Discussion 2

SELF-CONCEPT
Imagine yourself looking into a mirror. What do you see? Do you see your ideal self or your
actual self? Your ideal self is the self that you aspire to be. It is the one that you hope will possess
characteristics similar to that of a mentor or some other worldly figure.
Your actual self, however, is the one that you actually see. It is the self that has characteristics that you were
nurtured or, in some cases, born to have.

The actual self and the ideal self are two broad categories of self-concept.
Self-concept refers to your awareness of yourself. It is the construct that negotiates these two selves. In
other words, it connotes first the identification of the ideal self as separate from others, and second, it
encompasses all the behaviors evaluated in the actual self that you engage in to reach the ideal self.
The actual self is built on self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is derived from social interactions that provide
insight into how others react to you. The actual self is who we actually are. It is how we think, how we feel, look,
and act. The actual self can be seen by others, but because we have no way of truly knowing how others view
us, the actual self is our self-image.

The ideal self, on the other hand, is how we want to be. It is an idealized image that we have developed
over time, based on what we have learned and experienced. The ideal self could include components of what
our parents have taught us, what we admire in others, what our society promotes, and what we think is in our
best interest.
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PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
Personal Effectiveness means making use of all personal resources- talent, skills, energy and
time to enable you to achieve life goals.
Our personal effectiveness depends on our innate characteristics – talent and experience
accumulated in the process of personal development. Talents first are needed to be identified and
then developed to be used in a particular subject area (science, literature, sports, politics, etc.).
Knowledge is required for setting goals, defining an action plan to achieve them and risk
assessment.
Skills also determine whether real actions are performed in accordance with the plan.
If the same ability is used many times in the same situation, then it becomes a habit that
runs automatically, subconsciously. Here are some skills that will greatly increase the efficiency
of any person who owns them:
1. Determination. It allows you to focus only on achieving a specific goal without being
distracted by less important things or spontaneous desires. It may be developed with the help of
self-discipline exercise.

2. Self-confidence. It appears in the process of personal development, as a result of getting
aware of yourself, your actions and their consequences. Self- confidence is manifested in speech,
appearance, dressing, gait, and physical condition. To develop it, you need to learn yourself and
your capabilities, gain positive attitude and believe that by performing right actions and achieving
right goals you will certainly reach success.

3. Persistence. It makes you keep moving forward regardless of emerging obstacles – problems,
laziness, bad emotional state, etc. It reduces the costs of overcoming obstacles. It can also be
developed with the help of self- discipline exercise.

4. Managing stress. It helps combat stress that arises in daily life from the environment and
other people. Stress arises from the uncertainty in an unknown situation when a lack of
information creates the risk of negative consequences of your actions. It increases efficiency in the
actively changing environment.
5. Problem-solving skills. They help cope with the problems encountered with a lack of
experience. It increases efficiency by adopting new ways of achieving goals when obtaining a new
experience.

6. Creativity. It allows you to find extraordinary ways to carry out a specific action that no one has
tried to use. It can lead to a decrease or an increase of costs, but usually the speed of action is
greatly increased when using creative tools.

7. Generating ideas. It helps you achieve goals using new, original, unconventional ideas. Idea is
a mental image of an object formed by the human mind, which can be changed before being
implemented in the real world. For generating ideas, you can use a method of mental maps, which
allows you to materialize, visualize and scrutinize all your ideas, which in turn contributes to the
emergence of new ideas. These are just some, but the most important personal effectiveness skills
which make the achievement of any goal easier and less costly.
FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Freud suggested that personality develops in stages that are related to specific erogenous
zones. Failure to complete these stages, he suggested, would lead to personality problems
in adulthood.
FREUD’S STRUCTURAL MODEL OF

PERSONALITY
According to Freud, the basic driving force of personality and behavior is known as the libido. This
libidinal energy fuels the three components that make up personality: the id, the ego, and the
superego.
THE ID
o According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary
component of personality.
o The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
o This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive
behaviors.
THE ID
The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all
desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state
anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an
immediate attempt to eat or drink.
The id is very important early in life because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the
infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are
satisfied. Young infants are ruled entirely by the id, there is no reasoning with them when these
needs demand satisfaction.
Imagine trying to convince a baby to wait until lunchtime to eat their meal. The id
requires immediate satisfaction, and because the other components of personality are not yet
present, the infant will cry until these needs are fulfilled.
However, immediately fulfilling these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If
we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing the things that
we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings.
THE EGO
o According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can
be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
o The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
o The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.
The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires
in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits
of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.
In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification—the
ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.
Freud compared the id to a horse and the ego to the horse's rider. The horse provides
the power and motion, while the rider provides direction and guidance. Without its
rider, the horse may simply wander wherever it wished and do whatever it pleased. The
rider gives the horse directions and commands to get it to go where the rider wants it
to go.
The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through secondary process thinking,
in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by
the id's primary process
THE SUPEREGO
The last component of personality to develop is the superego.
o According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.
o The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our
parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
o The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
The superego has two parts:

1. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society.
These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of
guilt and remorse.
2. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the ego aspires to.
The superego tries to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all
unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards
rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious, and
unconscious.
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
The study of human developmental stages is essential to understanding how
humans learn, mature and adapt. Throughout their lives, humans go through various stages
of development.
Developmental Stage Characteristics
Pre-natal (Conception to birth) Age when hereditary endowments and sex are fixed and all body features, both external and
internal are developed
2. Infancy (Birth to 2 years) Foundation age when basic behavior are organized and many oncogenic maturation skills are
developed.
3. Early Childhood (2 to 6 years) Pre-gang age, exploratory, and questioning. Language and Elementary reasoning are acquired and
initial socialization is experienced.
4. Late Childhood (6-12 years) Gang and creative stage when self-help skills, social skills, school skills, and play are developed.
5. Adolescence (puberty to 18 years Transition age from childhood to adulthood when sex maturation and rapid physical development
old) occur resulting to changes in ways of feeling, thinking and acting.
6. Early Adulthood (18-40 years old) Age of adjustment to new patterns of life and roles such as spouse, parent and bread winner.
7. Middle Age (40 years to retirement) Transition age when adjustments to initial physical and mental decline are experienced.
8. Old Age (Retirement to death) Retirement age when increasingly rapid physical and mental decline are experienced.
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SELF-CONCEPT

FREUD’S STRUCTURAL MODEL OF

The superego has two parts:

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