HISTORY
interactions, set fines and punishment) to meet the
 Study of past events
 Branch of knowledge that records or explain past
evidence
SCHOOLS
1. CLASSICAL
 Choosing pleasure and pain
 Certain and speedy
 Doctrine of psychological hedonism or
“freewill” -- own choice
“will” -- power to deliberate
 Rational -- know what is right and wrong
 Retribution -- deserve punishment
2. NEO-CLASSICAL
 NEO -- new, modern or contemporary
 Children and lunatics cannot calculate the
difference of pleasure from pain
 Irrational (free from punishment)

 Exemption to General rule: Imbecile
and lunatics
 Universal rule: no exemption
3. POSITIVIST/ITALIAN
 Criminals are considered sick people or
individual who need to be treated by treatment
programs rather than punitive actions against
them (treatment and rehabilitation)
 Denied individual responsibility and reflected
non-primitive reactions to crime and criminal
 Adheres that crimes as any other act are natural
phenomenon -- innate, natural, inborn
EARLY CODES
1. CODE OF KING HAMMURABI
 LEX TALIONIS
 Oldest code prescribing savage punishment
 Collection of 282 rules (Standard for commercial
requirement of justice
 One of the first legal codes was developed in about
2000 B.C.
 Proclaimed by Babylonian King Hammurabi (1792-
1970 B.C)
 Hammurabi expanded that city state along Euphrates
river to unites all Southern Mesopotamia
 According to legend, Hammurabi received the code
from the sun god Shamash, who was also the god of
justice.
 The Code of Hammurabi has its core principle
concept of justice known as LEX TALIONIS “an eye
for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.”
 Curve in a massive finger shape black stone “stele”
(pillar) that was looted by invaders 
 Rediscovered in 1901 by JACQUES DE MORGAN
-- french mining engineer and an archaeological
expedition to Persia
 Uncovered steel of Hammurabi was broken into 3
pieces that has been bought to Susa as a spoils of
war, likely by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte in
the mid-12th century
TRIVIA:
Fee of doctor
 Severe wound -10 silver shekels for gentlemen
 Freed men - 5 shekels
 Slave - 2 shekels
Malpractice
 Rich man -cutting of hands
 Slaves - Financial Restitution
Shekels
 Basic monetary unit of modern Israel
 Equivalent to 100 agaurot
 1 =14. 24 peso
2. JUSTINIAN CODE
 Earliest code of Roman Law
 Exist over 1000 years
 Revised within a few years to reflect recent
legislation and reissued in December 1534 C.E
 All commentaries of the code was band
 Studied by student of law in the 5th year
 Translated into Greek by the end of 16th century C.E
 Introduced recently in re-concurred Italy 54 C.E
 Recently neglected
 11th century C.E corporated into Medieval
 Corpus Juris Civilis
-Major reform of Byzantine
-Influence canon law of Roman Catholic
Church
 -More on the regulation of religious  Securing Sanctuary
practice  Criminal could avoid punishment by claiming
-provided for the basis of the law for emerging refugee in church for a period of 90 days
European Nations  In England, TORTURE as punishment become
 Did not survived due to the fall of Roman Empire but prevalent
left a foundation of western legal codes
 Address social changes of Byzantine 16TH CENTURY
 In Roman law, the Emperor was a single legitimate  Ernest Hooton (General Inferiority Theory)
source of law  Transportation of criminals in England was
 Evolve as LAW OF THE TWELVE TABLES authorized
-- more sophisticated  Industrial Revolution
-- more commensurate  Partially relieved over crowding of prisoners
-- follow rule of law  1835, transportation was abandoned
-- improvement for the rights group of
women, slaves and children 17TH CENTURY TO LATE 18TH CENTURY
 Abandoned warships converted into prison as mean
3. GREEAK CODE OF DRACO of relieving congestions of prisoners
 Written in blood rather than ink  Floating Hells
 Death was prescribe for all the criminal offenses  Death penalty become prevalent
 Harsh code that provides the same punishment  Jails become common
for both citizens and slaves as it incorporates  Gaols and Galleys
primitive concepts (vengeance, blood feuds)  Hulks
 Citizens are allowed to prosecute offenders in -descript transport for more warship
the name of the injured party -used to house prison (18th - 19th)
 Practice the act of fairness THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 18th
 Century of change
 Period of recognizing human dignity
 Period of the introduction of certain reforms in the
correctional field by certain person
4. THE BURGUNDIAN CODE (500 A.D)
 Specified punishment according to the social class of
offenders EARLY PRISONS
 Dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower
1. MAMERTIME PRISON
class
 Only Roman place of confinement
 Specify the value of life of each person according to
 Build under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C. by
social status
Ancus Maritus
 BARBARI
- doesn’t know the life of city nor the gifts of
literacy 2. BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE
 BARBARIAN (15th century)  1557
- groups were not people or tribe  Most popular workhouse in London, England
-collections of soldier under the  Built for the employment and house of English
military leadership of the king prisoners
 FODERATI  Agricultural
-divide and rule  Hard labor
-barbarian Allies
3. WALNUT STREET JAIL
 Originally constructed as a detention jail in
5 and 11 CENTURY
th th Philadelphia
 Dark ages because of human life violation  It was converted into a state prison become the first
 Church is dominant American penitentiary
 Excessive and brutal measure of social control
imposed by the church 4. DARTMOOR PRISON
 HOUSE OF HALFWAY TO HELL (brutal) in
13TH CENTURY Devonshire, England
 Constructed to house French prisoners A people without the Knowledge of their past
History, origin and culture is like a tree without
5. GAOLS roots
 Jails, Pretrial detention facilities operated by the --Markus Garvey
English Sheriff in England during 18th century

6. GALLEYS
 Long, low-narrow, single-decked ships propelled by
sails and cars usually rowed by criminals

7. HULKS
 Abandoned or unusual warship that were converted
to prisons as means of relieving congestion of
prisoner when transportation system was abandoned
 FLOATING HELL or HELL HOLES

8. ALCATRAZ PRISON
 Operated in 1934
 Close in Mach 31, 1963 because
 it was primarily because it was too costly, an
operation estimated were that repairs alone would run
between 4.5 and 5 million dollars.
 1940, it had a per capita cost of over twice of average
of all federal institutions when it closed, it has 260
inmates
 San Francisco, California

2 RIVAL OF PRISON SYSTEM

1. AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM
 CONGRAGATE SYTEM
 Prisoners are confined in their cells during the night
and congregate work in shop during the day

2. PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM

 SOLITARY SYSTEM
 Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night
were they lived, they slept, eat and receive religious
instructions

ELMIRA REFORMATORY
MOVEMENT
 July 1876
 Ideal prison system quickly began to take from in
new York
 In reaction to the growing pessimism surrounding the
penitentiary, participant at the 1870 American Prison
Congress applied the ideas and practices of Sir
Walter Crofton and Alexander Maconochie
 Forerunner of modern penology because it had the
elements of modern system