6526 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO.
8, AUGUST 2022
Transmissive Metasurface With Independent
Amplitude/Phase Control and Its Application to
Low-Side-Lobe Metalens Antenna
Lin-Xiao Wu , Na Zhang , Kai Qu , Ke Chen , Member, IEEE, Tian Jiang , Member, IEEE,
Junming Zhao , Member, IEEE, and Yijun Feng , Member, IEEE
Abstract— In this article, a single-sheet metasurface (MS) for
independently manipulating the transmissive phase and ampli-
tude of linearly polarized electromagnetic (EM) wave is proposed.
The amplitude modulation is achieved via imposing a rotation
angle to flexibly control the ratio of polarization conversion,
while the phase modulation is realized by tuning the physical
parameters of the unit cell to change its resonance. By integrating
the proposed single-sheet MS, a low-profile metalens antenna
operating around 12.2 GHz is designed, fabricated, and exper-
imentally validated. In particular, spatially varying amplitude
on the MS aperture is designed to meet the Taylor distribution,
thus reducing the sidelobe level (SLL) of the metalens antenna.
In addition, special MS elements rotation strategy is performed
to maintain good polarization isolation-level (PIL) performance.
The measured results show that the proposed metalens antenna
achieves the peak gain of 25.3 dBi at 12.6 GHz with 3 dB
gain bandwidth of 16.4% (11.2–13.2 GHz). Within the 3 dB
gain bandwidth, this metalens antenna achieves SLL lower than
−20.5 dB with an average value of −23 dB and PIL lower than
−22.2 dB with an average value of −26.5 dB. Compared with
metalens antenna with phase-only modulations, the proposed
metalens antenna realizes a 5.7 dB average SLL suppression.
The proposed metalens antenna is a promising candidate in
point-to-point communications for wireless and satellite system
applications.
Index Terms— Low sidelobe, metalens, metasurface (MS),
phase and amplitude modulations, polarization isolation
level (PIL).
I. I NTRODUCTION
I N THE past decade, metasurfaces (MSs) have attracted
much attention and experienced rapid developments, due
to their unprecedented power in manipulating electromag-
netic (EM) waves, such as amplitude, phase, and polar-
ization. By introducing building blocks with subwavelength
dimensions, MSs with ultrathin thickness have been used to
Manuscript received 11 August 2021; revised 12 January 2022; accepted
28 February 2022. Date of publication 28 March 2022; date of current
version 8 September 2022. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61801207, Grant 91963128,
Grant 62071215, and Grant 61731010; and in part by the National Key
Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2017YFA0700201.
(Corresponding authors: Ke Chen; Yijun Feng.)
The authors are with the School of Electronic Science and Engi-
neering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (e-mail:
ke.chen@nju.edu.cn; yjfeng@nju.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3161500.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2022.3161500
0018-926X © 2022 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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realize many fantastic EM phenomena and applications that are
otherwise difficult or even impossible by traditional materials,
such as anomalous reflection and refraction [1]–[4], radar cross
section reduction [5]–[8], and generations of orbital angular
momentum [9]–[12].
Although phase-only MSs can effectively tailor the EM
wavefront in most cases, for some sophisticated or high-
quality wave control, such as manipulation of multiple
diffractions beams [14], [15], high-quality holography gener-
ation [16], [18], and synthesis of complex beams [19], [20],
it requires MSs with simultaneous amplitude/phase modula-
tions. Resistor-loaded MSs [21], [28] and partially reflected
MSs [13], [14] can be used for co-polarization operation.
However, the resistor-loaded MSs require careful welding and
precise control of the resistance, which may result in incon-
venience for practical applications. As for partially reflected
MSs, for example, the Huygens MSs [13], [14], complicated
multilayered structures for independently designing electric
admittance and magnetic impedance are needed to reflect the
unwanted amplitude components and to achieve the simulta-
neous amplitude/phase modulations.
On the other hand, synthesizing MS with simultaneous
amplitude/phase control upon polarization-converting wave is
more convenient and straightforward because the amplitude
modulation can be realized just by flexibly controlling the
polarization conversion ratio [15]–[20]. For the reflection
operation, single-layered scheme is enough for realizing effi-
cient simultaneous amplitude/phase control [15]. However,
as for transmission operations, the design complexity will
be increased because the impedance of the MSs should
be matched to the free space to minimize the reflection.
It has been demonstrated that a single metallic-patterned
structure, purely supporting electric responses, has a lim-
ited maximal transmitting polarization-conversion amplitude
of 0.5 [17], [18]. To improve the transmission efficiency,
multilayered schemes with at least two dielectric substrates
and three metallic layers are used to enable efficient simul-
taneous amplitude/phase control [19], [20]. However, the
multilayered structures will inevitably increase the design
and fabrication complexity. Therefore, designing transmissive
single-substrate MSs supporting high-efficient and simultane-
ous amplitude/phase modulations will be more appealing for
real-world applications. However, this kind of MS has rarely
WU et al.: TRANSMISSIVE MS WITH INDEPENDENT AMPLITUDE/PHASE CONTROL AND ITS APPLICATION
been reported in previous studies. Moreover, most of the MSs
with independent amplitude/phase control so far have not been
introduced to antenna design to explore the rich potentials
in the engineering community, for example, high-performance
antenna with extremely low sidelobes.
Sidelobe level (SLL) and polarization isolation-level
(PIL) controls are essential for practical antenna applica-
tions. One of the most efficient ways to modulate SLL
is redistributing amplitude profile on the radiating aper-
ture [22]–[24], [28], [29]. The resistor-loaded MSs [28] and
polarization-converting MSs [23], [24] have been reported to
reduce the SLLs. However, the MS elements proposed in [24]
and [28] have rather limited phase modulation ability, and
therefore, they were used to suppress the SLLs of transmissive
beams illuminated by plane waves, instead of spherical waves.
The reflective MS proposed in [23] with desired amplitude and
phase control was utilized to suppress the SLL of reflectarray
antenna by about 6 dB at 10 GHz. However, the proposed
reflectarray antenna faced the problem of feed block, and the
PIL was much deteriorated from −24 to −13 dB after the SLL
manipulation because some primary energy was transferred to
the cross polarization. Therefore, how to implement a low
SLL metalens antenna with good PIL performance is still
challenging.
In this article, we propose a single-substrate supported
MS to achieve independent amplitude/phase control for
polarization-converting transmission. The MS element is com-
posed of two mutually twisted metallic patterns sandwiched
by a dielectric layer. The amplitude modulation is realized
through controlling the polarization-converting ratio, deter-
mined by absolute value of rotation angle of the MS unit
cell, whereas the phase modulation is realized by tuning the
physical parameters of the unit cell. Although the proposed
MS adopts the same phase and amplitude modulation methods
for polarization-converting transmission as that of [17]–[20],
our unit cell features the advantages of simple structure with
single-substrate as well as high-efficient amplitude modulation
with maximal amplitude lying in the range of 0.85–1.0.
In addition, through clockwise or counterclockwise rotating
the unit cell, the cross-polarization phase can be manipulated
between its original phase and reversed phase. To show its
practical application, the proposed MS is applied to the design
of a metalens antenna with good SLL and PIL performance.
As the comparison, we design two MSs, assembled with
an open-ended waveguide antenna to constitute two low-
profile metalens antennas, both of which have been verified
by full-wave simulations and experiments. The first metalens
antenna has phase-only modulation and the second one has
both amplitude and phase modulations. The measured results
indicate that the second metalens antenna achieves the peak
gain of 25.3 dBi at 12.6 GHz with 3 dB gain bandwidth of
16.4% (11.2–13.2 GHz). Within the 3 dB gain bandwidth, this
metalens antenna achieves SLL lower than −20.5 dB with an
average value of −23.2 dB and PIL lower than −22.2 dB
with an average value of −26.5 dB. Compared with the phase-
only metalens, the second metalens antenna realizes a 5.7 dB
average SLL suppression, at a price of drop in the realized gain
of about 1.1 dB. Moreover, there are two differences between
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6527
Fig. 1. Perspective view of the unit cell. The optimized parameters are p =
13 mm, d = 2 mm, r = 5.6 mm, w = 0.9 mm, and α = 142◦ .
our SLL-modulating method and that of [24] and [28]. First,
our unit cell has 2π phase modulation ability, while the cells
of [24] and [28] have only amplitude modulation but no phase
modulation; therefore, they adopt a plane wave incidence.
Second, we pay attention to the PIL control along with the
SLL manipulation, while works [24] and [28] pay attention to
the SLL control only.
This article is organized as follows. Section II presents
the MS element design and the method to independently
modulate amplitude and phase of polarization-converting
transmission. Section III shows the design, assembly, and
simulated/measured results of two metalens antennas, as well
as comparisons of the antenna performances. Finally, conclu-
sions are drawn in Section IV.
II. E LEMENT D ESIGN AND A NALYSIS
A. Metasurface Element Design
The topology of the single-substrate supported MS element
is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The dielectric layer has a
thickness of 2 mm, with a relative permittivity of 2.65 and
a loss tangent of 0.001. Two S-shaped patterns are etched in
the copper sheets at both sides of the dielectric substrate. The
two patterns of the upper and bottom metallic layers are with
mirror symmetry and have a 90◦ twist angle with the z-axis.
The center metallic strip in the upper or bottom layer is shaped
along the x- or y-direction, respectively, and the two metallic
arms are folded with the same arc. Full-wave EM simulations
are performed in CST Microwave StudioTM by setting periodic
boundaries along both x- and y-directions, with Floquet ports
applied along the z-direction. Assuming that the EM wave
impinges along the −z-direction to excite the structure, we can
use the Jones matrix to describe the transmission properties of
the proposed MS element as
   
Txx Txy txx e j ϕx x txy e j ϕx y
T= = (1)
Tyx Tyy t yx e j ϕ yx t yy e j ϕ yy
where ti j and ϕi j represent the transmission amplitude and
phase for an i -polarized transmission component under a
j -polarized incidence, respectively (i and j indicate x or y).
The simulated transmission properties of the MS elements
are shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b), with optimized parameters
of p = 13 mm, d = 2 mm, r = 5.6 mm, w = 0.9 mm,
6528 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2022

Fig. 2. (a) Transmission amplitude and (b) transmission phase of the unit
cell shown in Fig. 1 under the x- and y-polarized excitations.

and α = 142◦ . As shown in Fig. 2(a), the polarization-

converting component txy maintains a large value (>0.9) from
11.6 to 14.2 GHz, while the other polarization-converting
component t yx is less than 0.1 across the whole band, show-
ing an asymmetric polarization-converting characteristic for
x- and y-polarized incidences. For co-polarized transmission,
Txx and Tyy are exactly identical both in amplitude and
phase responses across the whole band of interest, as shown Fig. 3. Current distributions on (a) upper and (b) bottom copper layer under
the y-polarized incidence at 12.2 GHz. Current distributions on (c) upper and
in Fig. 2(a) and (b). (d) bottom copper layer under the x-polarized incidence at 12.2 GHz.
Then, we give an analysis of the physical origins of
asymmetric polarization-converting transmission of the unit
cell. Due to the geometry of the MS element, an x- or
y-polarized wave traveling along the −z-direction (from +z
to −z) will see a structure identical to that seen by its
orthogonally polarized wave traveling along the opposite
direction (from −z to +z). This unique feature ensures the
co-polarized transmission curve Txx and Tyy to be exactly
the same. On the contrary, due to the strong anisotropy of the
S-shaped metallic patterns, x- and y-polarized waves traveling
along the same direction will see quite different structures,
which leads to a distinctly different polarization-converting
transmission (Tyx and Txy ) for two orthogonally polarized
incidences. In particular, when the structure interacts with the
incident wave, the straight metallic strips of the upper and
bottom S-patterns behave like metallic gratings, which can
transmit wave polarized perpendicular to the gratings, whereas
reflect wave polarized parallel to the gratings [20]. The electric
current distributions on upper and bottom copper layers upon
y-polarized and x-polarized excitations at 12.2 GHz are shown
in Fig. 3(a) and (b) and (c) and (d), respectively. As seen, the Fig. 4. Variation of (a) amplitude and (b) phase of Tx y versus the structure
parameters α and r at 12.2 GHz. Left panel is the performances of the initial
y-polarized incidence can penetrate through the first metallic unit cell (unit cell M), whereas right panel is the performances of its mirror
layer and induce electric currents on the metal arcs of both structure (unit cell M ). The combination of unit cell M and unit cell M can
metallic layers, giving rise to the polarization conversion. The cover 2π phase range for Tx y . A–D are points with π /2 phase interval.
incidence experiences multiple reflections like in an Fabry-
Perot (FP) resonant cavity [25], which finally results in a wave and metal inclusions often responses extremely sensitive
low reflection with high polarization-converting transmission. to the metallic geometric patterns, and thus, a tuning of the
On the other hand, the x-polarized incidence cannot pass parameters will lead to the change of the transmission phase.
through the upper S-shaped meta-sheets and is almost totally As shown in the left panel of Fig. 4(b), when the radius r is
reflected with unchanged polarization. In this case, the currents changed from 5.4 to 5.8 mm and α is changed from 126◦ to
are induced mainly on the upper copper layer, and the currents 158◦ , ϕ xy can be adjusted from −180◦ to 0◦ at 12.2 GHz.
on the bottom copper are relatively very small, as shown Meanwhile, txy always exceeds 0.85, as shown in the left
in Fig. 3(c) and (d). panel of Fig. 4(a). Then, through mirror flipping of the unit
cell with respect to its yoz plane center, we can obtain a
B. Independent Modulation of Phase and Amplitude new type of unit cell. We term the initial unit cell and its
First, we introduce how to achieve full phase coverage for enantiomer as M and M , shown in the left and right panels of
polarization-converting transmission Txy . The interaction of Fig. 4, respectively. The Jones matrix of unit cell M can be

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WU et al.: TRANSMISSIVE MS WITH INDEPENDENT AMPLITUDE/PHASE CONTROL AND ITS APPLICATION 6529

derived as [26]

T  = A−1
y T Ay
   
−10 txx e j ϕx x txy e j ϕx y −10
=
01 t yx e j ϕ yx t yy e j ϕ yy 01
 
txx e j ϕx x txy e j (ϕx y +π )
= j (ϕ yx +π ) (2)
t yx e t yy e j ϕ yy

where
  Fig. 5. Schematic of rotating for (a) unit cell M and (b) unit cell M with
−1 0 an angle β. The bottom metallic patterns are rotated by the same angle β as
Ay = well.
0 1

is the matrix of mirror operation of the unit cell with respect to

M can be simplified as
the yoz plane center and T and T  represent transmission Jones ⎛ ⎞
matrix of unit cell M and unit cell M , respectively. As seen j ϕx x sin(2β) j ϕx y j ϕx y
t
⎜ xx e − t xy e , cos 2
(β)t xy e ⎟
from (2), T and T  have the same EM responses except for T (β) = ⎜
2 ⎟. (5)
a π phase shift in the polarization-converting transmission. ⎝ sin(2β) ⎠
j ϕx y j ϕx x j ϕx y
− sin (β)txy e , txx e
2
+ txy e
As shown in the right panel of Fig. 4(b), ϕ xy of unit cell M 2
can fully cover 0◦ –180◦, which actually is the results shown Furthermore, the Jones matrix T  (β) for the rotated unit cell
in the left panel of Fig. 4(b) plus an additional phase of 180◦ M as shown in Fig. 5(b) can also be readily derived similarly
induced by the mirror operation. Therefore, using unit cell M and it has exactly the same form as (5). Thus, we can obtain
and M with varying parameters r and α, we can achieve full
2π phase coverage and high-efficiency polarization-converting Txy (β) = cos2 (β)txy e j ϕx y (6)
transmission for y-polarized incidence. sin(2β)
Tyy (β) = txx e j ϕx x + txy e j ϕx y . (7)
Second, we present how to achieve the independent manip- 2
ulation of txy and ϕ xy . To this aim, we introduce a rotation From (6), we can find that the amplitude of Txy (β) equals
angle β to the unit cells M and M , as shown in Fig. 5(a) and cos2 (β)txy , whereas the phase of Txy (β) is always equaling
(b), respectively. We define the Jones matrix of the rotated unit ϕ xy . Therefore, we can realize independent modulation of
cell M as T(β), which can be derived as phase and amplitude for Txy (β) by a two-step method. first,
setting specific geometric parameters according to the design
T (β) = S(−β)T S(β) chart shown in Fig. 4(b) to obtain a desired ϕ xy ; and second,
   
cos(β) − sin(β) Txx Txy cos(β) sin(β) rotating the structure with a specific angle β based on txy (β) =
= cos2 (β)txy to realize a desired amplitude txy (β). In order to
sin(β) cos(β) Tyx Tyy − sin(β) cos(β)
  verify the above analysis, we design four unit cells (indicated
Txx (β), Txy (β) as A–D) whose geometric parameters located at the points
= (3)
Tyx (β), Tyy (β) of A–D shown in Fig. 4, corresponding to ϕ xy = −90◦ , 0◦ ,
90◦ , and 180◦ , with a phase interval of 90◦ . Fig. 6 shows
in which the variations of simulated/calculated amplitude and simulated
⎧ phase of Txy (β) for these four unit cells when the rotation
⎪ sin(2β)
⎪
⎪ Txx (β) = cos2 (β)Txx + sin2 (β)Tyy − (Txy + Tyx ) angle β is changed from −60◦ to 60◦ . As shown in Fig. 6(a),
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪ for unit cell A, ϕ xy (β) stays around −90◦ with fluctuations
⎪
⎪ sin(2β)
⎪
⎪ Txy (β) = (Txx − Tyy ) + cos2 (β)Txy − sin2 (β)Tyx smaller than 20◦ , whereas the simulated txy (β) tightly follows
⎨
2 the calculation results. Besides, Fig. 6(b)–(d) exhibits similar
⎪
⎪ sin(2β) results. These results validate the correctness of (6). It should
⎪
⎪ Tyx (β) = (Txx − Tyy ) − sin2 (β)Txy + cos2 (β)Tyx
⎪
⎪ 2 be noted that the slight mismatch between simulations and
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ calculations mainly stems from two aspects. First, in the
⎪
⎩ Tyy (β) = sin 2 (β)Txx + cos2 (β)Tyy + sin(2β) (Txy + Tyx )
2 calculation process, the term of Tyx is ignored due to its
(4) small amplitude value. Second, by rotating an angle, the
mutual coupling effect considered in the element simulations
where S(β) is the rotation matrix. We can further simplify will be changed, which is not considered in the theoretical
T(β) by taking some simplifications. First, for most cases calculations. In a word, based on the above analysis and
within the variation range of α and r , the amplitudes of Tyx verifications, we can realize simultaneous modulation of txy
are less than 0.08 at the working frequencies. Second, Txx and ϕ xy by changing the geometric parameters and rotating
and Tyy are exactly identical, including both the amplitude the unit cells, respectively.
and phase with all combinations of α and r . Based on these Third, we show how to manipulate phase of Tyy to lower
two points, we ignore the term of Tyx and replace Txx with the impact of y-polarized transmission on the x-polarized
Tyy , and then, the Jones matrix T(β) for the rotated unit cell transmission. As indicated by (7), since the co-polarized

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6530
Fig. 6. Variation of simulated/calculated amplitude, simulated phase of
Tx y (β), and simulated phase of Tyy (β) versus β changing from −60◦ to 60◦
for unit cells located at the points of (a) A, (b) B, (c) C, and (d) D of Fig. 4.
transmission txx is very small compared to the polarization-
converting transmission txy , we can infer that Tyy (β) is mainly
determined by the second term sin(2β)Txy /2, with phase of
Tyy (β) close to sin(2β)/|sin(2β)|ϕ xy. Therefore, the same
absolute value of β but with positive or negative sign will
produce inverse phase for Tyy (β), which are verified by the
ϕ yy (β) curves in Fig. 6(a)–(d). On the other hand, from (6) and
Fig. 6, we can obtain that whether the rotation angles β take
positive sign “+” or negative sign “−,” it does not affect both
the amplitude and phase of the x-polarization transmission.
Based on this, we can assign certain absolute values to
rotation angle distribution of MS elements to realize amplitude
modulations for x-polarized transmission wave and meanwhile
design “+” and “−” signs distribution of the rotation angles to
form a specific phase distribution for y-polarized transmission
wave. Such phase distribution can destroy the wavefront of the
cross-polarized transmission and thus improve the PIL perfor-
mance while maintaining the same amplitude modulations of
polarization-converting transmission.
Table I shows the comparisons between the proposed
MS unit cell with other reported amplitude/phase-modulating
elements in transmission geometry. Although it adopts
the same phase and amplitude modulation methods for
polarization-converting transmission as that of [17]–[20], the
proposed unit cell features the advantages of simple structure,
single-substrate, high transmission efficiency. Besides, just
by clockwise or counterclockwise rotating the unit cell, the
cross-polarization transmission phase of the proposed unit
cell can be switched between its original phase and reversed
phase, which has not been reported by other amplitude/phase-
modulating designs.
III. M ETALENS A NTENNA D ESIGN
To show an example of practical application, we intend to
design a high-gain and low-sidelobe metalens antenna using
the proposed MS. In order to show the design methodology,
we have designed two metalens antennas and the second
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2022
TABLE I
C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER A MPLITUDE /P HASE -M ODULATING MS E LE -
MENTS
metalens antenna achieves optimum performance in terms of
main lobe, SLL, and PIL.
A. Source Feed
To implement a low-profile and compact metalens antenna,
we adopt a wide-beam open-ended waveguide antenna as
the source feed, due to its advantages of simple architec-
ture and small volumetric occupation. The schematic of the
open-ended waveguide antenna is shown in Fig. 7(a). The
3-D and 2-D realized gain patterns at 12.2 GHz are shown in
Fig. 7(b) and (c), respectively. The simulated and measured
patterns are consistent with the broadside realized gain of
6 dBi. Besides, the half-power beamwidth of the antenna
is 135◦ in the E-plane and 75◦ in the H-plane. Fig. 7(d)
plots the simulated and measured reflection coefficients of
the waveguide antenna only and waveguide antenna integrated
with the MS array. Although the simulated and measured
reflection coefficients have some discrepancies below 11 GHz,
they are all lower than −10 dB and in high accordance
across 11.1–15 GHz. The bandwidth performances of realized
gain and −3 dB beamwidth are shown in Fig. 7(e) and (f),
respectively. To achieve the optimal efficiency, we set the
aperture size of the MS array as D = 247 mm (19 ×
19 elements) and the distance from phase center of waveguide
antenna to MS aperture center as F = 106 mm, and the
F/D is 0.43. The edge taper along the yoz plane is about
−8 dB, while that along the xoz plane is about −9 dB at
12.2 GHz, to prevent much spillover loss. The amplitude and
phase distributions of primary field illuminating on the MS
array are extracted in CST software, which are then discretized
into 19 × 19 pixels, as shown in Fig. 7(g) and (h), respectively.
B. Metalens Antenna A With Phase-Only Modulation
In this section, we design a metalens antenna (metalens
antenna A) with phase-only modulation to achieve a high
directive main lobe. To achieve a high directive beam, the MS
should compensate for the primary spherical phase profile as
WU et al.: TRANSMISSIVE MS WITH INDEPENDENT AMPLITUDE/PHASE CONTROL AND ITS APPLICATION
Fig. 7. Performances of the source feed. (a) Schematic of the open-ended
waveguide antenna (l1 = 33.5 mm and l2 = 23 mm). (b) Simulated realized
gain pattern at 12.2 GHz. (c) Simulated and measured patterns of realized
gain at 12.2 GHz. (d) Simulated and measured |S11 |. Bandwidth performance
of (e) realized gain and (f) −3 dB beamwidth. Discretized (g) normalized
amplitude and (h) phase distribution of y-polarized emitted wave at the MS
plane at 12.2 GHz. The cells in red or blue dashed box denote amplitude
distribution locating at row or column across MS center, respectively.
shown in Fig. 7(h) to a planar phase profile. To compensate
for the phase distribution, the obtained spatial distributions
of parameters r , α, and types of unit cells are shown in
Fig. 8(a)–(c), respectively. The sketch diagram of the assem-
bled metalens antenna A is shown in Fig. 8(d). Full-wave
simulations are performed in the CST by applying open (add
space) boundary conditions in the x-, y-, and z-directions.
We have also fabricated the MS sample through the standard
printed circuit board (PCB) technique, as shown in Fig. 9(a).
Low-loss microwave foam is used as the supporting spacer
between the waveguide antenna and the MS sample to assem-
ble the metalens antenna, as shown in Fig. 9(b) and (c). The
experiments are carried out in a standard microwave anechoic
chamber, as shown in Fig. 9(d). A standard receiving horn
antenna and the metalens antenna are connected to the two
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6531
Fig. 8. Distributions of parameters (a) r and (b) α of elements for metalens
antenna A. (c) Distribution of the unit cell M and M . The parameters
n x and n y represent the sequence numbers of the MS elements along the
x- and y- directions, respectively. (d) Schematic of the assembled metalens
antenna A.
Fig. 9. Photographs of (a) MS for metalens antenna A, (b) and (c) assembled
metalens antenna A, and (d) measurement setup and surroundings.
ports of vector network analyzer (N5244A). The metalens
antenna is mounted on a rotating platform that can be flexibly
rotated from 0◦ to 360◦ to measure the 2-D radiation pattern.
The simulated and measured results at 12.2 GHz are shown
in Fig. 10(a) and (b), which agrees well with each other in both
the xoz and yoz planes. The slight discrepancies are mainly
caused by the fabrication tolerances and the imperfections
in assembly and measurement. The measured and simulated
broadside realized gains are both 25.9 dBi, improved by 20 dB
compared to that of the waveguide antenna. The simulated
and the measured PIL are both better than −30 dB for
broadside direction. Besides, the simulated/measured SLLs of
the xoz and yoz planes are −24.6/−23.5 and −17.5/−17.5 dB,
6532 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2022

Fig. 10. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of metalens antenna A

in (a) yoz and (b) xoz planes at 12.2 GHz.

respectively. Such difference of SLLs in the two principle

planes is attributed to the asymmetry radiation characteristics
of the waveguide antenna. As shown in Fig. 7(g), the decay
of amplitude from center to edge along the x-axis is much
significant than that along the y-axis. As a result, the SLL of
the yoz plane is much poor than that of the xoz plane for the
metalens antenna with phase-only modulations.

C. Metalens Antenna B With Phase/Amplitude Manipulations

The SLL performance of antenna is quite important for
practical applications since low SLL can reduce the EM
interference and improve the signal capture ability. To further
reduce the SLL of metalens antenna A, the amplitude distrib-
ution on the MS aperture should be more tapered. According
to the theoretical analysis in Section II, we can introduce geo-
metric rotations into the MS elements of phase-only metalens
to flexibly tune the amplitude of the polarization-converting
transmission to lower the SLL, at the same time maintaining
the high PIL of the phase-only metalens antenna. We term the
metalens antenna with both phase and amplitude modulations
as metalens antenna B.
According to the theory of array antenna, a classical method
to customize SLL value is designing a specific Taylor distrib-
ution of field amplitude on the antenna aperture [23]. Such
Taylor distribution has descending amplitudes from center
toward edges of array and can be classified into 1-D or
2-D Taylor distribution, generating specific SLL in one plane
or whole space, respectively. In addition, two different 1-D
Taylor distributions can be combined in orthogonal directions
to produce two different desired SLLs in the corresponding
planes [23].
The 1-D Taylor distribution is represented as [23]
m0 −1  
2i mπ
T1 (m) = 1 + 2 Fa (i ) cos
M −1
⎧
i=1
⎪ M −1
⎨ 0, ±1, ±2, ± M is odd number
m= 2 (8)
⎪
⎩ ±1, ±2, ± M
M is even number
2 Therefore, we do a tradeoff between achieving low SLL and
where T 1 is a column vector representing the 1-D Taylor
distribution for a linear array, m is the specific sequence
number of elements in T 1 , and M is the total number of
elements in T 1 .
We extract the 1-D primary amplitude distributions in the
row across MS center [enclosed by red dashed line in Fig. 7(g)]
Fig. 11. (a) Comparison of 1-D −27, −35, and −50 dB SLLs Taylor
distributions with intercepted primary amplitude distributions for elements in
row and column across MS center. (b) Theoretically calculated normalized
radiation patterns in the yoz plane for the primary distribution and three
2-D Taylor distributions. (c) Targeted normalized amplitude distribution on
the MS aperture. (d) Special sign and (e) final rotation angles distributions
for metalens antenna B. (f) Photograph of the fabricated MS for metalens
antenna B.
and in the column across MS center [enclosed by blue dashed
line in Fig. 7(g)] and then compare the extracted amplitude
distributions with three 1-D Taylor distributions corresponding
to −27, −35, and −50 dB SLLs, as shown in Fig. 11(a).
As can be seen, the lower SLL is set as the goal, and the larger
slop is required for the amplitude distribution from center to
side. As a result, more energy should be thrown to the cross
polarization (y-polarization), which leads to a further drop of
the realized gain performance of the x-polarized main-lobe.
We theoretically calculate the radiation patterns of the primary
amplitude distribution and the three 2-D Taylor distributions
that are figured by doing multiplications of the 1-D Taylor
distributions and their transposes. As shown in Fig. 11(b),
compared to the antenna without amplitude modulation, the
realized gains of the three 2-D Taylor distributions are reduced
by 1.7, 3.8, and 7.0 dB, which is due to the amplitude
modulation on the MS aperture. It concludes that a lower
SLL will cause a lower realized gain of the metalens antenna.
preventing gain deterioration, and the designed objective is set
as −27 dB SLL Taylor distribution along the y-direction for
metalens antenna B.
By using (6), we can design the distribution of absolute val-
ues of rotation angles β for the MS elements to modulate the
transmission amplitude to realize the target Taylor distribution

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WU et al.: TRANSMISSIVE MS WITH INDEPENDENT AMPLITUDE/PHASE CONTROL AND ITS APPLICATION
Fig. 12. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of metalens antenna B in
(a) yoz and (b) xoz planes for x-polarization and (c) yoz and (d) xoz planes
for y-polarization at 12.2 GHz.
along the y-direction. To this aim, we assume
Itarget = T−27 dB · Ix−axis
  the proposed MS with amplitude modulation in improving the
B = cos−1 Itarget ./I primar y (9)
where B is a matrix whose elements are rotation angles β
for all MS elements, I x−axis is a row vector representing
intercepted primary amplitude distribution in the center row,
and T −27 dB is a column vector representing the 1-D Taylor dis-
tribution for −27 dB SLL. I target is a matrix representing the
targeted amplitude distribution on the MS aperture as shown in
Fig. 11(c), which can generate targeted −27 dB SLL in the yoz
plane and maintain the SLL in the xoz plane as that of phase-
only metalens antenna. I primar y is a matrix representing inter-
cepted primary amplitude distribution for all MS elements,
as shown in Fig. 7(g). After the absolute values of rotation
angles are determined, we assign a special positive sign “+”
and negative sign “−” distribution for the rotation angles.
Here, we adopt a simple strategy to assign rotation angles
of M-type elements with negative sign (rotated clockwise)
and rotation angles of M -ype elements with positive sign
(rotated counterclockwise). The resulted sign distribution and
rotation angles distribution are shown in Fig. 11(d) and (e),
respectively. Based on the initial architecture of phase-only
metalens antenna, we rotate each MS element according to
Fig. 11(e) to form the new metalens antenna. The photograph
of the fabricated MS for the new metalens antenna is shown
in Fig. 11(f). As can be seen, the M-type elements are all
rotated clockwise, while the M -type elements are all rotated
counterclockwise.
The simulated and measured 2-D radiation patterns of
metalens antenna B at 12.2 GHz are shown in Fig. 12.
Considering the fabrication tolerance and experimental imper-
fections, the simulated and measured results are consistent
with each other. The measured broadside realized gain for
the x-polarization transmission is 24.9 dBi, slightly reduced
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6533
Fig. 13. Simulated normalized 3-D radiation patterns of (a) metalens antenna
A and (b) metalens antenna B for x-polarization at 12.2 GHz. The red solid
line represents the −24.5 dB contour line.
by 1 dB compared with that of the phase-only metalens
antenna. The simulated/measured SLLs in the xoz and yoz
planes are −25.5/−25.3 and −24.6/−23.6 dB, respectively.
Because we do not consider the mutual coupling between
elements and take an approximation in the theoretical design,
the practically realized amplitude distribution cannot fully
meet the targeted amplitude distribution; as a result, the
realized SLL of the yoz plane is close to but has certain
discrepancy with the initial objective −27 dB. Nevertheless,
compared with phase-only metalens, the SLL is suppressed
by 7 dB in the yoz plane, demonstrating the ability of
SLL performance, while for y-polarization transmission, the
simulated/measured broadside realized gain is −3.3/−1.5 dBi.
Hence, the simulated/measured PIL for metalens antenna B is
−28.2/−26.5 dB, which has very little degradation compared
to −30 dB of phase-only metalens antenna. Besides, the
simulated highest realized gain of y-polarization in whole
angular space is 4.3 dBi for metalens antenna B, which is even
lower compared to 4.4 dBi of phase-only metalens antenna.
Obviously, metalens antenna B destroys the wavefront of
y-polarized transmission to preserve good PIL while main-
taining the high directive x-polarized main beam with greatly
improved SLL.
Furthermore, to clearly show the ability of metalens antenna
B in improving SLL performance, the simulated normalized
3-D radiation patterns (x-polarization) of metalens antennas
A and B are described in the uv plane [u = sin(θ )cos(ϕ),
v = sin(θ )sin(ϕ)], as shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b), respec-
tively. The red solid line represents the contour line of
−24.5 dB normalized to the broadside gain, which means
that the normalized gain outside the red solid circle is below
−24.5 dB. Obviously, the SLL of metalens antenna B has
been successfully suppressed below −24.5 dB after intro-
ducing the simultaneous modulations of amplitude and phase
distributions.
D. Comparison of Two Metalens Antennas
In the following, we give a comparison for the metalens
antenna A and metalens antenna B. Both of the antennas
use an open-ended waveguide antenna as the feed source and
have the same F/D ratio of 0.43. The simulated and measured
gains of the proposed antennas across the band of 11–14 GHz
are shown in Fig. 14(a). The measured peak gain/aperture
6534
C OMPARISONS W ITH O THER SLL-M ANIPULATING A RRAY A NTENNAS
Fig. 14. Bandwidth performances of metalens antennas A and B in terms
of (a) realized gain, (b) SLL, and (c) PIL.
efficiency of metalens antenna B is 25.3 dBi/26% at 12.6 GHz
with 3 dB gain bandwidth of 16.4% (11.2–13.2 GHz), whereas
the performance of metalens antenna A is 26.5 dBi/34% at
12.6 GHz with 3 dB gain bandwidth of 17.4%. Within the 3 dB
gain bandwidth, the metalens antenna B has a 1.1 dB average
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2022
TABLE II
gain drop compared with metalens antenna A. Fig. 14(b)
shows the highest SLL of the proposed antennas across the
band of 11–14 GHz. Obviously, antenna B with amplitude
modulations has better SLL performances. Within the 3 dB
gain bandwidth, the measured SLLs of metalens antenna B
are always lower than −20.5 dB with an average value of
−23.2 dB, whereas the performances of metalens antenna A
fluctuate between −15 and −20 dB with the average value
of −17.5 dB. Compared with metalens antenna A, metalens
antenna B realizes a 5.7 dB average SLL suppression within
the 3 dB gain bandwidth. As for PIL performance shown in
Fig. 14(c), the PIL of metalens antenna B is fairly close to that
of metalens antenna A due to the phase modulation strategy for
the cross-polarization component Tyy . The metalens antenna
B achieves PIL lower than −22.2 dB with an average value
of −26.5 dB in the operating band. Compared with metalens
antenna A, the PIL of metalens antenna B has only a 3.9 dB
average degradation.
In addition, we give a comparison of our antennas with
that of other representative works in the literature, as listed
in Table II. The comparisons are conducted in the aspects
of aperture efficiency, SLL, and PIL. A reflectarray with
SLL manipulation for linear polarization is proposed in [23],
in which obvious SLL suppression in both planes are achieved,
whereas PIL drops a lot after the SLL manipulation. In [27],
a reflectarray with SLL manipulation for circular polarization
is proposed, which can realize precise SLL control in both
the xoz and yoz planes. A transmitarray antenna loaded
with resistors to modulate the SLL is proposed in [28].
This transmitarray antenna has both good PIL and SLL
performances because the amplitude modulation is realized
by absorption rather than polarization conversion. However,
due to the limited phase modulation of the elements, a quasi-
plane wave incidence realized by a group of eight H-plane
sectorial horns is used as the feed source. In comparison, our
proposed unit cells can achieve full phase coverage, and we
use a simple and more compact antenna as the feed source
that results in a low-profile and compact metalens antenna
design. Overall, compared with the works listed in Table I,
the proposed metalens antenna features the advantages of
low-profile, simple structure, working in transmissive mode
without the problem of feed block, and joint good SLL/PIL
performances.
WU et al.: TRANSMISSIVE MS WITH INDEPENDENT AMPLITUDE/PHASE CONTROL AND ITS APPLICATION
IV. C ONCLUSION
In conclusion, we have proposed a single-substrate sup-
ported MS capable of modulating phase/amplitude of
polarization-converting transmission independently. The pro-
posed MS is used for simultaneously manipulating the main
lobe, SLL, and PIL of a metalens antenna. Two different met-
alens antennas have been simulated, measured for comparison,
validating the ability of the proposed MS. Through our design
methodology, we realize a low-profile and compact metalens
antenna with good SLL/PIL performance. The proposed design
method of the MS can readily be scaled to other frequencies,
such as millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies, which may
promote new applications in the antenna designs.
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Lin-Xiao Wu received the B.E. degree in applied
physics from the University of Science and Tech-
nology Beijing, Beijing, China, in 2011, and the
M.E. degree in electronic science and engineering
from Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, in 2014,
where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
electronic science and engineering.
His current research focuses on applications of
metasurfaces (MSs) on antennas.
Na Zhang received the B.E. degree in electronic
information engineering from Xidian University,
Xi’an, China, in 2015, the M.E. degree in elec-
tromagnetic (EM) field and microwave technology
from the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,
Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2018, and
the Ph.D. degree in electronic science and engineer-
ing from Nanjing University, Nanjing, in 2021.
She is currently a Research Fellow with Nanjing
University. Her current research interests include
metasurfaces (MSs) and antenna arrays.
6536 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2022
Kai Qu received the B.E. degree in optical engi-
neering from the Harbin Institute of Technology,
Harbin, China, in 2019. He is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in electronic science and engineering
with Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
His current research interests include spin-
decoupled multifunctional metasurfaces (MSs).
Ke Chen (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in electronic science and engineer-
ing from Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, in
2012 and 2017, respectively.
He is currently an Associate Professor with the
Department of Electronic Engineering, School of
Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing Uni-
versity. His research interests include the elec-
tromagnetic (EM) metamaterials and metasurfaces
(MSs), and their applications to novel microwave
functional devices.
Tian Jiang (Member, IEEE) received the M.Sc.
and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Elec-
tronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,
Nanjing, China, in 2004 and 2007, respectively.
Since 2007, he has been a Faculty Member with
Nanjing University, where he is currently a Pro-
fessor with the Department of Electronic Engineer-
ing, School of Electronic Science and Engineering.
His research interests include electromagnetic (EM)
metasurface (MS) and application to microwave and
photonic devices.
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Junming Zhao (Member, IEEE) received the B.S.
and Ph.D. degrees in electronic science and engi-
neering from Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, in
2003 and 2009, respectively.
From January 2014 to January 2015, he was a
Visiting Scholar with the Group of Antennas and
Electromagnetics, School of Electronic Engineering
and Computer Science, Queen Mary College, Uni-
versity of London, London, U.K. Since 2009, he has
been a Faculty Member with Nanjing University,
where he is currently a Professor with the Depart-
ment of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineer-
ing. His research interests include the electromagnetic (EM) metamaterials
and metasurfaces (MSs), and their applications to novel microwave functional
devices.
Yijun Feng (Member, IEEE) received the M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electronic
Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nan-
jing, China, in 1989 and 1992, respectively.
From September 1995 to July 1996, he was a Visit-
ing Scientist with the Physics Department, Technical
University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. From
August 2001 to August 2002, he was a Visiting
Researcher with the University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. Since 1992, he has
been a Faculty Member with Nanjing University,
where he is currently a Full Professor with the Department of Electronic
Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering. He has conducted
more than 20 scientific research projects, including National 973, 863 Projects,
and the National Natural Science Foundation projects in China. He has
authored or coauthored over 200 journal articles and over 150 referred
international conference papers. His research interests include the electromag-
netic (EM) metamaterial and application to microwave and photonic devices,
EM wave theory, and novel microwave functional materials.
Dr. Feng received the 2010 Science and Technology Award (First grade) of
Jiangsu Province, China, and the 1995 Scientific and Technological Progress
Award by the Ministry of Education, China.