1808 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 19, NO.
10, OCTOBER 2020
A Dual-Band Tunable Frequency Selective Surface
With Independent Wideband Tuning
Saptarshi Ghosh , Member, IEEE, and Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava , Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—In this letter, a dual-band tunable bandstop frequency
selective surface (FSS), which is capable of exhibiting independent
tuning for the top and bottom layers, has been presented. The
proposed design comprises periodic patterns of cross diagonals
printed on the opposite sides of a thin substrate, where the var-
actor diodes are mounted symmetrically. Both the layers use novel
biasing circuitries to independently regulate their corresponding
responses, thereby resulting in two tunable stopbands. Each of these
two stopbands has wide bandwidths (having fractional bandwidths
of 110.71%) as well as offers large tuning ranges of 128.21% (with
respect to their center frequencies). Furthermore, the geometry is
low profile, polarization insensitive, and angularly stable. A proto-
type has been fabricated, and the varactors have been modulated
through parallel biasing. The experimental results show a reason-
able agreement with the theoretical responses, thus confirming the
proposed concept.
Index Terms—Electromagnetic (EM) shielding, frequency
selective surface (FSS), reconfigurable structure, wideband tuning.
I. INTRODUCTION
REQUENCY selective surfaces (FSSs) are generally con-
F structed of periodic arrays designed for guiding electro-
magnetic (EM) waves [1], [2]. Their applications have been
found across a broad array of spatial filters, absorber, shielding,
antenna, and wireless communications [3], [4]. Over the past
decade, the advances in multifunctional systems necessitate tun-
able and switchable FSSs [5]. These reconfigurable FSSs have
several potential applications in various defense and commercial
sectors, such as radar technology [6], EM shielding [7], EM
architecture of building [8], and reconfigurable reflectarray [9].
Since then, various types of switchable and tunable FSSs have
been reported based on different approaches. In [10], mechan-
ically tunable FSS has been developed using spring resonator
elements, whereas magnetically controllable ferrite substrate is
employed to tune the FSS design in [11]. However, both the
methods suffer from slow tuning speeds. Liquid crystal [12],
mechanical motor [13], and microelectromechanical switches
[14] have also been used for FSS tuning. But those designs can-
not be used for roll-to-roll fabrication due to their complicated
and costly manufacturing procedures.
Manuscript received July 1, 2020; revised August 9, 2020; accepted August
20, 2020. Date of publication August 26, 2020; date of current version October
6, 2020. This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research
Board, India, under Project IMP/2018/000043. (Corresponding author: Sap-
tarshi Ghosh.)
Saptarshi Ghosh is with the Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452020, India (e-mail: sghosh@iiti.ac.in).
Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava is with the Department of Electrical Engineer-
ing, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India (e-mail:
kvs@iitk.ac.in).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3019584
1536-1225 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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Varactors and p-i-n diodes are the commercially available
active components commonly used in reconfigurable structures
owing to their low cost, ease of fabrication, and fast operating
speed [15]–[17]. The p-i-n diodes are mainly used to switch the
states of the transmission responses, whereas the varactor diodes
exhibit frequency tunable behavior by employing the junction
capacitance that varies with the bias voltage. In [18] and [19],
varactors are mounted across the gaps in the metallic patterns to
realize single-band tunable FSSs. A three-dimensional tunable
bandpass FSS has also been developed in [20] based on the
combinations of inserted metallic plates and printed circuit
boards. However, all these topologies are asymmetric in nature,
thereby operating along the incident electric field direction only.
Recently, a few polarization-insensitive tunable FSSs have been
designed exhibiting moderate tuning ranges, but the geometries
are constructed for single-band operation only [21], [22].
With the advent of time, multiband tunable filtering response
is required for many emerging applications, such as multiband
communication systems, multistandard variable transmission
windows in radomes, and so forth. Since the isolation of the
biasing circuit configuration and the independent realization of
resonant frequencies need to be simultaneously realized, the
multiband tunable FSSs are very difficult to implement. To date,
a few varactor-tunable dual-band/second-order FSSs have been
reported. In [23], a dual-band tunable FSS screen based on the
slot-form split ring resonators has been presented, where the
varactors mounted in two different rings can be independently
regulated. However, the structure is sensitive to the polarization
of the incident EM wave. Later, a dual-polarized second-order
FSS has been presented based on the combination of stacked
metallic layers and vias [24]. But, the design has a large thick-
ness due to the multilayer geometry and has no control on
the individual responses. Besides, the realization of such via
based multilayer geometry is difficult due to the high chance of
misalignment and fabrication imperfections. Another dual-band
tunable FSS design has recently been reported [25], but the
results are limited to full-wave simulation only. In addition,
all the structures have narrow bandwidths and small tuning
ranges.
In this letter, a dual-band tunable FSS structure has been
presented after resolving all the above limitations. The design
exhibits several novel features with respect to the earlier re-
ported tunable FSSs—first, both the resonant frequencies can
be independently regulated by varying the external bias volt-
ages. Second, the tuning ranges of each of the stopbands are
the widest among the existing tunable structures. Addition-
ally, the geometry is polarization-independent and has been
made on a single-layer low-profile dielectric substrate. The
design has also been validated while implementing novel biasing
techniques.
GHOSH AND SRIVASTAVA: DUAL-BAND TUNABLE FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE WITH INDEPENDENT WIDEBAND TUNING
Fig. 1. Geometry of the dual-band tunable FSS. (a) Schematic view. (b) Top
layer, (c) bottom layer, and (d) side view of the unit cell structure.
II. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
A schematic view of the proposed dual-band tunable FSS
and the unit cell geometry are demonstrated in Fig. 1. The
top metallic pattern is comprised of a cross-diagonal geome-
try terminated by square loops, whereas the bottom geometry
consists of another cross diagonal but without any square loop
termination. The slightly modified topology used in the bottom
surface will produce a resonant frequency somewhat different
from that of the top metallic pattern. The top as well as the bottom
metal patches are made of copper (σ = 5.8 × 107 S/m) having a
thickness of 0.035 mm. FR4 (εr = 4.4 and tan δ = 0.02) is used
as the intermediate dielectric. The geometric dimensions are
optimized as follows: p = 32 mm, l1 = 7.5 mm, d1 = 12 mm,
d2 = 4 mm, d3 = 5 mm, w1 = 1 mm, w2 = 1.2 mm, w3 =
1 mm, g = 1.3 mm, and t = 1.6 mm. Surface-mount varactor
diodes are mounted across the gaps in the top and bottom layers
symmetrically. Two different types of varactors are used on
two sides of the substrate for generating two different values
of resonance frequencies.
To exhibit the individual layer response, the top and bot-
tom surfaces are separately studied in Ansys HFSS software
using periodic boundary conditions. When the top metal layer
along with the dielectric (i.e., the structure without the bottom
layer) is excited by a uniform plane EM wave, the structure
exhibits a tunable bandstop response with wideband tuning.
As the cross-diagonal is connected across the unit cells, the
current flows continuously through the metallic patterns without
producing any gap capacitance. Thus, the top layer geometry
has an equivalent inductance from the metallic pattern and a
junction capacitance from the varactor diode, which combinedly
generates the resonance frequency. Due to the absence of any gap
capacitance in the design, the overall capacitance value is large
(as the gap capacitance would be in series combination with the
diode capacitance). Thus, the quality factor is comparatively
smaller that results in a broader bandwidth (with respect to
its counterpart) [26]. Furthermore, the resonance frequency, as
regulated by the diode capacitance only, can be tuned for a wide
range by controlling the external bias voltage [22]. Therefore,
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1809
Fig. 2. Simulated responses of the dual-band tunable FSS under different bias
voltages with and without bias lines for (a) top layer and (b) bottom layer.
the proposed topology has a wide stopband response as well as
offers a large tuning range.
During numerical simulation, SMV 1249-079 LF varactors
have been used in the top layer which provide a range of
capacitance from 38.08 to 1.72 pF for a reverse bias voltage
between 0 and 8 V [27]. When the bias voltage is increased from
0 to 8 V, the junction capacitance decreases, and consequently
the resonant frequency increases from 0.28 to 1.28 GHz, as
depicted in Fig. 2(a). The variation in resonance slowly reaches
a saturation limit due to the nonlinear relationship between the
diode capacitance and the reverse bias voltage, as given in the
datasheet. Thus, the tunable range is 128.21% with respect to
the center frequency and 357.14% with reference to the lower
frequency. A wide stopband of 0.31 GHz having |S21 |<−20 dB
is also achieved under all reverse voltages. This results in a
fractional bandwidth of 110.71% at 0 V.
In a similar way, when the bottom metallic pattern along with
the dielectric substrate (i.e., structure without the top layer) is
studied under a full-wave simulation, the design also results in
a wideband tunable response. The resonant frequency depends
on the effective inductance exerted by the metal layer and the
variable capacitance resulted from the varactor diodes. To realize
the dual-band response from the overall geometry, the resonance
frequency as well as the tuning range of the bottom layer should
be different from that of the top layer, and hence different sets
of varactor diodes have been used across the bottom metallic
pattern. BB837 from Infineon is used as the varactor in the
bottom surface, which provides a tunable capacitance range from
0.49 (32 V) to 9.50 pF (0 V) [28]. When the reverse bias voltage
is varied from 0 to 32 V, the resonance is increased from 0.52
to 1.98 GHz and exhibits 280.77% (116.80%) tunability with
respect to the lower (center) frequency. A wide stopband is also
obtained in this case having a fractional bandwidth of 63.46%
at 0 V, as shown in Fig. 2(b).
Thus, both the top and bottom metallic patterns separately
exhibit tunable responses based on the external bias voltages.
Since there exists negligible coupling between the top and
bottom layers, these two resonant frequencies can be realized
from a single structure where the metallic patterns are printed on
two opposite sides of a dielectric substrate. Hence, a dual-band
tunable FSS can be obtained without adding any extra layer or
compromising with the structural topology.
One equivalent circuit diagram has been illustrated in Fig. 3
to explain the tuning mechanism of the proposed FSS structure.
The model consists of the top and bottom layer inductances
(L1 and L2 ) due to the metallic patterns and the corresponding
resistances (R1 and R2 ) owing to the finite conductivity of
1810 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 19, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2020
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit diagram of the proposed tunable FSS structure.
Fig. 4. Simulated transmission coefficient responses of the dual-band tunable
FSS for different conditions. (a) Voltage across the diodes in the bottom layer
(V2 ) is kept constant at 0 V and the voltage across the varactors on the top
metallic pattern (V1 ) has been linearly increased. (b) Voltage across the diodes
in the top layer (V1 ) is kept constant at 0 V and the voltage across the varactors
on the bottom metallic pattern (V2 ) has been linearly increased.
the copper metal. Since the patterns are connected across the
unit cells, there will be no distributed capacitance from the
geometry. Instead, the capacitances will be solely provided by
the varactor diodes. Each of the top and bottom layer varactor
diodes can be represented as a combination of series parasitic
resistance (RS1 and RS2 ) and a variable junction capacitance
(CVAR1 and CVAR2 ). In addition to the junction capacitance, a
package capacitance (CP1 and CP2 ) also influences the resonant
frequency. The values of the series parasitic resistances and the
package capacitances are fixed and can be obtained from the
datasheet as RS1 = 1.7 Ω, RS2 = 1.5 Ω, CP1 = 1.68 pF, and
CP2 = 0.38 pF [27], [28]. Thus, the reverse bias voltages have
entirely been applied across the variable capacitances (CVAR1
and CVAR2 ) during simulation [19].
When the external voltage is individually applied at the top or
bottom layer, the corresponding junction capacitance value gets
changed, and subsequently, there will be a shift in the resonant
frequency. Owing to the absence of any other distributed ca-
pacitance in the geometry, the resonance mostly depends on the
diode capacitance and can be tuned for a wide frequency range.
Since the top and bottom layer varactors can be separately biased
using different biasing circuits, the proposed structure can be
practically realized without any difficulty.
The simulated transmission coefficient responses of the pro-
posed tunable FSS (presented in Fig. 1) are shown in Fig. 4(a),
when a constant voltage of 0 V is applied to the varactor on the
bottom layer (V2 ) and the bias voltage of the varactors present
on the top metallic pattern (V1 ) is varied between 0 and 8 V.
The lower resonance frequency gradually increases from 0.28 to
1.28 GHz, while the bottom layer resonance frequency remains
constant at 0.51 GHz. Fig. 4(b) depicts another set of simulated
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Fig. 5. Simulated transmission coefficients of the proposed tunable FSS for
different incident angles under (a) TE polarization and (b) TM polarization. The
solid and dotted lines represent transmission coefficient responses under two
different sets of reverse bias voltages.
Fig. 6. Fabricated prototype of the proposed dual-band tunable FSS. (a) Top
surface and (b) bottom surface. The dotted red and dashed blue arrows indicate
the flow of alternating and direct current, respectively, across the sample.
responses when the voltage across the varactors in the bottom
metallic pattern (V2 ) is varied between 0 and 32 V, while a
constant voltage of 0 V is applied to the varactors on the top
layer (V1 ). The resonance frequency corresponding to the bottom
layer increases from 0.52 (0 V) to 1.94 GHz (32 V) and the lower
resonance remains constant at 0.28 GHz.
When the reverse voltages across all the varactors are varied
simultaneously, both the top and bottom layer resonant frequen-
cies progressively increase and maintain similar tuning ranges
as observed during individual variation. This clearly indicates
that the design can be realized as a dual-band bandstop FSS with
an independent wideband tuning range.
Since the top as well as the bottom metallic patterns are
rotationally symmetric, the proposed FSS is polarization insen-
sitive and will exhibit identical responses for all polarization
angles. The transmission response of the FSS structure has also
been studied under oblique incidence. Fig. 5(a) and (b) depict
the responses for the transverse electric (TE) and transverse
magnetic (TM) polarizations, respectively, which show high
angular stability up to 60° incident angle.
III. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
To validate the proposed dual-band tunable FSS, a sample
prototype has been fabricated, as shown in Fig. 6. The structure
has an overall dimension of 160 mm × 160 mm, where 5 ×
5 unit cells are printed on both sides of a 1.6 mm thin FR4
substrate. SMV 149-079 LF varactor diodes are soldered on the
top surface, whereas BB837 varactors are mounted on the bottom
surface of the prototype using the surface-mount technology. HK
GHOSH AND SRIVASTAVA: DUAL-BAND TUNABLE FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE WITH INDEPENDENT WIDEBAND TUNING
Fig. 7. Schematic view of the biasing networks in the fabricated prototype.
The blue arrows indicate the flow of direct current through the sample. (a) Top
layer. (b) Bottom layer.
Fig. 8. Measured transmission coefficients of the fabricated structure. (a)
Voltage across the diodes in the bottom layer (V2 ) is kept constant at 0 V and
the voltage across the varactors on the top surface (V1 ) has been increased. (b)
Voltage across the diodes in the top layer (V1 ) is kept constant at 0 V and the
voltage across the varactors on the bottom surface (V2 ) has been increased. The
solid and dotted lines represent transmission coefficient responses under two
different polarization angles (φ).
1005 series of inductors from Taiyo Yuden having the value of
82 nH are also soldered between the consecutive unit cells [29].
These inductors behave as high impedance at their self-resonant
frequencies and provide wideband isolation from EM wave for
the entire tunable frequency range [17], [30].
The schematic view of the biasing networks has been il-
lustrated in Fig. 7(a) and (b) for the top and bottom layers,
respectively. Two vertical metal lines are printed in each layer of
the fabricated prototype to provide the bias voltage. The centers
of the unit cell are connected to the right bias line, whereas the
square loops are joined to the left-sided bias line. Then, the direct
current flows through the varactor diodes for both the layers after
connecting the right and left bias lines with the terminals of the
supply voltage. When the supply voltage is varied, the junction
capacitance values of the varactors are getting changed, which
results in the tunability operation of the structure. Since varactors
mounted in the top and bottom surfaces are controlled using
separate source voltages, independent tuning of the resonant
frequencies can be realized with ease. The simulated responses,
with and without the biasing network, have also been compared
in Fig. 2. The similarity between the two responses validates the
proposed biasing configuration to block the EM wave around
the tunable frequency range.
During measurement, the fabricated sample has been placed
between two broadband horn antennas connected with a network
analyzer. Pyramidal foam absorbers have been kept surrounding
the prototype to reduce the diffraction effect from the edges
of the FSS [31], [32]. Before conducting the measurement,
the setup has been calibrated by recording the transmission
coefficient without placing the sample and later subtracting this
response from that of the structure response. Time gating has
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1811
Fig. 9. Measured transmission coefficients of the proposed tunable FSS for
different incident angles under (a) TE polarization and (b) TM polarization for
one set of reverse bias voltage (V1 = 0 V and V2 = 0 V).
TABLE I
COMPARISON WITH DUAL-BAND/SECOND-ORDER TUNABLE FSSS
N.A.: Not available.
also been used to enhance measurement accuracy [33]. When
the voltage across the bottom surface varactor diodes (V2 ) is
maintained constant at 0 V and the voltage across the top surface
diodes (V1 ) is linearly increased from 0 to 8 V, the response is
depicted in Fig. 8(a). In a similar way, the measured response cor-
responding to the case, where the voltage across the top surface
diodes (V1 ) is kept constant and the voltage across the bottom
surface diodes (V2 ) is varied between 0 and 24 V, is demonstrated
in Fig. 8(b). Both the measured results exhibit reasonable agree-
ment with the simulated responses except some small frequency
offset that can be accounted because of the diode parasitic values
and fabrication tolerance. The fabricated prototype has been
measured for both vertically and horizontally polarized incident
wave (corresponding to the polarization angles (φ) of 0° and
90°, respectively), and their responses are found to be similar.
Thus, the polarization-insensitive behavior of the proposed FSS
design has been experimentally demonstrated.
The prototype has also been measured under oblique inci-
dence for both TE and TM polarizations, as depicted in Fig. 9.
The measured responses are in accordance with the simulated
results, thus validating the angular stability of the FSS design.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this letter, a tunable dual-band bandstop spatial filter based
on active FSS is presented for reconfigurable application. The
design has the novel features of low profile, four-fold symmet-
ric topology, high angular stability, and independently tunable
resonant frequencies. The structure provides the largest tuning
range as well as the widest bandwidth while compared with the
earlier reported dual-band/second-order tunable FSSs in Table I.
In addition, the proposed design is experimentally verified under
the normal as well as oblique incidence.
1812 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 19, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2020
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