SOURCES OF ERROR

The area of cross-seclon or the

potentiometer wire may not be uniform.
2. The resistance of the
potentiometer wire may change due to heating.
3, Voltmeter readings may not be
accurate.

VIVA VOCE
i v a voce questions based on
potentiometer on pages 61 and 62.

ACTII VITY A6
AIM

To draw the diagram of given open circuit

comprising at least a battery, resistor/theostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in
proper order
and correct the circuit and circuit diagram.

1 APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

A given open circuit comprising at least a battery, plug key, resistor, rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter; and
Connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

107
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

THEORY
Electrical circuits can be either functional or open type.
Functional electrical cireuit. An electrical circuit is
functional only ifall the components
are
in proper order, assuming that all circuit components/devices are in working condition
closed. With closed key, all components satisfy the property of continuity. ondition andconnectkeyedis
Open electrical circuit. An open circuit means there is a break in some part of the circuit, Thi .
may be either deliberate such as a key left in open position or a fault such as broken wire, so reak
Out
ome b
components loose connection. This circuit shows discontinuity for one or more cOmunt
or a

ome open circuit diagrams are given in Fig. 12. Students are advised to mark the componente. components.
are connected in proper order. Then draw correct circuit diagrams and assemble
not the hCircuit
dccordingly by connecting components in proper order in each case.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

ww
R
w Rh

E
(a)

K
A
Rh
A
wm
Rh
E

(d)

Fig. 12 Some open circuits.

PROCEDURE
1. Draw the given circuit diagram [see Fig. 12(b)] in your notebook.
2. In the above diagram, mark the rder
components which have not been connected in
prope
3. Make a list of all components in the te
olumn

observation table and mark a (V) in appropti

against each component.
4. Now draw the correct circuit diagram.
5. Assemble and connect the electrical agram.

components in accordance with the corrected Cr these

these

in the n
6. Insert a plug key and note the deflections in ammeter and voltmeter.
meters towards right hand side verify that the Deriec
corrected circuit is functiona
108
 Section A: ACTIVITIES
OBSERVATIONS

Table A10: For checking order of connections of circuit

Mark
components.
a
(V) in appropriate column
S.No. Circuit component Correct connection Incorrect connection
Battery
2. Resistor
3. Rheostat
4. Key
. Ammeter
6. Voltmeter

For example, in given circuit diagram of Fig. 12(b), voltmeter has been wrongly connectea. 1o
resistance R, it must be connected in parallel with R. Now students should draw the correct Circuit ed
diagram.

RESULT

The circuit assembled by connecting components in proper order is functionally correct as verifiea by
passing current through it.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Before making the connections, ends of the connecting wires must be cleaned properly with a piece
of sand paper.
2. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter in parallel with it.
3. The positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to the positive terminal of
the battery.
4. Rheostat should be connected in the circuit using its one end terminal and the other variable
terminal.
5. The plug key should be kept open throughout. It should be closed only at the time of checking the
continuity of the circuit.

VIVA VOCE
. What are the functions of the components resistor, Voltmeter. A high resistance galvanometer used for
rheostat, plug key, battery, ammeter and voltmeter in measuring potential ditference between any two
an electrical points of an electric circuit.
circuit ?
esistor. It controls the flow of current in an electrical 2. What is the function of sand paper in setting up the
Circuit. electriccircuit?
neostat. It is a variable resistance used for adjusting Sand papers are used to remove insulating coating at
tne the ends of the connecting wires. Thus it helps in
strength of current in an electrical circuit.
making the circuit continuous.
Key. A device used to switch on or switch off a
Ccurrent in an 3. A rheostat and a resistance box can change the
electrical circuit.
resistance in circuit, yet their functions are different.
Battery. Adevice consisting of two or more cells used How ?
45 a
source of emfelectric power.
or
We can introduce resistance from a resistance box in
nmeter. A low resistance galvanometer used for certain known steps whereas with a rheostat, we can
asuring current in an electric circuit. change the resistance in a continuous manner.

109