Q@ 2. ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE Ae oR wR RR eM le ek ee OR OM! x ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ENERGY et Consider electric field E due to a point charge Placed at origin. Let a sroall test charge +9 be brought from A pcint A %& point B, against. the vepulsive fete en it dw to @. The applid external force is jast sufficient to counter the repulsive force Fe om tbe bot charge 9. 0 the work dove by the exbroal fore fs ~ve of cork done by the electric force and geis fully stored in tbe form of potential energy of charge 9. If the exckinol force is renpoved ed Teaching B the electric fore rill take Woe chatge acay fioro'®. The storecl PE at 8 is used to provide kE to the charge 9 1 such tha coay tad tbe sum of KE # PE at every point is Snserved Work done by the eocternal farce in Meving tbe test : eharge +9 fiom A tow through a distance Agzdr is 2 Meet f Edt . 8 se asf Rod This work done is sterecl as pobntal ener. ell every point th electric field a particle with chayge 4 possess 2 certain ebctrosiatic potpval energy, therefore workdone in moving the charge 4 from A te ge increases its PE by ao arent egual to the clots. wostalic PE dlifferens bo the points g@ and A qhe pobnlial energy cdifferene AUS Us-Uy = Wry Scanned with CamScanner® Electrostatic pobniial energy clifferenw b/w two peipis can be defined as the vwoork required to be dere by 2° exbrnal force in moving Cwithout acceleration) charge fromm ene Point to another fe ebetric field of any arbitrary charge consiguraticn . Electrostatic potntial energy Sf 2 charge g ala point. ip an electrostatic fieldl div to any ebarge configeuation, is the work done by the external fore ip brigging the charge 9 fiom infinity to tbat point evoithout any accelration . Electrostatic pebntial Cv) at any point in a region of clectrostatic field is the minimum work dene in carying @ anil positive charge witheat acceleration frorn infinity to that point. We Ug-Ua ne RPtential dus to point charge ose Consider point charge 2 at origin «We ave to cal. calaie electrostatic potential at ary point P doy io Q. By desinition it Is the arooun! of cork done ip bringing a anil positive charge from infinity to Pp At some intermediate polnt A op this CoA=x) . the fore on unit positive charge a oA Fe fac, =) along Scanned with CamScanner@ sroall amount of cork done charge from A to B ip moving @& anit tve — =F dwe F.dx = “Kode ex e Total cook done i> meoving anit positive charge Sir infinity to ae e + 6 4 . = fe -_f-w SS, dee A, dx on f i “f ang = ANE. [= Ss oie o@ Ly . See le ane, LY J e @ Wo? ane, 9 Electric potential duo to o clipole we a lipole - pole consisting of two point chayges P bea eAt an axial point oF consider an electric ot -g and tg and seperated by distance aa. Let point op the axis of the dipole ala distance ¥ fiom Hs centre O- “2 +9 folential at the point P poe A . tv wo ——_—Y ~ a we 7 eo Se 2. boa 4AN® Vaq thE yea 4NEo tea fel ct 72 yiay- Cr) |, QZ x 2a ANE. i vio "ARE. “ytae ~~ . oe er ~ ARE ya? if 120 -_it 2 ae ARE +? Scanned with CamScannersat an equatorial pciot of a dipob aP Led P be tbe Poin) en the fe perpendicalay bisector of the dipok at a clistave x fiona it centse. Pownall Pyv-vevye yg cg th 2 2 TS 40. Shas ANG [ye4a? =o AL any general point Le, P be the point ata distance + from the Grtie the Urection OP making ap angle © toils clipols moment P. Pebnbal al P=V_ +, vat Yq elo Thyt 4 4N& vy. 40G Ya We ot (eps of = ANE, | THACSO F-Acos Ske =COFT 7 eae oral T FAMSOtY 4NEo rLatcos*o Ya DP = oP-oD oe saoee + y-acosO 4NEo yiatcose 2 ACO = _P cos@ _____ cosO=60 -6O ARES Crtatcos'®) oC cor acose 2 BDO cos@=22 -00 o8 a OD =acose Scanned with CamScanner© Potential energy Of a syst of charges a Electrostatic potential erergy of a sysiem of point charges 15 dbe total anoount of Work done ; in + bringing the various chages to ‘tbeir respective position foro infinitely large roulual seperation . © for two point charges - suppose a point charge 9, is held ata poinl witb position vector +, iD space. Anoiber pote? charge q, 's at infinite clisiance from J,. This is to be brouglbt to tbe position % with position vector B. Potential at Pa dus te charge ry R fo Hot Pave ge be q % de n Mork done to carrying charge 9, fiom infinity to B tw = Potential at Px charge 7; w ree UT This is stored as souatral enswgy e for a Marober of chayges . For a number of charges. portal energy i§ equal to the total anccunt of work dene io asserobling al the charges at tbe given posities fiom ifinity , In bringing the first charge 4 tothe position P, , po wok is done, since there is no field. Wr=0 When we bring the charge 9, fiem infinity to Rata asians Yo from 4, Ws = Pontial dw to 9, * charge 9, ee tage ARfo Ty Scanned with CamScanner© Tp bringing 9, from infinity to Py, work has to dene against ibe férces of both g, and g, hia = Potential at P3 x chayge 2 = (Potentral dus to 9, + Potrtial dw to 9, ) x I; ef. Di +t Dy )xg ANE, Ng ANE “Yy3 - aol Fids, yeah? ids ARE “Tg ARE Ys for three charges, total cork dene W = Wyt Wat ly 99,4 hise++ tats W = ire, yr AME Ty ATG Ty qbis is Stored as posntial enewgy Of Systun. We ae Sips : poe Gk Potential enegy of charges to an extroal fred a single charge if VCR) is the escternal potential at any point Pay with a position vector ¥. Then by definition work clone ip brigging a anit positive ehaige from infinity to th point P = Ver) “SWork done in briaging a charge gq froma infinity to the point P in the extrnal fierd = Potntial x chayge = Veryaq This work is Slored as PE, PE Of a singh charge in an exbrna field © Vey Scanned with CamScanner*Two charges Teo point charges 9, ard 1s at position vectors ay aod WF in a uniform elecivic freld E- Vey) be the exlernal pobnbal at 7. Work done ie bringing 9, fiero infinily to vr Wi = Potntial ai m1 xchayge J, =VCy) xq, Work dene in bringing Ta from infinity to tN = Polrntial at x, x charge 7, = (exbnal potntial at n+ pobntial div to 4) xcbarge 9, =[V + te Pest ty |* 4s 2 4,¥eu) * gee, RE me a Fotal work clone = 4, Vor * 1a Cbray tone og this is Stored as PE Poiential energy Of A clipole ue in auniforra Clectric Fick consider an electric clpob placed in a uniform electric fied e with its dipole ncoroent P making an angle © with tbe field. teoo equal and opposite forces 19F aod ~g2 acteo iws devo ends. This forme a couple. The torgue exorted by “be couple TPE sine if dipob is rotated -brough a stall angle de agaiost the torqus acting on itp thn Scanned with CamScanner® ereall work clone ‘Ss dw-Tdo-: PE sine do. qe total work dene in rotating the spol fiom ib erieniation making arp angle ©) twitb tbe divectian of the field to Oy, rill be OF Wefdw=f pesine do & r PE ~cose [°° er WW = PE (60s &- 0S 9a) If initially the dlipole is oriented perpendiicclay to the abrection of fierd .ie O240° And ther brogght to gerne Orientation roaking OD angb © witb the field. Fe @y2@, then pobotial energy of dipob U=PE Cros 9O-CoS®) =PE Co~cose) - "pe cose =-pre case 4 $ position of stabb equilibrium, ©=6 Us TPE coso =. “RE ie Pobntial enorgy OF Lpob is moinimauro when js clipolb morment is parallel to the exbrnal freld . case a: position OF aostabl equilibria colon @= 180° U:7PE Cos 1f0 s Pe ie potential energy of cUpob is maximum when ts ipo’ enorme nt is antiparallel to the extrnal field, this is the position of unstabb equilibrium | Scanned with CamScannerGY Equipotential surfaces we surgace that has sanoe electric potential potential surface. etry every point op it iS called an equi ever an © No cootk Is cope in moving O test charge equpotential sur fac. Wap >t @ugaNa)-- Ve VA ro « Electric field is aleoays poral 2o the equi poteoval aurface at every point - care claser togelber io tbe regions . Equipotertial Sur faces of sting fieid andl fasber apart io tbe tegicns of weak freld - + No equipotental susfa Aey do So. at the poi stcoo values ef potential cobich is inmpossibb. ces can intersecl each other If it Of intersection , toere will be eg: fi I ps ee aan Pee 1 arforn fre. ee oe ~ sequipobniial Saiforw Scanned with CamScanner7 q Relation bko electric field acd pobntial se Consider electric field div to charge 19 located at origio-Let A and @ be tcoo adjacent points seperate by distane dy. 47 vidv v oS The cco peinis are so close a ° BOA that ebetric freld bw tbero reroains constant: Let Y and Vidv be the pototials at th points - External force ee & move a test charge J against the freid ao “a, e Work done to move test charge 9, from A toB 2 = t Fedya-g e+ dy ‘ © Also cork clone in nooving test charge from A tog * We: J, CVe-YA) > 2 Av Equating the two works done “9, Edy = qo AV dv ¥ mcowrsts elect ric potential fom electric field =7dv > dv=7 Pedi ar rotexgrading i abou ee betwen too poinb Rand Y » fave “sf -é. dy ee “f "Pde 7 Th tbe pobotal al FW and 7. An Wso and put WP. we get | Yo =o Ver =~ z dt where ¥; anc. Vs av 1g we lab Fy ad iopaiy Scanned with CamScannerSele CONDUCTOR uu w Ned electrostatic field is zero ip the iolerior Sf a conclactor- Lat lbe Surface of a charged conductor electric field rust be Pownal to the Surface at every poinl- +The net charge in the interior of AQ Ccondaclo iS zero and any ¢xcess charge resides at its surface . «Electrostatic potential %s constant witlin and en the burface of condactor. séleciric field at the sinyace ef a charged conductor 65 £22: =o Electric fierd is condeclor Célectrostatic shielding) . zere to the cavity afva hollow charged DIELECTRIC # POLARISATION Dielectrics itt is an insulator. which dees net cendact aleritiely . bostewer Iodticed eleges Gre pralucect So faces er applyteg electric field. A Aiclectric may consist Of either polar or mon polar molecules - Plax molecule: EG molecule to cobich the centre Of trass of positive eharges cloes rol coipcicle with centre of (as: of negative charges #6 callect polar molecule. e7-Hel Hho molecule: J roolecule caintide with eeptre Of mass Hs opposite Noo polar ip which the centre of mass of positive charges of negative charges. 29 Hs, Na conduclor in an external electric field Under the application of exterpal electric freld CE) the fice charge carries 12 the concector move. and the chayge clistribution in the conductor adjust itself Scanned with CamScanner(e) in auch a way tbat ,electrie field due to inderced charges CE, ) epposes tbe external field * The process Contincus untill tbe two fields cancel cach otber and the net electric field in Abe conductor becornes zero. Jn a dlelectic, the external field induces dipobros tment by Sticiching ox 1¢ Crienting ake molecules Of the dielectric. The induced clipole moment ets up an elec tric field E, cohich opposes erlernal field bet cloes cot exactly cancel iL only reduces it. Conductor ' Dielectric Ep = & : Ep Ero Evo. EF” tbe molecules . there exist @ 2 moment in the clrectiod of field. ee cee The streiching of centie of chaiges Of the molecules eld . net dipele of electric aioms /molecles dw to clisplacerment uncler the acten cf 2P external £7" isotre pic clelectric, polarization is directly Fo. linear propetonal to “be electric field witbio tbe cliebctric 7 poe mex 2. Xe= electric susceptibility - =Xe Polarisation is defined as tbe tnducecl dipolsmoment per anit volume of a cdelectric under the aclion Of an extemal field - Ns magnitude §s kpownm as potariza. tion density . ° Polarised dielectric is equivalent to two charged Surface, eotlh saxface charge densities 13% ,~ ey The fad: cred, ced by these surface chayges opposes the extemal field: electric field Ss thereby reduces. These sujoa charges we bound chauges - a Let Es be the applid field, Ep be the induod Feld dw io polarisation. 2 net field in the Uebrctarc The total 2 E> E,- Ep 4 Dielectric consiant/ e x relative permittivity Fe cat Scanned with CamScanner@ CAPACITANCE OF A CONDUCTOR ue The clecivical capacitance of A conductor is tbe mecastire of its ability to bold clectrie charge - When an insulated conductor is given some charge Jil acquires seroe polenBalstf coe increase tbe charge en a cendoder, ae potential also increases. Yo charge @. put ona ipsctlatedt condacter increases its polential by Vv, then AaAx«V = @Qsev G proportionality constant Cis called reg tons between the plates oF op the either Side of the slab , re enly in the thickness d-t, thereyére ot only the -capacilor athe fietd exists potential difference bse ‘the plates of the capacilor Ve Eo(d-t) > = G-t) - at Ss Ae. m ..2 capacitance , C= SF i “e Y sea = Ag a clearly Cdce, thus introduction Of o conducting slab of thickness * in a parallel plate capacitor increases tbe capacitane ky a factor of & Scanned with CamScanner8-Capacilance of parallel plate capacitor when dielectric inserted b/to the plates fally occupying the intervening region . When the dielectric is jotroduad 2 it polarised by the field amd the effect is equivalent to two charged sheets at the surface of the dielectric with surface charge densilics Sp and “op. Then. the net surface charge clensity 0D the plaice is 6, and ~Ce=op). Then electric field fo the region bro the plates Es tose =o Ei Pd across the plats. v= Ed-©-op)q = & ¥s@-cp)xd sod ee & Ke 2 ee. Vifd , ad re ee &o Ag, K “ene Capacitance, C2 2- QB Lasik OS -ee 4 S (se Agek K5€=sS_ C2Gk | Cor A& . oe te, dielectric constant of a subsianxe ts the factor by cohich the copacitance increases fiord its vaccen Malus. woken tbe debciic is ttecttet foly ba the plots of a copacitor. Es Ee iV = Me K K Scanned with CamScannerCecapacitance of 9 parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric slab: ben cUelectric slab of thickness t-Ctedy ts jotroduced —b/co the plates , the roclecales in the slab get polarized 10 tbe direction of applic field and jodaces an electric field in epposite rection of applid field. «. tbe fielel losicle the olielectric rs e. 2% god outside the slab EB only. Pa bre the plates Y= &, Cd-t)t Ee-Ep)t + Eo Cd-t) + Eet K + Eo [-d + ]s Eo [d4 +H] = = [A494] — Se -t+4 AES C4 t+4] 2 Q _ Be, COED it c -Q: capacitance - 2 Cc: Af dettt kK clearly Cc, ie OR introduction of slab béo tbe plates of 2 capacitor 4 its capacitance éncreases COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS ‘ u~—— copacitors ip series, When the Negative plate os ope capacitor is connected to the positive plat o the second , and the negative of the Second io the posilive of third and © en» tbe capacitors are said do Be copnected i'd Series , Scanned with CamScanner@) 4 +*Q -Q ao Pd across various capacitow = IK | MiB »vw:& ,Yi2 ey — = Se ey e ty fey Series ~Conpection VeVt VotVp > Q+Qte Cc, Se GG B= B+842 the combication can be vegardedl AS an effective capacitor with chagge Q and and capacitane ¢ tbe trtrt ae a ag Capacitors iD parallel:- biben the positive plates of all the apaciters are connected to ene Cormmen point and ibe negative plates le another commen point- the capacitors are Said to be conn + ected io parallel. = Qpsay , Qae QV, Qa2cav Total charge stored to tbe corobioation a F Q= Qt Qot Q3 . raVt AVtGV ~ N The equivaknt apadtane, ¢ Tyee CV = CO VtECIVt Gv t CatC; | Scanned with CamScanner® ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR UT @ capacitor is a devica 10 Store energy » The process of chayging up a capacitor involves the transferring Of electric ebarges fiero its ene plate to another. The “work dene ip chayging the capacitor ts Stored as ils electrical potential energy. This ensigy js supplid by the battery at the expense of its glotecl chemical energy” Pd cap be recove recl by allleeving the capacitor to discharge. Let © be the charge and Vv be the pd ef the copa. eilor of Capacitance c. c= Let dw be the aroeunt Of otk alode in adding ap acldilienal charge de to tbe capacitor. dwevde = g de Total cxork dene in charging tbe capacitor Q Q we: (dw: fe de = Qe © e, ae This work done rg stored As pobptal enyy, for seties connection 2 et Qt Pt 47 = B 4 2 uUrQ-e:S [ata 30,7 Ss, Us Ut UstU3t = - for parallel conn bicaton 5 ) Saat = foe vs $ev'e ve Corcas JERE ECVE. Us Up Vat Ust > - - Hence total energy is additive bab H seit and parallel corobivation of Capacitors , Scanned with CamScanner® Energy density is the energy Stored per Volume of the capacitor unit CP Am Ws & 2A? ad ac ac ~ oa” 2 IA oA ~oAd 2 Adie: eee aE. Ex fa . ° Wozet Ade = EAMG a "2 2 Us Etadg » Ad: volun . a ‘ - E Enerqy density Uo =+ & a 3 sy 8 Coremen Potential f When to capacitors chayged to cliffereot potentials are compecied by 2 ewodacting wire. flows rere one at bygber potential 20 th al lower potential. The flow continues elf tbeiy pobntial becerbe equal, and this eqtial pobptal js called comreen pobntal charge other Total charge before sharing Qa aVitoVa If vis the conomen potential, after sharing total ebarge @ = V4 Cav HE CaJV Since no chayge lost Civytcavas Et ca) Vos Ge Mit Cove Qos CV CV = CaV= Cova = Charge lest by one capacitor = chaige gained by wether capacitor. Scanned with CamScanner@ " | Bed luring this process some energy is last the form of heat. Total energy before sharing s 2 Wet aus toay in after sharing _ Vas Corayv® rt Gita)" Cut as) * Crea)? et Cuter ve)? _ Cotes) ebange tb energy = U,-Us 2 Baers cove’) = £ Evita c a CHG FANTavike ws O42 aan’ cgi - Wa os a 2 bed Cit Gcawt Give tay oN cd yL | vie c av’ Ie civ, > Beeman [ are na Cy fg] ac [ views vive] 2 Cerro) Scanned with CamScanner