.19E-01 5.14E-01 5.18E-01 5.14E-01 5.07E-01 5.12E-01 4.89E-01
0.15 7.87E-01 7.87E-01 7.86E-01 7.89E-01 7.89E-01 7.95E-01 7.69E-01
0.2 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.11E+00 1.07E+00
0.3 1.68E+00 1.67E+00 1.67E+00 1.68E+00 1.70E+00 1.72E+00 1.69E+00
0.5 2.78E+00 2.78E+00 2.77E+00 2.80E+00 2.82E+00 2.85E+00 2.85E+00
0.662 3.62E+00 3.57E+00 3.55E+00 3.61E+00 3.66E+00 3.65E+00 3.66E+00
0.7 3.77E+00 3.77E+00 3.75E+00 3.78E+00 3.85E+00 3.83E+00 3.85E+00
1 5.13E+00 5.03E+00 5.02E+00 5.06E+00 5.15E+00 5.21E+00 5.20E+00
1.25 6.00E+00 5.99E+00 5.97E+00 6.00E+00 6.07E+00 6.18E+00 6.14E+00
1.5 6.96E+00 6.86E+00 6.83E+00 6.92E+00 6.97E+00 6.98E+00 6.94E+00
2 8.38E+00 8.30E+00 8.31E+00 8.24E+00 8.36E+00 8.79E+00 8.34E+00
3 1.10E+01 1.11E+01 1.11E+01 1.09E+01 1.12E+01 1.12E+01 1.08E+01
5 1.58E+01 1.53E+01 1.51E+01 1.54E+01 1.56E+01 1.50E+01 1.55E+01
7 1.96E+01 1.94E+01 1.95E+01 1.96E+01 1.95E+01 1.93E+01 1.94E+01
10 2.56E+01 2.56E+01 2.58E+01 2.55E+01 2.51E+01 2.52E+01 2.54E+01
15 3.71E+01 3.55E+01 3.53E+01 3.65E+01 3.61E+01 3.65E+01 3.61E+01
20 4.85E+01 4.53E+01 4.67E+01 4.73E+01 4.64E+01 4.71E+01 4.71E+01
30 7.16E+01 6.92E+01 6.95E+01 7.08E+01 6.98E+01 6.95E+01 6.91E+01
50 1.20E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.22E+02 1.20E+02 1.19E+02 1.20E+02

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.43E-01
0.003 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.48E+00
0.004 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.56E+00
0.005 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.44E+00
0.007 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.01E+00
0.01 4.60E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.41E+00
0.015 1.94E-01 1.17E-02 8.12E-04 1.39E-04 2.81E-05 3.28E-05 1.64E+00
0.02 4.40E-01 1.17E-01 3.79E-02 1.71E-02 1.02E-02 7.85E-03 1.01E+00
0.03 4.61E-01 2.68E-01 1.67E-01 1.25E-01 1.02E-01 9.23E-02 5.70E-01
0.05 3.23E-01 2.35E-01 1.85E-01 1.49E-01 1.35E-01 1.41E-01 3.39E-01
0.07 3.11E-01 2.39E-01 1.96E-01 1.70E-01 1.52E-01 1.52E-01 3.18E-01
0.1 4.01E-01 3.20E-01 2.63E-01 2.35E-01 2.13E-01 2.12E-01 4.04E-01
0.15 6.47E-01 5.27E-01 4.51E-01 3.94E-01 3.67E-01 3.53E-01 6.39E-01
0.2 9.14E-01 7.48E-01 6.49E-01 5.83E-01 5.41E-01 5.37E-01 8.98E-01
0.3 1.46E+00 1.26E+00 1.12E+00 9.94E-01 9.48E-01 9.45E-01 1.43E+00
0.5 2.54E+00 2.23E+00 2.00E+00 1.88E+00 1.81E+00 1.74E+00 2.47E+00
0.662 3.33E+00 2.93E+00 2.68E+00 2.52E+00 2.45E+00 2.35E+00 3.22E+00
0.7 3.49E+00 3.11E+00 2.84E+00 2.67E+00 2.56E+00 2.51E+00 3.39E+00
(Continued)
28
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
Appendices 105

Table A.5.4.2a  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

1 4.72E+00 4.38E+00 3.93E+00 3.79E+00 3.74E+00 3.67E+00 4.64E+00
1.25 5.65E+00 5.29E+00 4.93E+00 4.71E+00 4.50E+00 4.45E+00 5.56E+00
1.5 6.53E+00 6.07E+00 5.71E+00 5.58E+00 5.36E+00 5.41E+00 6.41E+00
2 8.09E+00 7.43E+00 7.14E+00 6.83E+00 6.80E+00 6.66E+00 7.85E+00
3 1.07E+01 1.02E+01 9.51E+00 9.51E+00 9.05E+00 9.23E+00 1.04E+01
5 1.52E+01 1.46E+01 1.38E+01 1.34E+01 1.34E+01 1.34E+01 1.48E+01
7 1.87E+01 1.81E+01 1.74E+01 1.79E+01 1.70E+01 1.71E+01 1.87E+01
10 2.47E+01 2.44E+01 2.38E+01 2.28E+01 2.29E+01 2.27E+01 2.46E+01
15 3.49E+01 3.42E+01 3.32E+01 3.15E+01 3.27E+01 3.18E+01 3.48E+01
20 4.54E+01 4.47E+01 4.28E+01 4.26E+01 4.15E+01 4.19E+01 4.51E+01
30 6.64E+01 6.49E+01 6.50E+01 6.40E+01 6.41E+01 6.14E+01 6.73E+01
50 1.14E+02 1.12E+02 1.10E+02 1.06E+02 1.03E+02 1.03E+02 1.15E+02

Figure A.5.4.2a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.29

29
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
106 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.5.4.2b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.30

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 1.80E-02 1.58E-02 1.02E-02 4.13E-03 6.67E-04 1.32E-05 1.42E-07
0.003 2.77E-01 2.64E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 7.58E-02 1.15E-02 3.44E-05
0.004 5.51E-01 5.39E-01 5.01E-01 4.28E-01 3.01E-01 1.09E-01 2.03E-03
0.005 7.39E-01 7.31E-01 7.04E-01 6.47E-01 5.37E-01 2.98E-01 1.81E-02
0.007 9.02E-01 8.99E-01 8.88E-01 8.61E-01 8.02E-01 6.34E-01 1.19E-01
0.01 9.76E-01 9.73E-01 9.73E-01 9.62E-01 9.37E-01 8.61E-01 3.30E-01
0.015 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 9.90E-01 6.36E-01
0.02 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.06E+00 8.37E-01
0.03 1.26E+00 1.25E+00 1.25E+00 1.24E+00 1.22E+00 1.20E+00 1.07E+00
0.05 1.44E+00 1.46E+00 1.42E+00 1.45E+00 1.42E+00 1.42E+00 1.32E+00
0.07 1.47E+00 1.45E+00 1.45E+00 1.43E+00 1.43E+00 1.44E+00 1.35E+00
0.1 1.40E+00 1.38E+00 1.40E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 1.38E+00 1.32E+00
0.15 1.31E+00 1.31E+00 1.31E+00 1.32E+00 1.32E+00 1.33E+00 1.28E+00
0.2 1.26E+00 1.27E+00 1.27E+00 1.27E+00 1.27E+00 1.29E+00 1.25E+00
0.3 1.21E+00 1.21E+00 1.21E+00 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.24E+00 1.22E+00
0.5 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 1.20E+00
0.662 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.18E+00
0.7 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 1.18E+00
1 1.14E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00
1.25 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00
1.5 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.13E+00
2 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.11E+00 1.16E+00 1.10E+00
3 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.08E+00
5 1.12E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.06E+00 1.09E+00
7 1.08E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00
10 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.05E+00
15 1.08E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00
20 1.07E+00 9.99E-01 1.03E+00 1.04E+00 1.02E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00
30 1.04E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00
50 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 9.98E-01 1.03E+00 1.00E+00 9.95E-01 1.01E+00

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.32E-03
0.003 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 7.28E-02
0.004 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.80E-01
0.005 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.75E-01
0.007 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.88E-01
0.01 6.21E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.60E-01
0.015 6.21E-02 3.75E-03 2.60E-04 4.45E-05 8.99E-06 1.05E-05 5.25E-01
0.02 2.61E-01 6.97E-02 2.25E-02 1.02E-02 6.08E-03 4.66E-03 5.97E-01
0.03 6.39E-01 3.71E-01 2.32E-01 1.73E-01 1.41E-01 1.28E-01 7.89E-01
0.05 1.00E+00 7.27E-01 5.73E-01 4.60E-01 4.19E-01 4.37E-01 1.05E+00
0.07 1.08E+00 8.31E-01 6.82E-01 5.92E-01 5.28E-01 5.28E-01 1.11E+00
0.1 1.08E+00 8.63E-01 7.07E-01 6.32E-01 5.73E-01 5.71E-01 1.09E+00
0.15 1.08E+00 8.80E-01 7.53E-01 6.57E-01 6.12E-01 5.89E-01 1.07E+00
0.2 1.07E+00 8.73E-01 7.58E-01 6.81E-01 6.32E-01 6.27E-01 1.05E+00
0.3 1.05E+00 9.11E-01 8.11E-01 7.19E-01 6.86E-01 6.83E-01 1.04E+00
0.5 1.07E+00 9.38E-01 8.42E-01 7.89E-01 7.63E-01 7.33E-01 1.04E+00

(Continued)
30
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
Appendices 107

Table A.5.4.2b  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.662 1.07E+00 9.41E-01 8.62E-01 8.09E-01 7.89E-01 7.55E-01 1.03E+00
0.7 1.07E+00 9.49E-01 8.68E-01 8.16E-01 7.83E-01 7.67E-01 1.03E+00
1 1.05E+00 9.78E-01 8.78E-01 8.45E-01 8.35E-01 8.18E-01 1.03E+00
1.25 1.06E+00 9.92E-01 9.25E-01 8.83E-01 8.44E-01 8.35E-01 1.04E+00
1.5 1.06E+00 9.87E-01 9.29E-01 9.08E-01 8.72E-01 8.80E-01 1.04E+00
2 1.07E+00 9.83E-01 9.45E-01 9.03E-01 8.99E-01 8.81E-01 1.04E+00
3 1.07E+00 1.02E+00 9.53E-01 9.53E-01 9.07E-01 9.25E-01 1.05E+00
5 1.07E+00 1.03E+00 9.76E-01 9.48E-01 9.46E-01 9.46E-01 1.04E+00
7 1.03E+00 9.96E-01 9.57E-01 9.81E-01 9.33E-01 9.42E-01 1.03E+00
10 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 9.85E-01 9.46E-01 9.47E-01 9.41E-01 1.02E+00
15 1.01E+00 9.94E-01 9.65E-01 9.13E-01 9.50E-01 9.24E-01 1.01E+00
20 1.00E+00 9.85E-01 9.44E-01 9.40E-01 9.15E-01 9.23E-01 9.95E-01
30 9.68E-01 9.46E-01 9.48E-01 9.33E-01 9.34E-01 8.95E-01 9.82E-01
50 9.58E-01 9.43E-01 9.19E-01 8.86E-01 8.65E-01 8.65E-01 9.62E-01

Figure A.5.4.2b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the pillar phantom
calculated using the kerma-approximation method.31

31
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
108 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.5.4.3a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.32
Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ
  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°
0.002 2.54E+00 2.28E+00 1.63E+00 9.08E-01 3.63E-01 8.56E-02 0.00E+00
0.003 1.97E+01 1.87E+01 1.58E+01 1.14E+01 6.66E+00 2.91E+00 7.39E-01
0.004 2.56E+01 2.49E+01 2.29E+01 1.90E+01 1.32E+01 7.35E+00 2.84E+00
0.005 2.24E+01 2.21E+01 2.10E+01 1.88E+01 1.45E+01 9.19E+00 4.36E+00
0.007 1.39E+01 1.39E+01 1.36E+01 1.30E+01 1.14E+01 8.19E+00 4.71E+00
0.01 7.21E+00 7.20E+00 7.15E+00 7.04E+00 6.64E+00 5.39E+00 3.62E+00
0.015 3.21E+00 3.21E+00 3.20E+00 3.18E+00 3.12E+00 2.84E+00 2.30E+00
0.02 1.81E+00 1.81E+00 1.80E+00 1.79E+00 1.77E+00 1.69E+00 1.50E+00
0.03 8.16E-01 8.15E-01 8.13E-01 8.10E-01 8.04E-01 7.84E-01 7.42E-01
0.05 3.79E-01 3.80E-01 3.80E-01 3.81E-01 3.80E-01 3.74E-01 3.59E-01
0.06 3.42E-01 3.42E-01 3.42E-01 3.41E-01 3.40E-01 3.36E-01 3.25E-01
0.07 3.46E-01 3.44E-01 3.43E-01 3.42E-01 3.40E-01 3.37E-01 3.28E-01
0.1 4.43E-01 4.43E-01 4.43E-01 4.43E-01 4.42E-01 4.38E-01 4.26E-01
0.15 6.98E-01 6.98E-01 6.98E-01 6.99E-01 7.00E-01 6.98E-01 6.86E-01
0.2 9.90E-01 9.87E-01 9.87E-01 9.87E-01 9.88E-01 9.87E-01 9.71E-01
0.5 2.67E+00 2.67E+00 2.67E+00 2.67E+00 2.68E+00 2.68E+00 2.65E+00
0.662 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.49E+00 3.46E+00
1 4.98E+00 4.97E+00 4.97E+00 4.98E+00 4.98E+00 4.98E+00 4.95E+00
1.25 5.93E+00 5.93E+00 5.94E+00 5.95E+00 5.96E+00 5.95E+00 5.92E+00
1.5 6.78E+00 6.79E+00 6.79E+00 6.80E+00 6.81E+00 6.80E+00 6.77E+00
2 8.31E+00 8.32E+00 8.32E+00 8.32E+00 8.34E+00 8.33E+00 8.30E+00
3 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 1.10E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01
5 1.53E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.53E+01 1.53E+01
10 2.56E+01 2.56E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.54E+01
20 4.68E+01 4.68E+01 4.68E+01 4.66E+01 4.65E+01 4.65E+01 4.65E+01
30 6.91E+01 6.92E+01 6.91E+01 6.91E+01 6.91E+01 6.90E+01 6.87E+01
50 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.18E+02
  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT
0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.45E-01
0.003 4.70E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.51E+00
0.004 4.54E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.62E+00
0.005 1.09E+00 1.93E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.52E+00
0.007 1.77E+00 1.72E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.14E+00
0.01 1.83E+00 4.98E-01 5.45E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.59E+00
0.015 1.61E+00 9.40E-01 5.00E-01 2.93E-01 2.05E-01 1.80E-01 1.92E+00
0.02 1.24E+00 9.51E-01 7.19E-01 5.79E-01 5.05E-01 4.81E-01 1.29E+00
0.03 6.77E-01 6.02E-01 5.35E-01 4.87E-01 4.59E-01 4.50E-01 6.80E-01
0.05 3.38E-01 3.14E-01 2.93E-01 2.78E-01 2.70E-01 2.67E-01 3.39E-01
0.06 3.09E-01 2.90E-01 2.72E-01 2.60E-01 2.52E-01 2.50E-01 3.09E-01
0.07 3.14E-01 2.95E-01 2.78E-01 2.65E-01 2.57E-01 2.55E-01 3.12E-01
0.1 4.09E-01 3.88E-01 3.69E-01 3.54E-01 3.46E-01 3.43E-01 4.08E-01
0.15 6.66E-01 6.37E-01 6.08E-01 5.86E-01 5.73E-01 5.69E-01 6.57E-01
0.2 9.43E-01 9.06E-01 8.70E-01 8.45E-01 8.28E-01 8.23E-01 9.34E-01
0.5 2.60E+00 2.53E+00 2.47E+00 2.42E+00 2.39E+00 2.38E+00 2.58E+00
0.662 3.41E+00 3.33E+00 3.26E+00 3.20E+00 3.17E+00 3.16E+00 3.38E+00
1 4.88E+00 4.80E+00 4.72E+00 4.65E+00 4.59E+00 4.58E+00 4.85E+00
1.25 5.84E+00 5.75E+00 5.66E+00 5.59E+00 5.55E+00 5.54E+00 5.82E+00
1.5 6.70E+00 6.61E+00 6.52E+00 6.44E+00 6.39E+00 6.37E+00 6.67E+00
2 8.23E+00 8.12E+00 8.02E+00 7.95E+00 7.92E+00 7.92E+00 8.19E+00
3 1.08E+01 1.07E+01 1.06E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.05E+01 1.08E+01
5 1.52E+01 1.51E+01 1.50E+01 1.49E+01 1.48E+01 1.48E+01 1.52E+01
10 2.53E+01 2.52E+01 2.50E+01 2.49E+01 2.48E+01 2.47E+01 2.53E+01
20 4.64E+01 4.61E+01 4.58E+01 4.56E+01 4.55E+01 4.54E+01 4.63E+01
30 6.85E+01 6.80E+01 6.76E+01 6.75E+01 6.74E+01 6.75E+01 6.85E+01
50 1.17E+02 1.16E+02 1.16E+02 1.15E+02 1.14E+02 1.15E+02 1.17E+02

32
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland).
Appendices 109

Figure A.5.4.3a  Conversion coefficient from photon fluence to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.33

Table A.5.4.3b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.33

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°

0.002 1.55E-02 1.39E-02 9.96E-03 5.55E-03 2.22E-03 5.23E-04 0.00E+00
0.003 2.62E-01 2.48E-01 2.10E-01 1.51E-01 8.84E-02 3.86E-02 9.81E-03
0.004 5.38E-01 5.23E-01 4.81E-01 3.99E-01 2.77E-01 1.54E-01 5.96E-02
0.005 7.31E-01 7.21E-01 6.85E-01 6.13E-01 4.73E-01 3.00E-01 1.42E-01
0.007 8.97E-01 8.97E-01 8.77E-01 8.39E-01 7.35E-01 5.28E-01 3.04E-01
0.01 9.74E-01 9.73E-01 9.66E-01 9.51E-01 8.97E-01 7.28E-01 4.89E-01
0.015 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 9.98E-01 9.09E-01 7.36E-01
0.02 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.00E+00 8.91E-01
0.03 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 1.03E+00
0.05 1.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.16E+00 1.11E+00
0.06 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.16E+00 1.12E+00
0.07 1.20E+00 1.20E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 1.14E+00
0.1 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.18E+00 1.15E+00
0.15 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.14E+00
0.2 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.13E+00
0.5 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.11E+00
0.662 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.11E+00
1 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00
1.25 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.11E+00
1.5 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00
2 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00
3 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00
5 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00
10 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00
20 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00
30 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.00E+00
50 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.98E-01 9.90E-01

(Continued)
33
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
110 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table A.5.4.3b  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dp local skin (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° ROT

0.002 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.33E-03
0.003 6.24E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 7.32E-02
0.004 9.53E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.81E-01
0.005 3.56E-02 6.30E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.78E-01
0.007 1.14E-01 1.11E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.96E-01
0.01 2.47E-01 6.73E-02 7.36E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.85E-01
0.015 5.15E-01 3.01E-01 1.60E-01 9.38E-02 6.56E-02 5.76E-02 6.14E-01
0.02 7.36E-01 5.65E-01 4.27E-01 3.44E-01 3.00E-01 2.86E-01 7.66E-01
0.03 9.38E-01 8.34E-01 7.41E-01 6.75E-01 6.36E-01 6.24E-01 9.42E-01
0.05 1.05E+00 9.72E-01 9.07E-01 8.61E-01 8.36E-01 8.27E-01 1.05E+00
0.06 1.07E+00 1.00E+00 9.42E-01 9.00E-01 8.72E-01 8.65E-01 1.07E+00
0.07 1.09E+00 1.03E+00 9.66E-01 9.21E-01 8.93E-01 8.86E-01 1.08E+00
0.1 1.10E+00 1.04E+00 9.94E-01 9.53E-01 9.32E-01 9.24E-01 1.10E+00
0.15 1.11E+00 1.06E+00 1.01E+00 9.78E-01 9.56E-01 9.49E-01 1.10E+00
0.2 1.10E+00 1.06E+00 1.02E+00 9.86E-01 9.66E-01 9.61E-01 1.09E+00
0.5 1.09E+00 1.06E+00 1.04E+00 1.02E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.08E+00
0.662 1.10E+00 1.07E+00 1.05E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.09E+00
1 1.09E+00 1.07E+00 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.08E+00
1.25 1.10E+00 1.08E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.09E+00
1.5 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.09E+00
2 1.09E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.08E+00
3 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.08E+00
5 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.07E+00
10 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 1.05E+00
20 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.02E+00
30 9.99E-01 9.91E-01 9.86E-01 9.84E-01 9.83E-01 9.84E-01 9.99E-01
50 9.82E-01 9.73E-01 9.73E-01 9.65E-01 9.56E-01 9.65E-01 9.82E-01

Figure A.5.4.3b  Conversion coefficient from photon air kerma to personal absorbed dose in local skin on the rod phantom calculated
using the kerma-approximation method.34

34
T. Otto (2017). Personal communication (CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland).
Appendices 111

A.6 Air Kerma
The Table gives values of conversion coefficients from pho-
ton fluence to air kerma for energies from 2 keV to 50 MeV.
Air kerma coefficients, Kair/Φ = (µen/ρ) Ep (1 − g) −1, are used
for the conversion from dose per fluence to dose per air
kerma. The values for (µen/ρ) are from the calculations of
Seltzer (1993) and Hubbell and Seltzer (1995) with renormal-
ized Scofield photoeffect cross sections (ICRU, 2014). The
values for g are from Seltzer.35 The values written in bold
italics are obtained by interpolation as no values for (µen/ρ)
are available.

Table A.6  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to air kerma.

Photon energy E (MeV) Air kerma coefficient (pGy cm²) Photon energy E (MeV) Air kerma coefficient (pGy cm²)
0.002 163.7 0.500 2.379
0.003 75.32 0.511 2.431
0.004 47.62 0.600 2.844
0.005 30.65 0.662 3.112
0.006 21.25 0.700 3.275
0.007 15.50 0.800 3.702
0.008 11.79 1.000 4.481
0.009 9.221 1.117 4.884
0.010 7.400 1.200 5.165
0.011 6.043 1.250 5.332
0.012 5.022 1.300 5.498
0.013 4.236 1.330 5.596
0.015 3.125 1.500 6.147
0.017 2.388 1.700 6.725
0.020 1.684 2.000 7.557
0.024 1.150 2.400 8.563
0.025 1.056 3.000 9.977
0.030 0.7217 4.000 12.14
0.040 0.4289 5.000 14.18
0.050 0.3229 6.000 16.17
0.060 0.2889 6.129 16.44
0.070 0.2878 7.000 18.19
0.080 0.3067 8.000 20.13
0.100 0.3714 10.000 24.13
0.120 0.4606 15.000 34.46
0.150 0.5994 20.000 45.36
0.200 0.8567 30.000 68.59
0.240 1.062 40.000 93.29
0.300 1.383 50.000 119.2
0.400 1.892  
Note. For the values written in bold italics a log-log-interpolation was used except for 70 keV: At this energy, the values take a minimum resulting in a
curved energy dependence. Therefore, a natural cubic spline was used for this energy.

35
S. Seltzer (2017). Personal communication (National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland).
112 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
Appendix B. Description of Codes
B.1 PHITS
The PHITS (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System)
code is a multipurpose Monte Carlo code that simulates the
transport and interaction of hadrons, leptons, and heavy ions
in arbitrary 3-dimensional geometries using several nuclear
reaction models and nuclear data libraries (Sato et al., 2013).
PHITS version 2.82 was used in this Report. Models and
parameters employed for the calculations of ambient dose
equivalent, ambient dose, and personal dose are described
below.
The intra-nuclear cascade models JAM (Nara et al.,
1999)/INCL4.6 (Boudard et al., 2013) and the quantum
molecular dynamics model JQMD (Niita et al., 1995) were
generally employed for simulating the dynamic stage of
nuclear reactions, which are induced by hadrons and nuclei,
respectively. The evaporation and fission model GEM
(Furihata, 2000) was used for simulating their static stage.
The energy loss of the charged particles, except for elec-
trons and positrons, was calculated using the SPAR
(Armstrong and Chandler, 1973) or ATIMA (Geissel et al.,
2013) code using the continuous slowing down approxima-
tion. The transport of neutrons having energy ≤20 MeV was
simulated using evaluated neutron data libraries; ENDF/
B-VI (Dunford, 1991) was employed in this calculation. For
scattering of the low-energy neutrons, the effect of chemical
binding of hydrogen was taken into account using S(α, β)
data for hydrogen in water.
The transport of photons, electrons, and positrons was simu-
lated using an algorithm of the EGS5 code (Hirayama et al.,
2005) incorporated into PHITS. Photon transport was gener-
ally terminated when the photon energy falls below 5 keV
except for primary photons with an initial energy below 40
keV, whose transport is followed down to 1 keV. Electrons and
positrons were generally followed until they reached a kinetic
energy of 10 keV, except for primary electrons and positrons
with an initial kinetic energy below 40 keV, whose histories
were followed down to 5 keV. Photonuclear reactions were
treated up to 1 GeV using JQMD and GEM.
The ICRU sphere was used for the calculation of ambient
dose equivalent. The ICRU sphere was irradiated in vacuum
by a mono-energetic parallel beam expanded through its vol-
ume. The energy deposition in the ICRU sphere was scored
as a function of the depth and radius in a R-Z binning cylin-
drical structure along the principal axis. Values for H*(10)/Φ
were averaged over the depth of 9 mm to 11 mm with a
radius of 5 mm.
The ICRP adult reference computational phantoms (ICRP,
2009) were used for the calculation of ambient dose and per-
sonal dose. The phantoms were placed in the PHITS code
using a geometry package for repeated structures and lattice
systems. Calculation was performed for the whole-body irra-
diation of the phantom that was exposed in vacuo to a
mono-energetic broad parallel beam at different angles of
incidence and also to an and isotropic field, and energy depo-
sition was scored in organs and tissues.
The statistical uncertainties were estimated by making
calculations in 10 batches and computing the standard devia-
tion of the mean. Conversion coefficients were determined
with statistical uncertainties of around 1 %, in most cases
even less, in all geometries for all particles.
B.2 FLUKA
FLUKA is a general-purpose Monte Carlo program for cal-
culations of particle and photon transport (Böhlen et al.,
2014; Ferrari et al., 2005) that can simulate the interactions
and propagation of approximately 60 different particles in
matter, including heavy ions. Photonuclear interactions can
be simulated. FLUKA version 2011 was used in this Report.
For the calculation of conversion coefficients for photons,
electrons, and positrons on the rod and pillar phantoms, the
following description concentrates on radiation transport by
these particles within FLUKA.
The transport of charged particles is described by apply-
ing a multiple scattering algorithm based on Moliere’s theory
of Coulomb scattering. The algorithm includes an accurate
treatment of curved trajectories in magnetic fields. The
energy loss is determined according to the Bethe-Bloch the-
ory and from bremsstrahlung, Compton, photoelectric, and
pair production. Ionization fluctuations are accounted for.
The calculations were performed with the PRECISION
default settings, which, for photons and electrons include the
following:
•• Rayleigh scattering and inelastic form factor correc-
tions to Compton scattering and Compton profiles
activated;
•• Detailed photoelectric edge treatment and fluores-
cence photons activated;
•• Multiple scattering threshold at minimum allowed
energy, for both primary and secondary charged
particles;
•• Restricted ionization fluctuations on, for both had-
rons/muons and EM particles;
•• 5 % maximum energy loss per step.
Conversion coefficients for photons were calculated with the
PRECISION default, without further modifications.
The numerical phantoms are placed in vacuo and irradi-
ated by plane parallel beams and a rotational field, homoge-
neously covering the geometrical extension of the phantom.
For each particle, energy deposited in the sensitive volume
defined was scored, as described in Subsection 3.10.
In the scoring region (the sensitive volume and regions
with a distance of more than 8 mm from it), very low particle
production and transport thresholds were selected to model
Appendices 113
the steep dose gradients accurately. Photons were transported
until they reached an energy of 1 keV, electrons until an
energy of 10 keV.
Outside the scoring volume, higher transport and produc-
tion thresholds for electrons and photons apply. Eight milli-
meters is more than the range of electrons with Ekin = 500
keV. This value was taken as production and transport thresh-
old for electrons and positrons at high primary energies.
Photons were tracked until an energy of 10 keV.
For electrons and positrons, internal checks and compari-
son with other codes showed that the introduction of single
scattering at region boundaries was yielding more precise
results. The standard Molière multiple scattering algorithm
for electron/positron transport was superseded at boundary
crossings (between vacuum and phantom, at the boundary of
the sensitive volume, and between ICRP skin and ICRU tis-
sue) and replaced with 2 single scattering events. Single scat-
tering is modeling the physics of electron transport very
precisely but would be too costly in terms of calculation time
to be employed throughout; therefore, the FLUKA manual
(option MULSOPT) recommends applying it locally in sen-
sitive regions. In addition, a correction for the influence of
atomic electrons during secondary electron production (tech-
nically, the FUDGEM parameter was set to 10−5) was turned
off in the scoring region.
All calculations were performed with a Monte Carlo statis-
tical uncertainty below 1 %. The Monte Carlo uncertainty is
determined from the standard error of the results of 10 inde-
pendent runs. The attained level of precision required typi-
cally 107 histories (in 10 batches of 106 histories) for electron
simulations, and 108 histories for photon simulations.
B.3 MCNP
The particle radiation transport code Monte Carlo N-Particle
(MCNP) is a general-purpose 3-dimensional simulation tool
that transports 37 different particle types. It can be applied in
many applications including radiation protection and dosim-
etry, radiation shielding, radiography, medical physics,
nuclear criticality safety, detector design and analysis, accel-
erator target design, fission and fusion reactor design, decon-
tamination, and decommissioning. The specific release of
the codes used in this Report was MCNPX version 2.7e and
MCNP 6.2 (Werner et al., 2017; 2018).
Neutrons, protons, electrons, and photons are transported
using tabulated data below an upper energy table limit. That
upper energy limit varies with nuclide and cross-sectional
data requested. Above that upper energy limit, a combination
of models can be used to describe the transport and reactions.
The reader is referred to (Goorley et al., 2013) for more
details on the models available in the code.
The photon, electron, and positron calculations of conver-
sion coefficients for directional and personal absorbed dose
in local skin for the slab phantom carried out in this Report
were with the code MCNPX version 2.7e. No bias was intro-
duced in the calculations; just a higher importance was set in
the tally cell to improve the convergence. The ITP option
was used for the electron transport. Tests were performed on
the impact of the electron energy tracking cut-off, the photon
energy tracking cut-off and the number of electron sub-steps
per energy step. The variation of the results sometimes
important for low energies was difficult to interpret espe-
cially for the electron sub-step parameter. So it was decided,
in order to remain consistent over all energy ranges, the iden-
tical set of these parameters . So the default modeling param-
eters provided by the code were mostly used: an electron
energy cutoff of 1 keV (except 100 eV for tissue); a photon
energy cutoff of 1 keV and a value of 3 for the number of
electron sub-steps per energy step. The last releases, avail-
able with this MCNP version, of the photon and electron
libraries were used, that is to say 04p and 03e corresponding
for the photons to the ENDF/B-VI release 8.
The neutron calculations of conversion coefficients for
absorbed dose in the lens of the eye and in local skin in this
Report were performed with MCNP 6.2 and used pointwise
cross section. In the present calculations, the S(α, β) thermal
neutron scattering model for water was used in the computa-
tions of neutron skin doses and lens of the eye doses. If avail-
able neutron cross-section tables extending to 150 MeV were
used for the computations at 30 MeV and 50 MeV. Some of
the minor isotopes in the simulations have cross section that
are only tabulated data up to 20 MeV. In that case, the code
mixes and matches tabulated cross-sectional library data with
physics models as needed, to cover the energy range required
in the simulations. The neutron library data used in the pres-
ent computations are taken from Conlin (2017) and the cross
sections with the latest evaluation were selected for this work.
For photons, the code accounts for incoherent and coher-
ent scattering, the possibility of fluorescent emission after
photoelectric absorption, absorption in pair production with
local emission of annihilation radiation, and bremsstrahlung.
A continuous-slowing-down model is used for electron
transport that includes positrons, characteristic K-shell x
rays, and bremsstrahlung. Photonuclear physics is available
for a subset of a number of nuclides.
MCNP contains numerous flexible scoring options: sur-
face current and flux (surface crossing), volume flux (track
length), point or ring detectors, particle heating, fission heat-
ing, pulse height tally for energy or charge deposition, mesh
tallies, and radiography scoring options. In this work for neu-
trons, the energy deposition tally (+f6) was used to compute
absorbed dose.
B.4 EGSnrc
For the calculations presented in this Report, the electron-
gamma-shower code system EGSnrc Version v4-r2-4-0
(Kawrakow et al., 2013) has been used. This code, which is
114 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)
maintained by the National Research Council of Canada
(NRC), is an extended and improved version of EGS4
(Nelson et al., 1985). The transport of photons, electrons,
and positrons can be simulated for particle kinetic energies
from a 1 keV up to several hundred GeV. Some enhance-
ments to the physics, however, can only be enabled below 1
GeV.
For photon transport, the EGSnrc cross sections from
Storm and Israel were used. Bound Compton scattering and
photo-electrons from K, L, and M shells are considered for
all energies. In both cases, resulting fluorescence or Auger
and Coster-Kronig electrons are followed. Photon-nuclear
reactions are not taken into consideration as their contribu-
tion to organ dose was found to be much less than 1 % as
simulations using MCNP at 10 MeV, 20 MeV, and 50 MeV
showed (Behrens, 2017a). In this Report, photon transport is
terminated when the photon energy falls below 10 keV,
except for primary particles with an initial kinetic energy
below 510 keV, where photon transport is terminated when
the photon energy falls below 1 keV.
Electron and positron transport calculations are performed
by a Class II condensed history technique (Berger, 1963),
which transports generated particles produced above a cer-
tain chosen energy. Bremsstrahlung cross sections are those
from Bethe-Heitler, that is, as in EGS4 (Nelson et al., 1985).
Bremsstrahlung angle sampling following Koch and Motz
(1959) is used. Electron impact ionization is modeled using
default cross sections (Kawrakow, 2002). When the sam-
pling does not lead to ionization, the classical Møller or
Bhabha cross sections are applied. For elastic scattering, spin
effects are taken into account. Pair production is simulated as
in EGS4 (Nelson et al., 1985). Triplet-production processes
are neglected for all particles. In this Report, the transport
history of electrons is generally terminated when their kinetic
energy falls below 10 keV. Exceptions are used for primary
particles with an initial kinetic energy below 110 keV, whose
histories are followed down to 1 keV. For external irradia-
tion, electrons with kinetic energies below 500 keV rarely
reach internal organs. The dose to those organs is low and
mainly caused by bremsstrahlung production within the first
few millimeters of the phantoms. The kerma-approximation
method was implemented by not following electrons at all,
that is, their cut-off energy was set to the maximum value of
primary energies.
EGSnrc was used to determine all conversion coefficients
for the absorbed dose in the lens of the eye.
B.5 Uncertainties in Conversion Coefficient
Calculations
For the calculations of conversion coefficients for absorbed
dose in the lens of the eye, the total nonstatistical uncertainty
is estimated to be 2.5 % (3.6 % below 40 keV) (Behrens,
2017a). These are dominated by the uncertainties of the col-
lisional stopping power of electrons. For electrons below 12
MeV traveling in low-Z media, ICRU Report 37 (ICRU,
1984) states “Above 100 keV, the uncertainties of the colli-
sion stopping powers are estimated to be 1 % to 2 %.” The
remaining nonstatistic contributions are estimated to be
about 1.5 %. The total nonstatistical uncertainties on the
stopping powers above 100 keV are therefore estimated to be
2.5 %. At photon energies below 40 keV, the values obtained
with the XCOM photon cross sections deviate at maximum
by up to ± 9 % from the values obtained with the EGSnrc
standard photon cross sections. Therefore, an additional
mean standard uncertainty contribution of 3 % is assumed in
this energy region. The remaining nonstatistical contribu-
tions below 40 keV are estimated from general experience
with Monte Carlo calculations to be about 2 %. Thus, the
total nonstatistical uncertainty is estimated to be 2.5 %
(3.6 % below 40 keV).
Conversion coefficients for ambient dose and personal
dose are calculated using ICRP/ICRU adult reference phan-
toms in conjunction with Monte Carlo codes simulating the
transport of radiation within the human body. As the phan-
toms and the elemental compositions and densities of organs
and tissues are specified, nonstatistical uncertainty of the
conversion coefficients originates from interaction models
and cross-sectional data employed in the Monte Carlo codes.
The issue is discussed in ICRP Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010).
Conversion coefficients of absorbed doses of organs were
calculated for given radiations and irradiation geometries
using the same ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms but
different Monte Carlo codes, such as EGSnrc, FLUKA,
GEANT4, MCNPX, and PHITS. In general, calculated
absorbed doses of organs agreed well, typically within 10 %,
for all radiations, whatever the Monte Carlo codes used. At
higher energies, however, certain differences were observed
among the different calculations, which may be attributed to
the application of different interaction models and cross-sec-
tional data. The degree of differences of organ absorbed
doses depends on several parameters such as organ size, loca-
tion in the human body, particle type and energy, and irradia-
tion geometry. As an example, absorbed dose of the gonads
for the female phantom under neutron irradiation agreed very
well among PHITS, FLUKA, MCNPX, and GEANT4 for
neutron energies up to 20 MeV, where all codes use evaluated
cross-sectional data to simulate the transport and nuclear
reaction of neutrons. In contrast, from 20 MeV to 10 GeV,
relative differences of the absorbed doses were found to be
between 10 % and 50 %. The differences originate from the
use of different theoretical models and cross-sectional data in
the respective codes. As effective dose is the weighted sum of
absorbed doses in all specified organs and tissues of the body,
difference in conversion coefficients of organ absorbed doses
is not reflected directly to those of effective dose. The overall
difference in conversion coefficients for ambient dose and
personal dose based on effective dose calculated by different
codes is estimated to be less than 10 % in the radiations and
energy ranges considered in this Report.
Appendices 115

Appendix C. Alternative Conversion
Coefficients for Absorbed Dose in the
Lens of the Eye
C.1 Directional and Personal Absorbed Dose
in the Lens of the Eye, Absorbed Dose in the
Sensitive Cells, dlens sens
The numerical values of conversion coefficients from par-
ticle fluence to directional absorbed dose in the lens of the
eye d'lens max and from fluence to personal absorbed dose in
the lens of the eye dp lens sens are the same and the symbol
dlens sens, is used in the following Tables. The conversion
coefficients given here, Figure C.1.0, are not to the value of
the absorbed dose in the complete lens of the eye as given
in Section A.3, but to the value of the absorbed dose in the
radiation-sensitive cells of the lens which are mainly
located in the front equator region of the lens, see ICRP
Publication 116 (ICRP, 2010). The maximum value of
absorbed dose in the radiation-sensitive cells in the right
and left lens is taken for radiation incident from the left and
the right. The conversion coefficients given here are calcu-
lated for whole-body exposure of the eye model (Behrens
and Dietze, 2011) for uniform broad parallel beams inci-
dent in the horizontal plane as a function of angle, ϕ, from
0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps, and for a rotational field
(ROT). The conversion coefficient calculations for neu-
trons are for exposure of the head and neck and include the
angle, ϕ, of 180°. The conversion coefficients are calcu-
lated for the sensitive cells as the maximum of the left and
right lens. If the larger values for the sensitive cells are inte-
grated over all angles, ϕ, to obtain the value for rotational
irradiation, the results are not congruent with the values
calculated for rotational irradiation. For the particles, pho-
tons, with and without charged-particle equilibrium, elec-
trons, and positrons, the ratios of these values lie between
1.0 and 1.3: the difference of using the integration of larger
values over the angle, ϕ, instead of the rotational results is
always less than 30 %. The radiation protection and regula-
tory aspects must be considered on the use of these conver-
sion coefficients.
Tables C.1.1a to C.1.4, and Figs. C.1.1a to C.1.4, give the
numerical values of the conversion coefficients from particle
fluence for photons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons for
energies up to 50 MeV; Table C.1.1b and Fig. C.1.1b from air
kerma, Table C.1.0.

Figure C.1.0  Top view of the left eye cut (left part) and the two eyes (right part) at their central level. The radiation sensitive part
(red) and the rest of the lens (dark blue) can be seen. The arrows indicate examples of radiation incidences of broad parallel radiation
beams (Behrens, 2017a).

Table C.1.0  Conversion coefficients to the larger value of maximum absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye for left
and right irradiations, dlens sens for the angle range 0°–90°, and to 180° for neutrons, and for ROT.

Table/figure Particle type Physical quantity Energy range (MeV)

C.1.1a Photon Fluence 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01
C.1.1b Photon Air kerma 5.0 E-03–5.0 E+01
C.1.2 Neutrons Fluence 1.0 E-09–5.0 E+01
C.1.3 Electron Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01
C.1.4 Positron Fluence 1.0 E-02–5.0 E+01
116 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table C.1.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 4.17E-05 7.65E-05 1.54E-04 1.52E-04 6.90E-05 8.41E-06 3.34E-07 4.34E-05
0.006 7.75E-03 9.30E-03 1.06E-02 1.05E-02 5.87E-03 1.73E-03 1.70E-04 3.28E-03
0.007 1.13E-01 1.07E-01 1.05E-01 9.55E-02 6.16E-02 2.48E-02 5.50E-03 3.64E-02
0.008 4.46E-01 4.12E-01 3.77E-01 3.37E-01 2.37E-01 1.22E-01 3.95E-02 1.37E-01
0.009 9.37E-01 8.79E-01 8.00E-01 7.04E-01 5.20E-01 3.18E-01 1.30E-01 2.94E-01
0.01 1.42E+00 1.34E+00 1.23E+00 1.09E+00 8.49E-01 5.74E-01 2.82E-01 4.63E-01
0.011 1.75E+00 1.68E+00 1.57E+00 1.41E+00 1.15E+00 8.45E-01 4.68E-01 6.03E-01
0.013 2.01E+00 1.99E+00 1.89E+00 1.73E+00 1.54E+00 1.23E+00 8.09E-01 7.58E-01
0.015 1.94E+00 1.96E+00 1.89E+00 1.75E+00 1.62E+00 1.41E+00 1.01E+00 7.91E-01
0.017 1.76E+00 1.79E+00 1.74E+00 1.64E+00 1.55E+00 1.40E+00 1.09E+00 7.62E-01
0.02 1.45E+00 1.49E+00 1.48E+00 1.39E+00 1.36E+00 1.26E+00 1.03E+00 6.74E-01
0.024 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.12E+00 1.10E+00 1.04E+00 9.07E-01 5.61E-01
0.03 8.26E-01 8.54E-01 8.45E-01 8.17E-01 8.27E-01 8.02E-01 7.08E-01 4.48E-01
0.04 5.80E-01 5.96E-01 6.03E-01 5.87E-01 5.86E-01 5.74E-01 5.30E-01 3.39E-01
0.05 4.77E-01 4.92E-01 4.94E-01 4.92E-01 4.94E-01 4.78E-01 4.39E-01 2.95E-01
0.06 4.45E-01 4.63E-01 4.69E-01 4.63E-01 4.51E-01 4.50E-01 4.27E-01 2.83E-01
0.07 4.52E-01 4.60E-01 4.63E-01 4.60E-01 4.56E-01 4.48E-01 4.23E-01 2.91E-01
0.08 4.78E-01 4.78E-01 4.89E-01 4.84E-01 4.87E-01 4.80E-01 4.52E-01 3.15E-01
0.1 5.57E-01 5.62E-01 5.63E-01 5.72E-01 5.66E-01 5.49E-01 5.40E-01 3.77E-01
0.12 6.66E-01 6.70E-01 6.69E-01 6.79E-01 6.60E-01 6.61E-01 6.40E-01 4.52E-01
0.15 8.35E-01 8.42E-01 8.41E-01 8.45E-01 8.48E-01 8.38E-01 7.91E-01 5.77E-01
0.2 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.15E+00 1.14E+00 1.12E+00 8.10E-01
0.24 1.39E+00 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 1.01E+00
0.3 1.74E+00 1.75E+00 1.77E+00 1.83E+00 1.79E+00 1.74E+00 1.75E+00 1.27E+00
0.4 2.28E+00 2.31E+00 2.31E+00 2.37E+00 2.36E+00 2.32E+00 2.36E+00 1.74E+00
0.5 2.80E+00 2.83E+00 2.87E+00 2.89E+00 2.96E+00 2.83E+00 2.85E+00 2.20E+00
0.511 2.87E+00 2.90E+00 2.91E+00 3.02E+00 3.02E+00 2.83E+00 2.86E+00 2.25E+00
0.6 3.33E+00 3.32E+00 3.40E+00 3.44E+00 3.47E+00 3.35E+00 3.33E+00 2.62E+00
0.662 3.58E+00 3.65E+00 3.63E+00 3.75E+00 3.73E+00 3.59E+00 3.66E+00 2.90E+00
0.8 4.18E+00 4.22E+00 4.29E+00 4.31E+00 4.44E+00 4.27E+00 4.33E+00 3.48E+00
1 4.97E+00 4.97E+00 5.08E+00 5.27E+00 5.24E+00 5.14E+00 5.08E+00 4.19E+00
1.117 5.40E+00 5.41E+00 5.50E+00 5.49E+00 5.56E+00 5.58E+00 5.46E+00 4.56E+00
1.2 5.66E+00 5.66E+00 5.71E+00 5.76E+00 5.92E+00 5.82E+00 5.89E+00 4.84E+00
1.3 5.79E+00 5.85E+00 5.91E+00 6.08E+00 6.31E+00 6.06E+00 6.26E+00 5.10E+00
1.33 5.85E+00 5.92E+00 6.05E+00 6.04E+00 6.37E+00 6.18E+00 6.38E+00 5.15E+00
1.5 5.97E+00 6.04E+00 6.18E+00 6.48E+00 6.79E+00 6.56E+00 6.76E+00 5.57E+00
1.7 6.02E+00 6.09E+00 6.33E+00 6.62E+00 7.07E+00 6.98E+00 7.14E+00 5.93E+00
2 5.76E+00 5.95E+00 6.16E+00 6.76E+00 7.44E+00 7.55E+00 7.72E+00 6.35E+00
2.4 5.41E+00 5.48E+00 5.96E+00 6.72E+00 7.77E+00 8.27E+00 8.27E+00 6.84E+00
3 4.84E+00 5.00E+00 5.51E+00 6.67E+00 8.06E+00 9.05E+00 9.20E+00 7.23E+00
4 4.20E+00 4.45E+00 5.10E+00 6.44E+00 8.60E+00 1.03E+01 1.07E+01 7.94E+00
5 3.80E+00 4.05E+00 4.80E+00 6.42E+00 9.02E+00 1.15E+01 1.24E+01 8.63E+00
6 3.53E+00 3.80E+00 4.59E+00 6.30E+00 9.53E+00 1.28E+01 1.37E+01 9.28E+00
6.129 3.52E+00 3.79E+00 4.51E+00 6.32E+00 9.56E+00 1.27E+01 1.38E+01 9.35E+00
8 3.22E+00 3.46E+00 4.29E+00 6.12E+00 1.01E+01 1.48E+01 1.68E+01 1.07E+01
10 3.02E+00 3.24E+00 3.96E+00 5.85E+00 1.06E+01 1.65E+01 1.90E+01 1.18E+01
15 2.84E+00 3.02E+00 3.60E+00 5.18E+00 1.04E+01 1.93E+01 2.50E+01 1.50E+01
20 2.80E+00 2.95E+00 3.47E+00 4.83E+00 9.99E+00 2.10E+01 3.00E+01 1.80E+01
30 2.82E+00 2.92E+00 3.43E+00 4.60E+00 9.26E+00 2.23E+01 3.64E+01 2.33E+01
40 2.86E+00 2.98E+00 3.46E+00 4.43E+00 8.71E+00 2.30E+01 4.02E+01 2.82E+01
50 2.90E+00 3.08E+00 3.44E+00 4.41E+00 8.63E+00 2.39E+01 4.29E+01 3.22E+01
Appendices 117

Figure C.1.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to Figure C.1.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to
the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the
eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a). eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Table C.1.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the value of absorbed dose to the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 1.36E-06 2.50E-06 5.01E-06 4.95E-06 2.25E-06 2.74E-07 1.09E-08 1.42E-06
0.006 3.65E-04 4.38E-04 4.98E-04 4.95E-04 2.76E-04 8.16E-05 7.99E-06 1.54E-04
0.007 7.27E-03 6.90E-03 6.78E-03 6.16E-03 3.97E-03 1.60E-03 3.55E-04 2.35E-03
0.008 3.78E-02 3.49E-02 3.20E-02 2.86E-02 2.01E-02 1.03E-02 3.35E-03 1.16E-02
0.009 1.02E-01 9.53E-02 8.68E-02 7.63E-02 5.63E-02 3.45E-02 1.41E-02 3.19E-02
0.01 1.91E-01 1.80E-01 1.66E-01 1.48E-01 1.15E-01 7.75E-02 3.82E-02 6.25E-02
0.011 2.89E-01 2.78E-01 2.59E-01 2.34E-01 1.90E-01 1.40E-01 7.74E-02 9.97E-02
0.013 4.74E-01 4.71E-01 4.47E-01 4.07E-01 3.62E-01 2.91E-01 1.91E-01 1.79E-01
0.015 6.21E-01 6.26E-01 6.05E-01 5.60E-01 5.19E-01 4.51E-01 3.24E-01 2.53E-01
0.017 7.36E-01 7.48E-01 7.30E-01 6.85E-01 6.51E-01 5.86E-01 4.56E-01 3.19E-01
0.02 8.63E-01 8.82E-01 8.78E-01 8.24E-01 8.09E-01 7.51E-01 6.14E-01 4.00E-01
0.024 9.94E-01 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 9.70E-01 9.59E-01 9.05E-01 7.89E-01 4.87E-01
0.03 1.14E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 1.11E+00 9.81E-01 6.21E-01
0.04 1.35E+00 1.39E+00 1.41E+00 1.37E+00 1.37E+00 1.34E+00 1.24E+00 7.91E-01
0.05 1.48E+00 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.48E+00 1.36E+00 9.15E-01
0.06 1.54E+00 1.60E+00 1.62E+00 1.60E+00 1.56E+00 1.56E+00 1.48E+00 9.79E-01
0.07 1.57E+00 1.60E+00 1.61E+00 1.60E+00 1.58E+00 1.55E+00 1.47E+00 1.01E+00
0.08 1.56E+00 1.56E+00 1.59E+00 1.58E+00 1.59E+00 1.57E+00 1.47E+00 1.03E+00

(Continued)
118 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table C.1.1b  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.1 1.50E+00 1.51E+00 1.51E+00 1.54E+00 1.52E+00 1.48E+00 1.45E+00 1.01E+00
0.12 1.44E+00 1.46E+00 1.45E+00 1.47E+00 1.43E+00 1.44E+00 1.39E+00 9.82E-01
0.15 1.39E+00 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.41E+00 1.41E+00 1.40E+00 1.32E+00 9.62E-01
0.2 1.32E+00 1.34E+00 1.36E+00 1.35E+00 1.34E+00 1.33E+00 1.31E+00 9.46E-01
0.24 1.30E+00 1.32E+00 1.32E+00 1.32E+00 1.32E+00 1.30E+00 1.31E+00 9.54E-01
0.3 1.26E+00 1.27E+00 1.28E+00 1.33E+00 1.29E+00 1.26E+00 1.26E+00 9.22E-01
0.4 1.21E+00 1.22E+00 1.22E+00 1.25E+00 1.25E+00 1.22E+00 1.25E+00 9.20E-01
0.5 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.22E+00 1.24E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 9.26E-01
0.511 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 1.24E+00 1.24E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 9.25E-01
0.6 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.22E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 9.23E-01
0.662 1.15E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.20E+00 1.20E+00 1.15E+00 1.18E+00 9.31E-01
0.8 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.20E+00 1.15E+00 1.17E+00 9.41E-01
1 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 1.15E+00 1.13E+00 9.36E-01
1.117 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.12E+00 9.33E-01
1.2 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.15E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 9.38E-01
1.3 1.05E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00 1.11E+00 1.15E+00 1.10E+00 1.14E+00 9.28E-01
1.33 1.05E+00 1.06E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.14E+00 1.10E+00 1.14E+00 9.21E-01
1.5 9.72E-01 9.83E-01 1.01E+00 1.05E+00 1.10E+00 1.07E+00 1.10E+00 9.07E-01
1.7 8.95E-01 9.05E-01 9.41E-01 9.85E-01 1.05E+00 1.04E+00 1.06E+00 8.81E-01
2 7.63E-01 7.87E-01 8.15E-01 8.95E-01 9.85E-01 9.99E-01 1.02E+00 8.40E-01
2.4 6.32E-01 6.40E-01 6.96E-01 7.85E-01 9.08E-01 9.66E-01 9.66E-01 7.98E-01
3 4.85E-01 5.01E-01 5.52E-01 6.68E-01 8.07E-01 9.07E-01 9.22E-01 7.24E-01
4 3.46E-01 3.67E-01 4.20E-01 5.31E-01 7.09E-01 8.48E-01 8.83E-01 6.54E-01
5 2.68E-01 2.85E-01 3.38E-01 4.53E-01 6.36E-01 8.12E-01 8.73E-01 6.08E-01
6 2.18E-01 2.35E-01 2.84E-01 3.90E-01 5.89E-01 7.93E-01 8.47E-01 5.74E-01
6.129 2.14E-01 2.30E-01 2.75E-01 3.84E-01 5.81E-01 7.71E-01 8.41E-01 5.69E-01
8 1.60E-01 1.72E-01 2.13E-01 3.04E-01 5.01E-01 7.35E-01 8.35E-01 5.31E-01
10 1.25E-01 1.34E-01 1.64E-01 2.43E-01 4.38E-01 6.83E-01 7.87E-01 4.91E-01
15 8.24E-02 8.76E-02 1.04E-01 1.50E-01 3.02E-01 5.60E-01 7.26E-01 4.34E-01
20 6.16E-02 6.51E-02 7.66E-02 1.06E-01 2.20E-01 4.62E-01 6.62E-01 3.97E-01
30 4.11E-02 4.26E-02 5.01E-02 6.70E-02 1.35E-01 3.25E-01 5.31E-01 3.40E-01
40 3.07E-02 3.19E-02 3.71E-02 4.75E-02 9.34E-02 2.47E-01 4.31E-01 3.02E-01
50 2.43E-02 2.59E-02 2.89E-02 3.70E-02 7.24E-02 2.01E-01 3.60E-01 2.70E-01

Table C.1.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye for
the maximum of left and right irradiations.36

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 180° ROT

1.00E-09 2.57E+00 2.64E+00 2.60E+00 2.45E+00 2.20E+00 1.69E+00 1.20E+00 1.14E-01 5.16E-01
1.00E-08 2.86E+00 2.94E+00 3.04E+00 2.85E+00 2.53E+00 2.02E+00 1.44E+00 1.41E-01 5.90E-01
2.50E-08 2.70E+00 2.87E+00 3.14E+00 2.79E+00 2.48E+00 2.05E+00 1.56E+00 1.61E-01 6.00E-01
1.00E-07 2.71E+00 2.96E+00 2.85E+00 2.93E+00 2.65E+00 2.25E+00 1.77E+00 2.13E-01 6.29E-01
2.00E-07 2.73E+00 3.00E+00 3.15E+00 2.76E+00 2.70E+00 2.34E+00 1.83E+00 2.45E-01 6.63E-01
5.00E-07 2.73E+00 2.89E+00 2.94E+00 2.94E+00 2.62E+00 2.41E+00 1.99E+00 2.70E-01 6.80E-01
1.00E-06 2.73E+00 2.81E+00 2.90E+00 2.84E+00 2.59E+00 2.36E+00 1.97E+00 3.17E-01 6.85E-01
(Continued)

36
N. E. Hertel (2020). Personal communication (Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia).
Appendices 119

Table C.1.2  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 180° ROT

2.00E-06 2.71E+00 2.75E+00 2.67E+00 2.75E+00 2.59E+00 2.34E+00 2.02E+00 3.39E-01 7.11E-01
5.00E-06 2.45E+00 2.47E+00 2.66E+00 2.60E+00 2.44E+00 2.30E+00 1.87E+00 3.41E-01 6.94E-01
1.00E-05 2.37E+00 2.59E+00 2.48E+00 2.58E+00 2.33E+00 2.18E+00 1.85E+00 3.43E-01 6.61E-01
2.00E-05 2.26E+00 2.33E+00 2.55E+00 2.35E+00 2.34E+00 2.08E+00 1.75E+00 3.75E-01 6.52E-01
5.00E-05 2.15E+00 2.31E+00 2.19E+00 2.38E+00 2.19E+00 1.88E+00 1.69E+00 3.64E-01 6.43E-01
1.00E-04 2.03E+00 2.05E+00 2.16E+00 2.24E+00 2.08E+00 1.98E+00 1.60E+00 3.81E-01 6.15E-01
2.00E-04 1.91E+00 1.98E+00 2.18E+00 2.08E+00 2.00E+00 1.81E+00 1.53E+00 3.59E-01 5.84E-01
5.00E-04 1.90E+00 1.82E+00 2.07E+00 1.97E+00 1.92E+00 1.81E+00 1.53E+00 3.63E-01 5.78E-01
1.00E-03 1.90E+00 1.76E+00 1.95E+00 1.80E+00 1.85E+00 1.67E+00 1.45E+00 3.71E-01 5.41E-01
2.00E-03 1.85E+00 1.88E+00 1.95E+00 2.00E+00 1.73E+00 1.64E+00 1.51E+00 3.56E-01 5.56E-01
5.00E-03 1.96E+00 2.14E+00 2.12E+00 1.98E+00 2.04E+00 1.76E+00 1.64E+00 3.68E-01 6.05E-01
1.00E-02 2.40E+00 2.44E+00 2.46E+00 2.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.18E+00 1.83E+00 3.51E-01 6.67E-01
2.00E-02 3.04E+00 3.11E+00 3.09E+00 3.12E+00 2.96E+00 2.79E+00 2.42E+00 3.56E-01 8.29E-01
3.00E-02 3.71E+00 3.75E+00 3.78E+00 3.71E+00 3.58E+00 3.39E+00 2.91E+00 3.76E-01 9.71E-01
5.00E-02 4.98E+00 5.04E+00 4.93E+00 4.85E+00 4.76E+00 4.56E+00 3.92E+00 3.89E-01 1.25E+00
7.00E-02 6.20E+00 6.21E+00 6.07E+00 5.70E+00 5.86E+00 5.60E+00 4.93E+00 3.85E-01 1.55E+00
1.00E-01 7.50E+00 7.68E+00 7.47E+00 7.28E+00 7.42E+00 6.96E+00 6.20E+00 4.04E-01 1.90E+00
1.50E-01 9.99E+00 9.73E+00 9.52E+00 9.27E+00 9.19E+00 8.89E+00 8.13E+00 4.29E-01 2.41E+00
2.00E-01 1.14E+01 1.16E+01 1.13E+01 1.11E+01 1.09E+01 1.08E+01 9.78E+00 4.30E-01 2.98E+00
3.00E-01 1.41E+01 1.46E+01 1.43E+01 1.38E+01 1.38E+01 1.40E+01 1.26E+01 4.66E-01 3.65E+00
5.00E-01 1.87E+01 1.92E+01 1.90E+01 1.80E+01 1.86E+01 1.85E+01 1.72E+01 5.55E-01 5.07E+00
7.00E-01 2.15E+01 2.22E+01 2.20E+01 2.11E+01 2.12E+01 2.17E+01 2.07E+01 6.53E-01 5.98E+00
9.00E-01 2.48E+01 2.56E+01 2.54E+01 2.44E+01 2.38E+01 2.49E+01 2.36E+01 8.01E-01 7.02E+00
1.00E+00 3.06E+01 3.07E+01 3.01E+01 3.12E+01 2.88E+01 2.91E+01 2.69E+01 6.28E-01 7.95E+00
1.20E+00 2.88E+01 2.90E+01 2.91E+01 2.82E+01 2.81E+01 2.86E+01 2.73E+01 1.03E+00 8.53E+00
1.50E+00 3.09E+01 3.11E+01 3.12E+01 3.07E+01 3.06E+01 3.11E+01 2.94E+01 1.58E+00 9.28E+00
2.00E+00 3.50E+01 3.48E+01 3.39E+01 3.45E+01 3.45E+01 3.42E+01 3.36E+01 2.68E+00 1.09E+01
3.00E+00 4.06E+01 4.14E+01 3.96E+01 4.06E+01 3.97E+01 4.02E+01 3.88E+01 5.38E+00 1.38E+01
4.00E+00 4.81E+01 4.82E+01 4.91E+01 4.84E+01 4.82E+01 4.66E+01 4.68E+01 7.23E+00 1.62E+01
5.00E+00 5.17E+01 5.02E+01 4.88E+01 5.21E+01 5.16E+01 4.75E+01 4.87E+01 1.06E+01 1.82E+01
6.00E+00 5.51E+01 5.48E+01 5.56E+01 5.48E+01 5.47E+01 5.35E+01 5.36E+01 1.24E+01 2.03E+01
7.00E+00 5.62E+01 5.44E+01 5.44E+01 5.46E+01 5.60E+01 5.31E+01 5.34E+01 1.63E+01 2.13E+01
8.00E+00 5.80E+01 5.97E+01 5.85E+01 5.89E+01 5.74E+01 5.74E+01 5.56E+01 1.76E+01 2.25E+01
9.00E+00 6.27E+01 6.18E+01 6.18E+01 6.39E+01 6.23E+01 5.96E+01 5.87E+01 1.94E+01 2.38E+01
1.00E+01 6.59E+01 6.67E+01 6.68E+01 6.70E+01 6.51E+01 6.30E+01 6.24E+01 2.09E+01 2.49E+01
1.20E+01 7.38E+01 7.34E+01 7.39E+01 7.32E+01 7.08E+01 7.20E+01 6.64E+01 2.41E+01 2.80E+01
1.40E+01 7.40E+01 7.42E+01 7.46E+01 7.55E+01 7.10E+01 7.18E+01 7.04E+01 2.76E+01 3.01E+01
1.50E+01 7.81E+01 7.73E+01 8.06E+01 7.65E+01 7.49E+01 7.76E+01 7.38E+01 2.93E+01 3.19E+01
1.60E+01 7.73E+01 7.82E+01 7.65E+01 7.85E+01 7.71E+01 7.51E+01 7.15E+01 3.03E+01 3.12E+01
1.80E+01 7.73E+01 7.72E+01 7.73E+01 7.75E+01 8.00E+01 7.86E+01 7.53E+01 3.44E+01 3.14E+01
2.00E+01 7.48E+01 7.48E+01 7.77E+01 7.86E+01 7.59E+01 7.87E+01 7.38E+01 3.79E+01 3.26E+01
3.00E+01 6.43E+01 6.51E+01 6.95E+01 7.59E+01 6.85E+01 7.13E+01 7.54E+01 4.70E+01 3.41E+01
5.00E+01 5.07E+01 5.54E+01 5.93E+01 6.64E+01 6.77E+01 7.61E+01 7.80E+01 6.50E+01 3.42E+01
120 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure C.1.2  Conversion coefficients from neutron fluence to

the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the
eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations.37

Figure C.1.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to

the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the
eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Table C.1.3  Conversion coefficients from electron fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye for
the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.01 1.68E-06 1.81E-06 1.43E-06 1.16E-06 7.55E-07 7.04E-07 3.74E-07 1.67E-07
0.015 2.26E-05 3.34E-05 2.34E-05 2.22E-05 1.96E-05 1.66E-05 6.43E-06 2.95E-06
0.02 8.15E-05 7.79E-05 7.25E-05 5.81E-05 4.99E-05 3.24E-05 2.73E-05 3.40E-05
0.03 2.23E-04 2.30E-04 2.25E-04 1.89E-04 1.26E-04 1.12E-04 6.60E-05 7.02E-05
0.04 4.16E-04 3.40E-04 4.04E-04 3.49E-04 2.71E-04 2.00E-04 1.02E-04 1.13E-04
0.05 6.07E-04 6.75E-04 6.16E-04 5.09E-04 4.08E-04 3.06E-04 1.86E-04 1.72E-04
0.06 8.47E-04 8.68E-04 7.80E-04 6.15E-04 5.57E-04 3.87E-04 2.24E-04 2.83E-04
0.08 1.31E-03 1.33E-03 1.23E-03 1.08E-03 8.32E-04 6.11E-04 4.21E-04 4.60E-04
0.1 1.92E-03 1.80E-03 1.66E-03 1.57E-03 1.20E-03 7.97E-04 5.48E-04 5.86E-04
0.15 3.24E-03 3.36E-03 3.11E-03 2.47E-03 2.23E-03 1.65E-03 1.02E-03 1.20E-03
0.2 5.04E-03 5.21E-03 4.60E-03 4.07E-03 3.47E-03 2.59E-03 1.64E-03 1.77E-03
0.3 9.58E-03 9.08E-03 7.91E-03 7.83E-03 6.02E-03 4.52E-03 3.11E-03 3.20E-03
0.4 1.41E-02 1.47E-02 1.29E-02 1.25E-02 1.00E-02 7.88E-03 5.09E-03 4.83E-03
0.5 2.06E-02 2.06E-02 1.91E-02 1.76E-02 1.41E-02 1.13E-02 7.66E-03 7.78E-03
0.6 1.75E-01 2.32E-01 3.17E-01 2.97E-01 1.86E-01 7.49E-02 2.32E-02 9.44E-02
0.7 7.56E+00 8.46E+00 9.60E+00 8.88E+00 6.08E+00 2.89E+00 8.98E-01 3.08E+00
0.8 4.62E+01 4.66E+01 4.57E+01 3.93E+01 2.77E+01 1.50E+01 5.51E+00 1.54E+01
(Continued)
37
N. E. Hertel (2020). Personal communication (Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia).
Appendices 121

Table C.1.3  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

1 2.29E+02 2.18E+02 1.89E+02 1.50E+02 1.04E+02 6.11E+01 2.66E+01 6.64E+01
1.25 3.87E+02 3.73E+02 3.29E+02 2.69E+02 1.92E+02 1.19E+02 5.77E+01 1.17E+02
1.5 4.42E+02 4.30E+02 3.94E+02 3.39E+02 2.57E+02 1.69E+02 8.67E+01 1.44E+02
1.75 4.45E+02 4.41E+02 4.17E+02 3.80E+02 3.06E+02 2.12E+02 1.16E+02 1.57E+02
2 4.30E+02 4.29E+02 4.19E+02 4.01E+02 3.39E+02 2.52E+02 1.46E+02 1.62E+02
2.5 3.87E+02 3.94E+02 4.00E+02 4.09E+02 3.75E+02 3.13E+02 2.02E+02 1.65E+02
3 3.55E+02 3.65E+02 3.78E+02 4.02E+02 3.85E+02 3.49E+02 2.46E+02 1.64E+02
3.5 3.35E+02 3.46E+02 3.62E+02 3.91E+02 3.82E+02 3.70E+02 2.85E+02 1.64E+02
4 3.23E+02 3.35E+02 3.53E+02 3.85E+02 3.72E+02 3.80E+02 3.14E+02 1.63E+02
5 3.11E+02 3.23E+02 3.42E+02 3.78E+02 3.51E+02 3.82E+02 3.50E+02 1.65E+02
6 3.04E+02 3.16E+02 3.38E+02 3.82E+02 3.33E+02 3.73E+02 3.69E+02 1.68E+02
7 3.00E+02 3.11E+02 3.34E+02 3.86E+02 3.23E+02 3.59E+02 3.75E+02 1.72E+02
8 2.97E+02 3.06E+02 3.27E+02 3.88E+02 3.56E+02 3.47E+02 3.72E+02 1.76E+02
10 2.95E+02 3.00E+02 3.16E+02 3.79E+02 4.20E+02 3.32E+02 3.57E+02 1.84E+02
15 2.90E+02 2.95E+02 2.98E+02 3.31E+02 4.60E+02 3.11E+02 3.29E+02 1.99E+02
20 2.91E+02 2.93E+02 2.95E+02 3.11E+02 4.28E+02 3.71E+02 3.15E+02 2.09E+02
30 2.92E+02 2.96E+02 2.96E+02 3.04E+02 3.71E+02 3.55E+02 3.20E+02 2.33E+02
40 2.93E+02 2.95E+02 2.96E+02 3.03E+02 3.45E+02 3.37E+02 3.20E+02 2.60E+02
50 2.90E+02 2.93E+02 2.97E+02 3.04E+02 3.31E+02 3.27E+02 3.21E+02 2.86E+02

Table C.1.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.001 7.43E+00 7.94E+00 7.89E+00 7.35E+00 6.13E+00 4.91E+00 3.47E+00 3.06E+00
0.002 7.17E+00 7.47E+00 7.43E+00 6.98E+00 5.88E+00 4.58E+00 3.21E+00 2.87E+00
0.003 6.99E+00 7.26E+00 7.39E+00 6.71E+00 5.61E+00 4.43E+00 3.05E+00 2.76E+00
0.004 6.88E+00 7.34E+00 7.28E+00 6.64E+00 5.70E+00 4.36E+00 3.01E+00 2.72E+00
0.005 7.02E+00 7.17E+00 7.29E+00 6.72E+00 5.67E+00 4.24E+00 3.07E+00 2.74E+00
0.006 6.97E+00 7.18E+00 7.33E+00 6.59E+00 5.54E+00 4.33E+00 2.91E+00 2.70E+00
0.007 6.85E+00 7.31E+00 7.22E+00 6.65E+00 5.58E+00 4.33E+00 2.98E+00 2.69E+00
0.008 6.92E+00 7.31E+00 7.21E+00 6.65E+00 5.51E+00 4.27E+00 2.95E+00 2.77E+00
0.009 6.84E+00 7.30E+00 7.14E+00 6.60E+00 5.57E+00 4.30E+00 2.94E+00 2.73E+00
0.01 6.87E+00 7.26E+00 7.18E+00 6.61E+00 5.52E+00 4.31E+00 2.94E+00 2.67E+00
0.013 6.78E+00 7.32E+00 7.20E+00 6.62E+00 5.53E+00 4.23E+00 2.98E+00 2.65E+00
0.015 6.88E+00 7.29E+00 7.08E+00 6.55E+00 5.65E+00 4.38E+00 2.92E+00 2.69E+00
0.017 6.96E+00 7.19E+00 7.23E+00 6.56E+00 5.55E+00 4.30E+00 2.94E+00 2.63E+00
0.02 6.79E+00 7.13E+00 7.17E+00 6.59E+00 5.49E+00 4.24E+00 3.01E+00 2.72E+00
0.024 6.93E+00 7.22E+00 7.28E+00 6.57E+00 5.59E+00 4.30E+00 2.92E+00 2.67E+00
0.03 6.95E+00 7.18E+00 7.27E+00 6.49E+00 5.59E+00 4.31E+00 2.94E+00 2.68E+00
0.04 6.94E+00 7.15E+00 7.26E+00 6.69E+00 5.62E+00 4.39E+00 2.91E+00 2.67E+00
0.05 6.87E+00 7.20E+00 7.20E+00 6.76E+00 5.55E+00 4.29E+00 2.92E+00 2.77E+00
0.06 6.91E+00 7.04E+00 7.28E+00 6.74E+00 5.61E+00 4.31E+00 3.00E+00 2.71E+00
0.07 6.99E+00 7.17E+00 7.35E+00 6.48E+00 5.52E+00 4.33E+00 2.96E+00 2.68E+00
0.08 6.96E+00 7.20E+00 7.21E+00 6.80E+00 5.61E+00 4.38E+00 3.01E+00 2.71E+00
0.1 6.97E+00 7.43E+00 7.26E+00 6.71E+00 5.57E+00 4.25E+00 3.00E+00 2.73E+00
0.15 6.94E+00 7.30E+00 7.30E+00 6.68E+00 5.63E+00 4.23E+00 2.98E+00 2.79E+00
0.2 7.13E+00 7.42E+00 7.60E+00 6.93E+00 5.76E+00 4.43E+00 2.99E+00 2.75E+00
(Continued)
122 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table C.1.4  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.3 7.29E+00 7.61E+00 7.66E+00 6.97E+00 5.80E+00 4.50E+00 3.12E+00 2.90E+00
0.4 7.60E+00 7.97E+00 7.71E+00 7.12E+00 5.88E+00 4.70E+00 3.16E+00 2.96E+00
0.5 7.91E+00 8.35E+00 8.11E+00 7.36E+00 6.23E+00 4.70E+00 3.24E+00 3.02E+00
0.6 8.44E+00 8.70E+00 8.86E+00 8.11E+00 6.67E+00 4.98E+00 3.39E+00 3.26E+00
0.7 1.71E+01 1.84E+01 1.95E+01 1.80E+01 1.34E+01 8.33E+00 4.46E+00 6.91E+00
0.8 5.95E+01 5.97E+01 5.86E+01 5.03E+01 3.65E+01 2.15E+01 9.54E+00 2.02E+01
1 2.48E+02 2.37E+02 2.06E+02 1.64E+02 1.15E+02 6.88E+01 3.18E+01 7.28E+01
1.25 3.94E+02 3.79E+02 3.35E+02 2.77E+02 2.03E+02 1.27E+02 6.18E+01 1.21E+02
1.5 4.34E+02 4.24E+02 3.90E+02 3.41E+02 2.61E+02 1.72E+02 9.22E+01 1.45E+02
1.75 4.32E+02 4.24E+02 4.10E+02 3.72E+02 3.06E+02 2.13E+02 1.20E+02 1.54E+02
2 4.13E+02 4.13E+02 4.05E+02 3.87E+02 3.35E+02 2.50E+02 1.46E+02 1.58E+02
2.5 3.68E+02 3.76E+02 3.83E+02 3.92E+02 3.68E+02 3.04E+02 2.03E+02 1.59E+02
3 3.41E+02 3.50E+02 3.64E+02 3.87E+02 3.68E+02 3.37E+02 2.47E+02 1.61E+02
3.5 3.22E+02 3.31E+02 3.48E+02 3.77E+02 3.66E+02 3.53E+02 2.76E+02 1.59E+02
4 3.12E+02 3.24E+02 3.40E+02 3.71E+02 3.56E+02 3.69E+02 3.03E+02 1.58E+02
5 3.02E+02 3.13E+02 3.36E+02 3.63E+02 3.34E+02 3.70E+02 3.40E+02 1.60E+02
6 2.97E+02 3.08E+02 3.29E+02 3.68E+02 3.24E+02 3.57E+02 3.52E+02 1.63E+02
7 2.93E+02 3.04E+02 3.26E+02 3.72E+02 3.13E+02 3.39E+02 3.64E+02 1.69E+02
8 2.92E+02 2.96E+02 3.21E+02 3.76E+02 3.46E+02 3.35E+02 3.58E+02 1.71E+02
10 2.89E+02 2.94E+02 3.11E+02 3.68E+02 4.08E+02 3.23E+02 3.44E+02 1.80E+02
15 2.90E+02 2.91E+02 2.98E+02 3.22E+02 4.39E+02 3.10E+02 3.23E+02 1.94E+02
20 2.89E+02 2.91E+02 2.94E+02 3.06E+02 4.12E+02 3.55E+02 3.11E+02 2.06E+02
30 2.90E+02 2.91E+02 2.92E+02 2.98E+02 3.59E+02 3.37E+02 3.09E+02 2.29E+02
40 2.91E+02 2.94E+02 2.95E+02 2.98E+02 3.37E+02 3.24E+02 3.06E+02 2.57E+02
50 2.93E+02 2.91E+02 2.95E+02 2.95E+02 3.23E+02 3.23E+02 3.10E+02 2.78E+02

Figure C.1.4  Conversion coefficients from positron fluence to

the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the
eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations (Behrens, 2017a).
Appendices 123

C.2 Photons for Energies up to 50 MeV in Fields
With Charged-Particle Equilibrium
The calibration of area monitoring instruments and personal
dosimeters to measure photons for ambient dose, directional
and personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye and local
skin, and personal dose is performed routinely with suffi-
cient material in front of the instrument and personal dosim-
eter to provide full charged-particle equilibrium at the point
of test.
Table C.2.1a and Fig. C.2.1a give values of conversion
coefficients for this procedure for photon energies up to 50
MeV using the kerma-approximation method to approximate
charged-particle equilibrium, from photon fluence to direc-
tional and personal absorbed dose in the lens of the eye, and
in Table C.2.1b and Fig. C.2.1b from air kerma. The conver-
sion coefficients given here are calculated for whole-body
exposure of the eye model (Behrens and Dietze, 2011) for
uniform broad parallel beams incident in the horizontal plane
as a function of angle, ϕ, from 0° (A-P) to 90° in 15° steps,
and for a rotational field (ROT). The conversion coefficients
are calculated for the sensitive cells as the maximum of the
left and right lens. If the larger values for the sensitive cells
are integrated over all angles, ϕ, to obtain the value for rota-
tional irradiation, the results are not congruent with the val-
ues calculated for rotational irradiation.

Table C.2.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cell of the lens of the eye for
the maximum of left and right irradiations, calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 4.10E-05 6.91E-05 1.48E-04 1.56E-04 5.95E-05 7.94E-06 4.11E-07 3.06E-05
0.006 7.94E-03 8.87E-03 1.06E-02 1.02E-02 5.73E-03 1.56E-03 1.74E-04 3.13E-03
0.007 1.07E-01 1.06E-01 1.05E-01 9.16E-02 6.22E-02 2.67E-02 4.67E-03 3.39E-02
0.008 4.25E-01 4.12E-01 3.79E-01 3.24E-01 2.35E-01 1.23E-01 3.65E-02 1.29E-01
0.009 9.03E-01 8.76E-01 7.97E-01 6.77E-01 5.21E-01 3.20E-01 1.22E-01 2.85E-01
0.01 1.38E+00 1.34E+00 1.23E+00 1.06E+00 8.58E-01 5.79E-01 2.63E-01 4.52E-01
0.011 1.73E+00 1.69E+00 1.57E+00 1.39E+00 1.15E+00 8.45E-01 4.43E-01 5.92E-01
0.013 2.02E+00 2.00E+00 1.90E+00 1.74E+00 1.53E+00 1.25E+00 7.87E-01 7.59E-01
0.015 1.98E+00 1.96E+00 1.89E+00 1.77E+00 1.63E+00 1.41E+00 1.02E+00 7.97E-01
0.017 1.80E+00 1.79E+00 1.74E+00 1.67E+00 1.55E+00 1.40E+00 1.11E+00 7.72E-01
0.02 1.49E+00 1.49E+00 1.47E+00 1.43E+00 1.35E+00 1.26E+00 1.07E+00 6.87E-01
0.024 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.15E+00 1.14E+00 1.11E+00 1.05E+00 9.27E-01 5.79E-01
0.03 8.53E-01 8.48E-01 8.50E-01 8.50E-01 8.24E-01 7.93E-01 7.28E-01 4.59E-01
0.04 5.89E-01 5.95E-01 5.97E-01 5.92E-01 5.87E-01 5.77E-01 5.30E-01 3.43E-01
0.05 4.89E-01 4.88E-01 4.94E-01 5.00E-01 4.97E-01 4.80E-01 4.46E-01 2.99E-01
0.06 4.51E-01 4.52E-01 4.61E-01 4.64E-01 4.59E-01 4.41E-01 4.28E-01 2.86E-01
0.07 4.55E-01 4.63E-01 4.61E-01 4.61E-01 4.59E-01 4.46E-01 4.31E-01 2.92E-01
0.08 4.81E-01 4.86E-01 4.84E-01 4.87E-01 4.77E-01 4.77E-01 4.60E-01 3.14E-01
0.1 5.58E-01 5.59E-01 5.68E-01 5.69E-01 5.62E-01 5.58E-01 5.42E-01 3.75E-01
0.12 6.62E-01 6.70E-01 6.68E-01 6.73E-01 6.62E-01 6.66E-01 6.42E-01 4.56E-01
0.15 8.35E-01 8.39E-01 8.48E-01 8.41E-01 8.44E-01 8.37E-01 8.07E-01 5.78E-01
0.2 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.12E+00 8.08E-01
0.24 1.38E+00 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.42E+00 1.40E+00 1.38E+00 9.96E-01
0.3 1.75E+00 1.76E+00 1.76E+00 1.78E+00 1.80E+00 1.76E+00 1.73E+00 1.30E+00
0.4 2.29E+00 2.37E+00 2.33E+00 2.37E+00 2.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.29E+00 1.75E+00
0.5 2.82E+00 2.82E+00 2.88E+00 2.93E+00 3.01E+00 2.86E+00 2.84E+00 2.23E+00
0.511 2.91E+00 2.91E+00 2.95E+00 3.00E+00 2.98E+00 2.90E+00 2.92E+00 2.26E+00
0.6 3.35E+00 3.37E+00 3.42E+00 3.48E+00 3.49E+00 3.39E+00 3.38E+00 2.64E+00
0.662 3.64E+00 3.65E+00 3.69E+00 3.78E+00 3.78E+00 3.66E+00 3.65E+00 2.92E+00
0.8 4.24E+00 4.33E+00 4.31E+00 4.38E+00 4.41E+00 4.32E+00 4.31E+00 3.46E+00
1 5.09E+00 5.10E+00 5.12E+00 5.24E+00 5.31E+00 5.12E+00 5.09E+00 4.24E+00
1.117 5.58E+00 5.57E+00 5.71E+00 5.68E+00 5.74E+00 5.57E+00 5.54E+00 4.63E+00
1.2 5.81E+00 5.93E+00 5.93E+00 5.98E+00 6.03E+00 5.90E+00 5.85E+00 4.87E+00
1.3 6.23E+00 6.27E+00 6.29E+00 6.41E+00 6.43E+00 6.25E+00 6.26E+00 5.25E+00

(Continued)
124 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Table C.2.1a  (Continued)

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(pGy cm2) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

1.33 6.32E+00 6.36E+00 6.35E+00 6.45E+00 6.51E+00 6.37E+00 6.35E+00 5.39E+00
1.5 6.89E+00 6.98E+00 6.91E+00 7.02E+00 7.10E+00 6.90E+00 6.89E+00 5.98E+00
1.7 7.47E+00 7.58E+00 7.59E+00 7.68E+00 7.78E+00 7.55E+00 7.53E+00 6.49E+00
2 8.39E+00 8.44E+00 8.47E+00 8.53E+00 8.62E+00 8.42E+00 8.35E+00 7.23E+00
2.4 9.41E+00 9.53E+00 9.52E+00 9.71E+00 9.72E+00 9.48E+00 9.60E+00 8.32E+00
3 1.10E+01 1.10E+01 1.11E+01 1.11E+01 1.12E+01 1.09E+01 1.09E+01 9.82E+00
4 1.32E+01 1.33E+01 1.34E+01 1.33E+01 1.34E+01 1.32E+01 1.32E+01 1.18E+01
5 1.54E+01 1.54E+01 1.55E+01 1.57E+01 1.56E+01 1.53E+01 1.55E+01 1.38E+01
6 1.74E+01 1.74E+01 1.75E+01 1.76E+01 1.75E+01 1.74E+01 1.75E+01 1.56E+01
6.129 1.76E+01 1.77E+01 1.77E+01 1.80E+01 1.81E+01 1.74E+01 1.76E+01 1.61E+01
8 2.15E+01 2.17E+01 2.14E+01 2.15E+01 2.16E+01 2.15E+01 2.16E+01 1.93E+01
10 2.54E+01 2.55E+01 2.57E+01 2.55E+01 2.55E+01 2.56E+01 2.56E+01 2.36E+01
15 3.59E+01 3.61E+01 3.57E+01 3.57E+01 3.59E+01 3.55E+01 3.52E+01 3.32E+01
20 4.61E+01 4.63E+01 4.69E+01 4.66E+01 4.67E+01 4.65E+01 4.64E+01 4.35E+01
30 6.96E+01 6.97E+01 6.96E+01 6.93E+01 6.87E+01 7.00E+01 6.86E+01 6.45E+01
40 9.40E+01 9.34E+01 9.35E+01 9.40E+01 9.49E+01 9.33E+01 9.21E+01 8.72E+01
50 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.20E+02 1.19E+02 1.19E+02 1.17E+02 1.17E+02 1.09E+02

Figure C.2.1a  Conversion coefficients from photon fluence to

the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of
the eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations, calculated
using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).
Appendices 125

Table C.2.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of the eye
for the maximum of left and right irradiations, calculated using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).

Ep/MeV dlens, sens (ϕ)/(Gy Gy−1) for a radiation incidence at ϕ

  0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° ROT

0.005 1.34E-06 2.25E-06 4.84E-06 5.10E-06 1.94E-06 2.59E-07 1.34E-08 9.99E-07
0.006 3.74E-04 4.17E-04 4.99E-04 4.79E-04 2.69E-04 7.33E-05 8.21E-06 1.47E-04
0.007 6.88E-03 6.86E-03 6.75E-03 5.91E-03 4.01E-03 1.72E-03 3.01E-04 2.19E-03
0.008 3.61E-02 3.50E-02 3.21E-02 2.75E-02 1.99E-02 1.05E-02 3.09E-03 1.10E-02
0.009 9.80E-02 9.50E-02 8.65E-02 7.35E-02 5.65E-02 3.47E-02 1.33E-02 3.09E-02
0.01 1.86E-01 1.81E-01 1.66E-01 1.44E-01 1.16E-01 7.82E-02 3.55E-02 6.11E-02
0.011 2.86E-01 2.79E-01 2.59E-01 2.29E-01 1.91E-01 1.40E-01 7.32E-02 9.80E-02
0.013 4.78E-01 4.71E-01 4.48E-01 4.11E-01 3.61E-01 2.96E-01 1.86E-01 1.79E-01
0.015 6.33E-01 6.26E-01 6.03E-01 5.68E-01 5.22E-01 4.51E-01 3.25E-01 2.55E-01
0.017 7.56E-01 7.49E-01 7.29E-01 7.01E-01 6.49E-01 5.86E-01 4.63E-01 3.23E-01
0.02 8.87E-01 8.83E-01 8.74E-01 8.47E-01 8.03E-01 7.50E-01 6.36E-01 4.08E-01
0.024 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.00E+00 9.89E-01 9.61E-01 9.12E-01 8.06E-01 5.04E-01
0.03 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.14E+00 1.10E+00 1.01E+00 6.35E-01
0.04 1.37E+00 1.39E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 1.34E+00 1.24E+00 7.99E-01
0.05 1.52E+00 1.51E+00 1.53E+00 1.55E+00 1.54E+00 1.49E+00 1.38E+00 9.27E-01
0.06 1.56E+00 1.57E+00 1.60E+00 1.60E+00 1.59E+00 1.53E+00 1.48E+00 9.89E-01
0.07 1.58E+00 1.61E+00 1.60E+00 1.60E+00 1.59E+00 1.55E+00 1.50E+00 1.01E+00
0.08 1.57E+00 1.59E+00 1.58E+00 1.59E+00 1.55E+00 1.55E+00 1.50E+00 1.02E+00
0.1 1.50E+00 1.51E+00 1.53E+00 1.53E+00 1.51E+00 1.50E+00 1.46E+00 1.01E+00
0.12 1.44E+00 1.45E+00 1.45E+00 1.46E+00 1.44E+00 1.44E+00 1.39E+00 9.90E-01
0.15 1.39E+00 1.40E+00 1.42E+00 1.40E+00 1.41E+00 1.40E+00 1.35E+00 9.64E-01
0.2 1.33E+00 1.34E+00 1.35E+00 1.36E+00 1.34E+00 1.34E+00 1.31E+00 9.43E-01
0.24 1.30E+00 1.32E+00 1.32E+00 1.30E+00 1.34E+00 1.32E+00 1.30E+00 9.38E-01
0.3 1.27E+00 1.27E+00 1.27E+00 1.29E+00 1.30E+00 1.27E+00 1.25E+00 9.38E-01
0.4 1.21E+00 1.25E+00 1.23E+00 1.25E+00 1.26E+00 1.24E+00 1.21E+00 9.24E-01
0.5 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.26E+00 1.20E+00 1.19E+00 9.36E-01
0.511 1.20E+00 1.20E+00 1.21E+00 1.23E+00 1.22E+00 1.19E+00 1.20E+00 9.29E-01
0.6 1.18E+00 1.18E+00 1.20E+00 1.22E+00 1.23E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 9.30E-01
0.662 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.19E+00 1.21E+00 1.22E+00 1.18E+00 1.17E+00 9.37E-01
0.8 1.15E+00 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.18E+00 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 9.35E-01
1 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 9.45E-01
1.117 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.17E+00 1.16E+00 1.18E+00 1.14E+00 1.13E+00 9.48E-01
1.2 1.13E+00 1.15E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.17E+00 1.14E+00 1.13E+00 9.43E-01
1.3 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.17E+00 1.17E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 9.55E-01
1.33 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.16E+00 1.14E+00 1.13E+00 9.62E-01
1.5 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.12E+00 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 9.72E-01
1.7 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.16E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 9.65E-01
2 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 1.12E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 9.56E-01
2.4 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.14E+00 1.11E+00 1.12E+00 9.72E-01
3 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.11E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 9.84E-01
4 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.10E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 9.72E-01
5 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 9.71E-01
6 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 1.08E+00 9.68E-01
6.129 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.07E+00 1.09E+00 1.10E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00 9.79E-01
8 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.06E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 1.07E+00 9.61E-01
10 1.05E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.78E-01
15 1.04E+00 1.05E+00 1.03E+00 1.04E+00 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 9.62E-01
20 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 9.58E-01
30 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 1.02E+00 9.99E-01 9.41E-01
40 1.01E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.00E+00 9.87E-01 9.35E-01
50 9.95E-01 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 9.97E-01 9.95E-01 9.78E-01 9.81E-01 9.15E-01
126 Journal of the ICRU 20(1)

Figure C.2.1b  Conversion coefficients from photon air kerma

to the value of absorbed dose in the sensitive cells of the lens of
the eye for the maximum of left and right irradiations, calculated
using the kerma-approximation method (Behrens, 2017a).
966225
research-article2020
CRUXXX10.1177/1473669120966225Journal of the ICRU
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