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    uganda tec based

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    10 views9 pages

    Oil and Gas 2

    Uploaded by

    Africana Royal
    uganda tec based

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    Evidences of hydrocarbon generation + Oil seeps + Natural gas seeps * Porkmarks (under water craters caused by escaping gases) Elements of a petroleum prospect * A prospect is a potential trap which geologists believe may contain + They include; + A source reck- a rock where hydrocarbons form. Usually rich organic rocks eg. shale or coal . «The hydrocarbons are expelled from source tosh by dematy- related mechanisms * Seal or cap rock - The hydrocarbon wap hes wo be conrad by impermeable rock known as 8 seal or cap-ruck to prevent by escaping to the surface : - sare contained in 4 reservoir rock Le pores sandstone or limestone. The oil collects ia the pores within the roc fractures within non-porous rocks may alto store hydrocarbons. The CESS Ly cena Olt MUSE also be permeable so thatthe hydrocarsons will flow to Surface during production THO! F PETROLEUM EXPROSPECT GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTING * GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING * GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING * FORMATION EVALUATION DEFINITION: GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING; is the applied branch of geophysics which uses surface methods to measure the Physical properties ofthe subsurface Earth, along with the anomalies in these Properties, in order to detect the presence and position of ore minerals, hydrocarbons, geothermal reservoirs, groundwater reservoirs and other geological structures, + Itapplies physical methods (such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic) to measure the physical properties of rocks, and in particular, to detect the measurable physical differences between rocks that contain ore deposits or hydrocarbons and those without. METHODS FOR EXPLORATION + Gravity survey + Magnetic survey + Seismic survey i xxploring for petroleum Seismic exploration is the primary method of exploring for p based on ‘methods has continued to expand, of gravity and magnetic indo ca ae ‘ontrbution to reliable evaluations especially in despe, challenging environments SEISMIC METHODS rn GRAVITY METHOD * Gravity surveys can be used to map the extent or depth of se basins or even individual hydrocarbon prospects, memes * Variations inthe Earth’s gravitational field can be used to map cha changes in the density of formations in the Earth. ConocoPhillips geophysiciss also use a technique known as gravity radiometry to measure the density ofthe subsurface ~ oF the rate of change of rock properties. al Itis possible to build a picture of subsurface anomie used to more accurately target oil, gas and mineral deposits 's Which can then be MAGNETIC METHOD Variations in the Earth’s magnetic and depth of sedimentary basins, as well as to differentiate between different types of rock such as rocks formed by the cooling of lava and certain field can be used to determine the extent sedimentary rocks such as salt. A In addition to Bravity gradiometry magnetotel| Beophysicists a} Finn mtaique OMT). sar an lec lize he "enetic geophysical FORMATION EVALUATION * Formation Evaluation (FE) is the Process of interpreting a combination of measurements taken inside a wellbore *Hedetects and quantifies oil and gas reserves in the rock adjacent to the well. * Used to determine the ability of a borehole to produce petroleum. Iris the process of "recognizing a commercial well when you drill one", * FE data can be gathered with wireline logging instruments or logging-whle- drilling tools. Data are organized and interpreted by depth and represented. on a graph called a log The formation evaluation problem is a matter of answering two questions: What are the lower limits for porosity, permeability and upper limits for water saturation that permit profitable production frem a particular formation or pay zone; in a particular geographic area; in a particular economic climate. Do any of the formations in the well under consideration exceed these lower PROCESSES INVOLED IN OIL AND Gas. This include; Upstream, Midstream and Downstream. 1. Upstream; Typically refers to all facilites for production and stabilization of oll and gas. The reservoir and drilling community often uses upstream for the oe only, and downstream of the wellhead as Production or processing. ie eeotation and upstream/production together is referred to as E&P. idstream; * Broadly defined as gas treatment, LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas) Production and regasification plants, and oil and £45 pipeline systems, 3. Donstream; «gS the refinery where oil and condensates are Processed into marketable Products with defined specifications such as Basoline, diesel or feedstock for the petrochemical industry, * Refinery offsites such as tank storage and distribution terminals are includedin this segment, or may be part ofa separate distributions operation, MINING OF OIL AND Gas. Drilling is the process of creating apassage for extracing oil or natural Bas from the reservoir rock by penetrating through the ground Methods of oil and gas mining * Onshore drilling + Offshore drilling OFFSHORE DRILLING + Refers to the discovery of * Extract oil off the coasts of continents in large water bodies. s + However, with drilling at sea, the sea floor can sometimes be thousan & gas resources underwater. of feet below sea level. i In drilling at sea, an artificial drilling platform must be construc Two main types of drilling units + Floating unit include: semisubme e-type, column stabilized + Bottom-supported unit ir oer Well oer Peery aire) 2. ONSHORE DRILLING Is the discovery of oj bog, OPE Of ol and gas resources on the round or off the water * The first recorded instance of the Practice of ‘drilling’ holes in the grou i 7 id came about around 600 B.C. ‘percussion drilling * Itisa method of drilling thats stil in use. * Much advancement has been made since these first bamboo drilling implements. ‘Types of onshore drilling There are two main types of onshore drilling * Percussion drilling or cable tool drilling + Rotary drilling PERCUSSION DRILLING This consists of raising and dropping a heavy metal bit into the ground, effectively punching a hole down through the earth Cable tool drilling is usually used for shallow, low pressure formations. It is recognized by many as the first drilling method employed to dig wells into the earth for the purpose of reaching petroleum deposits and water Mechanism of Percussion drilling The basic concept for cable tool drilling consists of repeatedly dropping a heavy metal bit into the ground. + Eventually the process will break through rock and punch a hole through to the desired depth. It consists through the Earth's of a shi

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