WILJEAN O.

MARFIL
GRADE11-HUMILITY/ABM SIR JOMEL SEVILLO

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2 ND SEMESTER
Quarter 3, WEEK 1
March 15, 2022

1. Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution

 It is the process by which elements are formed within stars. It is the formation of
elements during a supernova explosion. It is the process by which elements are
produced in gas clouds. It is the formation of light elements such as hydrogen and
helium

2. Explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of new
elements in the laboratory
 The Synthesis of the Elements In the beginning, there was only H and He.

Early in the Big Bang, it was a soup of elementary particles. As the Universe
expanded and cooled, there was a period of proton fusion into Helium. • The
Universe ran into the Be problem. Red giant cores get past this via the Triple-
Alpha process, but the Universe expands right through this possibility and the
density/temperature are quickly too low to synthesis any additional elements.
WILJEAN O. MARFIL
GRADE11-HUMILITY/ABM SIR JOMEL SEVILLO

3. Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its structure

Here are the steps to help you determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar.

1. Draw the Lewis Structure

The Lewis dot structure provides a simple model between the bonds in a molecule
and the lone electron pairs. It’s essential for predicting molecular geometry,
molecule polarity, and reactivity in a compound.

Begin drawing the Lewis dot structure of the molecule. You may need a periodic
table for this. 

2. Determine the Shape

Polar and nonpolar molecules differ in their geometric shapes.

Shape Polarity Compound Example

Linear Non-polar C2H2
Tetrahedral Non-polar C2H4
Trigonal Planar Non-polar CH4
Bent/V-shaped Polar NH3
Trigonal Pyramidal Polar Water

Nonpolar and polar molecules exhibit some degree of electronegativity difference

between bonded atoms.[1]

Nonpolar bonds: The electronegativity values are equal or nearly equal. There’s no

element with more negative or positive charge than another side. The
electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is less than 0.4. 
WILJEAN O. MARFIL
GRADE11-HUMILITY/ABM SIR JOMEL SEVILLO

Polar bonds: The electronegativity difference is greater than 0.4 between bonded

atoms. There is at least one side of the molecule with more negative or positive
charge than another side.1.

3. Dissect the Symmetric Molecules

Polar molecules have an unshared electron pair while the nonpolar molecule
doesn’t.  If you look at pictures of polar and nonpolar molecules, they vary in
symmetry. 

Examine the arrows in the Lewis dot structure. 

Nonpolar covalent bond: The arrows are equal in length, and the arrangement is
symmetrical. All the atoms attached to the middle atom are identical. They share
all electron pairs. 

Polar covalent bond: The arrows are of different lengths, and the arrangement is
asymmetrical or uneven. The atoms attached to the atom aren’t all the same.

For many students, understanding bond polarity can be a hard part of their high
school chemistry subject. To determine if something has a nonpolar or polar bond,
there are rules and steps to follow. However, there are always exceptions. 

A molecule is polar if there’s a significant difference in the electronegativity charges

between elements. The bonds don’t cancel each other out and are asymmetrical. 

A nonpolar molecule has no separation of electric charges or difference in

electronegativity.  The bonds cancel each other out, are symmetrical, and there’s
no lone electron pair. 

This topic will be easier to grasp with consistent practice and a peer or teacher to
help you out.
WILJEAN O. MARFIL
GRADE11-HUMILITY/ABM SIR JOMEL SEVILLO
WILJEAN O. MARFIL
GRADE11-HUMILITY/ABM SIR JOMEL SEVILLO

Relate the polarity of a molecule to i ts properties