History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation")

 is the study of the past as it is described in written documents.

 encompasses the entire scope of the human experience on this planet.
 History is not ‘what happened in the past’; rather, it is the act of selecting, analyzing, and writing
the past. It is something that is done, that is constructed, rather than an inert body of data that
lies scattered through the archives

Scholars who write about history are called historians.

Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory.

There are diverse sources of history including documentary sources or documents, archeological
records, and oral and video accounts.

Sources of History

 Documents
These refer to handwritten, printed, drawn, designed, and other composed materials. These
include books, newspapers, magazines, journals, maps, architectural perspectives, paintings,
advertisements, and photographs.
 Archaeological Records
These refer to preserved remains of human beings, their activities, and the environment where
they lived. Aside from human remains, other archeological records are generally categorised as
fossils and artifacts.
 Oral and Video Account
These form the third kind of historical source. These are audio-visual documentation of people,
events, and places. These are usually recorded in video and audio cassettes, and compact discs.
Aside from scholars, media people also use oral and video accounts as part of their news and
public affairs work.

General kinds of historical cost

 Primary sources
These refer to documents, physical objects, and oral/video accounts made by an individual; or a
group present at the time and place being described. These materials provide facts from people
who actually witnessed the event.
 Secondary sources
These are materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place.

Two levels of historical criticism

External Criticism
Answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source by
identifying who composed the historical material, locating when and where the historical
material was produced, and establishing the material’s evidential value.
 Internal Criticism
Deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given historical source. This kind of
criticism focuses on understanding the substance and message that the historical material wants
to convey by examine how the author frame the intent and meaning of a composed material.

Content Analysis

 It is a technique that help to analyze the actual content and it is features of any kind, whether it
was a word, picture, themes, text, and try to present the content in objective and quantitative
manner.
 It is used to determine the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases, characters, or
sentences within texts or sets of texts and to quantify this presence in an objective manner.

How to conduct content analysis?

To conduct a content analysis on a text, the text is coded, or broken down, into manageable categories
on a variety of levels-- word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or theme--and then examined using one of
content analysis' basic methods: conceptual analysis or relational analysis. The results are then used to
make inferences about the messages within the text(s), the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture
and time of which these are a part.

The process of content analysis

 Which data are analyzed?

 How are they defined?
 What is the users from which they are drawn?
 What is the context relative to which the data are analyzed?
 What are the boundaries of the analysis?
 What is the target of the inferences?

Context Analysis

 A contextual analysis helps us to assess text within the context of its historical and cultural
setting, and its textuality (the qualities that characterize the text as a text.)

June 12, 1898 - The Philippine Declaration of independence was proclaimed in Cavite el Viejo (present-
day Kawit, Cavite)