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MASTER DOCUMENT.
Topic wise Past questions
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
(AAPTA, 03/2013; Neuro additional questions 2015; Neuro 2014 )
Case 1:
TBI 21 YO girl accident in train, very good in social before accident. Treatment in
emergency. A n emergency operation to remove haematoma was performed, and she
is now admitted in Neuro ICU.
Hematoma resolved. GSC less than 8
Q: What does GCS less than 8 give to means?
1: Lower score means severity in prognosis
2: Give an idea of cognitive and behaviour level of the patient
3: Symptoms aggravate with low score
4:lower score means higher in prognosis
Answer is a
Reference : C n S (Section on measurements of TBI. C n S pg 61)
Answer is A reference carr nd shepherd pg 248 nd pryor and Prasad pg 7 on hard
copy
Explanation of GCS:
The Glasgow Coma Scale is based on a 15 point scale for estimating and
categorizing the outcomes of brain injury on the basis of overall social capability or
dependence on others.
The test measures the motor response, verbal response and eye opening response
with these values:
I. Motor Response
6 – Obeys commands fully
5 – Localizes to noxious stimuli
4 – Withdraws from noxious stimuli
3 – Abnormal flexion, i.e. decorticate posturing
2 – Extensor response, i.e. decerebrate posturing
1 – No response
II. Verbal Response
5 – Alert and Oriented
4 – Confused, yet coherent, speech
3 – Inappropriate words and jumbled phrases consisting of words
2 – Incomprehensible sounds
1 – No sounds
III. Eye Opening
4 – Spontaneous eye opening
3 – Eyes open to speech
2 – Eyes open to pain
1 – No eye opening
The final score is determined by adding the values of I+II+III.
This number helps medical practioners categorize the four possible levels for
survival, with a lower number indicating a more severe injury and a poorer prognosis:
Mild (1315) :
● More indepth discussion on the Mild TBI Symptoms page.
Moderate Disability (912):
● Loss of consciousness greater than 30 minutes
● Physical or cognitive impairments which may or may resolve
● Benefit from Rehabilitation
Severe Disability (38):
● Coma: unconscious state. No meaningful response, no voluntary activities
Vegetative State (Less Than 3):
● Sleep wake cycles
● Aruosal, but no interaction with environment
● No localized response to pain
Persistent Vegetative State:
● Vegetative state lasting longer than one month
Brain Death:
● No brain function
● Specific criteria needed for making this diagnosis
The other scoring system used is the GOS (Glasgow outcome scale). There are 2
versions. th 8point version and 5point version where the 5 point version is shown to
be more reliable. Those who survive, the survival outcome is typically defined by
global categories listed in GOS.
Westmead PTA scale can also be used. Inability to lay down memories reliably from
one day to the next. Patients are said to be in PTA if they cannot get perfect score for
3 consecutive days.
Q 2: She is very agitated, when she sees friends or staff she is aggressive. What is
the cause of this behavious?
1: Is it because of medication
2: Low O2 level
3: PTA post traumatic amnesia
4: Premorbid status
Answer: C
pg 284 carr and shepherd
Q 3: To improve her condition, you want to put the patient upright. How would you
achieve this?
1: Make her sit to 90 Degre
2: Check the intracranial pressure that should be less that 10 mm hg
3: Ask neuro staff before
4: Check O2 level
Answer is C
( We will read about ICP. what are the normal values.
Normal ICP is 5 15 mmHg).
http://www.trauma.org/archive/neuro/icp.html
Since we are working in a team it is good to check with the rest of the team! Thats
why we need to check with the neuro staff before we mobilize patient.
Q 4: She falls out of bed at night, What strategy you use to avoid that
1: Put the mattress on the floor and increase surveillance
2: Tight her with a belt
3: put a sign in front to remind her to ring the bell to nursing staff
4: Increase the sedative medication
Answer is A
Extra explanation:
1: Put the mattress on the floor and increase surveillance. No restraining policy in
hospitals in aus.
People can become aggressive, leading to fights and injuries. High low bed.
2: Tie her with a belt (No restraining policy in Australia). Also we usually tie the
patient with belt only while making him stand using a tilt table or even in wheelchair.
3: put a sign in front to remind her to ring the bell to nursing staff. Since person may
be cognitively impaired, this wont be the best option.
4: Increase the sedative medication. Be aware that there are medications that can
cause falls as well.
Hypertensives, anti parkinsons, pyscotropic drugs, diabetic medications(excess)
Additional question in Didi’s notes June 2014
Q. What outcome does GCS provide?
A. measures memory and cognitive function
B. Measures cognitive level and behavious and reactions to the environments of the
patient
C. Lower score means severity of prognosis
D. Higher score means severity of prognosis
ANS: C
(Additional questions)
Q: What does GCS indicate. What is the scoring system.
GCS
Q: ACUTE STAGE –PT TREATMENT
ANS – prevent secondary neuronal damage. So basically u don’t want raised ICP. So u want
to reduce inflammation in the brain, haemorrhage etc. we are responsible for positioning.
[9:09:14 PM] diane.davis: neuroprotection PT involvement will be respiratory mostly
[9:09:39 PM] diane.davis: If they are properly neuroprotected they will be nursed in supine,
30 degrees head up.
Basically u are doing positiong. Unless their respiratory is a bigger problem. BP, ICP,
Pg 286. The physiotherapy intervention is improved RF and prevent secondary brain
damage.
Just above MS integrity – prevention of muscle and soft tissue injury and contracture.
Q: Criteria to get her out of bed
a. Ask medical permission
b. CSF pressure <10
c. Oxygen saturation <90
Answer is ask medical permission
Pg 288 in carr and shepherd – reference
if its above 90% they carry oxygen with them. So if any problem, they can utilize O2.
Q: posttraumatic amnesia
Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) is a state of confusion that occurs immediately following a
traumatic brain injury in which the injured person is d isoriented and unable to remember
events that occur after the injury .[1] The person may be unable to state his or her name, where
[1]
he or she is, and what time it is. When continuous memory returns, PTA is considered to
have resolved. [2] While PTA lasts, new events cannot be stored in the memory. [3] About a third
of patients with m ild head injury are reported to have "islands of memory", in which the
patient can recall only some events. [3] During PTA, the patient's consciousness is
"clouded". [4] Because PTA involves confusion in addition to the memory loss typical of
amnesia, the term "p osttraumatic confusional state " has been proposed as an alternative. [4]
Q: She falls out of bed at night, What strategy you use to avoid that
1: Put the mattress on the floor and increase surveillance
2: Tight her with a belt
3: put a sign in front to remind her to ring the bell to nursing staff
4: Increase the sedative medication
Answer is 1
Q: frontal involvement describe functions of frontal lobe MOTOR PLANNING &
EXECUTION
ANS – behavior and language.
Case 2:
TBI, petechial cortical hemorrhages, bi frontal
Q: what is the function of frontal lobe
a. apraxia
b. aphasia
c. disinhibition
d. neglect
Answer is c
Aphasia inability to express themselves (Broca’s)
Bt in sulivan b aphasia is given as a frontal lobe problem. Reference : t he lesion is
located in premotor area of the left frontal lobe given in sullivan pg 722) Speech prob
and language deficits are associated with frontal lobe)`
Frontal lobe is involved in cognitive functions and motor planning. Prefrontal,
premotor and supplementary motor cortex are involved.
(Pawan will forward Lindsay image).
Wenicke’s sensory area Brodmann area 22 W ernicke's area is classically located in
the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the (most commonly) left cerebral
hemisphere. T his area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus (the part of the brain
where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet). [2] T his area is neuroanatomically described
as the posterior part of Brodmann area 22
Brocha is motor. Frontal lobe Dominant brodmann area 44, 45
Apraxia post parietal cortex non dominant
is a disorder of the motor functioning. Muscle strength is normal but he is not able to
execute the movement because of the motor functioning issues even though he is
willing. In other words this is loss of ability to perform activities. Here the issue is
difficulty with motor planning when a command is given to the person.
Types:
Ideomotor apraxia patient has idea of how to do the task and can explain it to us,
but is usable to execute or complete the task due to motor issues.
Ideational apraxia / conceptualization apraxia Pt is unable to conceptualize the task
and impaired ability to complete the task.
Aphasia is a defect in speech and language disorder. Usually caused by CVA during
brain damage. difficulty in understanding the words and formulating sentences. it
could be sensory / motor aphasia.
Types:
Expressive aphasia / Broca’s aphasia (motor aphasia) The result is halted,
fragmented speech but comprehension is preserved. Injury is commonly in lt
hemisphere broca’s area or anterior portion of left hemisphere to be more precise.
Wernicke’s aphasia (sensory aphasia) speech is well preserved, but pt has difficulty
comprehending or understanding words and sentences.
injury left posterior temporal cortex.
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; 2005 APC official)
Case 3
21 year old woman. traumatic brain injury following a motor vehicle accident.
admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) initially for stabilisation of her status. multiple
fractures (left scapula, left radius, left ankle and left jaw). remained in a coma for a
month. once conscious, able to understand and follow directions. On admission to a
rehabilitation unit at six weeks post injury: distractable and disinhibited (attempting to
hug and kiss staff inappropriately). able to roll independently and move from right
side lying to sitting over the edge of the bed. with the physiotherapist’s assistance to
move her feet. difficulty maintaining normal alignment of her head in sitting due to
weak neck and back extensor muscles and poor visual fixation and tracking.
Q1. On initial admission to the accident and emergency department, what would be
the major priority/priorities in the medical management of the patient?
a) prevention of secondary neuronal damage
b) identification of a Glasgow Coma Scale score
c) management of hypertension
d) investigation and treatment of the multiple fractures
e) all of the above are correct
ANS: A
APC’s answer and reasoning The major medical management priority would be
intervene to prevent secondary neuronal damage from the brain injury. This would be a
higher priority than the fractures and identifying the Glasgow Coma Scale score – both these
could be done after intervening to prevent secondary neuronal damage. Management of
hypertension would not be a priority.
My explanation – prevent secondary neuronal damage. So basically u don’t want
raised ICP. So u want to reduce inflammation in the brain, haemorrhage etc. we are
responsible for positioning.
[9:09:14 PM] diane.davis: neuroprotection PT involvement will be respiratory mostly
[9:09:39 PM] diane.davis: If they are properly neuroprotected they will be nursed in
supine, 30 degrees head up.
Basically u are doing positiong. Unless their respiratory is a bigger problem. BP, ICP,
Pg 286. The physiotherapy intervention is improved RF and prevent secondary brain
damage.
(Just above MS integrity – prevention of muscle and soft tissue injury and
contracture).
ANS – Pg 285. Prevention of secondary brain damage.
Management of acute TBI. 1st line.
ANS – any patient admitted in A n E needs to get scanning done since femoral artery injury
can lead to intensive bleeding. People are between A and E options. But we go with E.
Q2. On admission to the ICU, the patient was treated with artificial hyperventilation.
The principal purpose of this intervention is to
a) increase cerebral vascular resistance
b) decrease cerebral vascular resistance
c) maintain cerebral perfusion pressure at <40mmHg
d) facilitate measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP)
e) support lung function
ANS: A
Cerebral blood flow decreases significantly during a state of artificial hyperventilation
due to increased cerebral vascular resistance.
(Carr n Shephard TBI chapter. Pg 285286)
You need to increase CVR to be able to decrease ICP which is the goal to achieve to prevent CVA.
Cerebral blood 瀅ow formula:
CPP / CVR
So when ICP increases, increased resistance will bring it down. Arti䁿cial ventilation is used to bring up the
resistance.
Analogy – injury and swelling. Ice is used in acute injury to narrow the blood vessels (meaning increasing
resistance) to reduce blood 瀅ow to pass. (If blood vessels are dilated, they will provide less resistance to the
blood 瀅owing and cause more swelling).
So we need to remember that the CPP remains above 70mmHg.
In the end the blood volume will be less with increased resistance, leading to less collection of blood in that area
of the brain. This leads to less collection of blood in that area of the brain causing pressure on brain tissue to
decrease. Hence the CPP is less.
APC’s o䁳cial answer - Cerebral blood flow decreases significantly during a state of artificial
hyperventilation due to increased cerebral vascular resistance
I choose a coz evidence shows hyperventilation is associated with rapid fall in intracranial
pressure by increasing cerebral vasoconstriction causing reduced cerebral blood flow
cpp= mapicp
cerebral perfusion pressure = mean arterial pressure. Aim to decrease blood flow. Cerebral
blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance.
Reference in carr and shepherd pg 284
Q3. In the rehabilitation setting, to assist the patient to maintain her head in normal
alignment, she should be encouraged to
a) sit out of bed in an arm chair with a high back support
b) sit out of bed so that she can watch the television
c) sit out of bed with ankles hips and knees in normal alignment and use a tray table
to support her upper extremities.
d) try to balance objects on her head
e) all of the above would be appropriate to encourage
ANS: C
(In C n S) he was sitting with tray table in a pic and shows proper alignment.
(Carr n Shephard TBI pic given. Also look at pg 296).
APC’s explanation Normal head alignment is promoted by aligning the other body segments and spine
in normal
alignment.
ANS – Pg 296. CnS. Answer A.
Pg 288. Which heli spoke about. Tilt in space w/c. it allows pt to sit upright and assist in
postural control. They have said in that pic to remove neck support to strengthen neck
muscles
.
UNable to copy imafe from until march 13 part1
Q4. How might the fractures sustained by the patient, be contributing to her difficulty
maintaining normal alignment of her head?
a) inability to stabilise the left scapula during arm movements
b) inability to stabilise the left scapula during head movements
c) inability to stabilise the shoulder girdle
d) unequal stabilisation of the shoulder girdle
e) unbalanced proprioceptive input around the shoulder girdle
ANS: D (given by APC)
D (C for me. But other go with D and E).
unable to copy an image from until march 14 part 1
Q5. A behavioural management program is being used to reduce the patient’s
inappropriate behaviour. The following principle/s of behaviour management should
be applied
a) identify appropriate behaviours and inappropriate behaviours
b) reward appropriate behaviour
c) withhold rewards which reinforce inappropriate behaviour
d) a) and c)
e) a), b) and c)
ANS: E. the most effective behaviour is the positive reinforcement.
Reference C n S.
Q6. What task characteristics are MOST likely to promote attention and decrease
distractibility during the patient’s therapy sessions?
a) difficult tasks
b) tasks suggested by family members
c) concrete tasks with clear goals
d) abstract tasks with clear goals
e) b) and c)
ANS: C
Frontal lobe involvement in these patients.
Reference C n S stroke rehab. Pg 18.
APC’s explanation This patient’s distractibility and inappropriate behaviour is suggestive of
frontal lobe involvement. This affects the ability to plan and remember complex instructions.
The patient is most likely to maintain attention if goals are very clear (and simple) and tasks
are tangible/real rather than abstract.
ANS – C.
Reference : pg 147 and 150 in C n S.
For option b : may be able to suggest tasks liked by patient)
For option d : imaginative tasks
Q: Criteria to get her out of bed
a. Ask medical permission
b. CSF pressure <10
c. Oxygen saturation <90
ANS – A
This is similar question to asking permission from medical staff/neuro staff as since
we work in a team, its best to check with the other team players before mobilizing the
patient.
if oxygen is above 90% they carry oxygen with them. So if any problem, they can
utilize O2. But this will come in a later stage. Initially need to mobilize her with
permission.
Q: frontal involvement describe functions of frontal lobe MOTOR PLANNING &
EXECUTION.
The issues here will be cognitive and motor planning related.
ANS – behavior and language.
(03/2013)
Case 4:
Traumatic Brain Injury: Behavioural problems with the client. How will you
encourage/teach him to behave properly ?
Q. How will you reward him for his good behaviour?
ANS – pg 294. C n S.
pg 88 ilp 2003
● Reward all instances of appropriate behaviour.
● Withhold rewards that are currently maintaining maladaptive behaviour.
● Withhold all sources of positive reinforcement for a brief period after each instance of
maladaptive behaviour (timeout from positive reinforcement).
● Apply a predeclared penalty following the maladaptive behaviour.
● Apply an aversive consequence following extremely severe or resistant maladaptive
behavior.
See where this is fitting.
C7 patients have functional triceps, they can bend and straighten their elbows, and
they may also have enhanced finger extension and wrist flexion. As a result, they
have enhanced grasp strength which permits enhanced transfer, mobility, and activity
skills.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 5
A patient suffered a severe traumatic brain injury and multiple fractures following a motor
vehicle accident. He is recovering in the intensive care unit. The physical therapy referral
requests PROM and positioning. On day 1 he is semialert and drifts in and out while the
therapist is working with him. On day 2 he is less alert and his status is changing. Signs and
symptoms that would require emergency consultation with a physician include:
a. developing irritability with increasing symptoms of photophobia, disorienta〠〠on and
restlessness.
b. decreasing func〠〠on of cranial nerves IV, VI, and VII.!
c. posi〠〠ve Kernig's sign with developing nuchal rigidity.
d. decreasing consciousness with slowing of pulse and Cheyne‐Stokes respira〠〠ons
ANS: D.
D is the medical emergency. C is not as much an emergency as D.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
ILP_ 2003 pg 42
It primarily affects the basal ganglia, a group of deep nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen,
globus pallidus, substantia nigra, intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus, subthalamic nuclei
{CTN}) which behave as one unit. T he caudate and putamen are known together as the
striatum.
The pathology in Parkinsons’s disease is:
(a) Primarily affects substantia nigra
(b) Loss of nerve cells and reactive gliosis in substantial nigra subsequent decrease in
dopamine
(c) Presence of Lewy bodies in cells (distinctive eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions)
(d) Frank symptoms of Parkinsons’s disease appear only when 8085% on nigral neurons
have disappeared. Before this, compensation occurs presynaptically with increased turnover
and release on dopamine from remaining nigrostriatal fibres, and postsynaptically with
increase in number of dopamine receptors in the striatum.
(e) Eventually compensation for nigral loss breaks down, and symptoms appear. Thereafter,
the severity of the illness parallels the degree of striatal dopamine deficiency.
Function of Basal Ganglia in relation to motor control
Studies of cerebral blood flow, and PET in motor cortex, premotor cortex and basal ganglia
were performed during learning and after learning of a skill. These found that:
(i) The supplementary area discharges prior to movement i.e. it sets the scene or is
preparatory.
(ii) The basal ganglia give a discharge burst as movement commences but only when a
predictable movement occurs i.e. it is prominent with more subconscious or skilled
movements.
(iii) The motor cortex fires after the sensorimotor area and basal ganglia to produce the
actual motor contractions.
(AAPTA answers, Recall year 03/2013)
(03/2013; Neuro additional papers 2015)
Case 1:
PD's patient 55Y ago . Difficulty going through doorways. His wife recalled 3 falls
over the past month.
Q 1: why this patient has difficulty with doorways?
1: Akinesia
2: Hypokinesia
3: Freezing
4: Rigidity
Answer is C
(FOG FREEZING OF GAIT can also be experienced in narrow or tight quarters such
as a doorway, whilst adjusting one’s steps when reaching a destination, and in
stressful situations such as when the telephone or the doorbell rings or when the
elevator door opens. As the disease progresses, FOG can appear spontaneously
even in an open runway space C&S
Festination (i.e., progressive shortening of stride length and increasing cadence)
Akinesia total loss of mvt,
bradykinesiaslow mvt,
hypokinesia low amplitude mvt, dyskinesia abnormal involuntary mvt)
Q 2: Score 16 in TUG, what does that mean
1: Hight fall risk
2: Low fall risk
Answer is A reference Ilp 2003
Normal 13.5
Q 3: what strategy can we use to avoid further falls?
1: Tell him not to get up by himself
2: Teach him how to avoid dual task while walking
3: Give him a four wheel drive
Answer is b
pg 310 11 C n S – reference
Q2: Pull back test: What would be the normal reaction
1: Fall backwards on therapists arm _normal for parki fall backwards as a log; or
have retro grade stepping.
2: He will fall forward
3: He will just rise his toes
4: He will bend backwards from his hips, normally hip is bent forwards not
backwards.
Normal strategies are:
Ankle, hip, stepping then fall.
ANS: A.
normal for PD is falling backwards as a log, or have retrograde stepping.
[12:02:04 PM] diane.davis: 1 normal in PD, 3 in normal subject ????
[12:02:24 PM] diane.davis: ok so wait and see what the ques〠〠on actually asks
Didi has replied C. He will just rise his toes. This is the normal reaction for a normal person
like me.
(Variation question):
Q 4: Pull back test: What would be the normal reaction
1: Take few steps backward
2: He will fall forward
3: He will just rise his toes
4: He will fall on physio
Answer is 4
Q3: What treatment approach will you give to control his tremor?
1. mental rehearsal and relaxation
2. finger to nose exercises
3. stretch flexors and extensors
4. strength training of UL
ANS: A
( Pawan will inform which ILP to read this from )
Q4: The patient has a decrease stride length and an increased falls risk. What is the
cause of this?
a) Postural instability
b) Decreased ground clearance (can be a cause of posture )
c) Difficulty negotiating steps (possibly going up and down stairs)
d) akinesia
reduce ankle range, leading to reduce stride length.
ANS: A FB
http://www.parkinsonsvic.org.au/images/site/publications/Fact_Sheet_2.18__Falls_a
nd_Parkinsons.pdf
Q5: The patient is confused about joining a community group, what do you
recommend?
a) Tell him to join a group that supports Parkinson’s disease
b) Physio tells that such groups should give some rewards
c) include resistance training for muscle strength and power
ANS: A
(Variation)
A: Tell him to join a group that supports Parkinson’s disease
B: Do resistance training for muscle strength and power
C: It should be challenging and give rewards.
D: Exercises with moderate resistance
(Additional questions from neuro 2014):
Case __:
PD's patient 55Y ago . Difficulty going through doorways. His wife
recalled 3 falls over the past month…
Q: why this patient has difficulty with doorways?
1: Akinesia
2: Hypokinesia
3: Freezing
4: Rigidity
Answer is c
For reference :
For option a : Akinesia total loss of mvt, bradykinesiaslow mvt, hypokinesia low
amplitude mvt, dyskinesia abnormal involuntary mvt)
For option c : 3: Freezing (FOG can also be experienced in narrow or tight quarters
such as a doorway, whilst adjusting one’s steps when reaching a destination, and in
stressful situations such as when the telephone or the doorbell rings or when the
elevator door opens. As the disease progresses, FOG can appear spontaneously
even in an open runway space C&S)
Q. 2 what posture would you expect for this patient.
a. Upper thoracic kyphosis
b. lumbar lordosis
c. cervical spine flexion
d. anterior pelvic tilt
Answer is a
Kyphosis is the most common po&tural de formity
Question 3: How would you assess his gait?
a. 6 minute walk test
b. 10 meter walk test
c. Timed get up and go test
d. Functional ambulation test
Answer is c
Reference =there is one pic unable to copy dat plz refer neuro 2014
( Chapter 3 has good explanation for this question. To clarify between B and C)
Didi answered C. Reference Maria Stokes Pg 126.
Question 4 :Based on research what would you do to help with his gait?
a. Visual cueing
b. Postural stability
c. Lower limb strengthening
d. treadmill
Answer is a
ILP says visual cueing is best.
Didi says visual cueing. Pg 131 Maria Stokes.
variation (neuro 2014)=no answer is attached to this ques
PD's patient 55Y old . Difficulty going through doorways. His wife recalled 3
falls over the past months
Q: Score 16 in TUG, what does that mean
1: Hight fall risk
2: Low fall risk
Answer is a
Reference : (normal reaction time is less than 10, greater than 14(13.5) indicates
high risk of falls)
All 3 must read about TUG test explanations. what are the normal values etc.
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 2:
Male 65yo, Parkinson’s disease, diagnosed 6 months ago
Q 1: How to reduce hand tremor
a. Touch index on nose and object
b. Shake the arms in a wide movement before exercising
c. Stretch the flexors and extensors first
d. Whole body relaxation and mental rehearsal
ANS: D
A is a way to diagnose the problem. It will not solve the tremor issues.
Specifically mentioned in C n S that mental techniques are better in managing
tremors.
Q 2: You look into the patient’s chart and check his medications. How will you use
this information towards the intervention plan?
a. Schedule periods of activities and rest
b. Increase the dosage to the optimal exercise
ANS: A
Q 3: The patient has a decrease stride length and an increased falls risk. What is the
cause of this?
a. Postural instability
b. Decreased ground clearance
c. Difficulty negotiating steps
ANS: A. Postural instability.
According to ILP neuro 2006 page 26, the cause of falls in parkinsonism is
Akinesiadifficult to initiate movement/ face masking)
Changes in muscle stiffness, for example in gastrocnemius muscle, have been
suggested to underlie abnormalities in gait (Dietz et al t9B1) and the relatively slow
ankle joint displacement and speed observable in support surface perturbation
studies.
Hypo.theses regarding mechanisms underlying postural instability can be
broadly categorized in'tw"o groups an ,efferenideficit,, that is, reduced
ability to make rapid, accurately coordinated postural responses due to
bradykinesia and/or akinesia
bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement, while hypokinesia refers to reduced
amplitude of movement. A kinesia r efers to reduced spontaneous movement (such
as facial expression) or associated movements (such as arm swing while walking).
Akinesia also includes slowness to initiate movement and freezing while moving.
The bradykinesia which is evident during single joint movements is exaggerated
during the performance of simultaneous tasks (Talland & Schwab 1964) or
sequential movements
ACC TO UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
Answer is 3
Reference :
According to ILP neuro 2006 page 26, the cause of falls in parkinsonism is
Akinesiadifficult to initiate movement)
Clinical features of Parkinson’s disease
∙ Difficulty in initiation of movement (akinesia)
∙ tremor, R igidity, bradykinesia , freezing
∙ Lack of rotation
∙ Hypokinesia (slowing of equilibrium reactions)
∙ Lack of ROM from rigidity
∙ Presence of dyskinesias
∙ Implications for treatment are:
∙ Rigid trunk: could be flexed, kyphotic → need to improve alignment, decrease
contractures and maintain trunk extension.
∙ Need to teach balance reactions: use cues to encourage ‘quick’ stepping in each
direction.
Client prepares cognitively before external perturbations.
Progress to external perturbations without warning .
∙ Consider the implications of balance in stopping, starting and turning.
Variation (neuro 2014)
Question 2: The patient has a decrease stride length and an increased risk of falling.
What is the cause of this?
a.Postural instability
b.Decreased ground clearance
c.Difficulty negotiating steps
d. Akinesia
Answer is a Postural instability on fb
His gait is altered to compensate for postural instability and not due to akinesia
Sum 1 – diane said akinesia other reference
Stokes "bradykinesia or akinesia is a poverty of voluntary movement, with a slower
initiation of movement and a progressive reduction in the speed and amplitude of
repetitive actions...including facial expressions and absent swing on walking"
Akinesia results in freezing.
Question 4:The patient is confused about joining a community exercise group. What
would you recommend?
a. Thegroup would provide supports for Parkinson’s disease
b. Physiotherapist tells that such groups should give some rewards
c. It includes resistance training for muscle strength and power
d. It includes exercised to increase exercise tolerance
Answer is a
The patient is confused about joining a community exercise group, what do you recommend?
A: Tell him to join a group that supports Parkinson’s disease
B: Do resistance training for muscle strength and power
C: It should be challenging and give rewards.
D: Exercises with moderate resistance
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 3:
Mrs. X, 58 yrs old diagnosed with Parkinson disease, increased tremor at rest in left
hand Score 16 on TUG?
Q1: She has a decreased stride length. What are the factors that contribute to high
falls risk in Mrs. X?
A Decreased ground clearance
B Increased rigidity in LL
C Increased fatigue
D Difficulty negotiating the steps
ANS:
D
A akinesia result in freezing
flexed posture is an independenirisk factor for falling
There is evidence of variability in timing of steps early in PD (Hausdorff et al
1998; Ebersbach et al 1999; Yogev et al 2005) and this may be a precursor to the
development of freezing later in the disease.
Rigidity: The degree of rigidity is not necessarily constant,
stiffness being reinforced by stress, anxiety and movement
of a contralateral limb or in a standing rather than a seated
Individual. The malor cause of rigidiry in pD is thought to
be hyperactivity in the long loop reflex pathways, probably
in the cortex
Abnormal axial rigidity has recently been measured
in the trunk and hips during slow trunk and hip rotation
movements in standing and t his rigidity was unresponsive
to levodopa ( Wright et al 20OZ). H owever, rigidity is not considered to
contribute to reduced mobility and quality of life to the same extenr as
bradykinesia
Bradykinesia is
often used synonymously with two related terms: akinesia
and hypokinesia. Strictly speaking, bradykinesia refers to
slowness of movement, while hypokinesia refers
to reduced amplitude of movement. Akinesia refers to
reduced spontaneous movement (such as facial expression)
or associated movements (such as arm swing while
walking). Akinesia also includes slowness to initiate
movement and freezing while moving. T he bradykinesia
which is evident during single joint movements (Hallett
& I(hoshbin 1980) is exaggerated during the performance
of simultaneous tasks (Talland & Schwab 1964) or sequential
movements . For example, when sequential movements
are performed such as walking, progressive
reductions in speed of walking and amplitude of step
length are observed, which may lead to freezing and an
inability to proceed. Although rhe various manifestations
of bradykinesia are related, they may evolve independently
and are not necessarily correiated with each other
Current theories suggest that bradykinesia is due to a failure of the basal
ganglia to reinforce the cortical mechanisms that prepare and execute motor
commands. When movements are cued, or attention is directed towards the size
and/or speed of the
movement, many movements can be normalized
Q2 is mental reherseal question
Q3: is pull back and fall on physio question
Q4: is the same question. Community joining for PD.
Variation(March 2015)
Mrs. X, 58 yrs old diagnosed with Parkinson disease, increased tremor at rest in left
hand
Score 16 on TUG?
Q: She has a decreased stride length. What are the factors that contribute to high
falls risk in Mrs. X?
1. Decreased ground clearance
2. Increased rigidity in LL
3. Increased fatigue
4. Difficulty negotiating the steps
Goood Explanation: 4
Difficulty negotiating the steps (Sullivan p. 859 (803) characterized by a progressive
increase in speed with a shortening of stride. Thus, the patient takes multiple short
steps to catch up with his or her center of mass (COM) to avoid falling. and may
eventually break into a run or trot)
As stated above,
Q: The physiotherapist gently pulls the patient from the shoulders from behind. How
will the patient react?
take few steps forwards
He will lift the toes up and raises the arms forwards.
fall back on physio
(but many people with Parkinson’s are unable to recover, and would tumble
backwards if the neurologist were not right there to catch him or her.)
http://www.pdf.org/symptoms_primary
Bend backwards from his hips
fall back on physio
(Postural Instability: One of the most important signs of Parkinson’s is postural
instability, a tendency to be unstable when standing upright. A person with postural
instability has lost some of the reflexes needed for maintaining an upright posture,
and may topple backwards if jostled even slightly. Some develop a dangerous
tendency to sway backwards when rising from a chair, standing or turning. This
problem is called retropulsion and may result in a backwards fall. People with
balance problems may have particular difficulty when pivoting or making turns or
quick movements. Doctors test postural stability by using the “pull test.” During this
test, the neurologist gives a moderately forceful backwards tug on the standing
individual and observes how well the person recovers. The normal response is a
quick backwards step to prevent a fall; but many people with Parkinson’s are unable
to recover, and would tumble backwards if the neurologist were not right there to
catch him or her).
SAME SCENERIO
PD. 5 years history.
Small stride length Dec.
ground clearance
Postural instability
Difficulty in negotiating steps.
ANS C
Q. Standing with feet shoulder length apart and physio pulls back at shoulder , the patient will
Fall back on physio
Take several steps forward
Raise on toes
ANS – A. some people say they start adapting on physio.
Initial response will be raise on toes. As the disease progresses they cant raise so they fall
back.
Komal Sanghavi: raise on toes..... for normal person
Komal Sanghavi: fall back is a stepping statergy
Komal Sanghavi: so wen ankle n hip statergy fails stepping statergy come into play.
Reference – Susan O’Sullivan book , ILP
Q. How will you control tremors of fingers:
a. Relaxation and mental imagery
b. Deep relaxed breathing
c. Rhythmic upper limb movement
ANS A
Doctor wants her to join support group for PD . how will you explain it to the patient.
They give incentives
Will have exercises that raise HR for 20 min
Exercises with moderate resistance
ANS – none of the above.
Answer is parknson support nd grp none of above
Q. How is the short stride length a falls risk factor?
a. He will fatigue easily.
b. Postural instability.
c. Reduced Ground clearance.
ANS – C.
(in the previous case we have marked postural instability, but this case has added on with
falls risk).
Q. How to work on Tremor?
a. Touching finger to nose exercise
b. Relaxation
c. Strengthening
d. Stretching
ANS B
Q2: How to reduce resting hand tremor in the left hand?
A: Touch index finger to the nose and then the object alternatively
B: Shake the arms in a wide movement before exercising
C: Stretch the flexors and extensors first
D: Whole body relaxation and mental rehearsal
(March 2013)
Case4 (No options give. Only questions):
Parkinson’s disease
Q. where is the lesion in PD?
ANS: BG substantia nigra
PD is characterized by a disturbance of the central dopaminergic pathway from the
substantia nigra to the striatum.
In addition to a reduction of dopamine, pathological findings include depigmentation
and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies
(eosinophilic inclusions) and pale bodies (neurofilament interspersed with vacuolar
granules) with consequent changes to neural conduction in the nigrostriatal pathway
Approximately 80% of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are lost before symptoms
become noticeable. Although the loss of striatal dopamine is considered to account
for most of the cardinal signs of pD (i.e., tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural
instability), orher motor and nonmotor impairments which respond poorly to
levodopa are likely to be mediated through other deficit transmitter systems
(norepinephrine, serotonin, cholinergic) due to degeneration of lower brainstem
nuclei, locus caeruleus and dorsal raphe
It is
now clear from anatomical studies that the motor component
ofthe basal ganglia is incorporated in a loop originating
in the motor sensory cortex and terminating in the
supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor area. The
basal ganglia are considered to be involved in higherorder
aspects of motor control; i.e., the planning and execution
of complex motor performance. It appears that the SMA
and the basal ganglia may work together to run wellleamed
and predictable movement sequences
PD (paralysis agitans) is the most common disease affecting the basal ganglia and is
the major subiect of this chapter. The clinical features of other diseases of the basal
ganglia, for example Huntington's disease and Wilson's disease
(acc to 2015 sept neuro)
In which body part contractures develop first?
Dorsiext
Plantarflex
Knee extensors
Hip ext?
Answer is b
Q Signs and symptoms
ANS: Rigidity and spasticity.
Also rigidity is lead pipe rigidity.
(ILP 2003 Neuro explanation is given. To check if spasticity is a feature of PD)
Q. Walking: Give Visual cueing
Q. what is the reason pt find difficulty walking doorway?
ANS: patient has dual task interference. Difficulty negotiating steps will also be a
problem but more problem is with dual task interference.
freezing.
Q1. What is best gait objective measurement for this patient, etc
ANS: Timed walking test
Cadence and stride length measures
(Reference: C n S book pg 50. Chapter 3)
Q. How to increase step length? with visual clues
ANS: Visual and auditory cueing. visual best
Case 5:
Parkinson’s disease. 50 something year old man, diagnosed 5 years ago,
Q1: How would the posture of that patient be?
ANS: Answer should be increased thoracic kyphosis. Stooped posture. Flexed
knees. Poking chin
(Variation to the posture question):
Q 3. what posture would you expect for this patient.
a. Thoracic kyphosis and hip/knee flexion
b. thoracic kyphosis and hip/knee extension
c. lumbar lordosis and hip/knee flexion
Answer: A
Q, which symptoms would this patient be presenting with?
a. bradykinesia
b. intentional tremor
c. resting tremor cardinal sign of PD and is often the first sign of the disease
d. (Marsden 1994). It typically occurs unilaterally at a frequency
e. of 46 Hz and is more prominent distally
f.
g. akinesia
h. falls
i. rigidity
j. Combinations of all the above
ANS: G.
Resting tremors is a cardinal sign and often the 1 one to be seen. Unilateral 46Hz
st
frequency. More prominent distally. Hands, feet, lips, chin and jaw are commonly
affected. Suppresed by voluntary activity – sleep and voluntary relaxation.
Postural tremor is observed while voluntarily maintaining position against gravity.
Kinetic tremor 812 Hz.
Answer is all except intentional tremor it is more in MS bad recall
In PD, the patient will have RESTING TREMORS.
Spinal stretch reflexes are normal. sullevan
Q.What is type of pain
a, cramp like (this is the answer, it is there in Sullivan)
b .weakness of extensors
c. localised pain generalised pain due to levodopa effect Other Parkinson’s related
pain may include neck, headache and a general feeling of bodily discomfort.
Answer is a reference
Motor and nonmotor fluctuations result in episodic pain associated with end of dose
failure (a ‘wearing off’ of medications with resulting breakthrough of symptoms). This
is often experienced overnight or early morning as dystonia or cramping of the lower
limbs.
The most common areas of the body where people with Parkinson’s experience pain are the
neck, upper back and extremities.
In practical terms, it often proves helpful to conceptualize the experience of pain in Parkinson’s
as relating to one or more of the following five categories: pain from the muscles or skeleton,
pain from nerves or spinal roots, pain related to sustained twisting or writhing, discomfort from
akathisia and pain caused directly by changes in chemicals in the brain due to Parkinson’s.
In Parkinson’s, neuropathic pain is less common, and includes conditions not directly related to
PD, such as shingles, cancer pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, and
peripheral neuropathy. T he pain may present as burning, numbness and tingling, sharp
sensations, or electric shock qualities. Pain due to nerve or root disease is most commonly
caused by akathisia, an extreme inner restlessness.
The Impact of Pain
Pain due to rigidity or dystonia can be relieved by dopamine drugs, but on the other hand, may
cause d yskinesias . T herefore, effective management of levodopa medication for people with
Parkinson’s may help to reduce pain.
Pain may take the form of cramping, numbness, burning or a deep ache.
Other Parkinson’s related pain may include neck, headache and a general feeling of bodily
discomfort
http://www.parkinsonsvic.org.au/images/site/publications/Fact_Sheets/2.15_parkinso
ns_fact_sheet_pain.pdf
http://www.pdf.org/en/pain_pd
VARIATION TO ABOVE QUESTION
Q. Pain in PD can be described as?
A. Aching muscle pain due to weak extension (1st symptom)
http://www.parkinsonsvic.org.au/images/site/publications/Fact_Sheets/2.15_parkinso
ns_fact_sheet_pain.pdf
Q. what are the features
a. bradykinesia, intention tremor, rigidity
b. poor Equilibrium response, bradykinesia ,rigidity etc
Answer is b
Q. rigidity type?
a. claspknife
b. resistance to passive movements in both direction
Answer is b ( c
og wheel rigidity )
ANS B
In Parkinson’s rigidity is o ften most n oticeable when you move a joint through a circular
movement. The movement o ften feels a s if the joint is moving through a n umber o f
cogs, known a s ‘ c ogwheel rigidity’.
Spacticity in antigravity and rigidity in both group muscles.
Lead pipe constant resistance through the range.
cogwheel is intermittent resistance
We 3 must read about rigidity.
Q. .what are the features seen after 5 years of diagnosis
10 Years post diagnosis:
questions as above
difficulty with bed mobility/gait
dyskinesias
difficulties swallowing/coughing
history of falls
ANS: dyskinesia
Check ILP Carr n Shephard which has a table on 1 2 and 3 stage pg 318.
st nd rd
Framework for parkinson’d disease.
ILP 2007.
ILP 2003 has features of progression of PD. in tabular form. Do read that.
What will be symptoms of early diagnosis of PD
Complications of 10 year old PD case.
Pg 318 carr and shepherd
Don’t forget trunk
extension and rotation. Rotation, reciprocal, rhythmical and repetitious movements
are useful. Rocking,
slow, rhythmical and repetitions is useful for decreasing rigidity.
Q. what is the reason he does not participate in activities
a. depression and anxiety
b. pulmonary problems –
c. fear of fall
d.. all the above
Answer is C
Pulmonary problems – silent aspiration due to affected swallowing , trunk tremors ,
weakness , middle stage .
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/search/?query=what%20is%20the%20
reason%20he%20does%20not%20participate%20in%20activities%20
6. What type of gait
a. short stride length
b. Increased cadence
c. Increased velocity
Answer: A.
It may be increased cadence and increased velocity but it is a late feature. 1st
symptom is decreased stride length.
how to increase step length?
position of therapist
Behind the pt and lateral
What musculoskeletal condition is most affected, CSp flexion, ThSp flexion,
Flattened LSp? What is best gait objective measurement for this patient, etc
there are two principal roles of physiotherapy
for the individual with PD' The first relates to
the presenation of o ptimal muscuioskeletal flexibility '
pnyJi.al activity and fitness. This role involves the provisio.
t of advice iegarding physical activity and of a regular
exercisestretchingactivity programme'
The second role is more complex and relates to the provision of strategies'
for example attentional cues , for dealing with motor
deficits during the performance of specific everyday tasks
such as sitting down and standing up in different contexts'
walking on th" street and in the house' with kerbs'
Ramps "And steps, and reaching to grasp and manipulate
obiects. It seems evident also that physiotherapy intewention is most realistically
provided by short periods of intervention by the therapist, followed by continuing'
regular and monitored practice, with followup sessions at irriervals. Overall,
rehabilitation needs to focus on providing the indMdual with Parkinson's disease
opportunities and encouragement to be physically and mentally active, preserving
flexibiiity and agility as much as
possible.
Case 6:
PD – male patient sedentary but plays the odd game of golf.
Q: What symptoms are seen in PD?
a. Bradykinesia
b. Ataxia and intentions tremor
c. resting tremor
d. rigidity
Answer is C
Tremor at resr is a cardinal sign of PD and is often the first sign of the disease
(Marsden 1994). It typically occurs unilaterally at a frequency of 46 Hz and is more
prominent distally.
Body parts commonly affected by resting tremor are the hands, feet, lips, chin and
jaw.
Tremor is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters, dopamine and acetylcholine,
for this reason, tremor may be the least responsive symptom to dopamine
replacement therapy.
Except intentional tremors and ataxia coz it goes with voluntary activity .
Bradykinesia is a delayed symptom.Bradykinesia can be the most disabling symptom
of the condition and refers to slowness of voluntary movements and a lack of normal
associated movements. Initially it may be misinterpreted as slowing due to aging –
however, it is out of proportion to normal aging. Bradykinesia affects critical aspects
of daily living – walking, talking, swallowing and speaking. In the eyes and face it
presents as a decreased blink rate and a lack of facial expression. The term used to
describe slowness of thought experienced by people with Parkinson’s is
bradyphrenia
B is a feature of cerebellar ataxia.
Q: What would you expect in THIS case?
a. Shuffling gait
b. decreased stride length, etc
Answer is b. decreased stride leangth will come first. Then the festinating or shuffling
gate comes. Also the answer is NOT A – because he is able to go outdoors and play
golf
Q: Test for balance
(no options).
ANS:
FRT
Standing balance
TUG
But (functional reach test) is the best.
Reference Ilp 2003 – Pg 44
Didi’s answer is FRT.
Pawan first he should maintain static posiiton. Then he should be stable in internal
pertubations. then external perturbations.
Esther FRT is more of balance. So it is lacking perturbations and mediolateral
dimension testing.
We must go and read this properly to get thorough!
ILP 2003 pg 9.
FRT
and then testing the functional performance go for TUG test.
(Neuro 2014 pic to see the balance test. Similar image in ILP 2003).
ASSESSMENT
Degree of hypokinesia
Degree of rigidity, and tremor
How these interfere with A.D.L.
Measure times for various activities
Posture; contractures Joint range active and passive
Balance reactions functional balance tests can be used to assess balance. These
include Functional Reach, Step Test, Timed Up and Go, External push (Marsden
test). Balance strategies used are also observed.
Gait
Power if appropriate
FEV1 & VC; respiratory pattern
Speech; swallowing
Q: latest research to improve gait –
a. visual cueing
b. verbal cueing
c.
ANS: Carr n Shephard has given lot of cueing. But latest research to improving gait
is apparently visual cueing. (Need to reconfirm this).
Visual cueing. visua;l ceing better than metronome its in same ilp.
Pg 44. Above the assessment showed verbal cueing is better than metronome.
ILP 2003 pg 46: u can use both of these. U can switch off premotor areas to allow
movement to be executed. Taped lines on floor. these lines should be 0.5m apart and
length .6 or .7 m long.
In Auditory u can use metroneme and music.
ILP 2003 pg 44 visual cues are more helpful than auditory.
A fourth experiment compared visual cues then visualisation of 'larger' stride length.
Both were equally successful in increasing stride length. The addition of a secondary
task → ↓ performance;
Add attention and practice and stride again improved
Q. how do you assess PD progression?
a. Hahn and yahr classification
b. Parkinson’s disease rating scale (Webster scale)
ANS: Hoehn and Yahr scale
Reference C n S pg 59.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Hoehn and Yahr scale is a commonly used system for describing how the
symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress. It was originally published in 1967 in the
journal Neurology by Melvin Yahr and Margaret Hoehn and included stages 1
through 5. Since then, a modified Hoehn and Yahr scale was proposed with the
addition of stages 1.5 and 2.5 to help describe the intermediate course of the
disease.
Stag
Hoehn and Yahr Scale Modified Hoehn and Yahr Scale
e
Unilateral involvement only usually with
1 Unilateral involvement only
minimal or no functional disability
1.5 Unilateral and axial involvement
Bilateral or midline involvement without Bilateral involvement without
2
impairment of balance impairment of balance
Mild bilateral disease with
2.5
recovery on pull test
Bilateral disease: mild to moderate Mild to moderate bilateral disease;
3 disability with impaired postural some postural instability;
reflexes; physically independent physically independent
Severely disabling disease; still able to Severe disability; still able to walk
4
walk or stand unassisted or stand unassisted
Confinement to bed or wheelchair Wheelchair bound or bedridden
5
unless aided unless aided
This rating system has been largely supplanted by the Unified Parkinson's Disease
Rating Scale , which assesses limitation of daily activities and nonmotor symptoms
in more detail.
Time between stages [e dit ]
A 2010 study of 695 patients (mean age: 65.2, male: 57.3%) found the median time
taken to transit H&Y stages as shown below:
Stag
Median Time to Transit (Months)
e
1
2 20
2.5 62
3 25
4 24
5 26
NOTE 2003 ILP FOR NEURO – PAGE 44.
APC December page.
Visual cueing. visua;l ceing better than metronome its in same ilp.
Pg 44. Above the assessment showed verbal cueing is better than metronome.
Hahn and yahr classification
ANS The Hoehn and Yahr scale is a commonly used system for describing how the
symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress.
[8:19:00 PM] Komal Sanghavi: stage 3 and abv indicates balance issues.
A fourth experiment compared visual cues then visualisation of 'larger' stride length.
Both were equally successful in increasing stride length. The addition of a secondary
task → ↓ performance;
Add attention and practice and stride again improved
1 symptom in PD is resting tremor.
st
What is the most difficult task for PD patients.
Dual tasks is most difficult task for these patients.
Q: Why do you think he is not an active person.
a. He is afraid of falling
b. decreased lung capacity
ANS: A
Case 6:
Q about tremor like it is the first symptom ..
Q. What are the effects of levadopa on prolonged dosage?
ANS check ILP 2003 pg 46 for levadopa effects on prolonged use.
section under drug side effects.
disease consequences → Drug failure, onoff freezing, cognitive disturbances.
non desease consequences → swelling, dementia.
Q. Which symptoms is best controlled by medication
ANS: bradykinesia/ rigidity
Tremor is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters, dopamine and acetylcholine,
for this reason, tremor may be the least responsive symptom to dopamine
replacement therapy.
Tremor, if unresponsive to Parkinson’s medication, may be managed surgically by
Deep Brain Stimulation in the appropriate patient.
Q. In performaing timed up& go test ,the client takes 15.5 secondswhat does this
imply?
High fall risk as score is >>13.5
We 3 need to read about the TUG test scoring etc.
What are the Ds describing like dyssynergia,dysarthria.dysdiadokinesia
not able to copy an image from until march 13 part 1
Case 7:
Parkinson’s Disease
Q1 what are the signs of exacerbation
a. Dyskinesia
b. Worsening of motor functions
ANS: B
Sometimes with excess of dopamine there could be dyskinesia.
Q2 what is gait of Parkinson pt? (no options)
ANS:Shuffling , fascinating
Case 8:
65 yr female has PD. has to drive a car.
Q. What is the clinical feature of the above condition.
ANS: tremor first sign, Rigidity
Q. Which is the most difficult task?
a. Dual task
b. increased reaction time ( slowness of movement )
ANS: A
Dual task.
Increased reaction time. Slowness and reciprocating process is decreased.
When patient is in middle stage they take away the driving license.
Q. What is rigidity?
resistance to passive movements
All 3 types can be in PD. cogpipe, cogwheel or clasp knife.
Lesion will be at superior colliculus level for one of the rigidity.
Read O’ Sullivan to confirm differences between spasticity and rigidity.
Velocity independent increase in tone velocity spasticity
Q. What is reduced if medications are given.
Resting Tremors
So Levodopa reduces b radykinesia and rigidity
and anicholinergic reduce tremor only used in young patients
other reference is in carr and shepherd pg 317
Antichloinergic – tremor
Other wise bradykinesia
Q. What is cog wheel?
Ratchet intermittend resistance through range due to the interruptions with tremor
cart like movement (an analogy for rigidity). For lead pipe u feel continuos
resistance during movement.
Case 9:
Question about tremor like it is the first symptom .. effects of levadopa on prolonged
dosage
which symptoms is best controlled bradykinesia/ rigidity
in performaing timed up& go test ,the client takes 15.5 secondswhat does this
imply?
what are the Ds describing like dyssynergia,dysarthria.dysdiadokinesia
Case 10 (09/2015)
Parkinsonism disease 78 year old Butcher.
• Physiotherapy rehab
• Assessment for balance
Q1: Most apparent symptom of the disease?
1: Intentional tremor
2: Ataxia
3: Rigidity
4: Spasticity
5: Stiffness
ANS: C
Q2: What is Spasticity?
1: gravity and velocity
2: gravity and muscle length
3: gravity and body alignment
4: muscle length and body alignment
ANS A
Pawan U can differentiate between spasticity and rigidity with velocity. Yje speed at
which u are moving the limb.
Q3: How to assess the gait?
1: 10 metre test
2: 6 minute walk test
3: Barthel index
4: Owstery Scale
ANS: A
Oswestry scale is for Low back disability questionnaire.
Low back pain score.
oswestry disability test.
6MWT is for respiratory function. ex endurance, ex capacity, ex intensity
Barthel is for ADLs.
outcome measures they have taken 10 metres for gait.
Check Dave d dudeness material about how they measure 10 meter walk test.
Q4: What is evidence based treatment stratergy for improving his walking or
What’s the most effective gait training?
1 :Visual cueing
2: Walking between parallel bars
3: Static Push Bike
4:Treadmill walking
5. Aerobic exercises with use of ergometer
ANS: A
Q5: What’s the typical posture problem?
1: Flexion of Cervical spine
2: Flex Upper Thoracic area
3: Exaggerated Lumbar Lordosis
4: Flat Lumbar area
ANS: B
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 12:
A patient with a 10 year history of Parkinson's disease has been taking Ldopa for the last
5 years. The patient presents with deteriorating function and is no longer able to transfer
or walk independently. During a physical therapy session, the therapist observes facial
grimacing with twitching of the lips and tongue protrusion. The patient appears restless,
with constant dancing, athetoidlike movements of his legs.
Q1. The therapist's BEST course of action is to:
a) complete the treatment session, focusing specifically on examining the effects of
rigidity.
b) document observations and refer the patient back to the physician for evaluation of
possible levodopa toxicity.
c) talk to the spouse to see if the patient is taking any drugs with hallucinogenic effects
such as selegiline.
d) examine for additional signs of chronic levodopa therapy such as dizziness and
headache.!
ANS: B
(Neuro additional paper 2014)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 13
A patient with Parkinson's disease demonstrates a highly stereotyped gait pattern
characterized by impoverished movement. The intervention that would be LEAST
appropriate to use with this patient is:
a. standing, using body weight support from a harness.
b. sidestepping and cross stepping using light touchdown support of hands.
c. gait training using a rolling walker.
d. rhythmic stepping using a motorized treadmill.
ANS: A
most appropriate would be D as this is mentioned in carr n shephard.
ANS given by APC or NPTE book is C.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 14
A patient with an 8 year history of Parkinson's disease is referred for physical therapy.
During the initial examination, the patient demonstrates significant rigidity, decreased
PROM in both upper extremities in the typical distribution, and frequent episodes of
akinesia. The exercise intervention that BEST deals with these problems would be:
a. quadruped posi〠〠on, upper extremity PNF D2 flexion and extension.
b. resistance training, free weights for shoulder flexors at 80%25 of 1 repe〠〠〠〠on max.
c. modified plan〠〠grade, isometric holding, stressing upper extremity shoulder flexion.
d. PNF bilateral symmetrical upper extremity D2 flexion pa⼊呂erns, rhythmic ini〠〠a〠〠on.
ANS: D
D2 flexion pattern.
STROKE
Case 1:
70 year old man (Mr Q)
right handed
feeling unwell when he got out of bed this morning and soon after seemed to
collapse
taken to hospital by ambulance
diagnosed as suffering from a stroke and admitted to the Stroke Unit.
Q 1. The physiotherapist is asked to see Mr D as soon as his condition has been
stabilised. The physiotherapist’s first responsibility is to
a) complete a thorough assessment of Mr D’s motor abilities and identify any motor
impairments contributing to limitations noted
b) ensure that Mr D is positioned in bed in crook lying so that the head and trunk are
symmetrical
c) ensure that Mr D has a bed with an overhead ring to hold onto when moving in
bed
d) position Mr D’s bedside locker on his nonaffected side so that he can reach it
easily
e) ensure that Mr D’s affected arm is nursed in a sling
ANS: A
The highest priority is an assessment. An overhead ring to assist mobility may be
inappropriate
or unsafe depending on the deficits identified in the assessment.
Answer is a Reference : ILP 2007 pg 4
Q 2. The consultant neurologist indicates that Mr D has a left posterior circulation
syndrome. With this lesion he could be expected to have
a) a major deficit in higher cerebral functions with no visual deficit and mild
hemiparesis
b) dense hemiparesis, hemianopia with cognitive deficit
c) hemianopia, brain stem signs, hemiparesis and no cognitive deficit
d) brainstem signs with some cognitive deficit
e) pure motor stroke
ANS: C.
Cognition means insight
APC’s explanation Posterior circulation syndrome is caused by vertebrobasilar arterial problems such
as infarct. It often causes a transient ischaemic attack. Therefore the deficits are related to occipital
lobe
(hemianopia), brain stem signs, and hemiparesis but no cognitive deficit. There is memory disturbance
in PCA involvement , more in bilat involvement.
ILP has given this very well. ILP 2007.
They have given left and right cerebral arterial symptoms.
Posterior circulation syndrome is caused by vertebrobasilar arterial problems such as infarct. It
often causes a transient ischaemic attack. Therefore the deficits are related to occipital lobe
(hemianopia), brain stem signs, and hemiparesis but no cognitive deficit.
4. Behavioural and perceptual deficits
R) MCA (left hemiparesis) –general spatialglobal deficits
Visualperceptual deficits
• Handeye coordination
• Figureground discrimination
• Spatial relationships
• Position in space
• Form constancy
Behavioural and intellectual deficits
• Poor judgement
• Denial of disability
• Inability to abstract
• Rigidity of thought
• Disturbances of body image and body scheme
• Impairment of ability to self correct
• Difficulty retaining information
• Distortion of time concepts
• Tendency to see the whole and not individual steps
• Affect lability
• Feelings of persecution
• Irritability, confusion
• Distraction by verbalization
• Short attention span
• Appearance of lethargy
• Fluctuation in performance
• Disturbance in relative size and distance of objects
Also check this:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_circulation_infarct
Posterior circulation is a type of cerebral infarct affecting the posterior circulation
affecting one side of the brain.
Features:
It can cause the following symptoms:
● Cranial nerve palsy AND contralateral motor/sensory defect
● Bilateral motor or sensory defect
● Eye movement problems (e.g. nystagmus )
● Cerebellar dysfunction
● Isolated homonymous hemianopia
It has also been associated with deafness
acc to UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
Answer is
Bt I go with c
Box 1: Common symptoms seen in posterior circulation ischaemia
Motor deficits (weakness, clumsiness, or paralysis of any combination of arms and
legs, up to quadriplegia, sometimes changing from one side to another in different
attacks)17
“Crossed” syndromes, consisting of ipsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction and
contralateral long motor or sensory tract dysfunction are highly characteristic of
posterior circulation stroke18
Sensory deficits (numbness, including loss of sensation or paraesthesia in any
combination of extremities, sometimes including all four limbs or both sides of the
face or mouth)
Homonymous hemianopia—a visual field defect affecting either the two right or the
two left halves of the visual fields of both eyes
Ataxia, imbalance, unsteadiness, or disequilibrium
Vertigo, with or without nausea and vomiting
Diplopia as a result of ophthalmoplegia
Dysphagia or dysarthria
Isolated reduced level of consciousness is not a typical stroke symptom but can
result from bilateral thalamic or brainstem ischaemia (especially from rostral basilar
artery occlusion)
PCA hemianaesthesia involving decreased touch, pinprick and position sense
(these changes vary from profound loss to transient presentation) as
spinothelmic takes pain n temp sensation.
E Occasionally, cortical infarct and intracranial haemorrhage may mimic lacunar infarcts. In a lacunar
infarct, cortical signs (e.g. aphasia, neglect, visual field defects) are absent.
Each of the five classical lacunar syndromes has a relatively distinct symptom complex.
Q 3. Mr D is practising reaching movements in sitting to improve loading of the
affected leg. These reaching movements should be performed
a) using the affected arm to reach toward an object
b) using the affected arm to reach without the use of an object to direct the reach
c) using the unaffected arm to reach towards an object
d) using the unaffected arm to reach without the use of an object to direct the reach
e) using either arm to reach towards an object
ANS: E
APC’s explanation Reaching with either arm will improve loading better than just
using the affected arm as reaching forward in sitting with either arm will require
loading and it is best to use both arms to incorporate balance into the loading activity
and facilitate movement in the affected arm through overflow of central neural activity
to move the unaffected arm.
As it is for the legs not arm so can use E
If u are reaching with both arms – it will improve W B on the affected.
stroke cn s pg 68
When patient achieves a sense of balance, reaching with nonparetic arm
across body to load the paretic foot.
Check
• Reaching distance should be more than arm's length, involving movement
of the whole body, and as close to the limits of stability as possible.
In reaches toward the ipsilateral side, emphasis is on weightbearing
through the paretic foot since lower limb muscle activity is critical to
balancing in sitting.
Varying practice to increase skill includes:
• increasing distance to be reached
• varying speed
• reducing thigh support
• increasing object weight and size to involve both upper limbs (Fig. 2.10)
• adding an external timing constraint such as catching or bouncing
a ball.
3. Bimanual exercise. Even when a patient has only minimal voluntary activation, bimanual practice
(e.g. attempting to open a jar) may have a facilitating effect on muscle activation and coordination of
the affected limb (Mudie and Matyas 2000). One of the reasons for the reported failure of individuals
with a good level of function to use the limb at home
Q 4. When Mr D is practising reaching movements in sitting, which of the following
strategies can be use to promote increased loading of the affected leg?
a) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
b) increasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
c) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet
touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
d) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet
touch the ground, decreasing the distance reached in the forward direction
e) increasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, decreasing the distance reached in the forward direction
ANS: C
APC’s explanation Decreasing the thigh support and requiring reaching further forward will
both increase loading of the affected leg by bringing Mr Q’s weight over the foot. !
• Reaching distance should be more than arm's length, involving movement
of the whole body, and as close to the limits of stability as possible.
Answer is c reference – Stroke rehab pg 50
Q 5. If Mr D is found to have hemianopia he will
a) be unable to see objects on his right side without turning his head
b) be unable to see objects on his left side without turning his head
c) not be able to see clearly with his right eye
d) have bilateral nasal visual field loss
e) have bilateral temporal visual field loss
ANS: A
APC’s explanation Left posterior circulation syndrome will affect circulation to the left
occipital lobe which
receives input from the right eye so he will be unable to see objects on the right side.
Q 6. When Mr D is sitting out of bed, he should be positioned to minimise the
likelihood of developing a shortened soleus muscle on his affected side. This is
MOST likely to be achieved by
a) adjusting the height of the chair so that his feet are flat on the ground
b) adjusting the height of the chair so that his toes rest comfortably on the ground
c) sitting with the affected knee extended and the ankle plantar flexed
d) adjusting the height of the chair so that his feet are flat on the ground and the
ankles are dorsiflexed past neutral
e) sitting with the affected knee extended and the ankle plantargrade
ANS: D
APC’s explanation [To minimise the likelihood of soleus shortening, the ankle should be placed in
dorsiflexion, not just plantar grade position, as the muscle passes over the ankle joint and will shorten
to the Plantar grade position and affect gait.
The soleus is the most effective muscle for plantarflexion in a bent knee position. T his is
because the gastrocnemius originates on the femur, so bending the leg limits its effective
tension. During regular movement (i.e. walking) the soleus is the p rimary muscle u tilized
for p lantar flexion d ue to the slow twitch fibers resisting fatigue
(Neuro additinal Sept 2015; A
PC March 2005 )
Case 2
80 year old right handed retired manual worker (Mr O)
history of episodes of unsteady gait, dizziness and vomiting, difficulty swallowing
and a hoarse voice.
CT scan three years previously showed mild generalised atrophy of the brain and
carotid
artery testing showed stenosis of greater than 50% in both right and left arteries.
condition is deteriorating.
has loss of temperature sense on the left side of his body
needs to hold onto furniture to walk around the house.
difficulties with swallowing and the hoarse voice worse.
referred for physiotherapy with a diagnosis of right sided, lateral medullary
syndrome.
Q 1.. Mr O’s need to hold onto furniture when moving around the house is MOST
likely to be due to the fact that
a) he is unable to generate sufficient muscle force to prevent himself from collapsing
b) he may be developing visual problems
c) he has difficulty making efficient anticipatory adjustments when moving about the
house
d) he has learned to compensate for his developing balance deficit
e) his sensory loss is getting worse
ANS: D
APC’s answer Based on the information in the case history, balance is the most likely
reason for his holding onto furniture – to stop himself falling. Dizziness and balance are
features of lateral medullary syndrome. Muscle weakness is not noted, nor are visual
problems.
My Reason: Lateral medullary syndrome – problem with sensory system. Its not muscular.
Stroke – balance is due to lack of initiation of muscle. Sensory component involved in stroke. Balance
is affected due to the sensory component of balance.
(Ipsilat CN and CL trunk and extremities.)
Based on the information in the case history, balance is the most likely reason for his holding
onto furniture – to stop himself falling. Dizziness and balance are features of lateral medullary
syndrome. Muscle weakness is not noted, nor are visual problems.
http://medicowesome.blogspot.com.au/2013/04/lateralmedullarysyndromeandlateral.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_medullary_syndrome
APC has also answered D god himself
Q 2. The physiotherapist wishes to assess Mr O’s ability to maintain his balance
during self initiated actions. This BEST objective assessment of balance during
selfinitiated tasks would be made using
a) a force platform
b) observed postural adjustments during walking and other activities
c) the Berg Balance Scale
d) a moving platform
e) the Get up and Go test
ANS: E
more functional activity and is a better functional indicator then Bergs balance. Carr
and Shepard
ANS: E (As given by APC)
Explanation by APC The "getup and go test" requires patients to stand up from a chair, walk a short
distance, turn
around, return, and sit down again. It is considered to be a better assessment of balance during
self initiated tasks than the Berg Balance Scale.
References ILP 2007. Pg 127.
http://www.aahf.info/pdf/Berg_Balance_Scale.pdf
Timed Up and Go
Type of Measure:
Basic test which demonstrates subject's balance, functional ability and gait speed.
Equipment Required: Stopwatch, standard height armchair, marked course.
Method
! The subject begins seated in a standard height armchair with their back against the backrest
and arms resting on the armrests.
! The subject is tested wearing their usual footwear.
! The subject has their walking aid (if required) within reach.
! A line is marked on the floor three metres from the chair.
! One practice trial is given to become familiar with the test.
! The standardised instruction is given:
On the word "go", I want you to walk at a comfortable and safe pace to the line on the
floor, turn, walk back to the chair and sit down again.
! The test is timed from the instruction "go" until the subject achieves sitting again.
! If the subject can not complete the test without assistance, it is not valid.
Normative Data
Age Group Lower Limit (sec) Upper Limit (sec) Average (sec)
2130 6.18 7.92 7.05
3140 6.03 8.21 7.12
4150 6.76 8.46 7.61
5160 7.20 8.63 7.92
6170 7.72 9.67 8.70
7180 8.17 9.70 8.93
Fallers = 2030 seconds
Answer is e best self intiated test
http://www.cdc.gov/steadi/pdf/tug_testa.pdf get up and go test
Normal value for TUG test:13.5 sec
Q 3. Given the diagnosis, what might an appropriate intervention to improve Mr O’s
gait include?
a) provide him with a walking aid
b) provide a home program of general strengthening exercises
c) teach him to make appropriate anticipatory postural adjustments in standing and
walking
d) provide him with a supervised program of strengthening exercises for the lower
extremities
e) all of the above are correct
ANS: E also looks most correct. Neuro additional papers 2015 has this answer.
APC’s explanation Based on the information in the case history Mr O requires all of these
interventions to improve his gait.
Didi confirms this is E
as strengthening ex promote balance
Q 4. The hoarseness of Mr O’s voice is MOST likely to be a result of:
a) dysphonia
b) aphonia
c) dysarthria
d) anarthria
e) paralysis of one vocal cord
ANS: E
APC’s explanation It is most likely that, given the other symptoms, paralysis of one vocal
cord will lead to hoarseness in this patient. Lateral medullary syndrome is not likely to coarse
the other conditions.
a) an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using the vocal organs
b) phonation is impossible
c) Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may
result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motorspeech system,
producing dysarthria. [1] T hese effects in turn hinder control over the tongue, throat, lips
or lungs for example; swallowing problems ( dysphagia ) are also often present.
d) Dysarthria that has progressed to or presents as a total loss of speech may be referred
to as anarthria
e)
Q 5. The cranial nerve supplying the larynx is
a) VII
b) VIII
c) IX
d) X
e) XI
ANS: D
APC’s ans The larynx is supplied by the tenth cranial nerve – the vagus nerve, not the
auditory
nerve.
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus is responsible for the vocal cord.
https://youtu.be/o_V9pgz7tRA
a) VII facial muscles mixed nerve
b) VIIIhearing n balance sensory nerve
c) IX mixed nerve supply to stylopharyngeus muscle Glosssopharyengeal nerve.
The stylopharyngeus:
● elevates the larynx
● elevates the pharynx
● dilates the pharynx to permit the passage of a large food bolus, thereby facilitating
swallowing
d) X M uscles of the larynx ( speech ).
e) XI pure motor supplies to tongue m
Q 6. The lateral medullary syndrome describes
a) a lesion which does not involve the nucleus ambiguus
b) a pseudobulbar palsy
c) a combination of upper and lower motor neurone lesions
d) the result of occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
e) the result of an occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.
ANS: D
APC’s explanation Lateral medullary syndrome is also known as Wallenberg’s syndrome
and is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. It is now recognised that
the clinical picture described by the syndrome may also result from partial occlusion of the
basilar artery or occlusion of proximal arteries such as one vertebral artery.
Lateral medullary syndrome describes posteroinferior cerebellar artery syndrome.
PICA chew
a) lat medullary syndrome involves nucleus ambigius This nucleus gives rise to the
branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve ( CN X)
b) The most common causes of pseudobulbar palsy are diseases or conditions
that affect how motor fibers carry impulses from the cerebral cortex to the
lower brain stem
c) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_medullary_syndrome
d)
e) lat pontine syndrome results becoz of AICA FACIA
Case 3
70 year old man (Mr Q)
right handed
feeling unwell when he got out of bed this morning and soon after seemed to
collapse
taken to hospital by ambulance
diagnosed as suffering from a stroke and admitted to the Stroke Unit. !
19. The physiotherapist is asked to see Mr D as soon as his condition has been
stabilised.
The physiotherapist’s first responsibility is to
a) complete a thorough assessment of Mr D’s motor abilities and identify any motor
impairments contributing to limitations noted
b) ensure that Mr D is positioned in bed in crook lying so that the head and trunk are
symmetrical
c) ensure that Mr D has a bed with an overhead ring to hold onto when moving in
bed
d) position Mr D’s bedside locker on his nonaffected side so that he can reach it
easily
!
e) ensure that Mr D’s affected arm is nursed in a sling
ANS: A
20. The consultant neurologist indicates that Mr D has a left posterior circulation
syndrome. With this lesion he could be expected to have
a) a major deficit in higher cerebral functions with no visual deficit and mild
hemiparesis
b) dense hemiparesis, hemianopia with cognitive deficit
c) hemianopia, brain stem signs, hemiparesis and no cognitive deficit
d) brainstem signs with some cognitive deficit
!
e) pure motor stroke
ANS: C
Reference C n S Pg 206 common book
P O Cl (p o sterior circulation infatct)
Defining features : brainstem signs, cerebellar dysfunction without ipsilateral longtract
signs (i e not ataxic hemiparesis) or isolated homonymous hemianopia.
Usual cause: infarct in the posterior cerebral hemisphere, brainstem or cerebellum, due to
large ot small vessel disease or cardiac embolism'
Prognosis : variable
21. Mr D is practising reaching movements in sitting to improve loading of the
affected
leg. These reaching movements should be performed
a) using the affected arm to reach toward an object
b) using the affected arm to reach without the use of an object to direct the reach
c) using the unaffected arm to reach towards an object
d) using the unaffected arm to reach without the use of an object to direct the reach
!
e) using either arm to reach towards an object
ANS:E
APC’s explanation Reaching with either arm will improve loading better than just
using the affected arm as reaching forward in sitting with either arm will require
loading and it is best to use both arms to incorporate balance into the loading activity
and facilitate movement in the affected arm through overflow of central neural activity
to move the unaffected arm.
Bimanual exercise. Even when a patient has only minimal voluntary activation,
bimanual practice (e.g. attempting to open a jar) may have a facilitating effect on
muscle activation and coordination of the affected limb. One of the reasons for the
reported failure of individuals with a good level of function to use the limb at home
22. When Mr D is practising reaching movements in sitting, which of the following
strategies can be use to promote increased loading of the affected leg?
a) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
b) increasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
c) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet
touch
the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
d) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet
touch the ground, decreasing the distance reached in the forward direction
e) increasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, decreasing the distance reached in the forward direction. !
ANS: C
APC’s explanation Decreasing the thigh support and requiring reaching further forward will
both increase loading of the affected leg by bringing Mr Q’s weight over the foot. !
• Reaching distance should be more than arm's length, involving movement
of the whole body, and as close to the limits of stability as possible.
Answer is c reference – Stroke rehab pg 68
23. If Mr D is found to have hemianopia he will
a) be unable to see objects on his right side without turning his head
b) be unable to see objects on his left side without turning his head
c) not be able to see clearly with his right eye
d) have bilateral nasal visual field loss
e) have bilateral temporal visual field loss !
ANS: A
If Rt side stroke means unable to see left side without turning head.
24. When Mr D is sitting out of bed, he should be positioned to minimise the
likelihood of developing a shortened soleus muscle on his affected side. This is
MOST l ikely to be achieved by
a) adjusting the height of the chair so that his feet are flat on the ground
b) adjusting the height of the chair so that his toes rest comfortably on the ground
c) sitting with the affected knee extended and the ankle plantar flexed
d) adjusting the height of the chair so that his feet are flat on the ground and the
ankles are dorsiflexed past neutral
e) sitting with the affected knee extended and the ankle plantargrade
ANS: D
( 03/2013; Until March 2013; Didi’s June 2014 )
Case 4:
80 YO lady right MCA few weeks ago, she is in rehab, now is walking independently
around 50m, she was living by herself before this accident. She has dysphasia
Q: What is the main cause of the time reduction during the stance phase?
1: Tight hip flexors
2: Tight hip extensors
3: hip flexors weakness
4: Hip extensors weakness
ANS: Didi has similar questions with options
Tight hip flexor, weak hip extensor.
In that she has selected that option. Here that option is given separately. So Need to
read and ppick which would be the best answer.
in neuro questions March 2013 didi’s answer is A.
(I need to confirm this one as APA has said A is the correct answer).
Answer is 4 Reference ILP 2007 – pg 73
Weak or poor return of hip extensors, tight hip flexors, tight calf # knee hyper
extension # hip flexion to come over the limb.
If there is inadequate hip extension, step length on the unaffected
side is decreased.
Tight calf, increased tone in plantarflexors (often leading to shortening), lack of return
of dorsiflexors / everters.
Lack of extension in the stance phase. Flexion is mostly pendular through the
middle part of swing, with a little activity to initiate flexion: if there is not
sufficient extension in the stance phase, flexion is compromised. Lack of
return of hip flexors.
Variation to the above question from Neuro additional papers 2015:
Q 1: What is the main cause of the 〠〠me reduc〠〠on during the mid stance phase?
1: Tight hip flexors and weak hip extensors
2: Tight knee flexor and weak knee extensors
3: hip flexors weakness
4: Hip extensors weakness
ANS: A
Check ILP pg 73. Pg 734 O’Sullivan
Lack of extension in the stance phase. Flexion is mostly pendular through the middle
part of swing, with a little activity to initiate flexion: if there is not sufficient extension
in the stance phase, flexion is compromised. Lack of return of hip flexors.
5.
Didi’s question has the same thing. So She too has picked A.
Q 2: Patient has difficulty in controlling his lower limb while standing. Where would
you put your hands to give an appropriate feedback?
1: Left hand behind knee and right hand posterior thigh
2: Left hand on tibial tuberosity and Rt hand on buttock
3: Left hand on tibial tuberosity and right hand behind the knee
4: Left hand above knee and right hand on gluteal region
ANS: D
(In March 2013 didi has marked B)
(Similar question):
Q: Patient has difficulty in controlling his lower limb while standing. Where would you
put your hands to give an appropriate feedback?
1: Left hand behind knee and right hand posterior thigh
2: Left hand on tibial tuberosity and Rt hand on buttock
3: Left hand on tibial tuberosity and right hand behind the knee
4: Left hand above patella and right hand on lumbar spine
Answer is 2 Reference : ILP 2007 – Pg 38 ( Gluteal activation ) Once coming into
the upright standing position the therapist wud alter her hand placement so that the
pelvis ( posterolaterally) is supported . Inthis position, hand placement is positioned
optimally to provide stimulus for gluteal activation , increasing the client participation
to the hip extension phase of standing up .
Q: Patient has difficulty with balance, can’t load his leg properly, can’t reach out his
base of support, how do you train him
1: Increase his thigh support and make her reach for an object
2: Reducing the support of his thigh and make her reach for an object
3: Increase the height of the chair
ANS: A
(In Until March 2013 didi has answered B)
Q 4: patient has difficulty with sit to stand. What mistake is patient making
a) Affected leg forward ( when doing sit to stand more weight is on the forward leg
not the back leg)
b) Unaffected leg forward
c) Equal weight on both limbs
ANS: A
Q: Discharge planning, you need to refer this patient to another professional, what
would be your
1: Speech pathologist
2: Dietician
3: OT
4: Psychologist
Answer is a
One more question from didis notes March 2014
Q3: CIMT, what physio will tell to pt?
1. Keep mitts for most of the day
2. Keep mitts only during meals
3. Remove mitts only during meals
4. Keep mitts until your affected limb becomes normal
ANS: A. Keep mitts for most of the day!
Variation to the above question:
It has been decided that the patient will undergo constraint induced movement
therapy (CIMT). How would you explain CIMT to the patient?
A. you will mitts for most part of the day
B. You will wear a mitt on the right hand and use the left hand as much as you
can
C. Wear mitt on right hand always except meals
D. Keep mitt on until your left hand recovers
ANS; A
Variation(neuro 2014 ; didi’s June 2014)
80 years old lady had right MCA few weeks ago. She is in rehab,and she
is now walking independently around 50m. She was living by herself before this
accident. She has dysphasia
Question1: What is the main cause of her posture while walking? She has hip flexion
and knee hyper extension.
a. Tight hip flexors ,weak hip extensors
b. Tight hip extensors,weak hip flexors
c. Knee flexors weakness,tight knee extensors
d. Knee extensors weakness,tight knee flexors
Answer is A
Didi says, if only 1 option is given then the best answer will be knee weakness.
ILP 2007 pg 73 Weak or poor return of hip extensors, tight hip flexors, tight calf # knee
hyper extension # hip flexion to come over the limb. If there is inadequate hip extension, step
length on the unaffected side is decreased.
Question2: Patient has difficulty in controlling her lower limb while standing. Where
would you put your hands to give an appropriate feedback while sitting on a wheeled
stool?
1: one hand on knee and one hand posterior thigh
2: one hand on tibial tuberosity and one hand on gluteal fold
3: onehand on tibial tuberosity and one hand post thigh
4: one hand above knee and one on gluteal fold
Answer is d
Question3:Regarding CIMT(ConstraintInduced Movement Therapy),what would her
physiotherapist explain about CIMT?
a. Keep mitt for most of the day
b. Keep mittonly during meals
c. Remove mittonly during meals
d. Keep mitt until your affected limb becomes normal
Answer is A wear it for several hours a day.
Q4. Pt has difficulty with balance, cant load his leg properly. Cant reach out of his BOS. How
do you train limbs?
A. Increase thigh support and make her reach for an object
B. Decrease the support of the thigh and make her reach out for an object.
C. Increase the height of the chair
ANS: A
Seprate Questions
Question 4: Ice needs to be given. What test should be done prior to application of
Ice therapy.
a.Ice reaction test
b. Hot and cold test
c. Sharp and blunt discrimination
d.Erythema level
Answer is a
Test by either performing an ice cube massage for a minimum of 30 seconds or
apply an ice pack and examine local response under the pack after 5 minutes and
be aware of the possibility of latent effects. Look for: an excessive redness, an
inflammatory weal or a systemic reaction, including increased blood pressure or
heart rate
(neuro 2014)
Variation question to above:
80 YO lady right MCA few weeks ago, she is in rehab, now is walking
independently around 50m, she was leaving by herself before this accident. She has
dysphasia
Q1: What is the main cause of the time reduction during the midstance phase? Hip
flexion and knee hyper extension.
1: Tight hip flexors, week hip extensor
2: Tight hip extensors, week hip flexion
3: knee flexors weakness, knee extensor tight
4: knee extensors weakness, knee flexor tight
ANS: A
Q2: Patient has difficulty in controlling his lower limb while standing. Where would
you put your hands to give an appropriate feedback?
1: one hand on knee and one hand posterior thigh
2: one hand on tibial tuberosity and one hand on gluteal fold
3: one hand on tibial tuberosity and one hand post thigh
4: one hand above knee and one on gluteal fold
ANS: D
Q3: CIMT, what physio will tell to pt?
1. Keep mitts for most of the day
2. Keep mitts only during meals
3. Remove mitts only during meals
4. Keep mitts until your affected limb becomes normal
!!!
ANS: A
( 03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; Until March 2013 ; March 2014 )
Case 5:
Hemorrhagic MCA right side. Patient pushes with his right side to the left without
being aware of it.
Q1: What can be the other cause of this phenomenon besides his weakness?
1: Hemianopia
2: Dysgraphia
3: Anosognosia
4: Spatial neglect
5. Hemi sensory loss
Answer is 4 pg 240 NR
MCA R so L is affected, using R which is strong to push towards L. This is pushers
syndrome. They are neglecting this side not aware of this side. Pushers and neglect
can occur in hand and hand but can occur separately as well. So be aware.
Bad recall
In Didi’s notes, I found the last option and that is the correct answer according to her.
Lateropulsion (the 'pusher syndrome') may be associated with a disorder of
verticality perception
Therapists should avoid moving passively a person who leans persistently to
one side but instead should encourage active balancing exercises
• Specific sensory retraining appears effective in improving sensory discrimination
but carryover into improved function needs to be investigated
Perceptual problems associated with the pusher syndrome include: neglect, sensory
inattention, verticality problems, poor spatial judgement, lack of light touch/proprioception,
disturbances of body image.
Pushing is caused by severe misperception
of body orientation in relation to gravity. Karnath et al57
found patients experienced a misperception of subjective
postural vertical position, perceiving their body as vertical
when it was actually tilted about 18°. They also found that
the visual and vestibular inputs for orientation perception to
vertical remained intact as patients were able to align their
bodies with the help of visual cues and conscious strategies.
Ipsilateral pushing is the result of stroke affecting the posterolateral
thalamus57,58 and a deficit in processing of
somesthetic information
This patient is a pusher. What is happening is that they are pushing backwards. In the
assessment, you are trying to find out the best ability the patient has. When assessing sitting
balance, you must not pull the patient, as this will make them push back harder. You may
need to do some active preparatory active/active assisted reaching to the unaffected side (you
may need to use a table to achieve this) in order to obtain the best sitting ability the patient
has. Likewise to assess sit to stand, and standing balance you would bring a table in, so that
the patient can lean on it if they need to. You need to get an idea if they are correctable. This
may take a number of attempts, but you need to persevere. It is always best to give some
valuable input while assessing. You are also trying to decide which impairments (e.g.
hemianopia, visuospatial neglect, decreased body image) are contributing to the “pushing”
problem.
Types of Pushers:
The pusher syndrome is most commonly seen in clients with large nondominant lesions , (L)
hemiplegics but is occasionally seen in (R) hemiplegic clients. In parietal lobe involvement.
Causes of Pusher Syndrome
absent or decreased light touch or proprioception/ sensory inattention
hemianopia or visual inattention
neglect ( visuospatial and/or of self)
altered spatial knowledge distance, depth, verticality)
These are usually present in a (L) hemiplegic client and result in an inability to align his body
in space and be aware of body position in relation to the environment.
ideomotor dyspraxia ( usually (R) hemiplegic)
Typical Signs of 'Pusher Syndrome'
client pushes excessively to affected side
ability to transfer weight to unaffected side ( sitting / standing / walking / transfers)
ability to perceive incoming stimuli from somatosensory and visual sources.
rotation / lateral flexion of head away from affected side.
overactivity of unaffected side ( shortened, laterally flexed) in all positions.
resists attempts to correct position of head, trunk alignment in sitting or standing.
lack of awareness of falling to affected side and fear of falling when corrected.
Degree of severity of symptoms
The degree of severity of symptoms produces different 'pictures' of problems.
1. Pusher most severe form. Client is unable to transfer weight to unaffected side,
accompanied by overactivity and inability to relax that side.
2. Faller/ leaner less severe form, still ability to weight shift to unaffected side but no
overactivity of side.
3. Difficulty with weight shift causing asymmetry during gait. This may be worse in a
complex environment.
3 A severe form of neglect to the extent that the patient fails to recognise the presence or
severity of his paralysis.
Q: how to train the patient to avoid this?
1: Stimulate his left side
2: Make him reach on his right side
3: Pull him to the right side by the physio
Answer is b as in hemianopia
Q. After some time in the rehab ward, the patient scores 3 of the MAS scale about
balance in sitting: Q: what does score 3 mean?
1: He can sit unsupported for 10s
2: He can sit unsupported with weight well forward and evenly distributed
3: Sit only with support
4: Sit unsupported and reach forward to touch the floor
Answer is b
Balanced Sitting
1. Sits only with support. (Therapist should assist patient into sitting.)
2 . Sits unsupported for 10 seconds. (Without holding on, knees and feet together,
feet can be supported on floor.)
3 . Sits unsupported with weight well forward and evenly distributed. (Weight should
be well forward with hips flexed, head and thoracic spine extended, weight evenly
distributed on both sides.)
4 . Sits unsupported, turns head and trunk to look behind. (Feet supported and
together on floor. Do not allow legs to abduct or feet to move. Have hands resting on
thighs, do not allow hands to move onto plinth. Turn to each side.)
5 . Sits unsupported, reaches forward to touch floor, and returns to starting position.
Feet supported on floor, do not allow patient to hold on. Do not allow legs and feet to
move, support affected arm if necessary. Hand must touch floor at least 10 cm (4 in)
in front of feet. Reach with each arm.
6 . Sits on stool unsupported, reaches sideways to touch floor, and returns to starting
position. (Feet supported on floor. Do not allow patient to hold on. Do not allow legs
and feet to move, support affected arm if necessary. Patient must reach sideways
not forward. Reach to both sides.)
(neuro 2014)
( Variation to the above )
Hemorrhagic MCA right side. Patient pushes with his right side to the
left without being aware of it.
Q: What can be the other cause of this phenomenon besides his weakness?
1: Hemianopia
2: Dysgraphia
3: Anosognosia
4: hemi sensory loss ( actually 4th option is spatial neglect )
Answer is d comes under spatial neglect refer previouss Q
Question 2 :He can stay sitting unsupported for 10s after 4 weeks. You want to go
the gym with him and need to transfer him in a wheelchair. How do you proceed?
a. Position patient in supine and go to pick up the wheelchair
b. Tell him to hold firmly with both hands while you bring the wheelchair
c. Reach for the wheelchair, put the brakes on and assist him with the transfer
d. Make him stand and walk to the wheel chair with stand by assistance
Answer is A
Another variation UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
Man with a large cortical right haemorrhage He pushes with his unaffected
arm towards the affected side as if unconcerned about the risk of falling, and resists
any attempts from physio to correct his posture.
Q1: What could be the contributing factor to this impairment?
1. Homonymous hemianopia
2. Dyspraxia
3. Dysmetria
4. Hemisensory loss
Answer is d unilateral neglect
Reasoning: ANS: D
Very often this is pushers syndrome, doesn’t have to be any other cause. Personally
thinks hemi sensory loss is a cause of that. You will be able to recognize this as
there is a loss on one side. So not hemi sensory loss. Don’t think it is recalled
properly.
Q2: What strategy can physio use initially to challenge weight bearing in sitting?
1Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
2Decrease thigh support
3 Increase thigh support
Answer is b
Q3: When standing from sitting, what is the mistake he’s doing
a) Affected leg forward
b) Unaffected leg forward
c) even weight bearing on his legs
d) even weight bearing on his arms
Answer is a
Case No.
One was a R) CVA case was a lady: obese, sedentary lifestyle with previous TIA
and myocardial infarction. She had body and spatial neglect and a row of other
described symptoms.
What symptoms we could expect dysphasia, ideomotor dyspraxia, ataxia,
dysphagia, etc. Several symptoms were in each option so you need to be careful in
choosing.
dysphasia, ideomotor dyspraxia happen in dominant L side h.ge
ataxia, dysphagia in post circulation syndrome PICAchew?? cerebellem
Q: In regards to her spatial neglect how will she present?
1. Leave food on the plate on left.
2. Always have her head to the right
3. Bump into things on her right etc.
Answer is a ( Hemianopia )
They r saying it is neglect but not pusher syndrome.
Typical Signs of 'Pusher Syndrome'
client pushes excessively to affected side
ability to transfer weight to unaffected side ( sitting / standing / walking / transfers)
ability to perceive incoming stimuli from somatosensory and visual sources.
rotation / lateral flexion of head away from affected side.
overactivity of unaffected side ( shortened, laterally flexed) in all positions.
resists attempts to correct position of head, trunk alignment in sitting or standing.
lack of awareness of falling to affected side and fear of falling when corrected.
Q: What would the cause of her circumductory gait pattern?
1. Plantar flexor tightness left.
2. Increased tonus in knee extensors left.
3. Weakness in abductors on right. Etc
Answer is B as plantar flexors especially soleus gets tight easily.
CIRCUMDUCTION:
The m echanisms t hat prevent knee f lexion in preswing reduce t he potential f or normal limb
advancement. I nsufficient knee f lexion requires adaptive action of adjacent segments t o achieve limb
advancement and f oot clearance (Adams and Perry 1994). Typical adaptations t o limited knee and hip
flexion are hip
hiking and increased posterior pelvic t ilt, or limb circumduction.
• Limited hip f lexion at t oeoff and m idswing (Fig. 3.14)
decreased activation of hip f lexors.
• Limited ankle dorsiflexion'"may be slowness in f lexing knee rather t han decreased dorsiflexor
activity
stiffness and contracture of calf.
Case 6:
Rt MCA
Pusher syndrome – Hemorrhagic MCA right side. Patient pushes with his right
side to the left without being aware of it.
1: Patient has achieved sitting balance and physio wants to increase balance
demand and load limb. How can he work on this?
a. Increase thigh support
b. D ecrease thigh support
c. Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
Answer is b
2: When analysing standing from sitting, what will the physio observe?
a. s it to stand with affected leg forward
b. Unaffected leg forward
c. Weight evenly taken on both legs
d. Weight evenly taken on both hands
Answer is a
3: Patient resists any correction of his body. What is the cause of Pusher
Syndrome / What can be the other cause of this phenomenon besides his
weakness?
a. Dyspraxia
b. Dysmetria
c. Hemi sensory loss
d. Homonymous hemianopia
Answer is c or d (according to group).
Didi’s notes has answer C
conflict between an impaired somesthetic perception of vertical, and intact visual system
or that it may be a consequence of a highorder disruption of somatosensory information
processing from the paretic hemibody.
http://www.physiopedia.com/Pusher_Syndrome
( variation )
Case Man with a large cortical right haemorrhage He pushes with his unaffected arm
towards the affected side as if unconcerned about the risk of falling, and resists any
attempts from physio to correct his posture.
Q 1. What could be the contributing factor to this impairment?
a. Homonymous hemianopia
b. Dyspraxia
c. Dysmetria
d. Hemisensory loss
Answer is d unilateral neglect
One study has also highlighted the role of aphasia in pusher syndrome.
Q 2: What strategy can physio use initially to challenge weight bearing in sitting?
a. Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
b. Decrease thigh support
c. Increase thigh support
Answer is b
Variation (neuro 2014)
Right MCA stroke patient. He has signs of the pusher syndrome. He
pushes with the right hand to the left without fear of falling and resists to any
attempt to correct his posture.
Question 1: What could be the contributing factor to this impairment?
a. Homonymous hemianopia Wrong
b. Dyspraxia
c. Dysmetria – lack of coordination of movement
d. Hemisensory loss
Answer is d
ILP2007 pg 29
Perceptual Assessment
1. Neglect; inattention (visual and tactile); other visuospatial perceptual impairments
e.g. distance, depth, verticality; hemianopia; decreased light touch sensation or
proprioception; apraxia
2. This client is demonstrating ipsilateral pushing. In the assessment, you are trying
to find out the best ability the client has. When assessing sitting balance, you must
not pull the client, as this will make them push back harder. You may need to do
some active preparatory active/active assisted reaching to the unaffected side (you
may need to use a table to achieve this) in order to obtain the best sitting ability the
client has.
Likewise to assess sit to stand, and standing balance you would bring a table in on
the unaffected side, so that the client can lean on it if they need to. You need to get
an idea if their posture is correctable. This may take a number of attempts, but you
need to persevere. It is always best to give some sensory input while assessing
(auditory tactile, visual – decide which combination of sensory input works best in
improving the client’s alignment). You are also trying to decide which impairments
(e.g. hemianopia, visuospatial neglect, altered body image) are contributing to the
“pushing” problem.
Question 2:When standing from sitting,what is the mistake he’s doing?
a. Affected leg forward
b.Unaffected leg forward
c. Even distribution of the weight on the feet
d. Even distribution of the weight in the thighs
Answer is a Reference pg 65 and 68 carr n shephard
And pg 83 and And on pg 148 – carr and shepherd picture depicts
(a) Although she can stand up independently, she loads the L leg more than the R.
Note
that she has moved the foot of her nonparetic L leg further back just before
thighsoff.
(b) It is better for her to practise repetitively from a higher seat. Left: on her early
attempts she moved the L foot behind the paretic foot. Right: the physiotherapist
suggests the R foot is placed further back to force more loading of the paretic R leg
(unable to copy image;plz refer neuro 2014) case 20
it carries 3 images
Question 3: What strategy can physiotherapist use initially to challenge weight
bearing in sitting?
a. Increase thigh support
b. Decrease thigh support
c.External perturbations in sitting
d.Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
Answer is b
Question4: You are testing her sitting balance and notice she can sit for 10sec
without supported. You need to reach a wheelchair that is 5 metres away from the
bed. How do you proceed?
a. Position patient in supine and go to pick up the wheelchair
b. Tell her to hold on to bed firmly with both hands while you bring the wheelchair
c. Reach the wheelchair, put the brakes on and assist her with the transfer
d.Make her stand and walk to the wheel chair with stand by assistance
Answer is a
(neuro 2014)
Hemorrhagic MCA right side. Patient pushes with his right side to the left
without being aware of it.
Q: What can be the other cause of this phenomenon besides his weakness?
1: Hemianopia
2: Dysgraphia
3: Anosognosia
4: Hemi sensory loss
Answer is b???
Reference ILP 2007 pg 29 – Spatial Neglect first
Perceptual Assessment
1. Neglect; inattention (visual and tactile); other visuospatial perceptual impairments
e.g. distance, depth, verticality; hemianopia; decreased light touch sensation or
proprioception; apraxia
2. This client is demonstrating ipsilateral pushing. In the assessment, you are trying
to find out the best ability the client has. When assessing sitting balance, you must
not pull the client, as this will make them push back harder. You may need to do
some active preparatory active/active assisted reaching to the unaffected side (you
may need to use a table to achieve this) in order to obtain the best sitting ability the
client has.
Likewise to assess sit to stand, and standing balance you would bring a table in on
the unaffected side, so that the client can lean on it if they need to. You need to get
an idea if their posture is correctable. This may take a number of attempts, but you
need to persevere. It is always best to give some sensory input while assessing
(auditory tactile, visual – decide which combination of sensory input works best in
improving the client’s alignment). You are also trying to decide which impairments
(e.g. hemianopia, visuospatial neglect, altered body image) are contributing to the
“pushing” problem.
Another 2 questions for this case were misplacing soe I vl b posting
Q: Pt has achieved sitting balance and physio wants to increase bal demand and
load limb
1: Increase thigh support
2: Decrease thigh support
3: Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
Answer is b
Q:When standing from sitting, what mistake physio will observe
a) Affected leg forward
b) Unaffected leg forward
c) weight evenly taken on both legs
d) weight evenly taken on both hands
(neuro 2014)
Man with a large cortical right haemorrhage He pushes with his unaffected arm
towards the affected side as if unconcerned about the risk of falling, and resists any
attempts from physio to correct his posture.
What could be the contributing factor to this impairment?
1. Homonymous hemianopia
2. Dyspraxia
3. Dysmetria
4. Hemisensory loss
ILP2007 pg 29
Perceptual Assessment
1. Neglect; inattention (visual and tactile); other visuospatial perceptual impairments
e.g. distance, depth, verticality; hemianopia; decreased light touch sensation or
proprioception; apraxia
2. This client is demonstrating ipsilateral pushing. In the assessment, you are trying
to find out the best ability the client has. When assessing sitting balance, you must
not pull the client, as this will make them push back harder. You may need to do
some active preparatory active/active assisted reaching to the unaffected side (you
may need to use a table to achieve this) in order to obtain the best sitting ability the
client has.
Likewise to assess sit to stand, and standing balance you would bring a table in on
the unaffected side, so that the client can lean on it if they need to. You need to get
an idea if their posture is correctable. This may take a number of attempts, but you
need to persevere. It is always best to give some sensory input while assessing
(auditory tactile, visual – decide which combination of sensory input works best in
improving the client’s alignment). You are also trying to decide which impairments
(e.g. hemianopia, visuospatial neglect, altered body image) are contributing to the
“pushing” problem.
Q: What strategy can physio use initially to challenge weight bearing in sitting?
Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
Decrease thigh support
Increase thigh support
Q: When standing from sitting, what is the mistake he’s doing
a) Affected leg forward
b) Unaffected leg forward
Hemorrhagic MCA right side. Patient pushes with his right side to the left
without
being aware of it.
Q: What can be the other cause of this phenomenon besides his weakness?
1:homonemous Hemianopia
2: Dysgraphia
3: dysarthira
4: hemi sensory loss.
Answer is a
Reference ILP 2007 pg 29 – Spatial Neglect first
Perceptual Assessment
1. Neglect; inattention (visual and tactile); other visuospatial perceptual impairments
e.g. distance, depth, verticality; hemianopia; decreased light touch sensation or
proprioception; apraxia
2. This client is demonstrating ipsilateral pushing. In the assessment, you are trying
to find out the best ability the client has. When assessing sitting balance, you must
not pull the client, as this will make them push back harder. You may need to do
some active preparatory active/active assisted reaching to the unaffected side (you
may need to use a table to achieve this) in order to obtain the best sitting ability the
client has.
Likewise to assess sit to stand, and standing balance you would bring a table in on
the unaffected side, so that the client can lean on it if they need to. You need to get
an idea if their posture is correctable. This may take a number of attempts, but you
need to persevere. It is always best to give some sensory input while assessing
(auditory tactile, visual – decide which combination of sensory input works best in
improving the client’s alignment). You are also trying to decide which impairments
(e.g. hemianopia, visuospatial neglect, altered body image) are contributing to the
“pushing” problem.
Another 2 questions for this case were misplacing soe I vl b posting
Variation(march 2015); A dditional paper neuro 2015
Left hand dominant man Mr. A. He got right sided haemorrhagic MCA. He pushes
with his right side (unaffected) towards the left side (affected) as if unconcerned
about the risk of falling.
Q.What could be the contributing factor to this impairment?
A: Homonymous hemianopia
B: Dyspraxia
C: Dysmetria
D: Hemisensory loss/ unilateral neglect/spatial neglect
ANS: D
Carr and shepherd 231 pg – reference
ILP_ 2007 pg 29
Perceptual Assessment
1. Neglect; inattention (visual and tactile); other visuospatial perceptual impairments
e.g. distance, depth, verticality; hemianopia; decreased light touch sensation or
proprioception; apraxia
2. This client is demonstrating ipsilateral pushing. In the assessment, you are trying
to find out the best ability the client has. When assessing sitting balance, you must
not pull the client, as this will make them push back harder. You may need to do
some active preparatory active/active assisted reaching to the unaffected side (you
may need to use a table to achieve this) in order to obtain the best sitting ability the
client has.
Likewise to assess sit to stand, and standing balance you would bring a table in on
the unaffected side, so that the client can lean on it if they need to. You need to get
an idea if their posture is correctable. This may take a number of attempts, but you
need to persevere. It is always best to give some sensory input while assessing
(auditory tactile, visual – decide which combination of sensory input works best in
improving the client’s alignment). You are also trying to decide which impairments
(e.g. hemianopia, visuospatial neglect, altered body image) are contributing to the
“pushing” problem.
Q.Constraint therapy for left hand. What advice will the Physiotherapist give to
patient regarding CIMT?
1. You have to wear the mitt on Right hand most of the day.
2. You have to wear the mitt on Right hand most of the day except for lunch.
3. You will wear Mitts on both hands
4. You will use your right hand instead of left for all the activities.
ANS: A
CIMI, the nonimpaired limb is usually constrained bv a sling or a mitt for several
hours of the iay, *ltn tne.reeJ to use the impaired limb exclusively for all daily tasks.
This is in addition to a time being set aside for practice of specific tasks. Most studies
of the effects of CIMT have involved patients with minimal to iow upper limb
functional ability
Q.You are a part of MDT meeting. According to the physio’s point of view, what are
the factors that will affect the prognosis of this patient?
Location of hemorrhage
Dominant side involvement.
Level of independence before stroke.
Previous Strokes
Answer is a nt c
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/search/?query=Dominant%20s
ide%20involvement .
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemicstrokeprognosisinadults
How to determine long term goals and outcome
Prediction of outcome will depend on a combination of factors.
Important factors to consider in general:
• time since onset
• change which has occurred in that time
• pathology – size of lesion, type of lesion, site of lesion (e.g. is pathology
progressive, degenerative, multiple or is CVA haemorrhagic, embolic, lacunar, etc.)
• motivation/attitude
• concomitant conditions/preexisting pathology
• presence of sensory and visual impairments
• presence of speech/cognitive/behavioural/perceptual impairments
• use of established/documented early predictors, e.g. attainment of early sitting
balance
• social and financial support
Nevertheless, older age and worse stroke severity (often measured using the Nationai
Institutes of Health
Stioke Scale (NIHSS) appear to strongly influence outcome after stroke. In addition to these
factors, premorbid heart disease and dementia impact on mortality and stroke recurence
(Appelros et al 2003), plasma glucose >8 mmol/L predicts poor prognosis independent of age
stroke severity or srroke subqpe (Weir et al 1992) while f unctional independence and living
alone prestroke , early consciousness and the ability to walk poststroke predict survival in a
nondisabled state at 6 months (Counsell et
a|2002). As you can see, there is no single model that can help us predict longterm outcome
soon after stroke. After about 2 weeks poststroke, good prognostic signs include urinary
continence, young age mild stroke, rapid improvement, good perceptual abilities and no
cognitive disor_ ders. However, patients who do not demonstrate these signs may still do well
in the long term.
Q. You test his sitting balance and notice he can sit unsupported for 10 seconds. You
need to reach a wheelchair that is 5 meters away from the bed. How do you
proceed?
Position the patient in supine and go and get the wheelchair
Tell him to hold firmly with both hands while you get the wheelchair
Reach for the wheelchair
Make him stand and walk to the wheelchair with stand by assistance
Answer is a
Additional Q
Left MCA
What is Dysphasia?
Patient pushes back to left side why?
Dysmetria
Homonymous hemianopia
Dysphasia
ANS language disorder marked by deficiency in the generation of speech, and sometimes
also in its comprehension, due to brain disease or damage.
Case 7
Large cerebellar haemorrhage
There’s a rehab team meeting and you check patient’s transfer document from ICU
to the ward.
Q 1 What measure predicts good outcome?
1. Location of haemorrhage
2. Level of independence before
3. stroke Previous strokes
4. Hypertension
ANS: A. Location of haemorrhage (by didi)
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ischemicstrokeprognosisinadults
Q 2: He’s using a walker and you want to assess possibility of using a walking stick
at home. What is relevant?
1. His wife can assist him at home
2. Floors and rugs/carpets
3. Number of steps in the house
4. Large cerebellar haemorrhage
ANS: B (didi until march 2013)
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 8
Man with acute hemorrhage in cerebellum that needed surgical evacuation. Don’t
remember which side. Again questions of how his symptoms would look like ipsi or
contra lateral, ataxia, sensory etc.
Q1: Factors that would determine his prognosis:
a) His age
b) His social situation
c) The place of the lesion in his brain
d) His previous status in gait and independence
ans acc t0 UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1 is c
According to didi Ans is C.
Q2 :How to exercise his transfers sit to stand:
a) Facilitate with manual guidance
b) Give him strengthening exercises for lower limb
Answer is a reference carr and shepherd pg 85 sit ot stand facilitation with manual guidance
Didi’s answer is B.
Q3. Next question was how to progress his training how to improve his
performance:
a) Give him a chair with armrest
b) Increase height of chair.
c) Give him a frame to pull up on etc
Confuse a or d
Answer is a reference : Pg 91 NR: patient allowed to push to chair arm with nonparetic UL
(progression can also be made with arms crossed across chest which increases the
extensor force of quads, holding large objects like trays, steadying a glass of water)
For option d : reference (Pg 85 NR: discourage use of arms as it may cause damage to soft
tissue ard shoulder jt)
Q4. When Mr D is practising reaching movements in sitting, which of the following
strategies can be use to promote increased loading of the affected leg?
a) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
b) increasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet do
not touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
c) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet
touch the ground, increasing the distance reached in the forward direction
d) decreasing the amount of thigh support provided by the chair, ensuring the feet
touch the ground, decreasing the distance reached in the forward direct
ANS: C
(neuro 2014 ; Additional neuro paper 2015 )
Case 9:
Elderly pt with recent right cerebellar hemorrhagic stroke. Had surgery to
evacuate area. Lives alone Previously independent with all ADL’s and uses a
stick. He has made good recovery and now has minimal signs and symptoms on Lt
side. The right side is showing signs of upper motor neuron lesions especially in the
foot and ankle. Pt is Lt side dominant.
Question 1: While performing heel to shin test what should be your instruction to the
patient?
OR
Question 1: How would you assess using the heel shin test?
a. Ask him to move his heel up and down his shin quickly
b. Ask him to move his heel down his shine slowly
c. Ask him to move his heel up and down his shin with his eyes closed
d. Ask him to move his heel down slowly
Answer is a
Didi’s notes have the option Ask him to move his heel up and down his shin quickly
and multiple times.
Some explanation:
I would like you to run the heel on the opp leg shine as fast as you can I will count as many
as you can do.
Speed component is important but quality is also important as well.
Not keep eyes closed, as they are in supine unless the bed is 〠〠lted. Vision can help the
movement so you don’t want that.
http://www.webmanmed.com/disorders/disorders_files/neurologic/14577052.htmlWit
h
the individual lying supine, have the individual place their heel of the right foot just
below their left knee, and pass it straight down their shin and back up again,
repeating as quickly and as accurately as possible. Have the individual repeat this
maneuver on the opposite side. Observe for accuracy of heel placement, and note if
the heel is moved easily down the shin without deviating or jerking. Like other
maneuvers designed to test motor skill, inability to perform heeltoshin appropriately
infers possible cerebellar involvement. However, clarity of your request to perform
this movement, natural coordination skills of the individual, joint disease, hip or knee
implants, as well as significant pain, will effect compliance.
Question 2: What would your findings be for this gentleman?
a. Unable to position his right heel on the left shin
b. Unable to move the left foot up the right chin
c. Easier to do the test with the right
d. Can do the test with both feet but gets tired soon
Answer is A
Also A in didi’s notes.
(variation to the above question)
Q2: What would be your findings?
A: unable to move right heel over left shin
B: unable to do test with left foot on right shin
C: Can do it bilaterally but will fatigue
ANS: A
Question 3: You are at a discharge planning meeting. What would you suggest is a
good prognosis OR good prognostic indicator ?
a. His level of previous independence
b. Previous minimal use of walking aids
c. Location of stroke
d. Effect of his dominant side
Answer is c
Same answer in didi’s notes.
PK Y not A
Question 4
4: If you are checking the Quadriceps reflex on Right side what should you expect
the response to be?
A normal
B diminished
C brisk
D Pendular
Answer is c coz of UMN
Didi’s notes. Answer is C.
Reference Pg.184. C n S common . The reflexes are brisk and a pendular...porrr" li evokea
ifthe limb is unsupported. percussion to ihe patellar tendon is said to elicit a series of
pendular oscillaiions.
The preservation of tendon reflexes distinguishes this disorder from Friedreich's ataxia.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2618587
( Additional Question )
Q3: Patient previously used a walker, which is at home. Physiotherapist wants to mobilize the
patient. How will you proceed?
1. Do not mobilize the patient, wait for walker to arrive.
2. Mobilize with 2 minimal assistance.
3. Transfer with the help of hoist.
4.
Variation (neuro 2014) ; N euro additional paper 2015
Right side cerebellar hemorrhage
Question 1:what advice you give while doing coordination test
a. Ask him to move his heel up and down his shin multiple times quickly
b. Askhim to move his heel up and down his shine slowly
c. Ask him to move his heel up and down his shine with his eyes closed
d. Ask him to move his heel down slowly
Answer is A
Question 2:What will physiotherapist observe?
a.Unable to position his right heel on the left shin
b.Unable to move the left foot up the shin wrong
c. Easier to do the test with the right leg
d. Can do the test with both feet but gets tired soon
Answer is a
(neuro 2014)
q:what will physio observe
he will not be able to place right heel on shin
he will not be able to do because of fatigue and weakness.
Reference :
Side Manifestation Comments
Ipsilateral Sensory loss – face – pain and temperature CN 5 nucleus
Ipsilateral Facial pain CN 5 nucleus spinal trigeminal nucleus n tract
Ipsilateral Ataxia – arm and leg Restiform body, cerebellum
Ipsilateral Gait ataxia Restiform body, cerebellum
Ipsilateral Nystagmus Vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral Nausea / vomiting Vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral Vertigo Vestibular nucleus
Ipsilateral Hoarseness Nucleus ambigus vagus nerve
Ipsilateral Dysphagia Nucleus ambigus
Ipsilateral Horner syndrome Descending sympathetics
Contralateral Hemisensory loss – pain and temperature Spinothalamic tract
Neither Hiccups
Q2: What is dysphasia?
1. Inability to guess a word
2. Inability to copy gestures
3. Difficulty in pronunciations
4. Difficulty in speech
Answer is 4
2 Ideomotor apraxia
http://patient.info/doctor/dysarthriaanddysphasia
Must readpg 217 common Cn S=
The aphasias (usually dysphasia, since rhere is rarely a total Ioss of language) are
disturbances of language caused by an insult to specific regions ofthe brain
The aphasias are often distinct from disorders of speech which result from weakness
and incoordination of muscles controlling the vocal apparatus, which are classified
as:
dysarthria , a disturbance of articulation ;
dysphonia , a disturbance in vocalization; and
dyspraxia , impaired planning and sequencing of muscles used for speech
Other qpes of aphasia inciude nominal aphasia, a dif6culty in naming objects or
people,
and global aphasia, an inability to speak or comprehend
language read or write, repeat or name objects.
Aphasia is the general term used to describe an acquired communication disorder
caused by brain damage and is characterized by an impairment of language
comprehension, formulation, and use.
Aphasia has been estimated to occur in 30 to 36 percent of
all patients with stroke.2
There are many different types of aphasias; major classification categories are fluent,
nonfluent, and global. In fluent aphasia (Wernicke’s/sensory/
receptive aphasia), speech flows smoothly with a variety
of grammatical constructions and preserved melody of
speech. Auditory comprehension is impaired. Thus, the
patient demonstrates difficulty in comprehending spoken
language and in following commands. The lesion is
located in the auditory association cortex in the left lateral
temporal lobe. In nonfluent aphasia (Broca’s/expressive
aphasia) the flow of speech is slow and hesitant, vocabulary
is limited, and syntax is impaired.
Speech production is labored or lost completely while comprehension is good.
The lesion is located in the premotor area of the left frontal lobe. Global aphasia is a
severe aphasia characterized by marked impairments of both production and
comprehension
of language. It is often an indication of extensive brain
damage. Severe problems in communication may limit the
patient’s ability to learn and often impedes successful outcomes
in rehabilitation. See Chapter 30 for a complete discussion
of these impairments and their management.
Patients with stroke commonly present with dysarthria with a reported incidence
ranging from 48 to 57 percent.2
This term refers to a category of motor speech disorders caused by lesions in parts
of the central or peripheral nervous system that mediate speech production.
Respiration, articulation, phonation, resonance, and/or sensory feedback
may be affected. The lesion can be located in the primary
motor cortex in the frontal lobe, the primary sensory
cortex in the parietal lobe, or the cerebellum. Volitional
and automatic actions such as chewing and swallowing
and movement of the jaw and tongue are impaired resulting
in slurred speech. In patients with stroke, dysarthria
can accompany aphasia, complicating the course of rehabilitation
(
Variation (march 2015)
Answer is a
Q2: What would be your findings?
unable to move right heel over left shin
unable to do test with left foot on right shin
Can do it bilaterally but will fatigue
?
Answer is a
Q3: Patient previously used a walker which is at home. Physiotherapist wants to
mobilise the patient. How will you proceed?
Do not mobilise the patient, wait for walker to arrive @
Mobilise with 2 minimal assistance.
Transfer with the help of hoist
??
Answer is 2
additional Q
How will you check the heel to shin test
(with heel to shin test, u go quickly with EO).
Eyes close or open Quickly or slowly
Q. Prognosis discussion Age of pt.
ANS Prognosis depends on the location of the stroke.
Dominant side involved
Pre morbid status
SAME SCENARIO
Case 33: Elderly patient with Large Right Cerebellar hemorrhage. Had surgery to
evacuate area. Lives alone. Previously independent with all ADLs and uses a walker.
Q1: While performing heel to shin test what should be your instruction to the patient?
A: ask him to move his Right heel up and down his Left shin multiple times quickly
B. Ask him to move his Left heel on R Shin multiple times quickly
C: ask him to move his heel up and down his shin slowly
D: ask him to move his heel up and down his shin with his eyes closed
Q2: What would be your findings?
A: unable to move right heel over left shin
B: unable to do test with left foot on right shin
C: Can do it bilaterally but will fatigue
Q3: Patient previously used a walker, which is at home. Physiotherapist wants to
mobilize the patient. How will you proceed?
Do not mobilize the patient, wait for walker to arrive.
Mobilize with 2 minimal assistance.
Transfer with the help of hoist.
Case 10:
Right CVA, patient presents on mid stance with L hip flexion and R knee
hyperextension.
Question 1 : what would be the cause of his gait pattern?
a. weak knee flexors tight knee ext
b. weak knee extensor tight knee flexors
c. weak hip extensors tight hip flexors
d. weak hip flexor tight hip extensor
Answer is c
Due to calf tightness knee will go into hyperextension and hip into flexion.refer other
Q of this type.
q: 2 Therapist is training gait, sitting on a wheeled stool next to the patient, patient
standing beside a table. Where would therapist place their hands to correct her
pattern abnormalities:
a) Hand below knee and other hand gluteal fold
b) hand below the knee and other hand behind the knee
c) hand above knee and other hand on posterior thigh
d) hand above the knee and other hand on gluteal fold
Answer is d task related exercise and training pg 88 figure nd pg on 84
acc to until MARCH 13 PART 1
Answer is 4 reference : o r directly on affected hip so as to keep the gluteus
activated Pg149 fig CnS)
Case 11:
pt who had a MCA 1 day ago, really weak arm is developing a painful shoulder.
Question 1 : What will demonstrate it is not a mechanical cause?
1 prior trauma fall before stroke
2 swollen hand and frail skin of patient’s hand
3 painful on ABD and Int rot
4 ??
Answer is b
Question 2: How would you position his arm to avoid shoulder hand syndrome when
he will have rest on a chair?
a. Pillow on her lap, shoulder in external rotation, forearm in supination
b. Pillow on her lap, shoulder in external rotation, forearm in pronation
c. Arm on a tray table, shoulder in external rotation , forearm in pronation
d. Arm on a tray table, shoulder in external rotation , forearm in supination
Answer is d
(Attempt to reach the glass. Pg 135 C n S).
191192 Stroke Cn S
Subluxation of sh can result in sh hand syndrome.
Pg 227 common C n S
In summary the factors predisposing to the development of a painfu1 stiff shoulder are as
follons:
Paralysis or severe weakness of muscles around the GH joint that results in persistent
immobility of the limb.
Positioning for lengthy periods ofthe day rvith the GH joint in internal rotation and
adduction.
region of the paretic limb, exacerbating preexisting
degenerative changes and causing
inflammation of sofl tissues.
variation to the above question from didi’s notes
How would you position her shoulder at rest?
A. Internal rotation with arm supinated on a pillow
B. External rotation with arm supinated on a pillow
C. Internal rotation with arm supinated on table
D. External rotation with arm pronated on table
ANS: B
Question 3: the nursing staff is asking how they should lift patient’s arm in
ADL?
1. Abd and neutral position of shoulder
2. ABD and external rot of shoulder
3. Flexion in neutral
4. keep the arm against the body at any time
5. arm in neutral rotation, carefully lift the arm away from the body
6. shoulder in external rotation carefully lift the arm away from the body
7. ????
Answer is flexion in neutral
To be putted on fb
Reference :
pg 82 ilp neuro 2003
(B) Poor positioning/handling
Handling by wardsmen, nursing staff or physiotherapists can put stresses on the
shoulder that produce pain. Lifts or transfers using arms as a lever can be
damaging. Insensitive handling can also easily damage muscles which have no way
of protecting themselves.
Treatment: Physiotherapists must ensure that passive movements are careful and
avoid impingement of tissues between the head of humerus and the acromion. ( Care
must be taken during shoulder flexion at 8090 o that the humerus is slightly
distracted and then externally rotated to prevent impingement both on
flexion and lowering the arm . Elevation of the arm through abduction should
be avoided in the hemiplegic patient who has little shoulder muscle function
return.) Lack of support for a flaccid limb in lying, sitting or standing can result in
damage, and this is accentuated in the neglectful (L) hemiplegic patient. Thus,
positioning is imperative (see above), as well as particular strategies and education
to
draw attention to the hemiplegic side in the neglectful patient. Early education of
patient/family/staff regarding positioning and maintenance of length.
Stil confused wid this question
Pg 246 C n S( acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15).....???
275 Common CNSread points
variation to above question
How would you advise nursing staff to move arm for dressing and washing?
A. Flex elbow to 90 degrees and slowly lift forward
B. Keep arm close to body
C. Laterally rotate arm and then abduct to side
D. Abduct arm carefully
ANS: A
Acc to ILP 2003, staff is not allowed to do lifting in abduction in flaccid cases.
Question 4 : after 2 weeks, patient has improved a lot. When he/ she wants to reach
forward, which compensation would you see ?
a. shoulder elevation, adduction and internal rotation
b. shoulder elevation, abduction and external rotation
c. shoulder depression, abduction internal rotation
d. shoulder depression, adduction, external rotation
Answer is c
• Reaching forward: shoulder girdle elevation, lateral flexion of spine,
abduction of shoulder with elbow flexion, internal rotation of shoulder
and pronation of forearm (Fig. S.7a).
135. in chapter 6. C n S Explanation:
Sh eleva〠〠on not depression. (Scapular eleva〠〠on or sh itching) add+IR is synergis〠〠c
movement
ER is hard to come as IR are 〠〠ghtened La⼊呂s, teres minor.
If there is compensa〠〠on & lot of tonal play in arm. Possible elements of tone and spas〠〠city
may be n issue. So ADD more likely that ABD
PK‐ Reaching forward: shoulder girdle eleva〠〠on, lateral flexion of spine,
abduc〠〠on of shoulder with elbow flexion, internal rota〠〠on of shoulder
and prona〠〠on of forearm (Fig. 5.7a). 185 Stroke cns
Variation to above question from didi’s notes:
Q4. Her strength is improving in her arm. What compensatory movements would you see as
she tries to reach up in front?
A. shoulder elevation, IRot, abduction
B. Shoulder elevation, IRot, adduction
C. Shoulder depression, IRot, abduction
D. Shoulder depression, IRot, adduction
ANS: A
Reaching forward: shoulder girdle elevation, lateral flexion of spine,
abduction of shoulder with elbow flexion, internal rotation of shoulder
and pronation of forearm (Fig. 5.7a). 185‐ Stroke cns
Constraint therapy. What do you say about wearing a mitt?
a. Wear it all time until fully recovery
b. Wear it all day
c. Wear most of day except for lunch
d. Wear for a few hours per day
Answer is b specially for meals
reference in carr and shepherd 149
(Option B should be wear it most of the day/ several hours of the day and not all
day)! refer to previous Q
(UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1)
(R) MCA 3 weeks later
1 what will include discharge summery?
ANS: 3) DISCHARGE SUMMARY
Should include : patients personal details (demographics)
: diagnosis, date of onset, chronology of significant events since admission.
: relevant medical history.
: problems on admission.
: treatment/management strategies used during rehabilitation.
: functional level, mobility status, balance status and level of movement recovery on
discharge
: other residual problems on discharge, physiotherapy and nonphysiotherapy.
: details of discharge date, location, presence of others.
: follow up community services organised.
: follow up physiotherapy organised. State reasons for no follow up or long term aims if
followup is to be organised. Could also include if home program given or review clinics
organised
2 position of shoulder
3 pt leaning to left side, what would be syndrome?
A. Dyspraxia
B. Homonomus hemianopia
C. Spatial neglect
D. Dysmetria
ANS: C
4. How you train pt from sitting to standing? pg 157 Stroke CnS
5. therapist sitting on stool? Where should he sit? In front? Behind the pt ?or side?
Answer is side on affected or behind PK read somewhere but don know where
Q: you are worried about the patient developing a painful shoulder, you would,
teach the patient to passively move the arm herself
positioning in external rotation
teach the nursing staff to do elevation 2 hourly
Answer is b it lost early
a pat can do it in abnormal way
C it is not good option ILP 2003 pg 83
Q: the patient wants to improve arm function, which outcome measure would you use?
Answer is MAS
(march 2015; D idi’s notes )
Case No. 12
Lady had a Left CVA and has started complaining of right shoulder pain. Right
shoulder is very weak.
Q1: Nursing staff have asked you to look at patient with regards to shoulder pain.
What signs would indicate her pain was CRPS?
1. History of previous trauma
2. Pain and swelling and skin colour changes
3. Pain on abduction
Answer is b
Q2: If the shoulder shows sign of impingement, what movements do have to avoid to
prevent impingement?
Flexion
Abduction
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
ILP ext rotation n abduction….check
Answer is b
Explana〠〠on:
Abduc〠〠on should be avoided if there is no scapular movement or ER.
SITT sits under acromian, unless humerus is ER then it is not cleared then there can be
impingement.
So go with abduc〠〠on
Q3: Do you decide to apply a sling, how do you monitor if the sling is still required?
A. Pain levels
B. Return of hand function
C. Increase on passive movement
D. Muscle tone changes and atrophy
Answer is a ILP 2007 pg 98 reference :Pain treatment: Early management of
positioning means you HAVE TO support the arm somehow whenever it is
dependent. In the wheelchair, a gutter splint or pillow is mandatory. Any time your
client is vertical, when gravity is pulling on the arm, you MUST support it.
Subluxation can result in sh pain.
Q4: How would you advise nursing staff to move the arm for dressing and personal
hygiene?
Keep arm close to body
Laterally rotate arm and then abduct
Internally rotate arm and then abduct
Flex elbow to 90 degrees and then lift forwards
Answer is d nt a
Explanation from Neuro additional paper 2015
You can teach nursing staff, not same staff cares. Diff shi㐰ㄠs, hand over.
Not C def.
D is more of possibility as abduc〠〠on needs to be avoided, not sure if they will follow my
instruc〠〠ons about rota〠〠on. Makes sure it is clear to nurses not to take it more than 90 in
li㐰ㄠing arm.
(neuro2014)
Case 13
Stroke patient with CRPS(Complex Regional Pain Syndrome)
Question1:How would the physiotherapist differentiate CRPS from usual shoulder
impingement?
a. History of previous trauma
b. Pain and swelling and skin colour changes
c. Pain on abduction
d.??
Answer is b
Question 2:Which movement should be avoided to prevent impingement
a. Abduction
b. External Rotation
c. Internal Rotation
d. Flexion
Answer is a
ILP 2003 pg 83
Treatment: Physiotherapists must ensure that passive movements are careful and
avoid impingement of tissues between the head of humerus and the acromion. (Care
must be taken during shoulder flexion at 8090o that the humerus is slightly
distracted and then externally rotated to prevent impingement both on flexion and
lowering the arm. Elevation of the arm through abduction should be avoided in
the hemiplegic patient who has little shoulder muscle function return. )
Reference : Carr and Shephard :Stroke rehabilitation pg 197
Slings for shoulder support
A variety of slings and supports are used in the clinic with the hope that they
prevent subluxation and shoulder pain. Although some types of support may
correct an existing subluxation to some extent, there is no evidence that they
prevent subluxation. Most types of sling are contraindicated for two reasons
of significance to the potential recovery of a functional limb: they promote
learned nonuse of the affected limb, and they provoke contracture and
stiffness of the GHJ internal rotator and adductor muscles. For these reasons
at least it should be mandatory that a triangular sling or any sling that holds
the GHJ in internal rotation should not be worn. An exception is during
assisted bathing in the early stages, to lessen the possibility of injury
Question 3:What advice do you give to nursing staff while dressing and washing?
a. Always keep arm close to trunk
b. Place hand on opposite shoulder and turn while dressing
c. Flex elbow and keep it on stomach and raise arm
d. Flex elbow and take hand away from body and lift elbow slowly
Answer is d abduction above 90 degree causes Impingement
But int rotation will instantly, u must never do internal rotation
Didi adds Elbow flexed 90 degrees and slowly lift forwards.
ILP 2003 83
Treatment: Physiotherapists must ensure that passive movements are careful and
avoid impingement of tissues between the head of humerus and the acromion. (Care
must be taken during shoulder flexion at 8090o that the humerus is slightly
distracted and then externally rotated to prevent impingement both on flexion and
lowering the arm. Elevation of the arm through abduction should be avoided in the
hemiplegic patient who has little shoulder muscle function return.
Question 4:Which assessment should be performed to check for the indication of
Sling?
a. Pain
b. Muscle tone change
c. Range of motion
d. ??
Answer is A Reference ILP
Q:Sling is indicated for pt. how will you monitor
A. Pain
B. Muscle changes and atrophy
C. Return of tone in shoulder
Answer is b
Variation from:
(neuro 2014)
Right hemi with complex regional pain syndrome
Q:how physio will differentiate RSD from usual shoulder impingement.
A. Swelling of hand and fingers and skin changes
B. Muscle atophy and impingement
Q:which mvt should be avoided to prevent impingement
1. Abd
2. ER
3. IR
4. FLE
Answer is A reference : stroke and rehabilitation pg 195
Q:how to position limb.what advice do you give to nursing staff while dressing
1. Always keep arm close to trunk
2. Place hand on oppshl and turn whie dressing
3. Flex elbow,keep it on tummy and raise rm
4. Flex elbow,take hand away from bosy and lift elbow slowly.
Q:Sling is indicated for pt. how will you monitor
1. Pain
2. Muscle changes and atrophy
3. Return of tone in shoulder
Q: what are the criteria for discharge?
1. After pain and swelling reduces
2. Independent in transeverse, ambulation and stairs
3. When knee increases 90 deg of flexion
Answer is B
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 14:
Man with a large cortical right haemorrhage He pushes with his unaffected arm towards the affected side as
if unconcerned about the risk of falling, and resists any attempts from physio to correct his posture.
Q1 What could be the contribu〠〠ng factor to this impairment?
1. Homonymous hemianopia
2. Dyspraxia
3. Dysmetria
4. Hemi‐sensory loss
ANS: D
‐ It could b visual ina⼊呂en〠〠on.
Q2: What strategy can physio use ini〠〠ally to challenge weight bearing in si晔‶ng?
1. Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
2. Decrease thigh support
I
3. increase thigh support
ANS: B
Varia〠〠on t o the above ques〠〠on from Didi’s June 2014
Q. What strategy can the physiotherapist use ini〠〠ally to challenge weight bearing in si晔‶ng?
A. Increase thigh support
B. Decrease thigh support
C. External perturba〠〠ons in si晔‶ng
D. Ask him to look at objects placed in different parts of the room
ANS: B
Q3: When standing from si晔‶ng, what is the mistake he’s doing
1. Affected leg forward
2. Unaffected leg forward
3. Even distribu〠〠on of the weight on the feet
4. Even distribu〠〠on of the weight on the thighs
ANS: A
Q4. Y
ou are testing her sitting balance and notice she can sit for 10 seconds without support.
You need to reach a wheelchair that is 5 m away from the bed. How do you proceed?
A. Posiiton patient in supine and go pick up the w/c
B. Tell her to hold onto bed firmly with both hands while you bring the wheel chair
C. Reach the wheelchair, put the brakes on and assist her with the transfer
D. Make her stand and walk to the w/c with stand by assist
ANS: A
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 15:
Large cerebellar haemorrhage
There’s a rehab team mee〠〠ng and you check pa〠〠ent’s transfer document from ICU to the ward.
Q 1 What measure predicts good outcome?
1. Loca〠〠on of haemorrhage
2. Level of independence before
3. stroke Previous strokes
4. Hypertension
Answer is a coz func〠〠ons of cerebellum is compromised
PK‐ FB ans B /a???
Q 2: He’s using a walker and you want to assess possibility of using a walking s〠〠ck at home. What is relevant?
1. His wife can assist him at home
2. Floors and rugs/carpets
3. Number of steps in the house
4. Large cerebellar haemorrhage
Answer is 2reasoning is given by PK in similar Q
Cryptogenic: h
ttp://www.uptodate.com/contents/cryptogenicstroke?source=related_link
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 16:
Right CVA, patient presents on mid stance with L hip flexion and R knee hyperextension.
Ques〠〠on 1 : what would be the cause of his gait pa⼊呂ern?
a. weak knee flexors 〠〠ght knee ext
b. weak knee extensor 〠〠ght knee flexors
c. weak hip extensors 〠〠ght hip flexors
d. weak hip flexor 〠〠ght hip extensor
ANS: C
Q2. Therapist is training gait, si晔‶ng on a wheeled stool next to the pa〠〠ent, pa〠〠ent standing
beside a table. Where would therapist place their hands to correct her pa⼊呂ern
abnormali〠〠es:
a) Hand below knee and other hand gluteal fold‐
b) hand below the knee and other hand behind the knee
c) hand above knee and other hand on posterior thigh
d) hand above the knee and other hand on gluteal fold
ANS: D
(Neurology additional paper 2015)
Case 17:
Mrs V is a 55 year old housewife with a husband and two teenage children. Two weeks
ago Mrs V had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in the territory of her left middle cerebral
artery. She has been receiving physiotherapy since her admission and is noted to have
apraxia.
left middle cerebral artery ideational or ideo motor apraxia
R MCA constructional and dressing apraxia
Q1. Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate form of physiotherapy
management for Mrs V’s condi〠〠on?
a. treadmill walking using a harness for safety and/or body weight support
b. ensuring that Mrs V is carefully posi〠〠oned for one week before commencing an ac〠〠ve
program
c. teaching Mrs V how to roll independently in bed commencing a program to strengthen
Mrs V’s weak muscles
Q2. Once Mrs V has started to mobilise, which of the following would be the LEAST suitable
measure of outcome to use in gauging the success of gait rehabilita〠〠on?
a. step length recorded in a 10 m walk test
b. a 6 min walk test
c.walking item on the Motor Assessment Scale for Stroke
d. the Berg Balance Scale
ANS: D. berg balance is a sta〠〠c tes〠〠ng so u wont be doing that. But 6MWT will be done.
Case 18:
A patient is recovering from a right CVA resulting in severe left hemiplegia and
visuospatial deficits. Additionally, there is a large diabetic ulcer on the left foot with
pitting edema. The MOST appropriate wheelchair prescription for this patient would be a:
a) hemiplegic chair with eleva〠〠ng leg rest on the le㐰ㄠ.
b) powered wheelchair with joys〠〠ck and eleva〠〠ng leg rests.
c) lightweight ac〠〠ve duty wheelchair with eleva〠〠ng leg rests.
d) one‐arm drive chair with eleva〠〠ng leg rest on the le㐰ㄠ.
(acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15)
ANS: D (By the group).
In the APC given document the answer is A. From Question_A1. A is the final answer.
C n S see pg 255 for a look at the hemiplegic chair. Chapter on stroke.
[10:08:22 PM] Renuka Dharmadhikari: I will go one arm drive wheelchair
[10:08:31 PM] Renuka Dharmadhikari: Carr nd s pg 255
Case 19:
A therapist examines a patient with a right CVA and determines the patient has a
profound deficit of homonymous hemianopsia.
The BEST initial strategy to assist the patient in compensating for this deficit is to:
a) teach the pa〠〠ent to turn the head to the affected le㐰ㄠ side.
b) provide constant reminders, printed notes on the le㐰ㄠ side, telling the pa〠〠ent to look to
the le㐰ㄠ.
c) place items, ea〠〠ng utensils on the le㐰ㄠ side.
d) rearrange the room so while in bed the le㐰ㄠ side is facing the doorway.
ANS: A
Peripheral visual field loss, so not neglect! So you only teach the pa〠〠ent to turn the head
that is all.
If it is neglect then do the rest( reminders, change the room etc)
h⼊呂ps://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/permalink/77241902286984
1/?comment_id=772596392852104&ref=no〠〠f&no〠〠f_t=group_comment
in neglect pt has loss of attention one side can extend beyond vision not a true visual field loss. so if u
want to treat homonyms hemianopsia head rotation or saccadic eye movement will be treatment of
choice because pt can compensate for his visual field loss by this movement. all other 3 b c and d are
more suitable for neglect pt as they all are compensatory treatment which will improve his attention on
affected side .
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m ……..)
Case 20:
A patient recovering from stroke is having difficulty bearing weight on the left leg. The
patient is unable to advance the tibia forward and abbreviates the end of the stance
phase on the left going directly into swing phase.
The MOST likely cause of her problem is:
a) weakness or contracture of hip extensors.
b) spas〠〠city or contracture of the plantar flexors.
c) spas〠〠city of the anterior 〠〠bialis muscle.
d) weakness or contracture of the dorsiflexors.
ANS: B
(Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken from 2014)
Case 21:
A patient with right hemiparesis has difficulty clearing the more affected foot during the
swing phase of gait. An appropriate physical therapy intervention for the right lower
extremity might include:
a. si晔‶ng on a therapy ball, alterna〠〠ng lateral side steps and back to neutral.
b. pushing backward while si晔‶ng on a rolling stool.
c. forward step‐ups in standing using graduated height steps.
d. assump〠〠on of bridging.
ANS: C (APC or NPTE given).
(Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 22
A patient is recovering from a right CVA. She tells the physical therapist that she is thirsty
and asks for a can of soda. When the therapist gives her the can and instructs her to open
it, she is unable to complete the task. Later after the treatment session when she is alone,
the therapist observes her drinking from the can. The therapist suspects she may have a
primary deficit in:
a. anosognosia.
b. idea〠〠onal apraxia.
c. unilateral neglect.
d. ideomotor apraxia.
ANS: D. iideomotor apraxia. (APC / NPTE given).
(Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 23
A patient who is 3 months post CVA is being treated in physical therapy for adhesive
capsulitis of the right shoulder, Today, the patient complains of new symptoms including
burning pain in the right upper extremity that is increased by the dependent position
along with lowered pain threshold and heightened sensitivity to light touch. The right
hand is mildly edematous and the skin is dry and warm to touch. The intervention that
should be AVOIDED in this case is:
a. stress loading ac〠〠vi〠〠es with weightbearing on the affected limb.
b. passive manipula〠〠on of the shoulder.
c. posi〠〠onal eleva〠〠on, compression, and gentle massage.
d. ac〠〠ve assis〠〠ve ROM exercises of the shoulder.
ANS: B (APC / NPTE given)
(Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 24
A physical therapist volunteered to teach a stroke education class on positioning
techniques for family members and caregivers. There will be 12 individuals attending this
class, ranging in age from 42 to 82. The therapist's BEST choice of teaching methods is to
utilize:
a. demonstra〠〠on, prac〠〠ce, and follow‐up discussion.
b. rota〠〠ng through the class for one‐on‐one prac〠〠ce with adequate knowledge of results.
c. mul〠〠media (PowerPoint and handouts) that accompany an oral presenta〠〠on.
d. lecture about the principles and contraindica〠〠ons of posi〠〠oning with some 〠〠me for
ques〠〠ons at the end.
ANS: A
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 25
A patient with left hemiplegia exhibits mild flexor pattern of shoulder internal rotation
with elbow and wrist flexion. Following initial interventions, the therapist decides to use
functional electrical stimulation to help reach and grasp ability. The optimal stimulation
pattern would be:
a. elbow and wrist extensors simultaneously.
b. elbow extensors followed by wrist extensors.
c. elbow extensors and finger flexors simultaneously.
d. elbow extensors followed by finger flexors.
ANS: A
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 26
The MOST appropriate positioning strategy for a patient recovering from acute stroke
who is in bed and demonstrates a flaccid upper extremity is:
a. supine with the affected arm flexed with hand resting on stomach.
b. sidelying on the sound side with the affected shoulder protracted, and arm extended
resting on a pillow.
c. supine with the affected elbow extended and arm positioned close to the side of the
trunk.
d. sidelying on the sound side with the affected upper extremity flexed overhead.
ANS: B
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 27
A physical therapist receives a referral from an acute care physical therapist to treat a
patient with right hemiparesis in the home. The referral indicates that the patient
demonstrates good recovery: both involved limbs are categorized as stage 4 (Brunnstrom
recovery stages). The patient is ambulatory with a smallbased quad cane. The activity
that would be MOST appropriate for a patient at this stage of recovery is:
a. supine, bending the hip and knee up to the chest with some hip.
b. sitting, marching in place (alternate hip flexion movements).
c. standing, picking the foot up behind and slowly lowering it.
d. standing, small range knee extension movements to gain quadriceps control.
OA given is C for this case.
ANS; D (by group) hopefully given in Cash
Work on Brunnstrom scale – can be found in O Sullivan.
Stage 4 spasticity begins to decrease.
Cerebral infarction(due t ischemia) is responsible for between 67 % and 80 % of all first
strokes, primary intracranial haemorrhage for between 7 % and 2O % and subarachnoid
haemorrhage for about 17%
The three most commonly recognized risk factors include hlpertension, diabetes mellitus and
heart disease, with hlpertension the most important of these factors.
Five factors that increase the risk of subsequent stroke are: diabetes mellitus; age >60 years;
symptom duration >10 minutes; motor or speech impairments; and high blood pressure
(>140/90 mmHg) (
(Neuro additional paper 2015))(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 28
A patient is referred for rehabilitation following a middle cerebral artery stroke. Based on
this diagnosis a physical therapist can expect the patient will present with:
a. contralateral hemiplegia with thalamic sensory syndrome and involuntary movements.
b. contralateral hemiparesis and sensory deficits, arm more involved than the leg.
c. decreased pain and temperature to the face and ipsilateral ataxia with contralateral pain and
thermal loss of the body.
d. contralateral hemiparesis and sensory deficits, leg more involved than the arm.
ANS: B
ACA – u have leg affected more than the arm.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 29
A patient with a CVA demonstrates a lockedin state characterized by spastic quadriplegia
and bulbar palsy. To facilitate communication with this patient the physical therapist
should instruct the family to:
a. encourage use of eye movements to signal le⼊呂ers.
b. give the pa〠〠ent a chance to mouth responses even though vocaliza〠〠on is poor.
c. look closely at facial expression to detect signs of communica〠〠on.
d. use a communica〠〠on board with minimal hand movements.
ANS: A
Lockedin syndrome (LIS) occurs with basilar artery thrombosis and bilateral infarction of
the ventral pons. LIS is a catastrophic event with sudden onset. Patients develop acute
hemiparesis rapidly progressing to tetraplegia and
lower bulbar paralysis (CN V through XII are involved).
Initially the patient is dysarthric and dysphonic but rapidly
progresses to mutism (anarthria). There is preserved consciousness
and sensation. Thus the patient cannot move or
speak but remains alert and oriented. Horizontal eye movements
are impaired but vertical eye movements and blinking
remain intact. Communication can be established via
these eye movements. Mortality rates are high (59 percent),
and those patients that do survive are left with severe
impairments associated with brainstem injury.14,15
Extracranial injuries to the vertebral arteries as they
travel through the cervical spine can also produce vertebrobasilar
signs and symptoms. Forceful neck motions (e.g.,
whiplash or aggressive neck manipulations) are among the
more common types of injuries.
Check table on pg 714of sullevan stroke part
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case30
A patient with spastic left hemiplegia experiences severe genu recurvatum during stance
phase. The patient is using a double upright metal anklefoot orthosis. The cause of the
problem might be attributed to:
a. the posterior stop se晔‶ng the foot in too much plantarflexion.
b. the posterior stop se晔‶ng the foot in too much dorsiflexion.
c. the anterior stop se晔‶ng the foot in too much plantar flexion.
d. the anterior stop se晔‶ng the foot in too much dorsiflexion.
ANS: A
Agree with A just checked Google it's says one of cause of genu recurve tum is planter flexor
〠〠ghtness.
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s); )
Case 31:
Case of lady baking a cake. She had patterns of holding the bowl with the left hand.
She had slurred speech. She is dragging her left foot. She is turning her head to the
right. Not worried about what’s happening around her.
Q1: Why does she keep turning her head to right?
1: Right Homonomous Hemianopia
2: Agnosia,neglect, anosgnosia
3: Apraxia, Aphasia
Q2: Which artery is affected?
1: Right ACA supplying the frontal area
2: R ight PCA supplying the occipital area
3: Right MCA supplying the temporal area
4: Right MCA supplying the parietal area
Q3: She is pushing. What will she manifest?
1: Resist active and passive movement to alignment
2: She has no problem in maintaining postural alignment
3: Resists posture correction
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s); )
Case 32:
Right MCA infarct and occipital lobe affected with kinaesthesia affected.
• Symptoms
• How to test kinaesthesia
• Features of MCA stroke
Q1: What is a thrombus?
1: Bleeding in the brain
2: b lood clot formed in the artery that blocks circulation in area.
3: blood clot formed elsewhere and carried to artery in brain.
4: Blood clot formed elsewhere and carried to vein in brain.
B‐ Thrombus can form in artery post athersclerosis, vein ‐ blood stasis‐DVT, or capillariies.
Emboli can be of thrombus, fat , air, amnio〠〠c fluid,
Q2: Right MCA Impairment?
1: left hemi, neglect & sensory loss.
2: right hemi, neglect & sensory loss.
3: right hemi, ataxia & sensory loss.
4: right hemi, neglect & sensory loss.
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s) ; )
Case 33:
old women with dysphagia after stroke (right affected), good recovery, needs help with
food, dressing washing, sees physio
– decrease high level balance
– right handed, doesn’t function well
– decreased fitness and endurance
Q 1. What would you ask the family how she was before stroke to find out about her
independence?
– history of fall, premorbid statu s, use medical services
Previous mobile no aids
ANS: Need to find out more options. Keep lookout in past papers. (its was more like a
combination of different factors)
Q 2. What is the factor indicating that pt is not safe/ready to be discharged to home alone?
decreased fitness and endurance
– independent only indoors
– decreased high level balance
–
ANS: A
PK C
Q 3. Where would you recommend to discharge her?
– carer for 4 hrs everyday at home
– facility for family and her
– hostel (help with cooking, cleaning, medication)
– nursing home
Answer is a or c
PK‐ C
case 34:
A patient with left hemiplegia receives a new AFO(Ankle Foot Orthotics).The therapist
is overwhelmed with too many patients and asks the physical therapy student to take
over. This is the student's first affiliation (second day) and has never performed an
orthotic checkout for a patient with an AFO. The supervising therapist will be in the
same vicinity treating other patients. This task should be:
a) Delegated to the student who could call out to the supervisor if problems arose?
b) Delegated to another physical therapist.
c) Delegated to the physical therapist assistant who is working nearby.
d) Not be completed now and the patient sent back to his room.
ANS: B
taken 4m neuro sept 15
case 35
A patient is recovering from stroke and demonstrates good recovery in his lower
extremity (outofsynergy movement control). Timing deficits are apparent during gait.
Isokinetic training can be used to improve:
a. rate control at slow movement speeds.
b. rate control at varying movement speeds.
c. both reaction and movement times.
d. initiation of movement.
ANS: B (APC).
But some reasoning is given here. Just for checking but APC answer is B.
D those pat come who have 23 muscle power.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/permalink/773016129476797/?comme
nt_id=773155352796208&ref=notif¬if_t=group_comment
Isokinetic training, using velocity spectrum rehabilitation regimens used in late stage of
rehab. Uses iso, concentric n eccentric contraction n produces more force
TABLE 6.6 Classiፍċication of Velocity of Training in Concentric
Isokinetic Exercises*
Classiፍċication Angular Velocity
Isometric 0/sec
Slow 30–60/sec
Medium 60–180/sec
Fast 180–360/sec and above**
*Training velocities tend to be substantially slower for eccentric training, ranging from
30 to 120/sec with most eccentric training usually initiated between 60 and 120/sec.
Isokinetic exercise: exercise that uses an isokinetic dynamometer in which the speed is kept
constant and the variable resistance matches the force applied.
Isokinetic exercise, where available, may be particularly useful in patients who
have difficulty sustaining appropriate levels of muscle activation through
range. However, when muscles are stronger, i.e. above a certain threshold
(unknown at this time but let's say MI score> 3), that strength training
should consist of exercises that are dynamically similar to the actions being
trained in order to train motor control and maximize carryover into function.
If muscles can be voluntarily activated but
are very weak (say, grade 23), strength training can include partial body
weight resistance, or resistance through a small range of movement (e.g. STS
from a high seat), lifting small weights through a limited range, elastic band
exercises, and concentric and eccentric exercise on an isokinetic dynamometer.
During isokinetic dynamometry, muscle activity may be elicited more easily in
the eccentric mode. Isokinetic eccentric training has been shown to be
superior to concentric training for the knee extensors
case 36
A patient with spastic hemiplegia is referred to physical therapy for ambulation
training. The patient is having difficulty in rising to a standing position as a result of
cocontraction of the hamstrings and quadriceps. The therapist elects to use
biofeedback as an adjunct to help break up this pattern. For knee extension, the
biofeedback protocol should consist of:
a. high detection sensitivity with electrodes placed close together.
b. low detection sensitivity with electrodes placed far apart.
c. high detection sensitivity with electrodes placed far apart.
d. low detection sensitivity with electrodes placed close together.
ANS: B acc to honey anans ans is D
PK B
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/773033976141679/?ref=notif¬if_t
=like
Therapist goal will be for the patient to reduce the muscle activity in a more dramatic way is the aim of low
detection sensitivity which is used in chronic posture and gait. Therapist goal will be for the patient to reduce
the muscle activity, even just a little is the aim of high detection sensitivity which usually involve extreme pain
and dysfunction.
B.. Larger electrodes detect larger areas and are used for larger muscles. AND low detection sensitivity reduce
the muscle activity of chronic cases of tight ms.
Didi’s notes some additional questions:
Case 37
You want to do sit to stand for the patient. How will you prepare yourself for it knowing that
the patient is impulsive?
A. Tell the patient to keep sitting in the w/c till I ask you to stand
B. Put the w/c against the parallel bar on the table
C. Stand besides the patient on one side of the w/c with your hand on the patient’s
shoulder
D. Instruct and demonstrate to the patient on sit to stand from another chair.
ANS: C
(UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1)
case 38
STROKEHEMIPLEGIA
Q. Best position for UL
ANS: Flexor synergy
Q. What muscles possibly contracted UL
Q. Best advice on UL positioningALWAYS SUPPORTED
Q. Name the sensory tests to be performed
Q. If asked to reach with affected UL what will be the adapted strategy/ trick movement
performed
Q. When to discharge this was regarding UL recovery
case 39
stroke.
What is a lacunar infarct ?
Lacunar stroke or lacunar infarct ( LACI ) is a type of s troke that results from o cclusion of
one of the penetrating a rteries that provides blood to the brain's deep structures. Patients who
present with symptoms of a lacunar stroke, but who have not yet had diagnostic imaging
performed, may be described as suffering from lacunar stroke syndrome ( LACS ).
Small deep infarct due to small vessel disease.
Q. What are anterior cerebral artery stroke symptoms ?
Anterior cerebral artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the
anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the
portions of the b rain supplied by that vessel: the medial aspects of the frontal and parietal
lobes, b asal ganglia , anterior fornix and anterior c orpus callosum .[1]
Depending upon the area and severity of the occlusion, signs and symptoms may vary within
the population affected with ACA syndrome. Blockages to the proximal (A1) segment of the
vessel produce only minor deficits due to the collateral blood flow from the opposite
hemisphere via the anterior communicating artery . Occlusions distal to this segment will
result in more severe presentation of ACA syndrome. Contralateral h emiparesis and
hemisensory loss of the lower extremity is the most common symptom associated with ACA
syndrome. [1]
1. Signs and symptoms [ edit ]
1. Hemiparesis or hemiplegia contralaterally, involving primarily the lower limbs and
pelvic floor musculature
2. Sensory deficits contralaterally, involving primarily the leg and perineum
3. Apraxia (due to branches to the s upplementary motor area and c orpus callosum )[1]
4. Disconnection syndrome (due to callosal branches)
5. Anosmia (due to branches of the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract)
6. Urinary incontinence [1]
7. Grasp reflex and or s ucking reflex contralaterally (if c ircle of Willis compromised)
Ipsilateral motor sensory deficit and a higher cortical function.
dysplagia, neglect and homonymous hemianopia.
Q. Symptoms of frontal lobe injury ?
Symptoms of possible frontal lobe dysfunction that should be probed include change in
performance at work and changes organizing and executing difficult tasks such as holiday
dinners or travel itineraries. [3] The examiner should inquire about the following changes:
· Appropriateness of behavior: Does the patient say things that he or she would never
have said before, such as "You are so fat" or "That is a really ugly dress"?
· Patient's table manners: Does the patient now take food and start eating before
everyone else or take food from other people's plates without asking?
· Patient's empathy and ability to infer the mental state of others: This kind of
dysfunction often leads to inappropriate behavior.
· Possible apathy: Does the patient care less about hobbies, family members, and
finances than previously?
· An increase or decrease in the patient's sexuality or in his or her judgment about
possible liaisons
Q. Post cerebral artery symptoms
Patients with posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarcts present for neurologic evaluation with
symptoms including the following:
· Acute vision loss
· Confusion [8]
· New onset posterior cranium headache
· Paresthesias
· Limb weakness
· Dizziness
· Nausea
· Memory loss
· Language dysfunction [9]
Questions_A1
case 40
(Didnt have a place to put this one. But it will fit with gait training questions).
5= A patient who is terminally ill with cancer is in tears, unable to cope with the changes
in her life and current hospitalization. The therapist has a referral for gait training so the
patient can be discharged to home under hospice care. The BEST approach is to:
5a= ask the patient questions in order to obtain a detailed history.
5b= ignore the tears and focus on therapy but in a compassionate manner.
5c= encourage denial so she can cope better with life's challenges.
5d= take time now to allow the patient to express her fears and frustrations.
ANS: D
Case 41
&q15= A patient with a complete T10 paraplegia is receiving his initial ambulation
training. He has received bilateral CraigScott kneeanklefoot orthoses and is being trained
with axillary crutches. Since a reciprocal gait pattern is problematic for him, the BEST initial
gait pattern to teach him is:
15a= fourpoint.
15b= swingto.
15c= twopoint.
15d= swingthrough.
ANS: B
Case 42
Stroke: Right Cortical Hemorrhage
she was baking a cake and she realized that she was not able to feel the bowl in left hand
she then calls her husband and while she was going to him he observes her dragging her
foot. she was not able to talk . An ambulance was called n she was taken to emergency
department.
Case of lady baking a cake. She had patterns of holding the bowl with the left hand. She
had slurred speech. She is dragging her left foot. She is turning her head to the right. Not
worried about what’s happening around her.
Q1: Why does she keep turning her head to right?
1:RightHomonomous hemianopia
2:Agnosia,neglect, anosgnosia
3: Apraxia, Aphasia
Q2: Which artery is affected?
1: Right ACA supplying the frontal area
2: Right PCA supplying the occipital area
3: Right MCA supplying the temporal area
4: Right MCA supplying the parietal area
Q3: physiotherapist is assessing patient . What will she manifest?
1: Resist active and passive movement to alignment
2: She has no problem in maintaining postural alignment
3: Resists posture correction
4 has fear of fall on affected side
Q2: What is Spasticity?
1: active movement changing with velocity
2: passive movement
Case 43
&q33= A patient recovering from stroke is having difficulty bearing weight on the left
leg. The patient is unable to advance the tibia forward and abbreviates the end of the stance
phase on the left going directly into swing phase. The MOST likely cause of her problem is:
33a= weakness or contracture of hip extensors.
33b= spasticity or contracture of the plantar flexors.
33c= spasticity of the anterior tibialis muscle.
33d= weakness or contracture of the dorsiflexors.
ANS: B
Case 44
&q49= A patient is unable to bring her foot up on the next step during a training
session on stair climbing. The physical therapist's BEST course of action to promote
learning of this task is to have the patient:
49a= practice marching in place in the parallel bars.
49b= practice standing‐up from half‐kneeling.
49c= step up onto a low step while in the parallel bars.
49d= balance on the stairs while the therapist passively brings the foot up.
ANS: C
&q50= A 76 year‐old patient exhibits impaired balance. A diagnostic work‐up has
failed to reveal any speciፍċic etiology. An initial intervention for this patient would NOT
include:
50a= limits of stability re‐education including postural sway training.
50b= sit‐to‐stand and stand‐to‐sit activity training.
50c= practice in maintenance of a wide base of support during turning.
50d= tandem walking and single limb stance.
ANS: D
Case 45
&q97= A patient with complete C6 tetraplegia should be instructed to initially
transfer with a sliding board using:
97a= shoulder depressors and triceps, keeping the hands ፍċlexed to protect tenodesis
grasp.
97b= pectoral muscles to stabilize elbows in extension and scapular depressors to lift
the trunk.
97c= shoulder extensors, external rotators, and anterior deltoid to position and lock
the elbow.
97d= serratus anterior to elevate the trunk with elbow extensors stabilizing.
ANS: C FB GIVEN ans B
Case 46
&q98= A physical therapist volunteered to teach a stroke education class on
positioning techniques for family members and caregivers. There will be 12 individuals
attending this class, ranging in age from 42 to 82. The therapist's BEST choice of
teaching methods is to utilize:
98a= demonstration, practice, and follow‐up discussion.
98b= rotating through the class for one‐on‐one practice with adequate knowledge of
results.
98c= multimedia (PowerPoint and handouts) that accompany an oral presentation.
98d= lecture about the principles and contraindications of positioning with some time
for questions at the end.
ANS: A
Case 47
&q126= During initial standing a patient is pushing strongly backward displacing
the center‐of‐mass at or near the posterior limits of stability. The most likely cause of
this is:
126a= weakness of the tibialis anterior/peroneals.
126b= spasticity of the gastrocnemius‐soleus.
126c= contracture of the hamstrings.
126d= contraction of the hip extensors.
ANS: B
Case 48
&q132= During a sensory exam a patient complains of a dull, aching pain and is
not able to discriminate a stimulus as sharp or dull. Two‐point discrimination is absent.
Based on these ፍċindings, the pathway that is intact is the:
132a= lateral spinothalamic tract.
132b= dorsal columns/neospinothalamic systems.
132c= fasciculus gracilis/medial lemniscus.
132d= anterior spinothalamic tract.
ANS: D
neospinothalamic systems.‐ lat spinothalmic tract‐ A delta ፍċibers‐ pain (sharp,
localized),
n temp‐ give contra pain
paleospinothalamic tract ant spino thalamic tract crude touch n pressure
gives bilat sensation
archispinothalamic tract C fibers:These fibers mediate visceral, emotional
and autonomic reactions to pain. gives bilat sensation Pain (diffuse,
deep),
temperature,
postganglionic
autonomic
medial lemniscus.‐ fasiculus gracilius‐ crosses at the level of med laminiscus
Case 49
ANS:
GBS
http://www.gbscidpnsw.org.au/information/whatisgbs?showall=
&start=8
males are affected by GBS twice as often as are females. The most common
Conduction Block ፍċindings were in the peroneal nerve followed by the tibial
Nerve.
Twenty to 30% of patients may require assisted ventilation because of paralysis or
weakness of the intercostal and diaphragm musculature. m Impaired respiratory muscle
strength may lead to an inability to cough or handle secretions and to decreased vital
capacity, tidal volume, and oxygen salUration.
ANS: Low cardiac output. cardiac dysrhythmias, and marked ፍċluctuations in blood
pressure may compromise management respi ratory function and can lead to sudden
death. Other typical ANS symptoms may result in peripheral pooling of blood, poor
venous return, ileus, and urinary retention
Sensory symptoms such as distal hyperesthesias. Paresthesias (tingling, burning),
numbness. and decreased vibratory or p osition sense are common. The sensory
disturbances often have a stocki ng‐and‐glove pattern rather than the dermatornal
distribution of loss
Pain was ident iፍċied as a signiፍċicant presenting symptom. therapists who may be
working. With patients who present with the onset of low back pam not associated with
known injury or stress and reports of paresthesias and v ibratory or decreased tendon
reflexes should be evaluated or monitored for possible GBS.
Paresthcsias and pain experiem..'cd by patients are probably related to the spontaneous
discharges of the demyelinated sensory nerves. Pain could be dull or shooting
/hypersenstivity++
corticosteroids are not recommended for treatment of GBS.the effects of
PE and IVIg arc equivalent; sequential treatment with PE
followed by IVlg is not recommended;
If after taking a large breath the patiet can count only 10, the forced vital capacilY is
approximately I Land intubation should be considered.
PAIN‐ TENS, capsaicin,
Contractures:Research has shown that mild cont l ~u.ous stretch maintained for at least
20 minutes is more beneፍċiC ial than str~nger, brief stretching exercises. There‐fore
the use of splmts for prolonged positioning is superior
to th,e use of sh~rt bu~sts of intermittent, manually applied
passive stretchlllg . ,I~r maintaining functional rJፍċlge. Because of the re lation between
poor hydration and hypotension, therapi sts must ensure their patient is well hydrated
befure beginning upri ght or stand ing tolerance programs,
euro 2014 )
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; N
Case 1
GBS 36YO lady. UL good she has weakness of dorsiflexors 2+, plantarflexor 3, hip
muscles 4, knee 3+. She is able to walk for 500m, good with indoor activity
Q 1: What 2+ would be on oxfords scale
1: Anti gravity half range movement
2: anti gravity full range(3)
3: Half range movement gravity assisted (2)
ANS: A
Antigravity less than half
Reference
Reference :
Names of muscle grading systems:
MRC grading ‐ this has +/‐ rating in addition to 1 ‐ 5 grading system.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/assets/docs/the_manual_muscle_test_
meeting_the_challenge_of_the_therapeutic_trial_508.pdf
Kendall has 1 to 10 grading. (see the above link).
Oxford scale ‐
Oxford scale only has 1 to 5 rating
Also called Danials n worthinghams: 05
http://nursing.advanceweb.com/SharedResources/Downloads/2002/070102/NP/npp
24table5.pdf
Lovett ‐ was the 1st guy who started MMT testing. This kept getting modiፍċied all the way
till 1990s.
cereLovett grading : normal , fair good……
Also see reference PDF Pg 147 in O’Sullivan 6th edition.
Manual Muscle Testing Grading System
Grading Scale Range: 0 to 5
0 None No visible or palpable contraction
1 Trace Visible or palpable contraction with no motion
( a 1 )
2 Poor Full ROM gravity eliminated
3 Fair Full ROM against gravity
4 Good Full ROM against gravity, moderate resistance
5 Normal Full ROM against gravity, maximul resistance
0 0 No visible or palpable contraction
Trace I 1 Visible or palpable contraction
(No ROM)
Normal V Normal, maximal resistance
Q 2: Because of dorsiflexors weakness, what phase on gate would be affected?
1: Mid steam/stance
2: push off
3: swing phase
4: heel strike
ANS: C Pg 98 C n S. According to didi’s notes.
Also didi says Pg 98. 3rd paragraph. Kinematics
2 Due to PF weakness.
Stroke C n S pg109 . Strength requirements of dorslflexors vary throughout the gait cycle.
Functional demands during loading far exceed requirements during swing (Adams and Perry
1994).
I AND PAWAN HAVE DECIDED TO DO THIS LATER AFTER READING GAIT
CHAPTER.
According to Until march 2013:
Ankle dorsiflexors weakness ( Drop Foot , Slap foot )
With mild weakness , the gait abnormality will be noted at heel strike , and thus
results in loss of PF control . Heel strike is a foot flat phase occurs rapidly and the
foot may slap at heel strike as eccentric control of DF is decreased .
In s evere weakness or paralysis the foot will fall into PF during swing phase .
presenting a foot drop . Heel strike is absent and the person comes down with the
toes first or with the entire foot . This will cause relative lengthening of limb ,
compensated for by exaggerated hip and knee flexion to allow for toe clearance (
steppage gait )
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=e_WKGCDFOxgC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=B
ecause+of+dorsiflexors+weakness,+what+phase+of+gait+would+be+affected&sourc
e=bl&ots=ausoCpOKFy&sig=2yZ0PWcT5V_ZnVj2mQIW0Ws8M&hl=en&sa=X&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwA2oVChMIxuGPieWJyQIVwximCh2asQ8U#v=onepage&q=Because
%20of%20dorsiflexors%20weakness%2C%20what%20phase%20of%20gait%20wo
uld%20be%20affected&f=false
Q 3: How would you deal with this problem?
1: Stretching of calf muscle and use of a rigid AFO
2: Strengthening calf
3: Strengthening of dorsiflexors and use of a dynamic orthotics
ANS: C
Dynamic orthotics will be able to use active contraction.
Is w/c a prosthetic or orthotic?
Orthotic → external fitting device. A n orthosis is the correct term for an externally
applied device that is designed and fitted to the body to achieve one or more of the
following goals: Control biomechanical alignment. Correct or accommodate
deformity. Protect and support an injury.
Prosthetic → A n artificial replacement of a part of the body
Q 4: How would you to train to climb 3 steps?
1: Strengthening hip flexors
2: Strengthening quads in sitting
3: Practice on a rail climb up and down a step
ANS; C
This would be task specific training.
Q 5: She wants to go home with her family, what advice would you give the family?
1: Supervise while outdoors
2: Supervise during indoors activities
3: lower limb care
4: Assisting the patient with transfers
ANS: A
Reference : ILP 2010 stroke management guidelines
According to didi also the answer is A.
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015 UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1)
Case 2
Male 50yo, admitted to hospital with weakness of upper and lower limbs, diagnosed
with GuillainBarre syndrome. He was referred to you by the doctor to improve
weight bearing. You decide to train gait on parallel bars but he bears most of the
weight through his upper limbs. You think a hydrotherapy program would benefit him.
Q1: He’s concerned because he cannot swim. You say:
1. I’ll be able to save you if you slip or fall
2. You will only do special exercises, not swim
3. You will be given floaters and will walk between parallel bars
4. You will not spend too long in the pool at the beginning and the intensity of
exercise will increase slowly
ANS: I feel ans is C
(Didi has answered this as C in the question paper of until march 2013)
Didi has answered B in Until March 2013 paper.
according to (taken from Neuro sept 2015) ans is 2
acc to UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1 ans is 4
Q2: You noticed he’s made progress in the pool and wants to train gait again on the
floor, what would be best approach to promote weight bearing through his lower
limbs:
1. walk between parallel bars on mats
2. ask him to step on a small step up between the parallel bars .
3. walk with one standby assistant outside the parallel bar
4. walk with a 4 wheeled walker and 2 assistants
acc to until march 13 part 1
ans is b
Didid’s answer is C.
Recall is bad, outside of parallel bar is totally outside and no access, and have side
of parallel bar they have part of it.
So none of the options are correct.
ANS: Reasoning given by group
A = (gives soft compliance surface to walk) (it is a soft surface) Don’t place this on
the start, can be a progression.
B = can be a possibility keep in mind, you can have over heads body weight support
therapy. This helps to weight bear and walk on land. Can use to as a progression.
Use standing step forwards, sideways, lunges, squats, heel raises, marching on the
spot. No step up right away.
C = ( not an option, as they are just learning to walk) ( stand by means supervision) (
hydrotherapy does not have against gravity, land has against gravity)
D = ( cant give 4 wheely walker to a person just learning to walk) ( out of question)
Q3: In the initial stage, what will you priorities:
1. respiratory clearance
2. prevent contracture
3. decrease pain
ANS: A.
initial management will be to address any serious complications eg reduced VC and airway
protection through critical care support Hough t aken from neuro sept 15
Reference :
I choose a coz for 1st
option –coz respiratory function vl go down
2 nd ooption not priority as skeletal muscles become flaccid
3 rd option cant be in initial phase, only during the remyelination phase as the nerves
heal, there is abnormal sensation as nerve supply returns)
Acc to Darcy order of treatment should be :
1
3 corticosteroids can be used.
2 it happens in latter stages as disease progresses at faster rate so respi care is priority.
A gradual program to increase upright tolerance is begun when respiratory and
Autonomic function:" have :stabilized. Therapists must keep in mind the potenlial
damag to dencrvuled muscles with agg.ressive st rengthening programs when
developing a rehabilitation plan and a homebased condi tioning program.
Adaptive cquipment and orthoses should be used as needed to prOtect weakened
musdes. facilitate nonnal movement. and prewnt fatigue during the reinnervation
process.
[dUring the initial stages of exercise, the repetitions per exercise period should be low
and the frequency of short periods of exercise should be high. IX.' As rei nnervation
occurs and motor units become responsive, the early process of muscle reeducation
exercise used by the therapist may be similar to that used during the polio era.
Strength usually returns in a descending patternopposite of the pattern noted during
onset of the di sea..e.
vigorous exercise damaged muscles if fewer than one mird of motor units were
functional. If more than one third of the motor units remained, exercise led to
hypertrophy.
patients be allowed to exercise to the first poiO( of fatigue or muscle ache. Abnormal
sen~ations (tingling, paresthesias) that persist for prolonged period after exercise may
also indicate that the exercise or activity level was excessive.
Taken from neuro sept 15
Q 2: He’s using a walker and you want to assess possibility of using a walking stick at
home. What is relevant?
1. His wife can assist him at home
2. Floors and rugs/carpets
3. Number of steps in the house
4. Large cerebellar haemorrhage
ANS: I think B.
If he is using walker he is not using stairs. Rather than no of stairs, width of steps or
rails matter.
WHAT TO ASSESS
1. Mobility Level
On stairs
up and down, with and without rails (if appropriate)
are rails on both sides or only one?
are there front and back stairs?
is width of step safe?
On outside surfaces
If it is safe and appropriate to do so, you should assess the client’s ability to manage the
following:
walk on concrete
walk on grass
negotiate slopes
walk to clothesline
hanging clothes on line to assess if level of balance is functional
negotiate garden
get up from grass
Mobility inside
Check the client’s ability to walk over the different floor surfaces, e.g. thick carpets,
tiles,
linoleum, scatter rugs
Are there any internal steps or small steps between doorways?
Check the client’s ability to manoeuvre around kitchen and bathroom
If appropriate check the client’s ability get up from the floor
Bathroom
Observe the client’s ability to manage the following:
Getting on/off toilet
Getting in/out of shower and/or bath
Are modifications or aids (such as bath boards or rails) required?
Relatives may need to be instructed in method of transfer and practice it under the
physiotherapists
supervision.
Bedroom
Observe the client’s ability to manage the following:
Get in/out of bed
Move around in bed (including managing the bed coverings)
May have to advise on repositioning of furniture to facilitate independence in these
activities or
advise on alteration of bed height.
An aid e.g., bed pole or rope ladder may assist some clients.
Relatives again may need to practice transferring client onto bed, rolling, lying to
sitting, and
sitting to standing from bed.
Kitchen
Observe the client’s ability to manoeuvre around kitchen +/ wheelchair/aid
Check heights of cupboards
Client may need to be advised on reorganisation or relocation of frequently used items.
Living Room
Observe the client’s ability to manoeuvre around the living room and get in/out of
armchair
In cases of wheelchair dependence, it is also necessary to check the width of doorways
and hallways
for wheelchair accessibility. Wheelchair manoeuvrability around all rooms should be
checked. The
house may also need to be fitted with a ramp of appropriate gradient.
NOTE: Be tactful when advising relatives on reorganisation or structural alteration of
house. You
can only recommend, not order.
Case 3
Q1 : What is GBS?
a) autoimmune disease body immune sys attack mylin sheath or nerves also
b) viral infection
ANS: A
Viral infection is a cause and Autoimmune disease is a pathology!
Q2: What is not true about GBS
a) all patients recover
b) affects both central and peripheral
c) mostly follows viral infection
ANS: A
In GBS only if the patient has respiratory involvement or sudden autonomic involvement,
then the patient has a chance of dying BUT otherwise he has a good chance of recovery.
Central system is not involved. Cranial nerve is also being considered under peripheral
system currently.
Most patients recover not all
Answer is a reference tidy pg 360 acc to UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
Didi answered A.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16175926
Q3: Treatment
a) steroids
b) plasma exchange and immunoglobulin etc
c. Hydrotherapy for GBS
ANS: B
Corticosteroids are not much effective but can be considered as an option for muscular pain.
PE = Plasma Exchange also called plasma phoresis
IVIg = IV Immunoglobulins.
Q4: What are the autonomic changes
a) Hypotension
b) Hypertension
c) Autoregulation of temperature
ANS: A
Reference: Darci PDF pg 512. See below image.
According to didi also ANS is A hypotension.
In the micturation the role of parasympathetics is more
contraction and relaxation of the detrusor muscles.
GBS: Hypotension is a common problem, why?
Muscle tone is affected, LMN, peripheral resistance is less, pooling of blood in legs
when they stand up.
More so in the hydrotherapy, pressure is present, but once you come out of the pool
the pressure reduces so pooling of edema and blood occurs.
Fatigue is present as well. They may need assistance as well.
Query. What centre regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus???
(Additional questions to this case)
Q1, What is guillain barre?
a. autoimmune and demyelination of peripheral nerves
b. autoimmune and demyelination of central and peripheral nerves
c. inflammatory and demyelination of peripheral nerves
d. inflammatory and demyelination of central nerve
ANS: Between A.
C will be better. Look at the GBS definition from Darci and GBS page.
A has a stronger explanation for the condition.
Tulsi’s explanation: it is a acquired immuno deficiency dicease. immunodeficiency is the
main cause of disease. pathological changes include inflamation of mylin sheath followed by
demylination.
Demyelinating of peripheral nerves up to medulla pons, mid brains. Cranial nerves
are affected as well. Hence respiration is affected.
AIDP acute idiopathic or infla demylinating poly \ polyneuritis (irritation or inflammation of
many nerves), acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, Landry's ascending paralysis,
(taken from neuro sept 15)
A variation of GBS is miller fischer syndrome – primary cranial N symptoms, ATAXIA and
AREFLEXIA (Also opthalmoplegia)
The immune response leads to an inflammatory response and destruction of the myelin sheath
in the larger diameter motor and sensory neurons – Hough
Pure GBS is peripheral NS, but if u consider variations then it gets central.
IT IS DEFINITELY AUTO IMMUNE
POONAM TO FIND IN LYNDSEY MICTURATION REFLEX.
Q2, pt is being transferred to ICU, why?
a. to monitor blood pressure and heart rate
b. to have access to IV lines and other stuff???
c. to monitor and support ventilation
ANS: C
In explanation of PE and IVIg, its written that special personnale is required for
equipment managementt.
(UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1)
21yr patient with GBS
Q1 what is pathophysiology of GBS ?
Autoimmune disease. Immune response is directed towards unknown antigen.
Triggered by early infections, inflammatory process and destructions of myelin
sheath in motor sensory neurons.
Q2 what is medical treatment of GBS
ANS: Immunoglobulin IV easier to adninimster
Plasmaphoresis
PE.
Q3 up to what limit you will give sub maximal ex’s to prevent fatigue
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 4
Patient with Guillian barre Syndrome. Admitted to hospital with weakness of upper
and lower limbs, diagnosed with GuillainBarre Syndrome.
Q1: The patient has pain while moving joints of upper and lower limbs.
Physiotherapist decides to give passive physiological movements to the patient.
Which grade you will choose?
A. Grade II
B. Grade IV
C. Grade III
D. Grade V
ANS: A
Lower grades are for pain relief.
Reference: Kisner Colby: Pg 117.
For clarity and consistency, when referring to dosages in
this text, the notation graded oscillations means to use
the dosages as described in the section on graded oscillation
techniques. The notation sustained grade means to
use the dosages as described in the section on sustained
translatory jointplay techniques.
The choice of using oscillating or sustained techniques
depends on the patient’s response.
• When dealing with managing pain, either grade I or II
oscillation techniques or slow intermittent grade I or II
sustained joint distraction techniques are recommended;
the patient’s response dictates the intensity and frequency
of the jointplay technique.
• When dealing with loss of joint play and thus decreased
functional range, sustained techniques applied
in a cyclic manner are recommended; the
longer the stretch force can be maintained, the
greater the creep and plastic deformation of the
connective tissue.
• When attempting to maintain available range by using
jointplay techniques, either grade II oscillating or sustained
grade II techniques can be used.
Uses
Grades I and II are primarily used for treating joints limited by pain. The oscillations
may have an inhibitory effect on the perception of painful stimuli by repetitively
stimulating mechanoreceptors that block nociceptive pathways at the spinal cord or
brain stem levels. These nonstretch motions help move synovial fluid to improve
nutrition to the cartilage.
Grades III and IV are primarily used as stretching
maneuvers.
According to March 2014
Grade I – small amplitude movement at the beginning of the available range of
movement
Grade II – large amplitude movement at within the available range of movement
Grade III – large amplitude movement that reaches the end range of movement
Grade IV – small amplitude movement at the very end range of movement
**A 5th grade is possible but further training will be required to perform safely**
The grading scale has been separated into two due to their clinical indications:[4]
Lower grades (I + II) are used to reduce pain and irritability (use VAS + SIN
scores).
Higher grades(III + IV) are used to stretch the joint capsule and passive tissues
which support and stabilise the joint so increase range of movement.
The rate of mobilisation should be thought of as an oscillation in a rhythmical fashion
at[9]:
2Hz 120 movements per minute
For 30 seconds 1 minute
After three months, the patient shows recovery with the medications. In the last two
weeks he has shown a great improvement. At the end of the week, the
Physiotherapist handover notes read “Able to stand from elevated surface with
assistance of 2 (Physiotherapist and Allied health assistant) and maintain the
standing position for 30 seconds”.
Firstly determine the relationship between pain and stiffness and the relative
proportion of each will guide treatment selection.
(a) If Pain dominates, select techniques to reduce pain
if active ROM is limited by pain and is less than or equal to 60% of the usual ROM,
use ACC I or II
if active ROM is limited by pain and is greater than 60% of the usual ROM, choose
physiol II techniques
(b) If Stiffness dominates, choose Physiol IV or ACC Limit
(c) If equal contribution of pain and stiffness, initially aim to reduce pain
If no response, progress techniques to reduce stiffness.
A grade III or III technique (depending on amount of pain) is often suitable for
treating a combination of pain and stiffness as a large amplitude will address the pain
aspect and a grade III is to end of range so this will also address the range.
Next question’s part:
After three months, the patient shows recovery with the medications. In the last two
weeks he has shown a great improvement. At the end of the week, the
Physiotherapist handover notes read “Able to stand from elevated surface with
assistance of 2 (Physiotherapist and Allied health assistant) and maintain the
standing position for 30 seconds”.
Q2: What would be the short term goal to achieve in next two weeks?
A sit to stand from an elevated surface with one person assistance
B sit to stand from an elevated surface without assistance
C sit to stand from a low chair with one person assisting
D sit to stand from a low chair without assistance
Acc to Tulsi ans is A
Compare with MAS
Q3: Physio thinks that hydrotherapy program would be good to stimulate weight
bearing, what exercises are appropriate?
A make him walk using a floater for the length of the parallel bars
B hoping on one foot in the pool between the parallel bars. (10 x 1 leg hops) x 3 sets
each leg.
C floating supine doing abduction of Up and LL simultaneously.
D. Tread water for 10min, while holding the bars.
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15
ANS: D
But the answer marked here was A. I an Pawan think and decide with A. Group has marked
D. But see explanation below.
need to consider the level of strength of this patient before deciding whether he will be given
floaters or independent iin the ll bars.
if he is weak then we will start with floaters (A) and progress to independent standing in the
parallel bars. If he is already at a good level we will start him with D.
Providing the patient with smaller buoyant equipment (i.e., smaller belts, fewer noodles)
requires the patient to work harder to maintain adequate
buoyancy, thereby increasing the intensity of the
activity.
Gait and locomotor activities can be worked on in the weightfree environment of the water,
concentrating on reciprocal activities that can be performed more easily in the pool than on
dry land. Once partial weight bearing is allowed at 6 weeks, progression can occur in the pool
with the patient working in shallower water to increase the percentage of weight going
through the lower limbs
Q3: Physio thinks that hydrotherapy program would be good to stimulate weight
bearing, what exercises are appropriate?
A make him walk at different height of water with assistant
B abduction adduction in supine.
C hold side bars n do small squats
D. Tread water for 10min, while holding the bars
Q4: You noticed that he’s made progress in the pool and wants to train gait again on
the floor, what would be best approach to promote weight bearing through his lower
limbs?
A: walk between parallel bars on mats
B: ask him to step on a small step between the parallel bars
C: walk with one standby assistant outside the parallel bars.
D: walk with a 4 wheeled walker and 2 assistants
ANS:
Answer is b stepping really helps with weight bearing whereas matts are used for
balance training
POE
D is out since he cant maintain balance well.
(neuro 2014 ; Neuro additional paper 2015 )
Case 6:
30 year old lady with Guillain Barre Syndrome. Making good recovery.
Is going to leave the ward. Walking with a walking frame. (grid of muscle strength
was provided for each
joint)
good quads: 4 and 4 +
hip ext: 3
hip flexors: 4
plantar flex: 2 and 2+
same with dorsi flexors
Action Lt Rt
Hip flexion 4 4
Hip extension 3 3
Hip abduction 3 3
Knee flexion 4 4
Knee extension 4 4
DF 2 2+
PF 2 2+
question 1 .: what 3 means regarding hip extensors on MRC scale?
a. against gravity full ROM
b. against gravity less than half ROM
c. against gravity with light resistance
d. without gravity through full range
Answer is b
o no activation
1 – flicker
2 sub gravity
3against gravity
4 against gravity full resistance
5 full power – means less than ½ range plus full range
unable to copy image .plz refer neuro 2014
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15
Number c is 3+)
[9:19:50 PM] diane.davis: 2+ gravity eliminated, slight resistance
[9:20:32 PM] diane.davis: or against gravity <1/2 range of movement
PK either options r wrong or it is B
Question 2: According to the scores what would you notice about her gait pattern?
a. Bilateral foot drop
b. Waddling gait
c. Need help with transfers
d. Able to 1 leg stand
Answer is A
since he doesnt have power against gravity.
Didi’s answer is A too.
2 suggests sub gravity so cannot actively dorsflex in standing
B they have not provided information on hip abductors. hence it cant be waddling.
Question 3: How would you train her to do (or negotiate) the 3 steps at home?
a. Quads strengthening on steps with rails in gym
b. Quad extension in sitting with resistance
c. Hip flexion in sitting with resistance
d. calf raise on a step
Answer is a. Since he has grade 4 already for quads, it should be functional and task
specific rehab.
POE
D he doesnt need calf strengthening for stair climbing.
calf raise requires eccentric control, too advanced for this patient I think
Slightly different wordings:
Variation neuro 2014 ; March 2014
Q: How would you train climbing 3 steps?
1: Strengthening of hip flexors
2: Strengthening of quads in sitting
3: Practice on a rail climbing up and down a step
4: Train climbing up and down using a step
ANS: C
Question 4: What information would you give parents to help at home?
a. Help with transfers
b. Help with outside ambulation
c. Support return to work
d. Assist with lower limb care
Answer is b
She can manage most of the cases herself. So stick with B.
Additional question:
Variation neuro 2014 ; March 2014
Q: How would you treat dorsiflexor weakness?
1: Stretching of calf muscle and use of a rigid AFO
2: Strengthening calf
3: Strengthening of dorsiflexors and use of a dynamic orthotics
4: Strengthen Hip flexors
ANS: C
Q: She wants to go home with her family, what advise will you give to the family?
last 24h affecting both the hands.
ANS: Supervise outdoor walk (According to didi notes).
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 7
A patient is recently admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of GuillainBarré syndrome. In
the initial examination, the physical therapist should expect:
a. symmetrical distribu〠〠on of weakness, ascending with possible involvement of lower
cranial nerves.
b. asymmetrical weakness with hyperreflexia, bulbar palsy.
c. glossopharyngeal and vagal paralysis with hyperac〠〠ve jaw and snout reflexes.
d. sensory loss (stocking and glove distribu〠〠on) with minor loss of motor func〠〠on.
ANS: A
POE:
C and B are features of UMN lesions.
D ‐ glove and stocking is correct. but there is huge motor loss.
(Until March 2013)
Case 8
Only questions were given but I posted them for lateral thinking.
1 sensory integrity balance scale
ANS: This is question about CTSIB
3 what is treatment for week planter flexor?
ANS: Depends on patient’s level of strength
4 what stage of gait planter flexor work?
ANS: Push off
UMN LESION
( 03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; Until March 2013 )
Case 1:
56 YO man, Upper Motor neuron disease: Cranial nerve involved and what else
Q1: Where does this problem rely on?
1: Anterio horn cells and corticospinal track
2: Post horn cells
3: Spinothalamic track
ANS: A
For anterior horn cells :
Posterior horn is for sensory and STT is also sensory. spine to thalamus to brain.
CST motor since taking information from cortex to body
Any upper motor neuron lesion , also known as pyramidal insufficiency, occurs in the
neural pathway above the anterior horn of the spinal cord . Such lesions can arise as
a result of stroke , multiple sclerosis , or other acquired brain injury . The resulting
changes in muscle performance that can be wide and varied are described overall as
upper motor neuron syndrome . Symptoms can include muscle weakness , decreased
motor control including a loss of the ability to perform f ine movements , increased
vigor (and decreased threshold) of spinal reflexes including spasticity , and an
extensor p lantar response known as the Babinski sign .[3
For corticospinal tract :
Initial contralateral flaccid paralysis. In the initial stages after damage to motor
cortex, the contralateral side of the body shows a flaccid paralysis. Gradually, over
the course of a few weeks, motor function returns to the contralateral side of the
body. This gradual recovery of function results from the ability of other motor
pathways to take over some of the lost functions. Recall that there are multiple
descending motor pathways by which highorder information can reach the spinal
cord. Thus, descending pathways such as the rubrospinal and the reticulospinal
tracts, which receive direct or indirect cortical input, can take over the function lost by
the damage to the corticospinal tract. Moreover, primary motor cortex itself is
capable of reorganizing itself to recover some lost function. Thus, if the part of motor
cortex that controls a certain body movement is damaged, neighboring parts of the
motor cortex that are undamaged can, to some extent, alter their function to help
compensate for the damaged areas. The one major exception to the recovery of
function is that fine control of the distal musculature will not be regained after a
lesion to the corticospinal tract. Recall that there are direct connections from primary
motor cortex neurons to alpha motor neurons controlling the fingers. These
connections presumably underlie our abilities to manipulate objects with great
precision and to do such tasks as playing a piano and performing microsurgery.
None of the other descending pathways have direct connections onto spinal motor
neurons, and none of them can compensate for the loss of fine motor control of the
hands and fingers after damage to the corticospinal tract.
Q2: On CTSIB, Could do well with eyes open feet apart 25s / eyes close feet apart
22s Eyes open feet together 22s and 5s eyes close feet together. What does that
show?
1: Dependent on eye function
2: Normal for his age
3: Use more of his LL sensitivity
ANS: A
Reference :
CLINICAL TESTING OF INTEGRATION FOR BALANCE
1. Firm surface EO, EC visual testing
2. Foam EO, EC sensory testing. To maintain for 30 sec.
3. Vestibular dome blocks sensation vestibular ·
Check ILP and video posted on FB by Tulsi
Compare rhomberg’s test with CTSIB test and get idea for both the tests.
The CTSIB was developed as a clinical version of the Sensory Organization Test to
assess sensoy contributions to postural control
· The CTSIB involves the observation of a patient's attempt to maintain balance in
· Patients stand with their hands at their sides, feet together and perform the following
6 sensory conditions:
1. Stand on firm surface, eyes open
2. Stand on firm surface, eyes closed
3. Stand on firm surface, visual conflict dome (not included in mCTSIB)
4. Stand on foam surface, eyes open
5. Stand on foam surface, eyes closed
6. Stand on foam surface, visual conflict dome (not included in mCTSIB)
· The patient performance is timed for 30 seconds.
· Test is terminated when a subject's arms or feet change position.
· If a patient in unable to maintain the position for 30 seconds they are provided with 2
additional attempts.
· The scores of the 3 trials are averages (ShumwayCook and Horak, 1986)
· Patients dependent on vision become unstable in conditions 2,3, 5 & 6 with either
eyes closed or a conflict between vision and the vestibular system
· Patients dependent on surface/somatosensory inputs become unstable in conditions
4,5 & 6 because they stand on a soft surface (foam)
· Patients with vestibular loss become unstable in conditions 5 &6 because they can’t
rely on vision or surface / somatosensory function
· Patients with sensory selection problems become unstable in conditions 36
o If one or both knees flex condition 1 is a baseline, and changes in sway direction and
amount are noted in conditions 26 (if unable to maintain 30 seconds on first trial,
given second trial, and 3rd if needed > then trials are averaged
· Conditions 1 thru 4:
o Record the time (in seconds) the patient was able to maintain the starting position
(maximum of 30 seconds)
· Total score (Modified CTSIB) =
o Average Time Cond 1 (if > 1 trial required) +
o Average Time Cond 2 (if > 1 trial required) +
o Average Time Cond 3 (if > 1 trial required) +
o Average Time Cond 4 (if > 1 trial required)
· Sensory Organization Test (SOT) utilizes dynamic posturography (standing on a
force plate) to objectively measure postural sway and center of pressure (COP)
under the same testing conditions as the CTSIB , but with 20 (versus 30) second
trials and with feet shoulder width apart
o Equilibrium Score: quantifies the center of gravity (COG) sway or postural stability
under each of the three trials of each of six sensory conditions (higher scores
indicative of better balance)
o Composite equilibrium scores and the weighted averages of the scores are
computed for each of six conditions
o Ratios are also computed to identify impairments of individual sensory systems
o Center of Gravity (COG) Alignment computed for individual’s COG position relative
to center of base of support at the start of the trial
· A pediatric version has been developed
Q3: What outcome measure would you use to check his balance.
1: Functional reach test
2: Fukuda test
3: Barthel index
4: Dynamic gait index
ANS: A
A significant difference has been demonstrated between fallers and non fallers
healthy elderly mean reach = 25.9 cm
fallers = 15cms
poor < or = 15cm
fair >6 but < 25cm
good > or = 25cm
Process of elimination:
D (h
ttps://www.health.qld.gov.au/pahospital/biru/docs/vestibular_gait.pdf )
Tug test , 10 min walk test dey use first in australia
Reference : pg 62 NR Dynamic balance test ( usually determining falls in elderely
patients)
Read about Fukuda. There is a PDF on outcome measures. To discuss with pawan
next time.
Fukuda test :
FUDUKA TEST : is one balance and vestibular test that may also be performed
during a vestibular and balance exam. The test is used to determine if there is
vestibular system weakness on one side of your body. To start the test, stand in the
middle of a room. Place a small piece of tape on the floor in front of your toes to
mark your starting position. Close both eyes and hold your arms out stretched
directly in front of you. Now, start stepping in place. Your pace should be comfortable
as if you were taking a brisk walk . Make sure someone is watching you so you do
not bump into anything the room. Remain walking in place for 50 to 100 steps. After
stepping, open your eyes and determine how much your body rotated to one side or
the other.
Fukuda tells about the central NS or peripheral system (middle ear).
Assessing the Results
After performing the Fukuda Stepping Test, place a small piece of tape on the floor
along the front of your toes, and compare the angle of this line with your original line.
If you have taken only 50 steps, then an angle of 30 degrees or more may indicate
vestibular weakness to the side your body deviated. If you performed the Fukuda
Test for 100 steps, an angle greater than 45 degrees indicates single sided vestibular
weakness on the side to which your body turned while doing the test.
Bathel Index : is for ADLs in stroke high score more independent.
Timed up and go test for dynamic testPredicts fallers
≥ 13.5 sec TUG
≥14.5 sec TUGM
≥15 sec TUGC
(AAPTA Neuro; Neuro additional paper 2015 :UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1)
Case 2:
Man with motor neuron syndrome, physio wants to take him to the ward gym,
dysphagia.
Q1: You are testing his sitting balance and notice he can sit for 10sec unsupported.
You need to reach a wheelchair that is 5 metres away from the bed.
How do you proceed?
1. Position patient in supine and go to pick up the wheelchair
2. Tell him to hold firmly with both hands while you bring the wheelchair
3. Reach the wheelchair, put the brakes on and assist him with the transfer
4. Make him stand and walk to the wheel chair with stand by assistance
ANS: A
Q2: Where to refer him?
1. Speech pathologist
2. Occupational therapist
3. Dietician
4. Psychiatrist
ANS: A
Q3: Tibialis anterior was graded 2+, what does this mean?
1. against gravity, less than half of the ROM
2. against gravity, more than half of the ROM
3. gravity eliminated, full range
4. gravity eliminated, half range
ANS: A
Against gravity, more than half of the ROM is 3 according to the table posted during
the sessions.
BUT WE NEED TO CONFIRM THIS AGAINST THE TABLE (FIND THE PAGE
NUMBER ON THIS DOCUMENT)
CASE 3
Question 1: regarding his UMN lesion, what will his reflex of his LL be?
1 Normal
2 decreased
3 brisk
4 absence
Answer is brisk 3
Q: What reason for the following scores on CTSIB, on foam surface:
Feet apart, eyes open = 30sec, feet apart eyes closed = 22 sec,
feet together, eyes open = 19 sec, feet together, eyes closed = 4 sec .
1: Visual conflict
2: Vestibular conflict
3: Loss of strength
4: Rely on visual function
Answer is d
(BUT i AM PAWAN THINK THAT ANSWER SHOULD BE B. TO ASK AAPTA
SESSION)
Didi has answered D for this answer in her “Until March 2013 paper”.
Reference :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMjRJvG4Os
acc to until march 13 ans is b
(Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance; The CTSIB involves the
observation of a patient's attempt to maintain balance
Patients stand with their hands at their sides, feet together and perform the following
6 sensory conditions:
1. Stand on firm surface, eyes open
2. Stand on firm surface, eyes closed
3. Stand on firm surface, visual conflict dome (not included in mCTSIB)
4. Stand on foam surface, eyes open
5. Stand on foam surface, eyes closed
6. Stand on foam surface, visual conflict dome (not included in mCTSIB)
The patient performance is timed for 30 seconds.
Test is terminated when a subject's arms or feet change position.
If a patient in unable to maintain the position for 30 seconds they are provided with 2
additional attempts.
The scores of the 3 trials are averages (ShumwayCook and Horak, 1986)
Patients d ependent on vision become unstable in conditions 2,3, 5 & 6 with either
eyes closed or a conflict between vision and the vestibular system
Patients d ependent on surface /somatosensory inputs become unstable in conditions
4,5 & 6 because they stand on a soft surface (foam)
Patients with vestibular loss become unstable in conditions 5 &6 because they can’t
rely on vision or surface / somatosensory function
Patients with sensory selection problems become unstable in conditions 36
If one or both knees flex condition 1 is a baseline, and changes in sway direction and
amount are noted in conditions 26 (if unable to maintain 30 seconds on first trial,
given second trial, and 3rd if needed > then trials are averaged.
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s) ;
Case 4:
Motor Neuron Disease
Q1: Grade 2+ Oxford scale
1: Gravity eliminated half range.
2: Gravity eliminated full range.
3: Against gravity less than half.
4: Against gravity more than half.
ANS: C
Q2: Physiotherapy Treatment for Dorsiflexors weakness?
1: Strengthening of Dorsiflexors.
2: Strengthening of Dorsiflexors & Stretching of Plantarflexors.
3: Stretching of Dorsoflexors & Strengthening of Plantarflexors.
ANS: B
Because if your PF are tight you cant strengthen the DF enough
additional Q
Q: which part of brain is involved?
ANS: White and grey matter as well as blood brain barrier
[9:54:29 AM] jaspreet kaur: corticospinal tract
[9:54:33 AM] jaspreet kaur: anterior horn cells
(Anterior horn and CST are part of brain).
Q: sensory integrity scale
I expect this question was CTSIB/CTIB
Q: what will you consider when referring patient to community exercises?
Two m ajor factors m u st b e co ns i de red w hen p lanning and implemen〠〠ng a n a c 〠〠 vity o r e xercise
p rogram f or p a〠〠 e n ts w ith A LS: pre\ 'e n〠〠on o f d
i su
se a trophy a nd p revention o f
overuse injury.
Disuse A trophy . T he first c ons id era〠〠on for t he t herapist working with a pa〠〠ent with ALS i s to
prevent furth er d econdi〠〠oning a nd disuse atrophy beyond the level c ause d s pec ifi c a lly b y t he
disease process.
During t hat epidemic, p hy si cian s a nd t herapist s n ot ed t hat pa〠〠ents w ith poor‐ and f air ‐g rade
muscles who exercised r epeatedly o r w
ith heavy re si s t ance a 㐰ㄠe r r einnerva〠〠on o 㐰ㄠen l o st t h e ab ility
to con tract t he mu scle a t all.
Reitsma' OO n oted that v igoro us e xercise d amaged musclesn if l e ss t han o n e t hird o f m
otor unit s
were func〠〠onal. If more than o ne t h ir d o f t h e m otor u nit s r emai ne d . e xercise l ed t o
h ypertrophy . T hererore the e xtent of s t rengthening a ltained seems t o b e p
rop ort io na1 t o the
n umber of i ntact or undam aged m ot or units .
repeated m axima l e cce nt ric co ntr ac〠〠o ns i n normal muscle damaged mu scl e fi bers. r e su l〠〠ng in
muscle w eakness o f s evera l w eeks ' d ura〠〠on . A lthough normal muscle eventually adapts to r epea te d
eccentric exercise, w hether the repara〠〠ve effect i s p ossible i n p a〠〠ents with neu ro m u scu l a r diseases
is unc er t ain.
In m ore r ecent studies. Chan and S inw H Xi h ave s u ggested that patien ts f o l l ow a p rogram of s ix
maximal isometric c ontrac tions he ld f o r 6
s econds a nd isotonic elastic band e xercises a t
s ubm ax.ima1 l e vels t o maintain a nd improve m u sc le s tre ng th.
Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 1
A patient has a two year history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and exhibits
moderate functional deficits. The patient is still ambulatory with bilateral canes
but is limited in endurance. An important goal for the physical therapy plan of
care should be to prevent:
a. radicular pain and paresthesias.
b. overwork damage in weakened, denervated muscle.
c. further gait deteriora〠〠on as a result of ataxia.
d. further func〠〠onal loss as a result of myalgia.
ANS: B NPTE Q amarjot
Americans call it ALS and UK people call it MND.
POE:
A ‐ Radicular pain is not a feature of ALS
C ‐ ALS does not have ataxia
D ‐ This may be a possibility but between B and D, B sounds better as written in Darci.
(neuro 2014; J une 2014 didi’s notes )
case 2:
55 years old man has motor neuron disease, which is progressively
worsening over time. His physiotherapist wants to take him to the ward gym. He
has dysphagia.
Question 1: Tibialis anterior was graded 2+/5, what does this mean?
a.gravity eliminated, less than half range of dorsiflexion
b.gravity eliminated, full rangeof dorsiflexion
c.against gravity, less than half of dorsiflexion
d.against gravity, more than half of dorsiflexion
Answer is c
Didi explains according to MMTs less than half of the range against gravity is 2+/5
Question 2: Assessment with CTSIB indicates below (Firm surface)
Eyes Open Eyes Closed
ACOUSTIC NEUROMA
http://www.dizziness‐and‐balance.com/disorders/tumors/acoustic_neuroma/acoustic
_neuroma.html
Most commonly they arise from the covering cells (Schwann cells) of the
inferior vestibular nerve . A high‐frequency sensorineural pattern i s the
most common type, occurring in approximately two‐thirds of patients. In
the remaining third the next most common observation is hearing loss at
low frequency (which would be more typical of M
eniere's disease ). Even
less commonly, some have the "cookie bite" pattern (suggestive
of congenital hearing loss or a n
oise notch ).
Tinnitus
Tinnitus is very common in acoustic neuroma, is usually unilateral and
conፍċined to the affected ear. Looking at things the other way, if you have
tinnitus, it is very very unlikely that you have an acoustic neuroma,
because these tumors are far rarer than other mechanisms of ear
damage.
Vertigo
In spite of the usual origin of acoustics in the inferior vestibular nerve
(Komatsuzaki and Tsunoda, 2001; Krais et al, 2007), vertigo (spinning)
prior to surgery is not common, occurring in only about 20 percent of
persons with acoustic neuroma. As the inferior vestibular nerve
innervates the posterior semicircular canal and saccule, one might
expect V EMP's , which test saccule function, to be uniformly abnormal in
acoustic neuroma's, and in fact they are quite sensitive. Similarly, one
might expect ipsilateral B PPV t o be rare. This question has not been
addressed.
Unsteadiness is much more prevalent than vertigo, and approximately
70 percent of patients with large tumors have this symptom. C
erebellar
symptoms (i.e. poor coordination of the arms) are unusual.
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; U
ntil March 2013; June 2014
didi’s notes )
Case 1
Patient with acoustic neuroma that just had a surgery. We know that this involve the
cranial nerve Vestibulocochlear 8.
Q 1: What other cranial nerve can be involved after surgery?
1: Trigemal V
2: Facial VII
3: Vagus X
4: Hypoglossal IX
ANS: B
Reference: An acoustic neuroma typically remains encapsulated and as it grows it slowly
displaces the surrounding tissue and nerves. The tumor first distorts the 8th cranial nerve
from which it develops and then may press on the 7th cranial (controls facial expression and
taste) n erve which becomes stretched over the tumor. If left untreated, the tumor grows to the
point of filling the internal auditory canal and then may grow into the cerebellopontine angle
or may begin to erode the surrounding bony structure. It takes on a pearlike shape and may
begin to press on the 5th cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve (controls facial sensation,
chewing and swallowing) .
So 1st 8th nerve is affected. Then 7th. Then 5th nerve.
8th and 7th nerve pass through the auditory canal too.
Q 2: On CTSIB, we obtained that result:
On a foam and YO: Feet 10cm apart= 15s, YC Feet together= 4s
What does that mean?
1: Normal response after surgery
2: Loss of feet sensitivity
3: Rely on the visual system
4: uncompensated vestibular dysfunction
5. High likelihood of falls in future
ANS: D
Acoustic neuroma is tumor of the CN 8. Surgery is done for the same. So this will be
the most likely option.
POE:
A is out aas this is not a normal response.
B There is no feet problem explained. Hence this option cannot be considered.
C with eyes open, with 30 sec it is considered normal. With standinf EO is only 15
sec so this s not normal.
Variation to Q2. in didi’s notes
Q. On CTSIB, we obtained the result on foam
Eyes open Eyes closed
However, some untreated neuromas can grow very aggressively and cause severe
and permanent damage to nerves, ear and brain tissue. Hearing loss and balance
problems related to the tumour may remain, even after treatment by surgery or
radiation
http://brainfoundation.org.au/disorders/acousticneuroma
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s)
Case 2 (09/2015)
45 year old with Large Acoustic Neuroma that just had a surgery. We know that
this involve the cranial nerve Vestibulocochlear 8.
Q 1: What other cranial nerve can be involved after surgery?
1: Trigemal V
2: Facial VII
3: Vagus X
4: Hypoglossal IX
Answer : 2
Q4 : Patient present to the rehab. Which symptom are related to acoustic neuroma
involvement ?
1: Pain and stiffness in face and jaw
2: Chewing and Swallowing
3: Loss of Hearing and Tinnitus
4: Sensation in tongue
ANS: C
Variation question (neuro 2014)
Q: Patient present to the rehab. Which symptom are related to acoustic neuroma involvement
1: Hearing loss and problem with tinnitus
2: Equilibrium and balance
3: Weakness of chewing muscles
4.swallowing problem
5. Numbness of the face
ANS: A
Reference Tumors of the posterior fossa (extrensic) Lyndsey.
It is written under C/f 8th nerve damage causes a gradual and progressive sensorineural
deafness noted over months and years. VERTIGO IS RARELY TROUBLESOME since slow
tumor growth readily readily permits compensation . Similarly tinnitus is usually minimal.
Also check this reference:
In spite of the usual origin of acoustics in the inferior vestibular nerve
(Komatsuzaki and Tsunoda, 2001; Krais et al, 2007), vertigo (spinning) prior
to surgery is not common, occurring in only about 20 percent of persons with
acoustic neuroma
http://www.dizzinessandbalance.com/disorders/tumors/acoustic_neuroma.h
tm
http://stvincentsent.com.au/index.php/acoustictumour/
(Neurology additional paper 2015)
Case 3:
Acoustic neuroma Recent Acoustic neuroma surgery
Ques〠〠on 1: What findings prior to surgery may suggest acous〠〠c neuroma?
a. Jaw is s〠〠ff & painful
b. Numbness in the face
c. Headaches
d. Difficulty in chewing and swallowing
ANS: B
Glossopharangeal 9th nerve. This is related to pharanx and pharangeal nerve func〠〠on.
Facial nerve problem can give facial palsy.
Facial sensa〠〠ons are taken by trigeminal nerve
Reference:
(St vincent link)
http://stvincentsent.com.au/index.php/acoustictumour/
With growing symptoms there is facial numbness observed.
8th followed by 7th followed by 5th nerve is the order of involvement.
Ques〠〠on 2: Post surgery tes〠〠ng balance with the CTSIB (FTEO 15s, FTEC 4s on foam) what
does it show?
a. Hemianopia
b. High falls risk
c. Normal a㐰ㄠer surgery
d. Uncompensated ves〠〠bular func〠〠on
he's heavily reliant on vision and proprioception so its d
He is on foam we have taken off proprioception.
Answer is d
Ques〠〠on 3: In progressing the balance tes〠〠ng what should the physio do:
a. Give a cogni〠〠ve task
b. Give external perturba〠〠on
c. Func〠〠onal reach test
d. Test balance at another 〠〠me of the day
e. introduce sensory conflict test
Answer is B
– Reference – outcome measures neuro PDF 21
Sta〠〠c den internal n den external perturba〠〠on
ILP 2003 pg 9 and 12.
Ques〠〠on 4: If the facial nerve is damaged in surgery what other signs will the physio see:
a. Numbness sensa〠〠on in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
b. Sensory loss / numbness on the scalp
c. Inability to close the eye
d. Inability to abduct eyeball
ANS: C
The blinking is supported by the occulomotor nerve.
Orbicularis occuli responsible for EC.
POE
For op〠〠on a :‐ glossopharyngeal nerve , facial nerve supplies anterior 1/3rd
For op〠〠on b :‐ opthalamic division of trigeminal nerve
For op〠〠on c :‐ facial palsy
For op〠〠on d :‐ abducens nerve – 6
And adduct eyeball – occulomotor nerve
Q: Which other tests could you do for standing balance?
1: Give a cognitive task – misplacing point
2: destabilisation in different direction in standing position
3: standing Functional reach – agree
4 . give external perturbation – misplacing point
Answer is C
Because the question is asking about “TESTS” The answer is functional reach TEST.
Q:what are the other standing balance test do physiotherapist do in progression.
1. standing balance taking patient to dark room
2. standing balance by internal perturbations
3. standing balance by external perturbations
4. Functional Reaching
Answer is C
Reference ILP2007 Pg 25.
ILP Pg 2003 Pg 9 and 12.
Also Pg – 9 outcomes measures
pastor, day and marsden test
In balance Ax we are observing for the hip and ankle strategies and also the stepping strategy.
This is explained well on ILP 2003 PDF Pg 12.
Q: After CTSIB how would you further check for static balance
Internal perturbations
External perturbations
http://www.dizzinessandbalance.com/disorders/tumors/acoustic_
neuroma/treatment.html prognosis after surgery
PAEDS
CEREBRAL PALSY
https://www.cerebralpalsy.org.au/what‐is‐cerebral‐palsy/severity‐of‐cerebral‐palsy/g
ross‐motor‐function‐classiፍċication‐system/
http://www.babycenter.com.au/a6477/milestonechartsevento12months
( 03/2013; Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015; Un〠〠l March 2013 )
Case 1:
CP 9months girl hemiplegic spastic
Q1: Abt milestone, what is she suppose to do at 9 months?
1: Sitting unsupported
2: Pulling to stand
3: Can crawl
4: 4 metres Walk
ANS: B
crawling can be present but most possibly sitting unsupported comes at 6 to 7
month. Right after head control.
Reference: :
http://www.babycenter.com.au/a6477/milestonechartsevento12months
According to baby centre document
A sitting unsupported happens at 7 months. This skill is mastered at this age. So A
is out.
B Pulling to stand happens at 8th month for VERY FEW CHILDREN. But by 9th
month it is either mastered or an emerging skill.
C can crawl happens at 8th month for some children. But by 10th month for ALL
children crawling is mastered. Baby starts crawling in 8 month n master crawling in
10 month.
*crawling is complex activity so takes 2 months to gain full confidence.
D 4 meter walk. By 12th month few children can start walking well. So this activity
happens in 12 13th month.
Q2: After 5years, difficulty negotiating her gait, which is getting worse, what can be
the cause?
1: tight plantar flexors (calf)
2: weak dorsiflexors
3: Weak quadriceps
ANS: A
Because of spastic cause.
Reference: PDF Pg 581. Darci some explanation is given about weakness of DF. So
its confusing between A and B. But Stroke rehab PDF 103 clarifies the doubt and
says A is the most likely answer.
Acc to ILP gait worsens as pat start walking on metatarsal heads coz spasticity in
PF increases.
Q3: Child can’t come to prone to 4 points kneeling
1: Use a bolster with toys
2: Make her exercise in prone on a gym ball
ANS: A
PDF Pg 356. Darci. Prone positioning.
Case of hypotonia A roll or wedge positioned under the infant’s axilla and upper chest will
facilitate the ability to push up in prone.
PDF Pg 376 the bolster is more in context with respiratory muscle work and alignment of
the rib cage.
Bolster will be more stable and the ground is static. This is in a way a goal oriented or
functional rehab.
The prone position also counteracts extension posturing tendencies because the influence of
the tonic labyrinthine reflex in prone contributes to extremity flexion.
Gradually increased duration of the prone play position with visually stimulating objects,
including mirrors. musical toys. and the faces of siblings or caregivers. can be placed on the
floor in front of the infant to encourage acceptance of the prone position.
Gym ball will not be as beneficial as the bolster.
Q4: After 5 years child come to see you and wants to go to school. What is the best
outcome
1: MAS
2: Gross motor assessment scale
3: FIM
ANS: B.
Reference: Darci PDF Pg 369.Although several instruments have been developed
that meet psychometric criteria to document function in children with disabilities, the
GMFM and the Pediatric Evaluation and Disability lnventory PEDI are thought to be
the most responsive to change in this population of children because of their good
reliability and validity
For comparison between GMAS and FIM. GMAS and PEDI have better
psychometric properties than any other scales used for paeds currently
GMFM.(Gross Motor Function Scale)
Used for Ax of children with CP between 5 months and 16 years
Has good reliability and validity
Items representative of skills developed before 3 years of age.
88 items in 5 domains:
· Lying and rolling
· Sitting
· Crawling and kneeling
· Standing
· Walking
· Running and jumping
Shorter version of GMFM is GMFM66
It is standardized criteria and referenced. We can check for the comparison for these
2 tests. In Darci they test FIM and Gross motor function.
FIM Functional independence measure . It measures for gross motor fine motor
cognition etc.
Domains :
Ax in domains:
· Self care
· Sphincter control
· Mobility
· Locomotion
· Communication
· Social cognition
MAS Used in stroke patients.This is not used in paeds. Its for adults.
ILP Paeds PDF Pg 21 for FIM reference.
Child will go into external environment and we should Ax him accordingly. FIM has an
overall picture as it measures mobility status, and social behaviours. So FIM may be more
appropriate.
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 2
Cerebral Palsy child
Q1, at age 9 months, the child has tendency to use right arm, what do you tell the
parents,
a. that they favour this side when communicating/playing with her,
b. that this normal for right hand dominated people
c. that this is a little early but nothing to be worried about
d. that she has hurt her left arm in a unwitnessed accident
Didi’s answer is also C.
Child develops gneral hand dominance at 4 (though may not be fully established until 7
years) years of age . Reference ILP Paeds Pg 11.
Some explanation given by group:
We do not have the informa〠〠on from the case, does not say which arm is affected, or which
kind of CP(hemi plegia, di plegia, etc)
Possibly le㐰ㄠ arm is weak, dominance develops around 3 or 4 age.
If you see arm func〠〠on is working and if they are choosing to use R side more then no need
to be concerned in this case.
If normal then it is 3. If it is CP need more info so ques〠〠on is incomplete.
(taken from neuro sept 15)
(No 1 can comment the dominance its between 3 to 5 years. It may be a bad recall. If I say
everything is going to be ok is also wrong.).
Answer is C coz hand dominance is recognized at age 3 . !
(upto age 1 child doesn’t have a dominant side. So they do use arms equally. There was no
other op〠〠ons which are be⼊呂er. What diane said is a bad recall. D is not the correct answer.).
Q2, what can you expect a 9 month old to do,
a. crawl, reciprocally
b. sit unsupported
c. pinch grip
d. walk without support
( according to Taken from neuro sept 15)
ANS: C
POE
A: crawl reciprocally 8th month crawling begins mastered in 10th month.
B Sit unsupported happens at 7th month
REACHING: 8 month: T he child will reach & grasp dangling objects in sitting,
reaching out of their base of support both to the fron & side. The child can transfer
objects from hand to hand & will display a gross pincer grasp & manipulate two
objects one in each hand.
*12th month he has f ine pincer appro ach, opposition (namely pad of thumb to
finger pads) will soon become evident, index finger pointing, fine release are other
characteristics
D on 12th month child is walking with hand hold and wide BOS with increased
cadence of 150 180 steps per minute.
Q3, At age 5 now, the right arm is tight against her chest and does not use it much
anymore, this is because,
a. spasticity in the right arm
b. contractures in the right arm
c. an unwittnessed accident to the right arm
ANS: A
Explanation by group:
We assume this is R hemiplegia in CP, can be related to spas〠〠city and contracture. You have
to know spas〠〠city is velocity dependent and contracture is 〠〠me dependent. In CP people
have to know descrip〠〠on in skeletal development and muscle do not grow properly.
Bones grow but ms do not. Difference in bone and ms growth can lead to contractures. Not
just 〠〠me dependent.
Time period is on ac〠〠vity, in clinical prac〠〠ce 〠〠ghtness development due to lack of
posi〠〠oning and looking a㐰ㄠer themselves. So child is 5 now and the parents should have
know to how to care. Then if lack of proper cares then it can lead to contracture.
More 〠〠me dependent and a⼊呂en〠〠on dependent.
Q4, what outcome measure would you use to assess the mobility status for the start
of school,
a. 10 meter walk test
b. timed up and go
c. Barthel Index
d. Motor assessment scale
ANS: A
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239880
The MMAS and Barthel Index are reliable assessments of motor recovery and function for
patients with stroke. Physical therapists are encouraged to use the two scales to document
changes in the motor recovery and functional independence of patients with stroke.
POE:
B T he par〠〠cipants performed the test with shoes and used their walkers or crutches when
needed. 28 The TUG is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of func〠〠onal mobility for
children with CP.
D MAS This is used in stroke.
C Barthel index is used in ADLS
(Additional question from Neuro additional questions 2015)
Q. An appropriate fine motor behavior that should be established by 9 months of age
would be the ability to:
a) pick up a raisin with a fine pincer grasp.
b) build a tower of 4 blocks.
c) hold a cup by the handle while drinking.
d) transfer objects from one hand to another.
ANS; D
http://www.babycenter.com.au/a6477/milestonechartsevento12months
POE:
A Raisin out opposition and pincer grip happens at 12th month
B Tower 2 years the highly coordinated activity happens. supination and pronation
movements, variable pincer grasps.
C Holding cup still quite advanced. At age of 4 immature cutting and usage of
cutlery. This is about 4 6 years.
Q: what is cerebral palsy,
damage to the immature brain(Developing brain) or infant brain .Cerebral palsy describes a
group of disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation,
that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or
infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of
sensation, cognition, communication, perception, and/or behaviour, and/or by seizure
disorder
Q: what is not true about CP
a. nonprogressive disorder
b. autosomal disorder
ANS B
Q: uses right more than left why
a. there is problem with left arm
b. in right dominance it is common to c them use right arm
ANS – A is more appropriate.
Q: How to train activities in prone
a. prone with bolster under chest
b. prone under hip
c. prone under abdomen
ANS: A.
Q: after few years uses only left , right is held by the side of the chest ,why
A unsupervised injury
B .contractures in right
C. spasticity
D. it is not CP it is a progressive neurological type of disease
ANS – C
Usually contractures are less likely at 5 years of age.
Didi answered B. Contractures.
We need to find out relationship about CP and contractures.
Case 3
(Neuro 2015 additional paper; APC Sept 2005)
Case about Botox.
Research article for reading:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856357/
Four year old girl (Penny)
diagnosis of cerebral palsy with right sided hemiplegia
spasticity of right calf muscles, and right elbow flexors
ambulant since the age of two years
lacks heel strike on her right foot in walking and running despite the use of a right
ankle foot orthosis.
losing her range of right passive dorsiflexion
has always used her right upper extremity in weight bearing activities
can hold things in her right hand if she places them there with her left hand.
recently when she walks or runs, her right upper limb seems to be showing more
signs of involvement, with her fingers and elbow flexing more markedly.
decision made at last Paediatrician visit to inject Melissa’ right calf with Botulinum
toxin A.
Q 1. The deterioration noted in Melissa’s gait is MOST likely to be due to
a) muscle stiffness inhibiting bone growth
b) the original central nervous system damage
c) the strength of the spastic calf muscle
d) disruption of the joints of the foot caused by toe walking
e) her increasing height and weight
ANS: A as given by APC.
APC’s explanation The lack of heel strike despite the use of an ankle foot orthosis suggests that
there is some shortening of the right leg and the increased right upper limb involvement suggests there
may be balance issues.
As spasticity is the culprit
POE
B. The original central nervous system damage... the damage to the brain that causes spasticity does
not change over time but the effects of spasticity on the body can result in changes ask I don't think
it's this
Since CP is nonprogressive
C. The strength of the spastic muscle...It's the spasticity that is causing the problem but I don't like the
word 'strength' so if this recall is correct then I don't think this is the answer
D disruption of the joints of the foot caused by walking... This is less common. If anything there are
mechanical changes at the hip
E. Her increasing height and weight... The muscles that have spasticity will have difficulty stretching
out as she grows taller (not necessarily heavier) but this is when we see the most changes in paeds...
As they grow. So I'm now leaning towards e as my answer.
Pawandeep says:
It is extremely important for the physiotherapist to evaluate a child’s muscle tone (resistance
to stretch ) & muscle length in children with cerebral palsy for there is a tendency in a sigificant
proportion of this population to develop muscle tightness & subsequent contracture. The children
with cerebral palsy who display an increased resistance to stretch in certain muscles are particularly
prone to tight muscle & soft tissue contracture.Tight musculature may have a profound impact upon
the child’s gait pattern. Children who display an increased resistance to stretch in their hamstring
muscle will display a shortened step length. In addition, tightness & shortening of the calf
musculature/Achilles tendon may result in toewalking, foot flat gait with calcaneal eversion or toe heel
gait.
Q 2. During the biomechanical analysis by the physiotherapist prior to Melissa’s
injection, the physiotherapist records the angle(s) which denote the onset of
spasticity for all joints of the lower extremities. This/these
a) will provide a measure of muscle length
b) will provide a measure of the strength of the spasticity in the muscles tested
c) will always be the same
d) will indicate the presence of spasticity where clonus occurs in response to rapid
stretch
e) will provide a measure of fixed contracture where any difference between the two
angles is noted
ANS:
APC’s official answer D The onset of spasticity is evidenced by the presence of
clonus and is an important outcome measure for the effectiveness of the injections.
E Fixed contractures would not change with the injection as they are due to soft
tissue shortening of a permanent nature.
part 2 answer is D physio tests clonus to see what point of ROM spasticity starts. This is then compared post
botox. The angle at which spaticity starts should change, allowing greater ROM before spasticity sets in,
assisting dorsiflexion in gait. Thus new AFO with adjusted angles set just below the angle that that spasticity
sets in at to allow some bone growth.
UL clonus is possible:
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1206994 (see video here)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPPgTq3L6k4
There are two commercially available forms of BT currently:
● botulinum toxin type A (Botox®)
● botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc®)
Q 3. Botulinum toxin A injected into Melissa’s calf will assist in improving her walking
pattern because
a) it will inhibit her spasticity
b) it will inhibit acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction
c) it will produce a localised chemical denervation of the gastrocnemius muscle
d) it will inhibit the uptake of acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membrane
e) it will reduce the synthesis of acetylcholine
ANS:
ANS: B
APC’s explanation Botulinum toxin A acts at the neuromuscular junction to block acetylcholine
release from the neuron rather than uptake at the postsynaptic membrane.
AG varities R there but A n B survive longest
BTX, acts by blocking neuromuscular transmission via inhibiting acetylcholine release. Since its
introduction by Scott12 to treat strabismus, it has been utilized in various neurologic and nonneurologic
indications, such as dystonia, blepharospasm, tremor, hyperhydrosis and cosmetic applications. Focal
spasticity, particularly resulting from cerebral disorders, is currently being treated successfully with
BTX via injection in the spastic muscles, and BTX is now considered the pharmacological treatment of
choice in focal spasticity.
However, the treatment does not cause permanent change, so the patient must l have these
injections every 3 to 4 months.
Repeat injections are recommended no sooner than 12 to 14 weeks to avoid anti·body
fonnation to the toxin
Danlrolene sodium i s used to interrupt lhe excilation·
contraction mechanism of skeletal muscles. Trials have
shown that it has reduced spasticity in 60% to 80% of clients
while improving function in 40% of these clients. 1llc
side effectsdrowsiness, weakness, and fatiguecan be
decreased through titration of dosage. Serious side effects.
including hepatotoxicity, precipilati on of seizures. and lymphocytic
lymphoma, have been reported when the drug has
been used in high dosages over a long time."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantrolene
Baclofen , in pill fonn, is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant
to decrease spasticity. It can now be delivered intrathe·
cally into the spinal cord with a pump that is surgically
inserted into lhe body. It relieves spasticity with a small
amount of medication (10 mgl20 mL. 10 mg/5 mL).
Intrathecal baclofen has had dramatic results in cases of
severe spasticity because it acts directly on the affected
muscles instead of circuJating in the blood. It is used for
extremity spasticity thai interferes with the ability to assume
functional positions in patiems with severe slroke, multiple
sclerosis. h~ad injury, and cerebral palsy.21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baclofen
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621492
Q 4. Once Melissa has had her injection she will
a) require a below knee walking plaster to maximize the effect of the injection
b) not need to continue physiotherapy while the cast is in place
c) continue with regular physiotherapy visits and have a new ankle foot orthosis fitted
d) be encouraged to continue physiotherapy via a home program
e) be encouraged to be as active as possible
ANS: b y APC says C.
APC’s explanation The new orthosis will be required due to a change in the onset of spasticity in the
calf and change in functional range of the ankle joint. Regular physiotherapy will still be required.
To have a correct walking pattern, Melissa needs to come for regular PT visits. Also as spasticity is
corrected, there will also be weakness in those muscles. So to overcome the weaknes, we must
continue the PT treatment.
POE
A Because calf is a 2 joint muscle so above knee plaster will be better option than BK cast.
E Because of fear she will not move in FROM. So this eliminates E.
Q 5. Botulinum toxin A
a) is only rarely used in children under the age of 4 years
b) can only be used at twelve monthly intervals in children between the ages of 4
and 6 years
c) is restricted for use in Australia to children with cerebral palsy over the age of 4
years
d) injection can only be performed by qualified medical practitioners
e) has similar properties to Botulinum toxin B
ANS: D
APC’s explanation Botulinum toxin A can only be injected by a qualified medical practitioner. It can be
used at intervals less than 12 months it only lasts up to 6 months so more frequent injections than
every 12 months are required.
Botulinum toxin (Botax) injections have been shown to be effective in relieving spasticity in
individual muscles for up to 3 months.
Its given between ages 4 and 11. But check if it can be used in all ages.
Researchers have found that with botox and cerebral palsy, children under the age of six respond best
to this type of cerebral palsy treatment , especially effective in children who have not developed fixed
joint contractures. It is most effective when used in the early stages of spasticity while the child’s bones
are still developing and before problems with bone development and deformity set in.
What is the difference between Botox Type A and B
BOTOX® is a formulation containing botulinum toxin type A. Botox is approved by the FDA for
cosmetic usage.
Myobloc® is the only commercially available formulation which contains botulinum toxin type B.
Botulinum toxin typeA causes little discomfort during injection, compared with botulinum toxin type B
which can be painful. For the most part, only botulinum toxin typeA is used for cosmetic treatment,
because the benefits of treatment with botulinum toxin type A last longer than botulinum toxin type B.
The results of cosmetic procedures vary, but Botox A can last up to eight months. Botox Cosmetic
temporarily improves the appearance of moderatetosevere frown lines between the eyebrows.
Q 6. In children with spastic hemiplegia, Botulinum toxin A has been shown
a) to provide long term reduction of tone in the injected muscle over a twelve month
period
b) to provide long term reduction of tone for a twelve month period in the injected
and associated muscles of the lower limb which show evidence of increased tone
c) to provide reduction of tone in the injected muscle for up to six months
d) to provide reduction of tone in the injected and associated muscles of the lower
limb which show evidence of increased tone for up to six months
e) to have a variable duration of action depending on the age of the child
ANS: C
APC’s explanation Research suggests that the effect of Botulinum toxin A can last up to 6
months. There is a variable duration of action but this has not been correlated with the age of
the child.
It has focal effect.
Darcy: Botulinum toxin (Botax) injections have been shown to be effective in relieving
spasticity in individual muscles for up to 3 months.
another Q on botox
Case No. 4
R hemiplegic kid10 yrs old, exaggeration of UL spasticity when trying to ambulate what
Reason?
Q; After Botox ,sent back to community you are a physio with no experience with CP kids
for past 10 yearswhat do you do?
You say No
ring the paediatrician & ask abt treatment
ring the physio , ask methods & plan
ANS C
We could ring a physio and discuss Rx options with them.
(it’s a combination between A and C but most appropriate is C).
POE:
B Paediatrician is a doctor. He will not know much about the PT Mx part.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 5:
Cerebral Palsy 9 months girl (Ellen)
Q1: The Doctor has done a Gross Motor Func〠〠on Test. What does this indicate?
A. Current mobility status
B. Op〠〠mal func〠〠on achieved
C. Quality of movement
ANS: A
This is to check the current mobility status over a period of time too.
the child’s usual performance (not best capacity) in home, school, & community se晔‶ngs
– current gross motor function , not a judgment about prognosis, quality of movement or
poten〠〠al for improvement
Darcy : The Gross Motor Func〠〠on Measure (GMFM) was developed to assess children with
cerebral palsy with good reliability and validity for children aged 5 months to 16 years
• Five levels of severity
– func〠〠onal limita〠〠ons (need for assis〠〠ve technology: mobility devices (walkers, crutches &
canes) and wheeled mobility)
– quality of movement (to a much lesser extent)
• Emphasis on func〠〠on rather than limita〠〠ons
– Need to achieve all GM func〠〠ons in an assigned level
– So, total func〠〠ons available may be greater than those
described in the child’s assigned level
– Children who cannot perform all the func〠〠ons of a par〠〠cular
level will be classified below that level
Descrip〠〠ve classifica〠〠on system of gross motor func〠〠on of children 2 to12 years w ith CP
– Descrip〠〠ons based on self‐ini〠〠ated movement with
par〠〠cular emphasis on si晔‶ng (truncal control) & walking
Q2: What will be the milestone of a normal child of her age?‐ 9 month
A: Si晔‶ng by suppor〠〠ng trunk with hands in front.
B: Si晔‶ng with lower back support
C: si晔‶ng by suppor〠〠ng trunk with hands on the sides.
D: Si晔‶ng without trunk support and hands free to handle objects.
ANS: D
Si晔‶ng unsupported happens at 7 months of age.
varia〠〠on Q
Ques〠〠on 2:Milestones for 9 month old child
a. Si晔‶ng unsupported with hands on side
b. Walking by holding furniture
c. Creeping stairs
d. Pinching
Answer is B –
Reference ILP Paediatrics pg – 9
POE
A ‐ si晔‶ng unsupported by 7th month.
C ‐ 15th month he can climb on furniture.
D ‐ Pincer grip happens at 10th month
PK‐ gross grip starts at 8 month , fine grip at 12 month
Q3: Child is lying in prone. How will you encourage 4 point kneeling?
A: Give toys in front and use bolster under the chest
B: Give toys in front and use bolster under the hips.
C: Make her exercise in prone on a gym ball.
ANS: A
Since the child’s integra〠〠on is not good between le㐰ㄠ and right we can start with bolster
under the chest and toys in front. This will improve visual tracking and confidence to
dissociate UL from central body.
another op〠〠ons for the same Q
a. Prone lying keep pillow under head. It facilitates head and neck extensors.
b. Place a bolster or a rolled towel under her chest
c. Place a bolster or a rolled towel under her hips
d. Place child in supine lying.
ANS: B
Explana〠〠on:
To develop a movement we need ac〠〠ve control of muscles. So prone lying with pillow under
chest will favor muscle ac〠〠va〠〠on and head extension too.
Q4: Ellen is placed in prone posi〠〠on. She is a⼊呂emp〠〠ng to roll to supine. What movement will
the physiotherapist no〠〠ce?
A: Li㐰ㄠ head to align with the rest of the body.
B: Li㐰ㄠ head and upper trunk and reach forward with the arms.
C: Li㐰ㄠ head and upper trunk and kick with the legs.
D: Li㐰ㄠ head and upper trunk off.
ANS: B
Taking one arm out of weight bearing surface to be able to roll.
No〠〠ce is li㐰ㄠing head and upper trunk and rota〠〠on.
POE
A ‐ Wont let body roll
C ‐ We are not wan〠〠ng the baby to move into crawling. So C is not the right op〠〠on.
D ‐ If you li㐰ㄠ upper body and trunk, you need to turn to one side. YOU don’t push thru legs.
acc totaken 4m neuro sept 15
ANS: B
If you lift upper body and trunk, you need to turn to one side. YOU don’t push thru legs.
[8:53:27 PM] parita: Gait and locomotor activities can be worked on in the weightfree
environment of the water, concentrating on reciprocal activities that can be performed more
easily in the pool than on dry land. Once partial weight bearing is allowed at 6 weeks,
progression can occur in the pool with the patient working in shallower water to increase the
percentage of weight going throughthe lower limbs.
[8:54:07 PM] parita: that is from ILP
[8:54:30 PM] parita: sorry
[8:54:47 PM] parita: When an 8 month old child is placed in prone :
the child will either want to roll over into supine or stay in prone & start to creep or he/she
may get up into a crawl position. Often at this age he/she will rock backwards & forwards in
4 point kneeling for a considerable amount of time.
This is a you tube clip of 9 months old girl with CP. https://youtu.be/8RVCJ2MIwa8
Variation(neuro 2014)
CP 9 months
Q1: milestone for 9 month old?
a. sitting supported with trunk support
b. sitting supported with hands forward
c. sitting supported with hand free to hold an object
Answer is c
Reference :
POE
7th month _ Sitting unsupported happens. So A and B are out.
8th month child can sit with a straight back.
But sitting in general can start from the 1st month already. But in 13 months the head control
is not there. The head droops at 45 degrees.
By 4th month child will be able to sit supported with head aligned well.
69 months
• Sits without support.
• Increasingly mobile.
• Stands while holding on.
• Pushes self to sitting.
• Grasps objects, transfers objects.
• Feeds self finger foods, puts feet to mouth, may hold own bottle.
• Approaching nine months, pulls self to standing.
Q3: What do you expect the child to do in prone
a.extend head up
b. extend head and chest with hand
c.extend the head and chest and kick the legs
Answer is C
By 8th month child is crawling well. So he is able to push himself forward and use the legs
effectively.
Question 3:When child is placed on prone lying what child will do.
a. Lift head and body align straight
b. Lift head and upper trunk
c. Lift Head and upper trunk and reach forward with both arms
d. Lift head and upper trunk and kick with both legs.
Answer is d
Question 4:The child was trying to come back to supine position. How would you encourage
the child to do four point kneeling.
a. Prone lying keep pillow under head. It facilitates head and neck extensors.
b. Place a bolster or a rolled towel under her chest
c. Place a bolster or a rolled towel under her hips
d. Place child in supine lying.
Answer is b
https://www.cerebralpalsy.org.au/whatiscerebralpalsy/severityofcerebralpalsy/grossmot
orfunctionclassificationsystem/
this is a Leckey squiggles system that we would use in clinic it has a purpose built bolster
which is used frequently in prone as shown
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 6
14 month old girl – Polly with Cerebral Palsy. Not started walking yet. Gets carried around
most of the time by her mother. Her doctor assures that Polly is alright & requests for
physio assessment.
another form of same Q(neuro 2014)
Polly, 14 months old. Mum is worried because she s not walking yet. She
just shuffles on her bottom
Ques〠〠on 1: What milestone would you expect for this child?
a. Pulling to standing
b. Kicking a ball
c. Step independently
d. Running
ANS: If this is for Polly who is a CP child we would go with A. As right now she is not even
able to walk.
But if the ques〠〠on is asking about normal child ‐ then at 14 months they can walk
independently.
POE
A: Pull to stand happens at 9th month.
B Kicking happens only at 22 month or 2 years
C ‐ walking starts at 12 months with wide BOS.
D ‐ acc to baby centre can run at 19 month, trot or some〠〠mes run at 2 years ‐ acc to ILP
12‐15 months
• Stands well alone, walks well, stoop, and recover.
• Neat pincer grasp.
• Can put a ball in a box and a raisin in a bo⼊呂le.
• Can build a tower of two cubes.
• Spontaneous scribbling with palmer grasp of crayon.
• Fi㐰ㄠy percent use spoon with minimal spilling.
• Most drink from cup unassisted.
• Can say one or 2 words other than mama, dada
• Bend over to pick up objects.
Ques〠〠on 2: Mother is si晔‶ng next to Polly on the mat. You want to assess Polly’s mobility.
What would you do?
a. Offer toy to Polly & see if she can come and get to it.
b. Place toy on floor and ask mum to encourage Polly to get the toy
c. Move away from Polly
d. Switch places with mum
ANS: B
Ques〠〠on 3: How can you assess Polly ge晔‶ng up from si晔‶ng to standing?
a. Get mum to pull her up
b. Posi〠〠on Polly on her mum’s knees and ask her to stand
c. Place her favourite toy on a bench above her and encourage her to get it
ANS: C
Ques〠〠on 4: Mum wants to get Polly a baby walker. What will be your advice?
a. She must learn to walk independently
b. It will encourage reciprocal gait
c. It will strengthen her legs
ANS A
Increased stiffness and posture tone
Walker not preferred as it can increase injury to the child falls for stairs, burns etc.
Poonam says check reference on PDF page 356 for Darci. Has some important information
about walking with walker.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 7
A physical therapist is working with a 10 yearold girl with cerebral palsy. Part of the
exercises in her plan of care involve using the therapy ball. The choice of educational
media that is BEST to use when instructing her in use of this device is:
a. a PowerPoint presenta〠〠on of exercises using the therapy ball.
b. a oral presenta〠〠on describing the therapy ball posi〠〠ons.
c. a videotape or DVD of another child with cerebral palsy on a therapy ball.
d. printed handouts with s〠〠ck figure drawings and instruc〠〠ons.
ANS: C
case 8
CP
. 4 limbs involved. Lower limb more affected with vary tone
Q: spastic quadriplegia or diplegia or diplegia with dystonias
ANS – Diplegia with dystonia. Bobath will call this diplegia with upper limb involvement.
Bobath cant be used on isolation. So its diplegia with dystonia.
Quadriplegia is involvement of 4 limbs with UL more involved.
Diplegia is LE involved more than more than the UE
Q: Moro reflex When it should go
ANS – 34 months.
Present at birth. Peaks in first month and disappears by 3rd to 4th month of life.
case 9
Family with a 6 months years old girl, refugees, moved to Australia 2 years ago, living in a
regional area, baby has hypotonicity.
Q1: which movement the baby in 6 months can do?
a. sitting with minimal support?
b. crawling?
c. standing?
ANS A
POE
Here they are talking about the normal child.
A Sitting unsuported comes in 7th month
B crawling starts in month 8 , master it in month 10
C 8th month for standing for some and 9th month for standing for majority people.
Standing holding onto something happens in 8th month and 9th month it gets
Better.
9 month S tands while holding onto something BABY CENTRE
10 month C ruises walking with support of furniture.
In standing:
the 8 month old child may pull to stand with external support from kneeling position.
Furthermore,
the 8 month old child may weight shift in standing while holding on to external support.
Moving into & out from horizontal to vertical postures independently. The child attains
sitting
from supine (going through sidelying to side sitting to sitting), crawling, standing alone for a
short period, furniture walking or walking hands held or could be walking independently.
One should never view a child as delayed just becausehe/she is not walking independently by
12
months.
There is a wide normal variability of age of acquisition of independent gait. Indeed, due to
biomechanical alignment of the 12 month old child’s lower extremities (anterior pelvic tilt,
hip flexion, abduction & external rotation,) & to the structure of the 12 month old child’s
body, initial ambulation occurs in a ‘staccato’ manner. The typical cadence is rapid (eg 180
steps per minute) & step length is short. The child’s arms are probably in high guard position,
with wide base of support, lack of heel strike as whole foot lands initially, & lack of knee
flexion in early stance phase & hip external rotation is present throughout the gait cycle.
Q2: Which of following is the origin of her hypotonicity? cerebral palsy?
Mainly hypotonia is together with ataxia. Most likely its because of cerebellum damage.
(ataxia happens at cerebellar level).
Q3: In 4 years old she is able to draw circle but it takes time to complete it, why?
ANS: Fine motor skills
Fine Motor at 2 years of age:
The child would display pronatory & supinatiory ability such a unscrewing tops, feeding self
with spoon & fork. He/she can build a tower with 56 blocks. He/she will display a variable
pincer grasp of pencil & draw vertical, horizontal & circular lines with pencil.
Fine Motor at 4 years of age:
He/she should display a dynamic tripod grasp which involves the thumb, index & middle
finger being used together to make small highly coordinated activities. Generally clear hand
preference (though may not be fully established until 7 years), draws faces & people with
pencil, using scissors. Often starting to use knife to butter bread & immature cutting, using
spoon & fork or knife in hands concomitantly to eat meals.
Q4: they are living in rural area and they don’t have access to physiotherapy clinic, so which
kind of exercise program should be encouraged?
ANS: We could give them a video tape.
Reference: CP Alliance home programme for people with CP (read that).
An infant with hypotonia exhibits a floppy quality or "rag doll" feeling when
he or she is held.
• Infants may lag behind in acquiring certain fine and gross motor
developmental milestones that enable a baby to hold his or her head up
when placed on the stomach, balance themselves or get into a sitting
position and remain seated without falling over.
Hypotonia can be due to muscular dystrophy or CP. DCD are also on the lower side of
normal.
[11:36:42 AM] Renuka Dharmadhikari: Motor problem
Case 10
7 year old boy with poor motor coordination. About handwriting and pencil grip expected at
this age group and balance problems because the boy has been tripping over during play time
in school so was referred by the school teacher. So you need to assess if it was clumsiness or
real motor problem.
Sep 12 recalls – check there.
case 11
Milestones
https://quizlet.com/97813954/rightingreactionsprotectivereactions
equilibriumreactionsflashcards/
(03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1)
Case 1:
Angel is 12 months old; her mother is worried that she has not started walking yet.
She moves around by shuffling her bottom. Paediatrician has seen her and thinks
there are no problems but referred to physio.
Q1: Physio notices Angel doesn’t like to be placed in prone. Mother reports that
Angel has 2 siblings who like to carry her around. What could the physio suggest?
1. Angel’s siblings should sit with her on the floor for some time every day.
2. Angel should lye prone on the floor and siblings pull her into standing
3. Angel should go on her stomach before she learns crawling
ANS: A
also A by didi.
Some Fb ans support B
Q2: Angel is on the floor, mother beside her and physio in front of her. How could
physio best assess Angel’s mobility skills?
1. Swap places with the mother.
2. Tell the mother to move away from Angel.
3. Give Angel a doll to play with.
4. Place doll in front of Angel and ask mother to encourage her to play with it
ANS: D
Q3: What should a child of this age be doing?
1. Walking along furniture
2. Sitting unsupported
3. Holding the head when pulled to sit
4. Pincer grip
ANS: D
Gross pincer grip starts at 8 month n refined to fine pincer grip at 12 month.
POE:
A: Standing holding onto something happens in 8th month and 9th month it gets
Better.
9 month S tands while holding onto something
10 month C ruises walking with support of furniture.
B: 7th month
C: Holding head in sitting 4th month
By 8th month child displays gross pincer grasp and by 12th month he will be having
fine pincer grasp.
Q4: Mother ask if they should give Angel a baby walker. What do you say to her?
1. Angel must start walking by herself
2. Angel must learn to crawl before she can pull herself into standing
3. A walker will encourage reciprocal gait pattern
4. A walker helps to strengthen the muscles
ANS: A
(Neuro additional paper 2014)
Case 2
The most appropriate physical therapy intervention to use during class for a 9 year old
child with decreased sitting balance, but normal tone would be:
a. si晔‶ng on a therapy ball while performing desk‐top ac〠〠vi〠〠es.
b. si晔‶ng in an adap〠〠ve wheelchair with lateral supports and lap tray.
c. standing on a sta〠〠c prone‐stander with lap tray.
d. si晔‶ng in an appropriate height chair with with lateral postural supports.
ANS:B
Since the trucal control muscles are weak, we need to work them for a be⼊呂er PT Mx.
APC / NPTE answe is B.
POE:
A‐ as child has to focus on studies also n to out for recess.
B: Adap〠〠ve w/c with lateral supports may only give support but not work on his real issue.
C: Standng with prone stander will also work on trunk but with lap board, it will work only
on upper trunk.
D: Si晔‶ng with appropriate ht chairs with lateral supports will again only give support to the
child. But the real issue is to work on truncal control muscles.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken from neuro sept 15)
Case 3
A physical therapist is instructing a kindergarten teacher in a behavior management
program for a child with developmental disabilities who has been mainstreamed into the
regular classroom. The therapist requests that the teacher encourage the child to
maintain a head retracted sitting position in the class. The strategy that would be MOST
helpful in this situation is to:
a. have the teacher give a smile s〠〠cker when the child sits with head retracted for two
minutes.
b. train the teacher in manual handling techniques to assist the child in head retrac〠〠on.
c. have the teacher issue a verbal reprimand whenever the child slumps in the chair.
d. have the teacher encourage the classmates to tell the child to sit up in the chair.
ANS: A
APC has given official answer as A and not D.
The reasoning CAN BE that its a small child in kindergarten and neither the classmates can
help him with postural correc〠〠on. Hence it is be⼊呂er to give smiley s〠〠ckers as a form of
posi〠〠ve re‐inforcement.
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 4
A physical therapist is working in an elementary school system with a child who
demonstrates moderate to severe extensor spasticity and limited head control. The MOST
appropriate positioning device would be a:
A. wheelchair with adductor pommel.
B. wheelchair with a back wedge and head supports.
C. supine stander with abduc〠〠on wedge.
D. prone stander with abduc〠〠on wedge.
ANS: B (given by APC)
POE:
A ‐ it is abductor pommel not adductor
D ‐ In Prone stander‐ support is at the front of the body.
C ‐ In supine stander support is at the back of the body
Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 5
During a home visit, the mother of an 18 monthold child with developmental
delay and an atrioventricular shunt for hydrocephalus tells the physical
therapist that her daughter vomited several times, was irritable and is now
lethargic. The therapist's BEST course of action is to:
a. call for emergency transporta〠〠on and no〠〠fy the pediatrician immediately.
b. give the child a cold bath to try and rouse her.
c. place the child in a sidelying posi〠〠on and monitor vital signs.
d. have the mother give the child clear liquids since she vomited.
ANS: A NPTE
(Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 6
An eighteen monthold child with Down Syndrome and moderate developmental
delay is being treated at an Early Intervention Program. Daily training activities
that should be considered include:
a. s〠〠mula〠〠on to postural extensors in si晔‶ng using rhythmic stabiliza〠〠on.
b. locomotor training using body weight support and a motorized treadmill.
c. holding and weight shi㐰ㄠing in si晔‶ng and standing using tac〠〠le and verbal cueing.
d. rolling ac〠〠vi〠〠es, ini〠〠a〠〠ng movement with stretch and tracking resistance.
ANS: C NPTE
18 month old child should already achieved about running swiftly and walking
backwards. So that means intensive balance has already developed.
But considering this child is developmental delya and Down’s = hypotonic. She
may or may not be even walking. Considering that, we can start with balance
training in sitting and standing and then progress to locomotive and ambulatory
training.
(Neuro addi〠〠onal paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 7
A 12 yearold child with moderate athetosis affecting the head, trunk and upper
extremities and extensor spasms of the lower extremities is referred for mobility training.
The MOST appropriate type of adaptive equipment is:
a. a wheeled prone stander
b. posterior rollator walker and reciproca〠〠ng gait orthoses
c. scooter board.
d. manual wheelchair with custom‐contoured sea〠〠ng system
ANS: D.
PK bewtween B n D
Honey anand answered B
Reasoning will help with improving postural control and sitting posture.
POE:
A ‐ spas〠〠city of LE. Wheeled prone stander will increase his spas〠〠city of LE.
B ‐ Because of increased tone in LE, we first need to do that, then encourage with reciprocal
walking.
C ‐ ?
Athetosis is a symptom characterized by slow, involuntary, convoluted, writhing movements of
the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases, arms, legs, neck and tongue.
Movements typical of athetosis are sometimes called athetoid movements.
What type of rollator walker would be appropriate to help a child with CP
maintain upright position a nd a rm position to decrease e xtensor tone?
Posterior rollator walkers
Posterior walker is preferred over the anterior one:
The results demonstrated significant improvements in both postural alignment and gait characteristics
with the posterior walker. h
ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2149558
Gait analysis data and oxygen consumption measurements indicated that the posterior walker has
more advantages in terms of upright positioning and energy conservation than the anterior walker.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11371104
RGO is not preferred in spasticity.
Case 8
&q18= A six yearold boy born with myelomeningocele at the L2 level is referred for
physical therapy treatment at home. In determining the plan of care, it would NOT be
appropriate to emphasize:
18a= upper extremity strengthening with weights.
18b= gait training with a reciprocating gait orthosis.
18c= vigorous range of motion of the lower extremities.
18d= transfer training from floor to wheelchair.
ANS: C
5. Oral medications for spasticity include D iazepam, Dantrolene and Baclofen . These
medications are often not effective or may cause too many unwanted effects. Hence they are
prescribed relatively infrequently. • Diazepam ('Valium') is a good medication for spasticity,
but may cause sedation. However it is useful following surgery, particularly orthopaedic
procedures. • Dantrolene ('Dantrium') may be helpful, but can rarely cause liver problems. It
may also cause drowsiness, dizziness and diarrhoea. • Baclofen ('Lioresal') is said to be more
useful in spasticity due to spinal lesions than in spasticity due to cerebral lesions. However, it
is often used in children with severe spasticity. Side effects are uncommon but may include
nausea. It is reported to aggravate seizures though this is a rare problem.
Case 9
PLAGIOCEPHALY
UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
Case 1
Baby A is , 8 weeks old, mother reports he favours turning his head to the left.
Diagnosed with plagiocephaly (or positional plagiocephaly or nonsynostotic
plagiocephaly), has a flatter occiput and left side of forehead, with no face
asymmetry. Mother reports no problems sleeping and feeding.
(Mother reports no problems sleeping and feeding. excessive sleepiness n
poor feeding is present in hydrocephalus )
Q1: What measure is your priority on the first assessment?
1. Head circumference
2. Visual tracking
3.Ability to keep head on the midline
4. Head control in sitting
Answer is b reference : h ttp://www.kennedykrieger.org/node/3711
Didi also answers B
I don’t think we are physio measure head circumference, a maternal child health
nurse will be doing this.
B Visual tracking is more important. Which will tell us if we can get the child to turn
by tracking toys. Because with this testing we can rule out torticollis. And this would
mean that this is a positional problem and not a muscular one.
Also with the reference attached below it is said that the visual problems can cause
preference. Problems can be strabismus, astigmatism, amblyopia, anisometropia.
Our goal is for your child to have the freedom to use her visual system is as normal a
manner as possible .
C Keeping head in midline is tricky as they are constantly choosing sides.
Article attached
Vision and Plagiocephaly and Torticollis
During the developmental years, asymmetries in bilaterality are reflected in asymmetries in
learning to use both eyes together. Physical asymmetries between the sides of the body create
a demand on the developing visual system making it more difficult for the brain to use the
signals from both eyes at the same time . In some cases when the image sizes are too different
or clarity through one of the eyes is markedly different than the other, the child may attempt
to resolve the problem by building in a visual adaptation that, over time, can lead to a
permanent visual problem, even after the treatment of the primary plagiocephaly or
torticollis. The kinds of visual problems that can develop include:
Strabismus (an eye turn of one eye relative to the other: in, out, up or down)
Amblyopia (decreased clarity of sight through one eye that is not fixable with glasses)
Astigmatism (optical asymmetry causing blurred sight)
Anisometropia (significantly different prescriptions in the two eyes)
The goal of our work in the clinic is to identify any risk factors and to set the stage to guide
visual development towards less affected conditions. This often involves the use of partial
eyeglass prescriptions and the administration, generally through homebased activities, of
visual developmental activities. When eyeglasses are used the prescriptions often are given in
a more conservative, homeopathic type of approach, using the least amount of lens power
necessary to get the visual system to develop normally. When home vision developmental
guidance activities are prescribed the goal is a more balanced use of the body and a more
balanced stimulation and use of the visual system. Vision’s primary purpose is in the
direction of purposeful movement. O ur goal is for your child to have the freedom to use
her visual system is as normal a manner as possible .
http://www.rch.org.au/uploadedFiles/Main/Content/plastic/Deformational_Plagioceph
aly.pdf head grows at normal rate ie normal head circumfrance
http://www.starbandkids.com/pdf/starbandevaluationtreatment.pdf
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/permalink/890038084441267/
?comment_id=890907334354342¬if_t=group_comment_reply¬if_id=1466917
019496053
Q2. What do you tell the mother?
1. Your baby is very active for his age
2. Baby A is spending too much time in supine
3. Baby A has a tight left sternocleidomastoid
4. Baby A has a weak right sternocleidomastoid
ANS: B
Q3. What will look for to check his improvement? ( at 3 months)
1. Holding the head in sitting
2. Reassess head circumference
3. Check head symmetry
4. Look for head control
ANS: C
This can be done by standing behind the child and looking at his head from above. The
placing fingers in his ears on both sides. If there is improvement, then the affected ear will be
more in line with the opposite ear.
POE
B Head circumference is measured by nursing staff.
A and D Holding head / head control will alone not tell us about the patinet’s assymetry.
Q4. What do you instruct the mother to do?
1. Home program with regular reviews
2. Advice and education to mother and return if necessary
3. Daily physiotherapy sessions
4. Home program with weekly home visits by the physio
Answer is b b ecause plagiocephaly is not something to return to physio regularly)
Unless it is wry neck or SCM issues. PTs are not able to do much for the
plagiocephaly child. Need to educate the mother to keep child pronated more than
supinated.
http://physioworkscamberwell.com.au/paediatricphysiotherapy/torticollisandplagiocephaly
treatmentofinfantswithtwistedneckandflattenedhead/
You need to be clear if this needs treatment or not. If this is plagiocephalegy then say
this in normal the baby maybe sleeping on one side, or preferring one side so you
get them to move on one side give them exercises. Flattening is normal so needs to
change position gets them to change sides. So give advice and education and return
if necessary if not normal by this time. Then can refer to pediatrician. Home
programs are something you don’t do. You give advice. On how to feed, how to
move, positioning, stimulation etc.
Q5: At 3 months in your assessment what is your first priority?
1. look for head control.
2. supported sitting
3. crawling/ creeping?
ANS: A
2 @ 7 month
3 starts at 8 and masters at 10
Variation to the above question (Taken from Didi’s Until March 2013)
Q. What the physio will do at initial assessment?
A. Measure head circumference
B. Vertical head alignment
C. Ability to sit unsupported
D. Visual tracking across midline
ANS: D
POE
C ability to sit unsupported only happens in 7th month
A measuring head circumference is done by maternal child health centre nurse.
B Sitting upright with neck extension
D
Q. What is the outcome measure for intervention?
A. Change in head circumference
B. Ability to hold the head in midline
C. Change in head symmetry
ANS: C
We go for head circumference in hydrocephalus. In plagiocephaly we are only
observing for head symmetry and not taking any measurements.
Q. What will be the PT Mx plan for this child?
A. Home advice, education and FU
B. Daily PT
C. Some sessions with PT and then FU
ANS: A
(taken from neuro sept 15)
Case No. 2
A six monthold child was referred to physical therapy for right torticollis. The MOST
effective method to stretch the muscle is by positioning the head and neck into:
1.1.a. Flexion, left sidebending, and left rotation.
1.1.b. extension, right sidebending, and left rotation.
1.1.c. flexion, right sidebending, and left rotation.
1.1 d extension, left sidebending, and right rotation
ANS: D
Neck flexion is by Bil SCM.
For Torticollis Right torticollis will present with Rt LF and Lt Rotation. So to stretch SCM
we do opposite action
additional Q
Q: What is ATNR?
ANS The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) is a primitive reflex found in newborn
humans, but normally vanishes around three months of age. It is also known as the "fencing
reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles
that of a classically trained fencer. Its usually gone between 4 and 6 months (Reference : O
Sullivan Pg 177).
Q: What would happen if Moro reflex persists?
ANS Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants
with severe neurological defects.[2] In individuals with cerebral palsy, persistence and
exacerbation of this reflex is common.
Watch Moro’s reflex here
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTziVI2mf4
Distinct form of startle. In startle the same response is seen as we seen in moro, but this is
after some sudden trigger or noise.
See youtube video to understand better
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7r6UB8eSWuc
Read here:
http://www.retainedneonatalreflexes.com.au/reflexes/reflexesmororeflex/
case 4
Liam is 8 weeks old, He is having a flattened occipital and temporal lobe on the left side of
his skull. He smiles socially. he keeps turning his head more to the left side.
3 how would u promote Liam"s activities in the prone?
a. using a bolster under his hip
b. using a bolster under his chest
Answer is B
He will use elbows and forearms for weight bearing. This is good for muscles around
shoulder, elbow and hand. The same principle of rhythmic initiatian is involved here.
4 what sort of treatment program would u recommend for liam?
a. education and review once a month
b. daily treatment with physio
Answer is A
U don’t need to see them everyday.
http://physioworkscamberwell.com.au/paediatricphysiotherapy/torticollisandplagiocephaly
treatmentofinfantswithtwistedneckandflattenedhead/
( SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s); Neuro additional paper 2015 )
POLIO
Case 1:
Post Poliomyelitis Syndrome. Patient 68 yrs old and developed polio after the
episode of whooping cough at the age of 5 yrs. Since then he has been
walking with elbow crutches only. He also has been using AFO and shoe raise
on one side. He has been facing increasing difficulty to walk in the last 2 yrs
and reports worsening pain in hips and knees. Independent with ADLs. Has
pain in knees and hips. Fatigues quickly.
Q1: You want to start an exercise program but patient is reluctant. What would
you say to encourage him?
A: Exercises will be monitored to make sure you will not feel pain, soreness or
fatigue.
B: It is normal to feel tired as you haven’t exercised for a long time
C: You will only exercise in the morning and so will be ok
D: You will only do the exercise on the bed.
ANS: A
Pt is reluctant here, key word, you have to look at their concern. Have to explain to them
exercise will be monitored so there may not be much pain. There maybe some delayed
soreness of muscle up to 48 hrs.
Soreness may be present as well, this is a problem as well.
Q2: What will be the limiting factor to prescribing an exercise program
A: His fatigue levels
B: His pain levels
C: His walking aids
D: Ability to walk long distances
ANS:A
(2015march)
Darci PDF Pg 955.
Fatigue is the most debilitation feature identified.
The fatigue of PPS may not appear at .the time of the activity. lind recovery
does not occur with typical rest periods. It has also been described as a
sudde? and total wipeout.
In a few insta.nces. headaches and sweatl~g appear suggestive of autonomiC
nervous system overload.
Fall.gue commonly occurs in the late afternoon or early evening.
Fatigue that tends to last all day is atypical in pPS~l and should alert the
therapist to consider other possible diagnoses.
His fatigue levels Exercise should be reduced or discontinued if it causes
additional weakness, excessive fatigue, or unduly prolonged recovery time
that is noted by either the individual with PPS or the professional monitoring
the exercise. As a general rule, no muscle should be exercised to the point of
causing ache, fatigue, or weakness.
POE:
B this can be taken care of by medications
C Aids will actually help with rehab
D This wont be a limiting factor as this tells his endurance capacity.
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm#2616431
72
Polio can strike at any age.
A motor unit i s formed by a nerve cell (or motor neuron) i n the spinal cord or brain stem and the
muscle fibers i t activates.
Physicians often advise patients on the use of mobility aids, ventilation equipment, revising
activities of daily l iving activities to avoid rapid muscle tiring and total body exhaustion, and
avoiding activities that cause pain or fatigue l asting more than 10 minutes
a number of controlled studies have demonstrated that nonfatiguing exercises may i mprove
muscle strength and reduce tiredness
Cardiopulmonary endurance training i s usually more effective than strengthening exercises,
especially when activities are paced to allow for frequent breaks and strategies are used to
conserve energy. Heavy or i ntense resistive exercise and weightlifting using polioaffected
muscles may be counterproductive, as this can further weaken rather than strengthen these
muscles.
Q. What is the role of exercise in the treatment of PPS?
Pain, weakness, and fatigue can result from the overuse of muscles and joints.
These same symptoms also can result from disuse of muscles and joints.
This fact has caused a misunderstanding about whether to encourage or
discourage exercise for polio survivors or individuals with PPS.
Exercise is safe and effective when carefully prescribed and monitored by
experienced health professionals. Exercise is more likely to benefit those
muscle groups that were least a ffected b y polio.
Cardiopulmonary endurance training is usually more effective than
strengthening exercises, especially when activities are paced to allow for
frequent breaks and strategies are used to conserve energy.
Heavy or intense resistive exercise and weightlifting using polioaffected
muscles may be counterproductive, as this can further weaken rather than
strengthen these muscles.
Exercise prescriptions should include the specific muscle groups to be
included, the specific muscle groups to be excluded, and
the type of exercise, together with frequency and duration.
Exercise should be reduced or discontinued if it causes additional weakness,
excessive fatigue, or unduly prolonged recovery time that is noted by either
the individual with PPS or the professional monitoring the exercise.
As a general rule, no muscle should be exercised to the point of causing ache,
fatigue, or weakness.
Q3: You want to walk with patient, but he is concerned regarding his shortness
of breath.
A.You say there will be a chair at the end of the corridor
B. A Physiotherapy Assistant will follow with a chair behind for you to use if
needed
C.You can walk back to the bed if you feel breathless
D. should be leaning against the wall to solve breathlessness.
ANS: B
According to me and Pawan we are happy with B. As this is the safest
approach and will give confidence to the patient that the chair is within his
reach.
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15 and UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
ans is A
Different options for same question (Until March 2013)
Q3: You want to walk with patient, but he is concerned regarding his shortness
of breath.
A. you say that there will be a chair at the end of the corridor
B. You say he may rest leaning against the wall if he gets breathless
C. You can walk back to the bed if you feel breathless.
ANS: 1st choice will be B.
2nd choice is A.
(since at this point we dont have the option where the PTA is following with the
chair behind us then we go with B first then A).
Q4: You do a home visit. What changes would you recommend to his layout?
A: Place cupboards around your room to encourage short walks
B: Place frequently used objects in low easy to reach cupboards
C: Measure cupboard space & stack cupboards up fully
ANS: B Answer is b (for safety purpose as well as he ll have severe
deformities)
If we look at the question again then in the last 2 years he has been
deteriorating in gait with increasing pain in hip and knees. so for that reasoon
we will go with option B and not A.
Q5: If you are checking the Quadriceps reflex on Right side what should you
expect the response to be?
A normal
B diminished
C brisk
ANS: B
( Neuro additional paper 2015; June 2014 didi’s notes )
Case 2:
Poliomyelitis patient with AFO use forearm elbow crutches. He has pain in lower limbs
and is easy to fatigue,as he has postpolio syndrome.
Question 1: Physiotherapist wants to do balance test by TUG test. The patient was able to
finish test in 16sec.
What does it indicate?
a. High possibility of falls
b. Low possibility of falls
c. Dependent on walker
d. Balance training should be given
ANS: A
Reference: PDF pg 11. Outcome measures.
Anything above 13.5 is high risk falls for TUG test normal.
Anything above 14.5 seconds is high risk of falls for TUG + Manual
Anything above 15 seconds is high risk of falls for TUG + Manual + cognitive.
similar Q
Question 4: You do a home visit. What changes do you recommend to his layout?
a. Place cupboards around your house to encourage you to exercise more
b. Place frequently used objects in low easy place to reach cupboards
c. rearrange the shelves in the cupboard so you can Stack cupboards up fully
d. place the cupboards in one room to move less
Answer is b
Case 3
&q107= A patient with postpolio syndrome is referred for outpatient physical therapy
with symptoms of myalgia and increasing fatigue. The patient has been wearing a KAFO 10
years. When walking, the therapist observes the patient rise up over the sound limb to
advance the orthotic limb forward. The BEST intervention is to provide:
107a= a shoe lift on the orthotic side.
107b= a shoe lift on the sound side.
107c= an electric wheelchair with joystick.
107d= a manual wheelchair with reclining back and elevating legrests.
ANS: B
Nevertheless, submaximal aerobic training and low intensity muscular strengthening have shown
positive effects on muscular strength and cardiorespiratory system in patients affected by PPS.
Aquatic therapy has a positive impact on pain and muscle function. In patients with severe fatigue, it is
recommended to adapt the daily exercise routine to their specific case
In an EMG study of walking in clients with PPS, Perry et al 94 demonstrated overuse and
substitution activity of the vastus lateralis. biceps femoris. and gluteus maximus muscles
when the soleus is nonfunctional. Such substitution and overcompensation in the long tenn.
however. leads to microtrauma of ligaments and joint structures and exhaustion of
neuromuscul ar units.
Cold intolerance
Case 4
ANS:
DMD
Additional reading
https://www.duchennefoundation.org.au/understandingduchenne/
careconsiderations/physiotherapy/stretchingfactsheet/
http://www.mda.org.au/Disorders/Dystrophies/DMDBMD.asp
The muscular dystrophies all have three features in common; they are hereditary, they are progressive;
and each causes a characteristic, selective pattern of muscle wasting and weakness.
(Sept 2015 additional paper; 2005 APC official)
Case 1:
5 year old boy (Fred)
referred to your private paediatric physiotherapy practice for assessment and
management
diagnosis of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
birth and delivery were considered normal
slow to develop motor skills
started to walk at 2.5 years
tends to walk on his toes
runs only slowly
not very good at physical activity
prefers to sit and draw
On examination
• well developed, particularly his deltoid and gastrocnemius muscles bilaterally.
• no positive neurological signs
• muscle tone, while firm, appears to be within normal limits
• performance on the G ross Motor Function Measure i s below that expected for his
age, particularly in the Dimensions of Standing (Dimension D) and Walking, Running
and Jumping (Dimension E)
Q 1. Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is also known as
a) KugelbergWelander disease
b) myotonic dystrophy
c) spinal muscular atrophy
d) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
e) disease of the lower motor neuron
ANS: D
its not a disease of neurons but it is a disease of muscle fibers.
APC’s answer This type of muscular dystrophy is also named Duchenne muscular
dystrophy.
Duchenne muscular d ystrophy ( DMD ) is an Xlinked recessive form of muscular dystrophy ,
affecting around 1 in 3,600 boys, which results in muscle degeneration and premature death.
A K ugelberg Welander syndrome is a milder type of spinal muscular atrophy. It is a
rare inherited neuromuscular disorder characterized by wasting and weakness in the
muscles of the arms and legs, leading to walking difficulties in, and eventual loss of
ambulation.
Kugelberg Welander syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait
B One of the first signs of myotonic dystrophy is often muscle stiffness delayed relaxation of voluntary
muscles after contraction (myotonia). This is often noticed when trying to release the hand from a grip –
when shaking hands with somebody for example. However, this is generally less noticeable after the early
stages of myotonic dystrophy.
The first muscles to be affected by weakness are those of the face, neck, hands, forearms, and feet. The
large, weightbearing muscles of the legs and thighs are much less affected.
Myotonic dystrophy is inherited in an ‘ autosomal dominant’ pattern.
http://www.mda.org.au/disorders/dystrophies/myt.asp
C autosomal recessive inheritance / Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic condition which
affects the nerves that control muscle movement – the motor neurons.
http://www.mda.org.au/Disorders/Atrophies/SMA.asp
Q 2. On examination the physiotherapist notes that Martin has difficulty getting up
from the floor and tends to “walk his hands up his legs” until he is upright. This
characteristic is known as
a) Gower’s sign
b) Rhomberg’s sign
c) Guyon’s syndrome
d) Hoover’s sign
e) L’Hermitte’s sign
ANS: A
APC’s answer Gower’s sign is a clinical sign of muscular dystrophy in childhood,
evidenced through observation of children’s use of their arms to push themselves erect by
moving their hands up their thighs. This permits assuming the standing position from one of
kneeling. The patient is unable to stand from a sitting position with the arms outstretched.
Hoover’s sign has two types:
1. in the normal state or in genuine paralysis, if the patient, lying on a flat surface, is
directed to press the whole lower limb against the surface, there will be a lifting movement in
the opposite limb; this phenomenon is absent in hysteria and malingering.
2. movement of the costal margins toward the midline during inhalation, occurring bilaterally
in pulmonary emphysema and unilaterally in conditions causing flattening of the diaphragm,
such as pleural effusion and pneumothorax.
C As it crosses the wrist, the ulnar nerve and ulnar artery run through the tunnel known as
Guyon's canal . T his tunnel is formed by two bones (the pisiform and hamate ) and the ligament
that connects them.
Some extra explanation L hermitte – electric shock like sensation in the meningitis./MS
Worse cases of COPD and asthma as well will have a paradoxical breathing sign – hoover’s sign.
3. The primary focus of physiotherapy intervention for Martin deformities
1. Promoting functional abilities and limiting secondary consequences of the
disease
2. Preventing development of deformities, pain management and muscle
strengthening
3. Improving motor performance and facilitating the development of family
support
4. Providing a home program of exercise to strengthen muscles of the lower
extremity
ANS: A
POE:
B we dont do endurance and aggressive strengthening for this patinet as this can increase
CPK levels.
C and D initial management is by us. Then we train family to handle. So family support will
be secondary in terms of PT management.
(Variation question):
a) improving motor performance, preventing the development of deformities
b) promoting functional abilities and limiting secondary consequences of the disease
c) preventing development of deformities, pain management and muscle strengthening
d) improving motor performance and facilitating the development of family support
e) providing a home program of exercise to strengthen muscles of the lower extremity
ANS: B
APC’s official explanation Existing treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy aims to
control symptoms, such as muscle spasm, and enable sufferers to lead a good quality of life.
Treatments aim to keep the muscles in good condition in order to maintain function and to
limit secondary consequences of the disease.
Q 4. As Martin develops muscle weakness, it will be apparent first in
a) plantar flexors bilaterally resulting in toe walking
b) hip and knee flexors resulting in a crouching stance and gait (normally tight not
weak)
c) distal muscles of the lower extremities resulting in instability of the ankles
d) proximal muscles of the lower extremities resulting in pelvic instability
e) hip and knee extensors resulting in an exaggerated lumbar lordosis
ANS: E
APC’s answer In Duchenne MD, the muscles of the pelvis and thighs such as the gluteals
and quads are affected first most boys with the condition experience difficulty in walking
between the ages of one and three and are soon unable to run or jump, struggle to climb stairs
and may need a banister for support.
Reference: D arcy Humphered pg 519. PDF
Proximal muscles are more commonly affected than the distal ones. posterior hip extensors,
then quads, then PFs in chronological order.
POE:
D patient does not have any pelvic instability.
A and C these options are talking about distal muscles.
B hip and knee flexor tightness occurs due to weakness of other muscles. So these
muscles will be tight not weak.
idea: which ms group will the weakness appear. Hip and knee ms strength is the issue. Push
thru the floor no foot drop. First to develop is proximal ms instability not distal. When he
develops in the start, weakness comes first tightness comes later. Cause waddling, trendling
burg
Q5 . As the disease progresses, Martin is likely to
a) develop cardiomyopathy
b) develop a strong productive cough because of respiratory involvement
c) lose control of bowel and bladder
d) show a progressive reduction in intellectual capacity
e) all of the above are correct
ANS: A
APC’s explanation Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with cardiomyopathy. The
other options are not common sequelae of the disease.
POE
A Usually develop this more than anything else. Research (>60% involment Pg 510
Umphered). This is correct option.
B Martin will not have strong productive cough as this will deteriorate.
D In DMD it doesn’t cause intellectual problems.
C Bowel and bladder is usually unaffected. These are smooth muscles and not skeletal
muscles. commonly skeletal muscles are affected. Skeletal ms involvement is present. Cough
can be an issue as the diaphragm is a skeletal ms.
Q 6. Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
a) is an autosomal dominant chromosomal disorder
b) is a progressive form of motor neuron disease
c) occurs in both males and females
d) is associated with high serum creatinine kinase levels
e) will occur in all male children in the one family
ANS: D
APC’s answer T he cause of the muscle impairment is an abnormal gene for dystrophin (a
protein in the muscles) and serum CPK is highly elevated. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is
inherited in an Xlinked recessive pattern.
its X linked recessive. Its allosomal disorder.
https://www.genome.gov/19518854
Process of elimination A is incorrect as muscular dystrophy is autosomal recessive
disorder.
B ALS is motor neuron disease.
C this occurs only in males.
E. there is only 50% chance of occurance.
DMD is not a neurological problem but a muscular problem.
(Neuro additional questions Sept 2015)
VARIATION OF ABOVE CASE
Case 2:
15 yr old boy referrd for pt for assessment and management
Diagnosis of Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
Birth and delivery were considered normal
Slow to develop motorskills
Started to walk at 2.5yrs
Tends to walk on his toes
Runs slowly
Not very good physical activity
Prefers to sit n draw
On examination
Well developed ,particularly his deltoid gastrocnemius muscles bilaterally
No positive neurological signs
Muscle tone,while firm appears to be within normal limits
GMFM below than expected for his age particularly in dimensions of standing Dimension D and walking
running jumping dimension E
Q4 Martin develops muscle weakness .it will be apparent 1st in
1. Plantar flexorsbilateral resulting in toe walking( doubt will be the case) ( no toe walking )
2. Hip flexors resulting in crouching stance and gait (normally tight not weak)
3. Distal muscle off lower extremity resulting in instability of ankles
4. Proximal muscles of lower extremity resulting in pelvic instability
ANS: D.
idea: which ms group will the weakness appear. Hip and knee ms strength is the issue. Push thru the
floor no foot drop. First to develop is proximal ms instability not distal. When he develops in the start,
weakness comes first tightness comes later. Cause waddling, trendling burg
Proximal muscles of lower limb are affected first and if those are affected this could result in pelvic
instability. Secondly, anterior pelvic tilt can also fall under the pelvic instability criteria.
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s)
Case 3:
Muscular Dystrophy reaching the late ambulatory phase.
Q1: Some point that is false about MD
Q2: Features at this stage
Q3: What is the sign of late ambulatory stage?
1: Cannot climb stairs
2: Decreased respiratory function
3: Cannot walk long distances
4: Scoliotic change
ANS: PK 1
B
Reference: Pg 519 Darci. Under heading Progression of gait pattern changes.
Contributing factors for gait changes are degree of respiratory function /
involvement.
POE:
D Scoliotic changes will happen when patinet is sitting or w/c bound due to gravity.
early non ambulatory phase
(2015 sep neuro)
DMD Patient
How do you know this is the last stage of ambulation?
1. difficulty to stair climb
2. walks only short distances but not long
Answer is b
PK A
Q4: Which muscle helps for travelling prolonged distance?
1: Tibialis Anterior
2: Adductor Longus
3: Gastrocnemius
4: Gluteus Maximus
ANS: C .
Calf is very important for the push off phase.
POE:
D only active during midstance trunk can compensate
B Not necessary for walking but more for stabilization
A If this is nonfunctional, we can still give orthosis to the patinet.
Q what will cause muscle fibre injury?
A) high load
B) high repetition
c) eccentric contrition
d) concentric contraction
C
q pt was given steroids what is the effect of steroid??
A) prevent muscle degeneration
b) bone pain
c) less chance of fracture
D) prevent kyphosis
A M edication in the form of a type of steroid treatment (also called glucocorticoids or corticosteroids) has
been proven to slow the loss of muscle function and therefore temporarily prolong a boy’s mobility. On
average boys taking steroids are able to walk for three years longer and the onset of breathing and heart
problems and curvature of the spine may also be delayed. Since steroid treatment was introduced more
than 20 years ago the life expectancy of individuals with DMD has increased considerably,
The most prevalent of these are weight gain, osteoporosis (weakening of bones) and behavioural
problems. It is essential that measures be put in place to anticipate side effects and prevent them become
severe.
Glucocorticoids are the only medication currently available that slows the decline in muscle strength and
function in DMD,19,20,59–63 which in turn reduces the risk of scoliosis and stabilises pulmonary
function.61,62 Cardiac function might also improve,
Use of glucocorticoids after loss of ambulation
In patients who have used glucocorticoids while ambulatory, many experts continue medication after loss
of ambulation,62 with the goal of preserving upper limb strength, reducing progression of scoliosis, and
delaying decline in respiratory and cardiac function.19,61,62
Indications for initiation of glucocorticoids in nonambulatory patients are more relative than absolute.
Significant muscle pain or myoglobinuria in the 24h period after a specific activity is a sign of
overexertion and contractioninduced injury, and if this occurs the activity should be modified.
Additional Q
Pseudohypertrophic MD
Q: cause of dystrophy,dec dystrophin,inc CPK,
ANS – increase in CPK
CK is an enzyme (protein) that is important for energy production within muscle fibres. If a muscle fibre is
damaged by a disease process such as muscular dystrophy, some of the CK leaks out into the blood.
Normally there is only a small amount in the blood but in Duchenne muscular dystrophy there may be 10
to 100 times the normal amount. There are very few other disease processes which cause such a high
level of CK in the blood.
Q: treatment in late ambulating stage
Pt can’t walk, bedridden
ANS – Difficulty walking.
And scoliosis nd respiratory will be problems in early non ambulatory stage
No stair climbing and rise from chair
Q: Reason to give corticosteroids:
1. decrease muscle or joint pain,
2. prevent kyphosis
ANS A
Q: what would you measure in late stage in respect to respiratory function?
a. Forced vital capacity in sitting
b. tidal volume
c. expiratory peak pressure
Didi also answers A. FVC
ANS – C is the easiest way of checking respiratory function. Some people also went with A.
So need to confirm on this one.
FVC is a reliable measure of respiratory function, provided he can still undertake good
technique.
Once the vital capacity falls below 1L, in a boy who has reached skeletal maturity, the
average life expectancy without treatment is 3 years
https://www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/pldd/duchenne110.pdf
it has DMD measurement of respiratory function.
Having an FVC less than 1 L remains the best negative predictor of survival in
patients with DMD. An FEV1 of 20% predicted or less has been associated with
awake carbon dioxide retention (4). A poor 2 to 3year survival has been seen in
patients with awake levels of PaCO2 on arterial puncture that were within normal
limits
[10:28:59 AM] Leona: 8. Respiratory Problems
Duchenne MD causes many changes throughout the body, and the lungs are affected by these
changes. Respiratory function usually remains normal until around age 10. Afterwards,
respiratory muscle function may begin to decline enough to change the way lungs pull air in
and push it out. The diaphragm muscle is situated below the lungs and is the responsible for
this crucial movement of air. As Duchenne MD progresses, the diaphragm becomes
weakened (due to scar tissue buildup) and breathing becomes more difficult. At the same
time, muscles responsible for coughing are also growing weaker and are not able to support
the diaphragm.
As a result, the amount of oxygen in the blood decreases and is replaced by carbon dioxide as
the exchange of air becomes more and more difficult for the lungs. This can lead to
symptoms like headaches, mental lapses, and difficulty concentrating or staying awake
during the day. In addition to the lung difficulties, the weakened muscles responsible for
coughing may permit bacteria and viruses to grow, since coughing is the normal defense to
rid the lungs of extra secretions. This often allows a simple cold to quickly progress into
deadly pneumonia in boys with Duchenne MD.
[10:29:39 AM] Leona: http://www.dmdfund.org/dmd_duchenne_muscular_dystrophy.html
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 4
A 6 yearold boy has a diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and is still ambulatory.
The MOST appropriate activity to include in his plan of care would be:
a. progressive resistance strength training.
b. circuit training using resistance training and condi〠〠oning exercises.
c. recrea〠〠onal physical ac〠〠vi〠〠es such as swimming.
d. wheelchair sports.
ANS: C
This option is most appropriate.
Taken 4m neuro sept 15
CASE 5:
A 14 yearold boy with advanced Duchenne muscular dystrophy is administered a pulmonary
function test.
Q1. The value that is UNLIKELY to show any deviation from normal is:
a) vital capacity.
b) FEV1.
c) functional residual capacity.
d) total lung capacity.
ANS: C
Muscle weakness produces restrictive pattern on spirometry with FEV 1 being reduced to
similar extent to VC therefore the ratio is high or normal.Tlc will be low as a consequences of
weak inspiratory ms n stiff ness that develops due to long standing weakness.
FRC IS unlikely to change
FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
Muscles innervated by cranial nerves (ex.cept the sternocleidomasloids) are nOI invol ved ,
and bowel and bladder function is usually spared. Progression of weakness is slow but
persisten!.
A typical child will con· tinue walking until about age 12 years. at which time Ihe
process of transition to a wheelchair becomes imperative
The twojoint muscles are mOst prone to developing significant contractures
Ideally, the child 's exercise needs can be incorporated
into pleasurable activities adapted for children with movement
and weaknessrelated balance problems. Because
endurance is a problem, aerobictype programs are not
appropriate in most cases, with the exception of respiratory
endurance programs previously noted.29a Many ambulatory
children, however. enjoy ball activities, walkingbased
simple obstacle courses, parachute games, table tennis.
cycling (preferably tandem), and especially swimming.
Swimming is an excellent exercise for children with OMO
because they often are quite buoyant because of their
increased fat/muscle ratio. Many children can continue to
float or swim independently on their backs well into the time
they are able to move only distal musculature.
Ansved. found that the SCientific basis for clear recommendations
on. exercise prescription is poor. but evidence:
d~s s~o~ t~e lInpon~nce of maintaining an active lifestyle
With limitation on high resiStance and eccentric training
actlVltles.
Case 6
GENERAL QUESTIONS
( 03/2013; Neuro additional paper 2015; June 2014 didi’s notes )
case 1
Aged care, 87 year old male, with history of atrial fibrillation, dementia. Facility
manager called you to see and manage this patient. Family is on overseas visit for 2
month, therefore they left patient in aged care facility for care.
Q 1 To whom you should take consent before managing this case?
1. Facility manager, he has called you so you don’t take him from him.
2. Physician, Last option
3. Family member,( they are overseas)
4. Don’t need a consent (if personal carer is mentioned then choose that, as a carer
is assigned to each client)
Explanation:
Consent is for everyone and anyone! Do they have the capacity to give consent? Do
they understand what is going on? But you have to seek consent from everyone,
from pediatric, elderly, coma, etc.
Registered nurse or GP if next of kin or family is not available
Not facility manager as he has called you so wont understand what is going on.
As per Neuro 2015:
ANS: A. in age care facility manager asks the nurse and physician who can take the medical related consent.
Variation to the above question (Didi’s June 2014)
Q 1 To whom you should take consent before managing this case?
A. From Mrs A
B. from her doctor
C. From facility manager
D. From patient’s authorized carer
ANS: B (given by didi).
But i feel it must be A.
Q2.patient had a fall during your visit, no injury to patient, you will report the
incidence to
1. Physician
2. Facility manager
3. Personal care assistant.
4. No need to report.
ANS: B (given by didi. March 2014 recall)
Need to report any falls that happens in your presences, to do VHIMS(Victorian
health incident management systems), along with who do you report to. To RN in
absence to RN then report to facility manager, can also report to personal care
assistant, but they are on shifts to they may not remember. SO report to RN or
physician, you may not see injury but there can develop an injury later maybe after
48 hrs so we need to be precautious. Need to report to medical person. May need
Xray or scan.
Answer is chk Victorian incident management system
Physician
Answer given by Aapta Answer is a
Q3.after all your effort, patient does not get better, physician questions you, you will
submit following in response?
1. Current treatment scenario.
2. All assessment and treatment with date of implementation.
3. Case history
4. Improvement in case scenario from the date you start
ANS: B
(variation to the above question)
Mr. L with atrial fibrillation, dementia has been admitted to the aged care facility. The
facility manager consults the Physiotherapist for the assessment of this patient while the
family is away on an overseas trip for 2 months.
You assessed Mr L and your findings are as follows:‐
He has poor balance,
Dorsiflexors weak,
He is not able to use upper limbs during sit to
stand due to weakness.
Q1. What will be your short‐term goal to improve his condi〠〠on?
A. Strengthening of dorsiflexors.
(Won’t be short term goal)@
B. Strengthening of upper limbs.
C. Balance training in standing.
D. Improve strength and coordina〠〠on
ANS: A Answer is a on aapta carr nd shepherd stroke ch ‐4
Q2. During physio session, pt’s cardiac condi〠〠on worsens. To whom will the PT report?
A. Facility manager.
B. Call family overseas.
C. Report to Mr.L’s medical doctor.
D. Medical Manager
ANS: D
Answer is d coz medical manager available 24*7 nd doctor are not available for 24*7
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15
ANS: D. medical manager is like a registered nurse.
Victorian incident management system.
same Q with diff answer
Q. Phyiso no〠〠ce Pa〠〠ent starts having sign of cardiac issues, who do you have to no〠〠fy about
this problem
‐ His doctor
‐ The family
‐ The facility manager
‐ The authorised carer
Answer is 1
same Q with different op〠〠ons
Q1.Who should the physiotherapist take consent from regarding assessment?
A. Pa〠〠ent authorized carer.
B. Facility manager.
C. Mr L
D. Mr L’s doctor.
Answer is d
Both v registered nurse nd doctor know all condi〠〠ons
Q3. Mr L’s Doctor was accusing the physiotherapist regarding ineffec〠〠ve interven〠〠on. What
should the physiotherapist show the doctor?
A. Show the doctor the ini〠〠al assessment and treatment plan
B. Show records of func〠〠onal test results before and a㐰ㄠer interven〠〠on
C. Records of interven〠〠on
D. ??
ANS: C
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15
ANS: B
U standardize the outcome measure. Its ur evidence of showing the difference between
before and after. We need to put the Ax and also the before after interventions.
same Q with diff answer
Mr L’s Doctor was accusing the physiotherapist regarding ineffec〠〠ve interven〠〠on. What
should the physiotherapist show the doctor?
Show the doctor the ini〠〠al assessment and treatment plan
Show records of func〠〠onal test results before and a㐰ㄠer interven〠〠on
Records of interven〠〠on
Answer is b
Coz that’s we do during early intereven〠〠on
Varia〠〠on to the above ques〠〠on from didi’s June 2014
Q. Mrs A’s doctor was accusing the physiotherapist regarding interven〠〠on. What should the
PT show to prove himself?
A. Show the referral document for the Dr. with ini〠〠al Ax and Rx plan
B. Show test results and stated interven〠〠ons
C. Show progress notes with outlines pa〠〠ent’s Ax and interven〠〠nos
D. ??
ANS: C
Ax=assessment
Q Familiy wants to demand the physiotherapist, What documenta〠〠on should the physio
provide?
‐ Results of test s and stated interven〠〠ons
‐ Date, number and type of interven〠〠ons
‐ ?
‐ ?
Answer is 1
Q ‐‐ Pa〠〠ent with Demen〠〠a/Alzheimer, not able to take decisions, is in Nursing home while
family is away in a trip.
Who has to sign the consent for physio treatment?
‐ His doctor
‐ The pa〠〠ent
‐ The facility manager
‐ The authorised carer
Answer is 1
VARIATION TO THE ABOVE QUESTION:
Case scenario:
Mrs A is an 80 year old female.
fragile
chronic demen〠〠a
depression
heart problems
Her family wants to admit her to aged care facility as they are leaving for overseas for 2
months.
Q1. Who do you request consent from?
A. From Mrs A
B. From her doctor
C. From facility manager
D. From pa〠〠ent’s authorized carer
ANS: B
Q2. Mrs A is able to walk with a walking frame (her TUG > 30 sec) with poor balance. She has
〠〠ght BIL DF. Her muscle strength of upper limbs is weak and it is difficult for her to stand up
from a chair with using her arms. You discuss her ST goal to discuss with Mrs A.
A. Improve balance and walking speed
B. Improve strength and coordina〠〠on
C. Improve dorsiflexor 〠〠ghtness
D. Improve muscle strength of limbs
ANS: C
Q3. Her condi〠〠on was deteriora〠〠ng a㐰ㄠer few PT sessions. She had a heart problem. Whom
should the physiotherapist refer Mrs A to?
A. Her family Dr.
B. Facility manager
C. Her family
D. ??
ANS: A
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 2
Case 74: A 62 yearold lives at home with his wife and adult daughter. He has recently
been diagnosed with multiinfarct dementia and is recovering from a fractured hip
following a fall injury. In the initial interview with his wife the therapist would expect to
find:
a. history of steady progression of loss of judgment and poor safety awareness.
b. agita〠〠on and sundowning
c. Persevera〠〠on on a thought or ac〠〠vity.
d. History of sudden onset of new cogni〠〠ve problems and patchy distribu〠〠on of deficits.
ANS: D.
Sundowning in dementia.
When there is a combination of dementia and depression there is sundowning. When sun
goes down.
Sundowning is not in initial stage.
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15
ANS: Unsure. But maybe A
Seems like people are more convinced with A. There is one reference of a demntia journal
article which u guys might find helpful.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/permalink/773032762808467/?comme
nt_id=773575339420876&ref=notif¬if_t=group_comment
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 3
A patient is referred to physical therapy for vestibular rehabilitation. The patient presents
with spontaneous nystagmus that can be suppressed with visual fixation, oscillopsia and
loss of gaze stabilization, lateropulsion, intense disequilibrium, and an ataxic widebased
gait. Based on these findings, the therapist determines the patient is most likely exhibiting
signs and symptoms of:
a. benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
b. acoustic neuroma.
c. Meniérè's disease.
d. acute unilateral vestibular dysfunction.
ANS: D
O Sullivan is good for vestibular dysfunction.
http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fvestibular.org%2Funderstandingvestibular
disorder%2Ftypesvestibulardisorders&h=1AQGmuxH9
Case 4
&q2= A 79 yearold exmachinist demonstrates significant agerelated hearing loss,
presbycusis. When trying to communicate with this patient the physical therapist would NOT
suspect:
2a= unilateral hearing loss.
2b= poor auditory discrimination.
2c= bilateral hearing loss at all frequencies.
2d= decreased language comprehension.
ANS: A
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 5
A physical therapist assistant is supervising a patient's home exercise program. The
patient is 6 weeks post stroke. Part of the plan of care includes “progressive gait training
on level surfaces”. The patient falls and sustains a fractured hip. The fall occurred when
the PTA took the patient on the stairs for the first time. The responsible party in this case
is:
a. the PT who is negligent for failing to provide adequate supervision of the PTA.
b. neither the PT nor the PTA because pa〠〠ents who have sustained a CVA are always at high
risk for falls, and thus it is a regre⼊呂able occurrence only.
c. both the PT and the PTA because the PT gave inadequate supervision, and the PTA used poor
judgment.
d. the PTA who is completely liable because the plan of care was altered without
communica〠〠ng with the supervising PT.
ANS: D
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 6
The patient with vertigo of central origin demonstrates significant impairments of
functional status and activity level. The physical therapy plan of care should emphasize:
a. gaze stability training during head movements.
b. fall preven〠〠on strategies with compensatory training.
c. habitua〠〠on training to decrease sensi〠〠vity to mo〠〠on.
d. a daily walking program in both home and community environments.
ANS: B
A – gaze stability will respond poorly for central lesions. It can be used for BPPV.
Habituation training etc will be used for peripheral origin.
Case 7
&q31= A 72 yearold medically stable individual requires custodial
care in the home. She is severely disabled with rheumatoid arthritis and is
in a great deal of pain. She presents with significant deformities which limit
her functional abilities and is dependent in all basic activities of daily
living. A recent exacerbation of her disease has left her bedbound for the
past 2 weeks. Appropriate physical therapy services would be covered by:
31a= Medigap policies.
31b= Medicaid.
31c= Medicare.
31d= only by HMO or private insurance policies.
ANS: C
Case 8
&q42= Long term care for institutionalized elderly who have reduced their
ፍċinancial resources to qualify for low‐income status is typically funded by:
42a= Medicare.
42b= Health Maintenance Organizations.
42c= Medicaid.
42d= Social Security Administration.
ANS: C
Case 9
ANS:
Multiple SclerosiS
There is compelling evidence for genetic susceptibility to MS (Compston 1990) while
environmental inፍċluence upon MS is suggested by variation in disease incidence and
prevalence according to geographical
areas (Weinshenker 1996).
In summary the epidemiological evidence implicates environmental factors, including
psychosocial stressors, operating against a background of genetic susceptibility or
resistance during childhood manifesting as altered immune responsiveness
There is a clear pattern of latitudinal variation in the prevalence of MS.
Epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of MS is high (>30 per 100000)
among young adults in n orthern Europe, North America and Australasia , medium
(5‐30 per 100000) in s outhern Europe, southern USA and northern Australia and is
less prevalent
in th e Orient, Africa, South America and India . Combined
data from epidemiology studies conducted in the USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand
show a s trong link between latitude and prevalence of MS .
MS affects white races principally , although it has been known to affect black
immigrants living in Europe and North America. In Australia and New Zealand, MS is
rarely seen in the Aboriginal or Maori races but occurs in the white population. In South
Africa, the disease occurs more commonly in English‐speaking whites than in
Afrikaaners but is not seen in native Africans. There is decreasing incidence of the
disease in individuals of northern European ancestry as one approaches the
tropics, suggesting that certain environments may be relatively more protective .
For example, in Australians of northern European descent and in English‐speaking white
South Africans, the frequency of MS is only about half that of northern Europe. Age is
also a factor in immigrant populations. Risk of MS is higher for English‐speaking South
African whites who migrated as adults rather than as children.
The hallmark features of MS lesions are perivascular inፍċlammation followed by myelin
depletion, oligodendrocyte loss and a stroglial proliferation , and these processes
are accompanied by limited remyelination and plaque formation.
A small proportion of MS patients (about 10%) experience a benign course of MS after
CIS; that is, further episodes
are detayed for 5‐10 years with minimal signs and
symptoms in each episode. A benign course of MS is
,igrriፍċi.".ttly associated with female sex, younger age of
oiset and absence of motor symptoms at presentations
The cause of MS appears to be an autoimmune process in which myelin is destrOyed.
The trigger of this abnormal immune response is unknown, ulthough a viral trigger is
probable in genetical ly susceptible individuals.
rehabilitation goals for a person with MS is to maximize functional independence and I
safety, minimize complications and problems caused by J decreased mobilily,
compensate for loss of fun ction, and I maximize quality of life.
(Neuro additional questions 2015)
Case 1:
A patient with multiple sclerosis exhibits moderate fatigue during a 30 minute exercise
session. When the patient returns for the next regularly scheduled session 2 days later,
the patient reports that she went home after the last session and went right to bed. The
patient was so exhausted she was unable to get out of bed until the late afternoon of the
next day.
The therapist's BEST strategy is to:
a) treat the pa〠〠ent in a warm, relaxing environment.
b) u〠〠lize a massed prac〠〠ce schedule.
c) u〠〠lize a distributed prac〠〠ce schedule.
d) switch the pa〠〠ent to a pool therapy program
acc to taken 4m neuro sept 15
ANS: C
http://www.coloradomesa.edu/shared/facprofiles/documents/MassedversusDistributedP
racticeWhichisBetter.pdf
https://www.facebook.com/groups/254003434711405/permalink/772417959536614/?comme
nt_id=773446009433809&ref=notif¬if_t=group_comment
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
Case 2:
A patient has a 3 year history of multiple sclerosis. One of her disabling symptoms is a
persistent and severe diplopia which leaves her frequently nauseated and immobile. An
appropriate intervention strategy to assist her in successfully participating in
rehabilitation would be to:
a. give her special glasses which magnify images.
b. have her close her eyes and prac〠〠ce movements without visual guidance.
c. give her a so㐰ㄠ neck collar to limit head and neck movements.
d. patch one eye.
ANS: D
Case 3(taken 4n neuro sept 15)
A patient with multiple sclerosis demonstrates strong bilateral lower extremity extensor
spasticity in the typical distribution of antigravity muscles. This patient would be expected
to demonstrate:
a. si晔‶ng with the pelvis laterally 〠〠lted with increased weight bearing on ischial tuberosity.
b. sacral si晔‶ng with increased extension and adduc〠〠on of lower extremity
c. si晔‶ng with both legs abducted and externally rotated.
d. skin breakdown on the ischial tuberosi〠〠es and lateral malleoli.
ANS: B
(Neuro additional paper 2015)(Taken 4m neuro sept 15)
Case 4
A 65 yearold patient with multiple sclerosis is being treated at home. The patient is
bedridden for most of the day with only short periods up in a bedside chair. Medicare is
funding the patient's home care program which has as its primary goals maintaining
PROM and positioning to prevent deformity. The role of the physical therapist is to
provide:
a. a restora〠〠ve exercise program aimed at improving upright si晔‶ng control and improved
func〠〠onal independence.
b. a limited cardiovascular condi〠〠oning (si晔‶ng) program aimed at improving respiratory
capacity.
c. supervision of home health aides for comple〠〠on of a daily home exercise program.
d. PROM exercises 2 〠〠mes a day with addi〠〠onal family instruc〠〠on to ensure weekend
coverage.
ANS; Cnpte
(SEPTEMBER 2015 NEURO (Esther’s) ; )
Case 5:
Case of Multiple sclerosis MS
Q1: W hat are the changes in NCV?
1: Reduced cortical motor activity
2:Reduced motor unit activity
3: Decreased firing rate
ANS: No answer given
Q2: Fatigue in MS
Motor unit activation????
Q3: Balance Test?
1:Functional Reach test, modified CTSIB
2. Borg test
3. 9 hole peg test.
ANS: A
Case 6:
Multiple Sclerosis, lady just home following an exacerbation of condition. Lives alone. has
mild extensor spasticity and moderate weakness in LL .
Q: gait –wide step length, decrease double supportetc
ANS [8:35:29 PM] diane.davis: Examinations of spatiotemporal parameters have revealed
that individuals with MS walk slower, taking shorter, slower steps, and spending more of
their gait cycle in doublesupport than healthy controls and these impairments scale with
disability
[8:35:35 PM] diane.davis: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/msi/2013/645197/
The answer is increased double support.
Q: cause of fatigue
a. decreased cortical activity,
b. increased muscle force
ANS – Decreased temporal activation. Fatigue is central than peripheral. Then answer is A.
Primary cause is central NS demyelination.
Chapter 14 MS. Pg – 337. The conduction block along partially demyelinated axons.
Q: best sitting position when working as secretary
[8:42:04 PM] diane.davis: thinking about energy conservation comfortable but supportive
[8:42:06 PM] diane.davis: ???
Fatigue and mobility loss are the 2 most important causes of job loss. Pg 340.
Pg 344 – lady sitting in W/c posture.
Pg 347 – above hoist picture. 3 wheeled scooter and electrical w/c. if the person wants to save
their energy.
Gait in MS Patient:
increased stride lentgh
decreased double support
wide base of support
ANS: B or C
case 7
40 y old lady with ataxic symptoms of MS,2nd episode.
Q: do ataxic symptoms occur alone or with spasticity
ANS – pg 338. Yes with spasticity.
Q: what is the scale of disability used
ANS – Self efficiency scale. On pg 340 they have given 2 or 3 scales.
Expanded disability scale. Pg 346. Heading: ?
edss
expanded disability status scale
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is a method of quantifying disability in
multiple sclerosis and monitoring changes in the level of disability over time. It is widely
used in clinical trials and in the assessment of people with MS.
The scale was developed by a neurologist called John Kurtzke in 1983 as an advance from his
previous 10 step Disability Status Scale (DSS).
The EDSS scale ranges from 0 to 10 in 0.5 unit increments that represent higher levels of
disability. Scoring is based on an examination by a neurologist.
EDSS steps 1.0 to 4.5 refer to people with MS who are able to walk without any aid and is
based on measures of impairment in eight functional systems (FS):
pyramidal weakness or difficulty moving limbs
cerebellar ataxia, loss of coordination or tremor
brainstem problems with speech, swallowing and nystagmus
sensory numbness or loss of sensations
bowel and bladder function
visual function
cerebral (or mental) functions
other
Each functional system is scored on a scale of 0 (no disability) to 5 or 6 (more severe
disability).
Q: what best describes MSremitting relapsing nature
ANS – Pg 337. It’s a disease progressive.
Remitting and relapsing nature. It’s a chronic disease.
CHARACTERISED BY RELAPSES VWITH EITHER FULL RECVERY OR
REMAINING SOME NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
PERIOD BETWEEN RELAPSES ARE CHRACTERISED BY LACK OF DIS
PROGRESSION
IT HAS PSEUDO EXACERBATION
unable to copy 2 IMAGES image from UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
Case 8
26 year female with multiple sclerosis.
Q: What are signs of exacerbation.
ANS – if there is hot climate, symptoms worsen for 24 hrs. antop’s phenomenon.
If u go for proper factors – definied as MS symptoms unrelated to another etiology.
Stress. Viral / bacterial infections/ malnutrition / sleep reduction.
IT HAS PSEUDO EXACERBATION , malnutrition , depressesion , ny affect on immune
system .
In carr and shepherd 340 pg 2nd
para
In o ‘sullivan – pg 779
Other signs
Acute neurological disturbances, sensory, weakness, numbness, speech, fatigue
UNTOFF’S PHENOMENON.
Q: What side is paralysed and what is affected .
ANS ? No conclusion.
Q: What muscles are strengthened.
ANS – Antigravity muscles are not strengthening as they are spastic in these cases. Gentle
cycling for LL.
Pg 342 – something is given about strengthening. Heading: Strengthening exercises.
UL muscles are strengthened. And knee extensors.
Basically cycling and UL strengthening.
UL and knee extensors is the answer.
Pg 345 – last paragraph of strengthening exe
Pg 343 – lady on TT. To prevent contractures.
Q: Mainly what is affected.
ANS – is motor coordination and sensations.
CIS (Clinic Isolated Syndrome). This is where they have MS. Its only in 20% that the optic
nerve is affected.
Good Ans EARLY symptoms include minor visual disturbance and paraesthesia progressing
to weakness, fatigue and numbness.
Case 8
&q113= A patient has a 3 year history of multiple sclerosis. One of her disabling
symptoms is a persistent and severe diplopia which leaves her frequently nauseated and
immobile. An appropriate intervention strategy to assist her in successfully participating in
rehabilitation would be to:
113a= give her special glasses which magnify images.
113b= have her close her eyes and practice movements without visual guidance.
113c= give her a soft neck collar to limit head and neck movements.
113d= patch one eye.
ANS: D
Case 9
EXTRA QUESTIONS:
(Neuro additional paper 2015)
Case 1:
A six yearold boy born with myelomeningocele at the L2 level is referred for physical
therapy treatment at home. In determining the plan of care, it would NOT be appropriate
to emphasize:
a) upper extremity strengthening with weights.
b) gait training with a reciproca〠〠ng gait orthosis.
c) vigorous range of mo〠〠on of the lower extremi〠〠es.
d) transfer training from floor to wheelchair.
ANS: C
Reference is given in NPTE book
(Neuro additional paper 2015)( taken 4m….)
Case 2:
76 yearold patient exhibits impaired balance. A diagnostic workup has failed to reveal
any specific etiology.
An initial intervention for this patient would NOT include:
a) limits of stability re‐educa〠〠on including postural sway training.
b) sit‐to‐stand and stand‐to‐sit ac〠〠vity training.
c) prac〠〠ce in maintenance of a wide base of support during turning.
d) tandem walking and single limb stance.
ANS: D
neuro 2014
CASE 3:
50 year old female was admitted with Asthma . has allergy to dust,mites,pollens
and symptoms increased from 3 days admitted to hospital .salbutamol and flixotide was
given and asthma is being controlled.
!
Q:What does the doctor tell physio to do
sputum clearnance
breathing control
q: Fluxotide was given, what is it?
preventer
combination
reliever
preventor is answer
symptom controller !
q: what is rationale for using spacer?
Even spread of drug in airways
Because it is cheap and increases compliance
It decreases candidasis infection
Easy to use and takes less time !
Q:How patient will measure her respiratory function
Peak expiratory flow rate
Peak inspiratory flow rate
Forced vital capacity
Forced expiratory rate
NEURO 2014
CASE 4:
TKR
Q:pt is having 20 deg extensor lack ans after 30 deg of ext lack.what do you understand by
this
Active mvt more than passiv mvt
Passive mvt mor than active mvt
Quadriceps can control extension
Quadriceps can hold in 20 deg of flexion
Q:How to strengthen quadriceps.
Isometric contraction of quadriceps in terminal range
Concentric contractions eccentric strengthening.
2015 sep neuro
Pancreatic cyst removal
clamp ICC
clamp Drain and empty suction chamber
remove suction from wall and open vent
Answer is c
TAKEN FROM NEURO SEPT 15
Mr M is a 49 year old man who suffered a myocardial infarction 10 days ago. He has been
referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program to assist his recovery. Mr M is a single father and
has two teenage children. He works as a manager and has a history of cardiac arrhythmia. As
part of the regular monitoring of Mr M’s rehabilitation program, he is asked to assess level of
exertion using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE) after each period of
activity. The patient rates the level of exertion as 9 on the 6 20 scale.
d. Q1 What does a rating of 9 mean?
1. very light
2. somewhat hard
3. hard
4. very hard
di. In sending Mr M for rehabilitation, the cardiologist indicates that Mr M’s exercise
program should not exceed 7 metabolic equivalents (METs). Given this requirement,
dii. Q 2 which of the following activities is CONTRAINDICATED?
1. riding a stationary bike at approximately 8 km/hr
2. descending a flight of stairs independently
3. ascending a flight of stairs with assistance
4. ambulating independently at 8 –10 km/hr
taken 4m neuro sept 15
The most appropriate physical therapy intervention to use during class for a 9 year old child
with decreased sitting balance, but normal tone would be:
a. sitting on a therapy ball while performing desktop activities.
b. sitting in an adaptive wheelchair with lateral supports and lap tray.
c. standing on a static pronestander with lap tray.
d. sitting in an appropriate height chair with with lateral postural supports.
(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
A home health physical therapist is treating an elderly patient. On this day he is
confused with shortness of breath and generalized weakness. Given his history of
hypertension and hyperlipidemia, the therapist suspects:
a. his mental changes are indicative of early Alzheimer's disease.
b. he may be experiencing unstable angina.
c. he forgot to take his hypertension medication.
d. he may be presenting with early signs of myocardial infarction.
A patient has been screened using a new test for the presence of a gene (ALG2) linked
to Alzheimer's disease. His physician reports he lacks the gene and should not be at
increased risk to develop the disease. Some years later he develops Alzheimer's and a
repeat test reveals the presence of the gene. The results of the initial test can be
interpreted as:
a. False negative.
b. high specificity.
c. false positive.
d. high sensitivity.
(taken 4m neuro sept 15)
An 80 yearold patient is being seen for balance instability and frequent falls. She
arrives for a therapy session complaining of pain and tingling in the forehead, cheek,
and jaw on the left side of the face. An inspection of the trunk reveals the eruption of
vesicles in the distribution of the T2 dermatome. The therapist's best course of action is
to:
a. refer the patient back to her physician immediately.
b. utilize warm water wraps to relieve the pain and continue with balance
c. have the patient exercise in the pool to promote painfree movement.
d. have the patient keep a diary charting the course and frequency of pain over the next
week.
SCI
UNTIL MARCH 13 PART 1
SCI not included in APC exam.
Complete spinal cord injury C7:
Q1: can she use the intrinsic muscle of hand?
Answer is
Q2: after rehabilitation can she bath independently or dressing independently or will she be
fairly dependent for all ADLs?
Q3: up to which level she has motor and sensation?
For reference : C7 patients have functional triceps, they can bend and straighten their
elbows, and they may also have enhanced finger extension and wrist flexion. As a result, they
have enhanced grasp strength which permits enhanced transfer, mobility, and activity skills
DCDdevelopmental coordination disorder
case 1
Clumpsy child referred by teachers/what is the diagnosis
ANS DCD
Q. what tests to be done?
ANS almost all neurological AX.
Movement ABC is more commonly.
Q. how can u assess his motor planning at his age?
ANS Movement ABC is more commonly.
Q. what will be the normal writing skill like?
writing with ulnar border, alternate wrist flexion
alternate pronation etc
ANS – without having a specific age – these guys are not sure. Basically bad handwriting.
Incoordinate. Alternate wrist flexion and writing not possible.
Q. whom do u involve in planning the goals
ANS teacher,client, parents
The answer is all 3. It’s a combination.
Q. he is unable to cross midlinewhat does it imply
ANS: LACK OF ROTATION
KOMAL SAYS:
Diagnostic Criteria
The following criteria are necessary for a diagnosis of DCD to be given:
A) Learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is below expected level for age, given
opportunity for skill learning.
B) Motor skill difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily living and impact
academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure and play.
C) Onset is in the early developmental period.
D) Motor skill difficulties are not better explained by intellectual delay, visual impairment or
other neurological conditions that affect movement.
Note: Motor milestones are often not delayed; the delay is usually in the acquisition of motor
skills. Criterion D require the involvement of a medical practitioner to rule out other
explanations for the clumsiness* In the province of Ontario, only a medical doctor or a
psychologist is permitted to diagnose DCD.