The Journal of the

ORDERS AND MEDALS SOCIETY

OF AMERICA

The Medal Collector

lvol. 47 June 1996 No. slj
 The Orders and Medals Society of America
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* •• * •••••
ON THE COVER: The Victory Order of the Republic of China; one of
EDITOR: Gary M. Hartman the awards covered in Paul T. Kua's article on Chinese World War Two
Box 92 Jerome Avenue Station Victory Commemorative Awards, which starts on page 15.
Bronx, New York 10468-0092
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 The Orders and Medals Society of America The Medal Collector Volume 47, Number 5
attack on the three provinces in Manchuria in 1931-32 and the subsequent
THE VICTORY ORDER AND MEDALS OF THE creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo, the attack on Shanghai in 1932,
REPUBLIC OF CHINA and the occupation of the province of Jehol in 1933.2

PaulL. T. Kua, OMSA #5121 In spite of earlier aggression, the War of Resistance Against the Japanese
officially began in 1937 and ended with the Japanese surrender in 1945.
1995 marked the 50th anniversary of V-J Day. It seems an appropriate time According to the Nationalist Chinese Board of Military Operations, this war
to revisit the subject of Chinese Victory Medals issued in celebration. could be broken down into three phases as follows:3

At the end of World War II, when the Japanese Government surrendered to Phase Period Major Campaigns/Battles
the allied forces on 2 September 1945, there were two Chinese forces
contending for ultimate control of China. The Nationalists, under the First 7/37-10/38 July 7 Incident, Shanghai, Nanjing,
~eadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek, headed the government of the Sinkow, Hsuchow (Taierchwang),
Republic of China, which was recognized as the legitimate government of Wuchang-Hankow
China by most of the world. The C~nununists, under the leadership of Mao Second 11/38-11/41 Nanchang, Suihsien-Tsaoyang, Changsha
Ze Dong, had effective control of large, usually more remote areas of China I, Kwangsi, Tsaoyang-Ichang, Honan,
and challenged the authority of the Nationalists. Both the Nationalists and Shangkao, Shansi, Changsha II
the Communists had been involved in years of struggle with the Japanese Third 12/41-8/45 Changsha III, Burma, Chekiang-Kiangsi,
invaders in various parts of China. Both of them had issued their own Changteh, Honan, Hunan, Burma-
Victory Order and Medal(s) in commemoration of the struggle. This article Yunnan, Kwangsi-Kweichow
focuses on the official Victory Order and Medals issued by the Nationalist
Republic government at the end of World War n.t On 7 July 1937, the Japanese Kwangtung Army massed near the Marco Polo
(or Lu.Kou) Bridge only 10 kilometers from the Chinese capital of Peking.4
Historical Notes On ?emg refused passage of the bridge to search for a "missing" Japanese
To most Chinese the Second World War was known by the more nationalistic soldier, the Japanese fired on the Chinese defense force. Control of the bridge
and emotional name of Kang Ri Zhan Zheng, the War of Resistance Against e~anged hands three times during that day amid fierce fighting, but remained
the Japanese, or Ba Nian Kang Zhan, the Eight Year War of Resistance. w~th the Chinese. By the end of July the Japanese had accumulated large
remforcements and finally crossed the bridge, then eventually took over
Japanese imperialist designs on China went back many years. At the end of Peking and Tianjin, two key northern cities. This "Incident of July 7th" is
the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), Li Hung Chang, the plenipotentiary
of the Qing Dynasty, was forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of 2
Shimonoseki. In it, China agreed to cede Taiwan (Formosa) and to pay an For more details on the First Sino-Japanese War and subsequent conflicts between
indemnity of 230 million silver taels for a war started by the Japanese and the two countries see, for example, East Asia.: The Modem Transfomlation John
K. Fairbanks ct.al., pp. 261 , 382-384, 563-565. '
fought solely in Korea and Northern China. This was followed by the attack 3 See China Handbook 1937-1945, Macmillan, 1947, p. 301.
on and attempted control of Shantung Province during World War I, the
The Marco Polo ~ridge, an ancient, elaborately constructed stone bridge, was so
4
named because 1t was described at length by Marco Polo when he traveled to and
1 For an introduction on WWII Victory Medals (strictly speaking, medals conunem- throughout China (1275-1295) during the Yuan Dynasty. Marco Polo called this
orating the Victory over the Japanese in the Second World War) issued by the "a very handsome bridge of stone, perhaps unequalled by any other in the world."
Conununist Chinese see Three Early Orders of the People's Republic of China, See The Travels ofMarco Polo, Garden City Publishing, 1930, pp. 177-178, Ch
PaulL. T . Kua, JOMSA, Volume 46, Number 1/2, (January/February 1995), pp. ~5, Of the Interior ofCathay, the River Named Pulisangan, and the Bn.dge Over
II.
15-26.

16 17
 The Orders and Medals Society of America
usually considered as the first battle of the Resistance War. At this point in
time the Japanese War Minister, General Sugiyama, informed Emperor
Hirohito that the Japanese would win the war in China within one month.5
Large scale fighting broke out in Shanghai in 1937. In this battle the
Japanese mobilized a powerful striking force of 200,000 people, 130 ships
and 400 planes. By November Shanghai was in Japanese hands. The loss of
Shanghai basically left nearby Nanjing indefensible and the city fell the next
month. This was followed by six weeks of mass and indiscriminate killing,
raping, and looting by Japanese soldiers in the city. Current estimates put the
total number of people killed in the Nanjing Massacre at around 300,000.6
The battles from July through December 1937, as outlined above, started the
E ight Year War of Resistance. The first phase of this war ended with the fall
of Hankow in October, 1938. The second phase ended with the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor and Hong Kong (and the consequent declaration of
war against the Japanese by the United States and Great Britain) in December
1941. The third and final phase of the war ended with the dropping of the
atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
This War of Resistance resulted in years of suffering and countless defeats for
the Chinese. Both the Nationalist and Communist forces managed to cling
onto various parts of China despite losing most of the large urban areas.
They also managed to engage and bog down the bulk of the forces of the
Imperial Japanese Army, making Japanese aggression elsewhere in Asia
difficult to pursue. But, as F. F . Liu puts it:
5 Members interested in reading more about the various campaigns of tl1e War of
Resistance Against the Japanese could consult A Milita1y Histo1y ofModem
China 1924-1949, Princeton University Press (1956), Chapter 17, The Sino-
Japanese War 1937-1945, pp I 97-225 or China Handbook 1937-1945, Macmillan,
1947, Chapter IX, Sino-Japanese Hostilities, pp. 299-322.
6 Members who frequent cyberspace may be interested in visiting a number of
Internet sites on the Nanjing Massacre and the Sino-Japanese War in general.
Simply search for "Nanjing Massacre" or "Sino-Japanese War" through common
search tools such as those available through Netscape, Gopher, WorldWideWeb,
etc. There is, surprisingly, a wealth of information on this subject through a
number of linked sites. For example:
http://www.cnd.org/NJMassacre
http://www.arts.cuhk.hk/NanjingMassacre/NM.html
http://www.cnd.org/N~assacre/recent-news.html
18
The Medal Collector Volume 47, Number 5
". . . China could claim no definite and devastating victory
over the Japanese. She simply proved that she could not be
defeated by them, that she could withstand- and occasion-
ally trounce - a first class military power in a war that lasted
eight years. '17
It is doubtful that the Chinese could have won the war by 1945 if the Japanese
had not over-extend themselves and if the Americans and the other allies had
not participated in this effort. Although China was eventually victorious, the
human cost was tremendous. Official estimates put Chinese military deaths
at 1.3 million and civilian deaths at 35 million.8 After the first Sino-Japanese
War 50 years earlier, the victorious Japanese extracted very substantial
rewards. In contrast, after the War of Resistance, the Chinese did not receive
any indemnity.
Award Regulations
On 10 October 1945, the Nationalist Government implemented a set of
regulations for granting the Order of Victory of Resistance Against
Aggression, commonly referred to as the Order of Victory. The original
regulations in Chinese contain six articles. Article Two states that this Order
comes in one class only, and can be issued to both Chinese and foreigners
who have contributed significantly to victory in the War of Resistance, and
also that the Order is to be awarded by the President of the Republic. Article
Three states the criteria for the award of this Order to government employees,
which presumably includes both civilian and military pers01mel. The criteria
include contribution to overall planning and strategy of the War of
Resistance, the defense of territory, loyalty despite persecution by enemy
forces and/or Chinese puppet governments, and long and faithful service
throughout the war. Article Four states the criteria for non-governmental
personnel. This included contribution to national defense through major
inventions, improvements in production and transportation of material,
efforts to relieve the plight of refugees and to protect and educate young
children, success in boosting people's morale and developing talent, and
again, loyalty despite persecution. There was a one year limitation for the
recommendation and awarding of this Order, starting 10 October 1945.
7 A Military History ofModem China, 1924 to 1949, p.225
8 From Internet article Basic Facts on the Nanjing Massacre and the Tokyo War
Trial.
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 The Orders and Medals Society of America
It appears that when the Order of Victory was created, the intention was to
have a one-class award. In a war that was so extensive and lasted so long,
everybody made great sacrifices and suffered tremendously. It was
understandably difficult to differentiate the level of contribution by each
individual. That may have been the reason for the original decision to adopt
a one-class award, but on 8 January 1946 for reasons unknown, the Regu-
lations were revised to include a Medal of Victory of Resistance Against
Aggression. There was also a one year limitation for the recommendation
and award of the Medal. While the Order and Medal were officially
described as two separate one-class awards, it is obvious that the Victory
Medal is meant to be a lower grade award to complement the Order of
Victory. The two awards are very simjlar in design (the medal being less
elaborate) and they, in fact, share the same set of regulations.
A third award, the Medal in Commemoration of Victory of the Resistance
Against Aggression, was created in October of 1946 for military and civilian
personnel who served during the Eight Year War of Resistance. Unlike the
two earlier awards, this one does not have a time limitation. John Lelle, with
the assistance of Colonel Paul O'Dowd, provided some detailed descriptions
on this medal in an article in The Medal Collector in December 1975.9 This
medal was apparently authorized to be awarded to all U.S. Military personnel
who had served in the China theater during the War of Resistance. Circular
Number 166 of the U.S. Forces, China Theater, issued on 29 September 1945,
states the following:
1. The Chinese Government has proffered the China War
Memorial Badge and Ribbon to personnel of the Army of
the United States who are eligible therefore under the
conditions established.
a. China War Memorial Badge and Ribbon --
for service in China from 8 December 1941 to
2 September 1945.
2. Acceptance of the badge and ribbon and the wearing of
same by eligible personnel is authorized.
3. All members of the Armed Forces of the United States and
ofnations allied or associated with the United States in China
9 See China War Memorial Badge and Ribbon - The Lost Decoration of WW/1, John
E. Lelle, The Medal Collector, Volume 26, Number 12, December 1975, pp. 5-6.
20
The Medal Collector Volume 47, Number 5
are eligible if--
a. they were assigned or stationed in China for
not less than 30 days at any time during the
period 8 December 1941 to 2 December 1945, etc.
BY COMMAND OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL STRATEMEYER
Ray T. Maddocks, Maj. Gen. , ChiefofSta.ff
Note that the actual creation of the Victory Commemoration Medal by the
Chinese Government was fully one year after the U.S. military circular
authorizing the acceptance and wear of the award. While the
Commemoration Medal was the last of the three awards to be implemented, it
was apparently developed much earlier, as a drawi ng of it appeared in a
publication by the Military Committee of the Nationalist Government in
October, 1944, long before the war ended. 10 This may explain why Circular
166 was issued earlier than the creation of the medal.
In the confusion following the Japanese surrender and the ensuing struggle
for control of China between the Nationalist and Communist forces, the
Victory Commemoration Medal was not awarded to most of the eligible
American service personnel after the war, despite the authorization to accept
and wear the medal. In fact, it wasn't until 30 years later that persistent U.S.
veterans of the 14th Air Force, who served in the China Theater, "redis-
covered" this medal and the related authorization, prompting the Nationalist
Government in Taiwan to award it to all qualified former U.S. service
personnel. 11
The Victory Order
Measuring 7lmm by 74mm, the Victory Order is a very well-designed and
beautiful award, made of pure silver which has been gilded, with enamel. Its
obverse design is pictured on the front cover of this issue. The center
medallion of the badge portrays Chiang Kai Shek and is surrounded by a gilt
rimmed red enamel band with 8 gold stars. The medal-lion is superimposed
on 8 groups of multiple red, blue, silver, and gold rays. According to official
documents, the red symbolizes victory and the 8 stars and groups of 8 rays the
10
See Lelle, p. 3.
11 See Flying Tiger Veteran: Chinese Medal Long in Arriving, The Medal Collector,
Volume 27, Ntm1ber 12, (December 1976), p.32, or Fourteenth Air Force Gets
Medal- 30 Years Later, 111e Medal Collector, Volume 26, Number 6 (June
1975), pp. 35-6.
21
 Tbe Orders and Medals Society of America The Medal Collector Volume 47, Number 5
eight years of the War of Resistance. This badge is suspended from a smaller At the right is a photo of
medallion measuring 2lmm, with a white and green wreath surrounding the General Li Tsung Jen, who
Nationalist "Blue Sky White Sun" symbol. was elected Vice President
of the Republic of China in
The reverse of the order shows a map of China in relief surrounded by a 1948, wearing the Victory
round pattern. Within the map are Chinese characters reading In Order (second medal from
Commemoration of Victory in the Eight Year War ofResistance. There is a the left).
mint mark at the top and a stamped serial number at the bottom.
The Victory Medal
The original ribbon was This medal (shown on the
33mm, consisting of a ne"1 page) measures 53mm
17mm red band edged and is also made of gilded
with 2mm of white, silver and enamel. The
2mm of blue, and 4mm center medallion portrays
white. Later issues Chiang Kai Shck and is
have 4mm yellow surrounded by a gilt rim-
stripes on the edges med red enamel band with
rather than white ones. eight gilt stars, super-
The complete set of imposed on eight two-
earlier issues included a pointed, gold-rimmed white
ribbon bar while later enamel rays, separated by
issues also included a smaller red and blue enamel
miniature medal. rays. The center medallion
and the surrounding band
The original case is a General Li Tsung Jcn
are exactly the same as the
large brocade case with Order of Victory, but the base star is smaller and much less elaborate. The
the simplified name of badge is suspended from a smaller medallion, which measures 15mm, and
Victory Order stamped contains the Blue Sky White Sun symbol. This suspension device is similar
in gold using four to that of the Order of Victory, minus the surrounding wreath.
Chinese characters on a Victory Order - Reverse
vertical strip of red silk The pattern of the ribbon is 8mrn red, 3mm white, 4mm light yellow, 3nun
on the front cover. blue, 4mm light yellow, 3mm white and 8mm red.

In terms of precedence, the Victory Order is to be worn immediately after the
Air Force Order of Renaissance and Honor (more often referred to as the
Order of Rejuvenation) and immediately ahead of the Order in
Commemoration of the Tenth Anniversary of the Oath-Taking of the
National Revolutionary Army. It is believed that only 78 American
servicemen received this award.l 2
12 See The Chinese Vict01y Medal Myste1y, James R. Powers, The Medal Collector,
22
Based on limited observations of actual samples and their numbers, it is
believed that the Victory Medal was awarded less frequently than the Order of
Victory.
Volwne 10, Nwnber 3 (March 1960), p. 12. Mr. Power apparently obtained the
nwnber of these Orders made to American personnel from Chinese Government
sources. Note that his description of the Order, based only on a line drawing
which was included in the article, is not entirely accurate. The ribbon colors and
the measurements are both incorrect.
23
 The Orders and Medals Society of America The Medal Collector Volume 47, Number 5
In terms of precedence, the Victory
Medal is to be worn after the
Medal of the Spirit of Chu and
ahead of the Medal in Com-
memoration of the Sian Incident.

The Victory Commemoration

Medal
In a sense, the Victory Commem-
oration Medal is the most inter-
esting of the three awards. The
medal was authorized for a large
number of people, civilian and
military, Chinese and foreign. It
was also awarded during two
distinct periods which were thirty
years apart. The first was right
Obverse of Two Versions of the Victory Commemoration Medal
after the war and the second was in
the 1970s to American veterans
who did not receive the medals The reverse of the medal always has the Chinese name at the top. Other than
when they were first issued. the name, the earlier military versions usually have only a number at the
Because of these reasons there are, bottom. The civilian versions and the later issues tend to also have the
understandably, quite a few manu- manufacturer's name beneath the number. Again, both versions arc
The Victory Medal illustrated (below).
facturers and variants of the medal,
the ribbon, and the packaging.

The obverse of the medal shows a depiction of the Marco Polo Bridge,
signifying the "July 7th Incident," with fields, buildings, and smokestacks in
the background, signifying peacetime pursuit of industry and agriculture.
Above the bridge is an oval portrait of Chiang Kai Shek and the crossed flags
of the Nationalist Republic and the Armed Forces. The width of this medal
ranges from under 35mm to over 37.5mm, the height from 43mm to 45mm,
and the base material is either copper or brass, between 2mm and 3.7mm
thick. The details arc usually coarser in the earlier medals than in the later
ones. The earlier medals also tend to have thicker rims. The portrait in the
later medals show a somewhat chubbier and fuller body version of Chiang
Kai Shek. The obverses of both versions of the medal arc illustrated for com-
parison on the next page.

Reverse of Two Versions of the Victory Commemoration Medal

24 25
 The Orders and Medals Society of America
The ribbon varies in width
from 29rnm (earlier version)
to 35rnm. Its colors are 4-
5mm red, 3-4mm blue, 13-
19mm orange/yellow, 3-4rnm
blue, 4-5mm red. Like the
ribbons of many other Chinese
medals, the earlier versions
have coarser materials. Most
ribbons come with a small
Blue Sky White Sun device
attached. Some earlier ver-
sions also have the serial num-
bers on the back of the ribbon
bar as well as on the back of
the medals themselves.
There are at least three types
of packaging. Earlier civilian
versions have fitted red card-
General Bei Tsung Hsi board boxes with the name of
the medal in gold on the
cover. Earlier military versions have beige silk bags with the name of the
medal and the number printed in black on the front, and the manufacturer's
name printed on the back. At least some later versions simply come in a
narrow plastic case with the name of the medal in gold on the clear cover.
Some common manufacturers are Guan Shing Enterprises Ltd., He Zhuo Wu
Jin Company, Tung Guan Gung Yi She, and Shau Nian She.
The Victory Commemoration Medal is worn immediately following the
Medal in Commemoration of the Sian Incident.
Above is a photo of Bei Tsung Hsi, a well known Nationalist general who was
once Defense Minister of the Republic. He is wearing the Victory Commem-
oration Medal in the second row, first medal from the left. This is not the
correct position for this medal as all three medals to the right in the second
row should take precedence over it. General Bai was also awarded the Order
of Victory which he was pictured wearing on other occasions. Note the two
U.S. medals he is wearing: Commander of the Legion of Merit at the neck
and the Medal of Freedom (third from left, first row).
26
The Medal Collector Volume 47, Number 5
Unofficial and Local Awards
There are also a number of unofficial,
branch, and local awards commem-
orating the victory which members may
come across from time to time.
Mr. Cheoros and Mr. Powers mentioned
in 1959/1960 in this publication the two
so-called "P'u Money World War II Vic-
tory Medals," one round and one in the
shape of a spade. 14 Both are designed
like ancient Chinese coins, with the
character Chiang on one side and either P'u Money WWIT Victory
the characters meaning Victory or Allied Medal
Victory on the other. The author's
sample of the P'u Money Victory Medal is in the shape of a spade, with the
same characters as those shown in the rubbings of the 1960 article, but with
somewhat different designs. No official
mention of these medals appears
anywhere, and no Chinese military
personnel have been pictured wearing
them. They also do not appear to have
been designed for wear with a ribbon.
One can only conclude that these are
unofficial issues which may have been
given or sold to Chinese and foreigners
as souvenirs in the war's aftermath.
Another award, apparently a local/army
unit creation which does not appear in
regulations, is a reasonably well-made
•t v· t M
Loca1/Um 1c ory c a 1 d eight-pointed bronze
. star with a green
center medallion surrounded by a
yellow (inner) and dark blue (outer) rim. On the center medallion are three
lines of Chinese characters, which translate as "National Revolution "
"Victory in the War of Resistance'" and "Commemoration Medal." The
reverse has a mint mark and a serial number. The ribbon has
red/white/blue/white/red stripes and a large bronze "V" device.
14
See Volume 19, Number 3 (March/April 1959) and Volume 20, Number 3 (March
1960).
27