This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540

> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY < 1

Broadband Dual-Polarized Phased Array with

Dynamic Scanning Control for Intelligent
Mobile Communication Application
Zhan Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and Yuandan Dong, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract — This work investigates a low-cost, broadband,

dual-polarized, beamwidth reconfigurable phased array for
dynamic beam-scanning control. Both the beamwidth in the
E-plane and H-plane are synchronously extended by introducing
the vertically polarized (VP) field components. Then, by exploring
a switch-loaded omnidirectional source, a novel dual-polarized
wide/narrow beamwidth switchable or reconfigurable method is
proposed. To meet the demand for intelligent mobile
communication for dynamic beam steering, the dual-polarized
beamwidth reconfigurable radiator as the array element is used
for the phased array or MIMO designs. As a proof of concept, an
interesting four-element reconfigurable dual-polarized phased Fig. 1 Intelligent mobile communication scenario of the proposed low-cost
array is implemented in the Sub-6 GHz band. By controlling the reconfigurable dual-polarized phased array with wide-angle beam scanning
switch states of each element, this array can be operated in two (V2V: vehicle-to-vehicle) and long-distance high-gain scanning (V2I:
modes: wide-angle scanning coverage (V2V connection) and vehicle-to-infrastructure).
long-distance high-gain scanning (V2I communication). In mobile scenarios and vehicular communication applications.
wide-angle scanning mode, the main lobe of the array can scan Using the beamwidth reconfigurable antenna as a novel array
from -60° to +55°, and its peak gain is 9.1 dBi. In long-distance
high-gain scanning, this array can scan the beam in the range of
element can flexibly achieve wide-angle beam coverage or
[-35°, +35°] with a peak gain of 11.2 dBi. Besides, the isolation high-gain radiation by switching/tuning its beamwidth [7-9].
between different elements or polarization is greater than 13 dB. Therefore, a beamwidth reconfigurable antenna is a good
This reconfigurable phased array demonstrates the advantages of choice for intelligent mobile communication applications.
low-cost, broadband, and flexible beam-steering capability. It is Beamwidth reconfigurable antennas are mainly divided into
expected to find broad applications in intelligent vehicular four types: Yagi-like reconfigurable scheme [7], [8], active
communication and low-cost phased array.
metasurface format [9], [10], multi-element array method [11],
Index Terms — Beamwidth reconfigurable antenna, [12], and active antenna design [13]. In detail, 1) two
dual-polarized antenna, dynamic radiation control, intelligent
vehicular communication, phased array, wide beamwidth.
varactor-loaded parasitic patches are printed on two sides of the
ME-dipole antenna, and its beamwidth is controlled by two
Yagi-like patches in the opposite direction [7]. However, they
I. INTRODUCTION have large sizes and complex 3D geometry. 2) The second

T HE flexible beam-steering / beam-scanning capability is a

cornerstone for intelligent vehicular communication and
phased array applications [1-3]. In the past two decades,
various pattern reconfigurable antennas and phased arrays with
rich beam-scanning and beam-forming functions have been
researched [4-6]. However, these conventional designs are
difficult to balance among dynamic wide-angle beam switching,
long-distance communication, and low cost, especially for
Manuscript received Dec. 3rd, 2022, revised **. This work was supported by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract 62171091.
(Corresponding author: Yuandan Dong)
Copyright (c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted.
However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be
obtained from the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org
The authors are with the School of Electronic Science and Engineering,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu
611731, China. (e-mail: ydong@uestc.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
method is to use an active metasurface [9]. Although the main
lobe can be well switched by adjusting the phase distribution of
the active metasurface, it requires a large number of elements at
a high cost. 3) The third method features a multi-element array
format [11]. By exciting two different phase subarrays, a
beamwidth controllable radiation pattern is superimposed.
However, it results in a large dimension and low aperture
efficiency. 4) Recently, Ref. [13] proposed a beamwidth
steering active antenna using magnitude control. Since the extra
power amplifiers are necessary, this scheme needs complex
control circuits and suffers from unidirectional communication
capability (non-reciprocal). The above-mentioned work shows
that: the challenge for most beamwidth reconfigurable antennas
includes their miniaturization, broadband operation, simplicity,
and low cost. Thus, conventional beam-width reconfigurable
antennas are not suitable for space-limited scenarios or
low-cost phased array applications.
Different from indoor communication, outdoor mobile

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540
> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY <
Fig. 2 Geometry of the proposed broadband dual-polarized beamwidth
reconfigurable antenna. (a) Perspective view, (b) top view, (c) side view, and
(d) the equivalent circuit model of BAR50-02V Pin diode.
TABLE I DIMENSIONS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA (MM)
l w h g l2 l3
70.0 70.0 21.0 1.2 34.0 26.0
h2 p sl sw s2 s3
4.8 17.0 7.5 1.4 1.5 2.0
scenario as an important part of wireless communication
systems need to realize dynamic distance (dynamic position
switching), wide-range, and multi-user communication [14-16],
as shown in Fig. 1. Notably, intelligent vehicular
communication scenarios need high-gain, wide-angle coverage,
flexible beam-steering arrays rather than the single-mode or
fixed-mode antenna [17-19]. Conventional beam-controlled
antennas in the mobile system usually utilize crossed-dipole
antennas, slot antennas with a reflector layer, and ME dipole
antennas [20-22]. Although these schemes achieve
dual-polarized broadband high-gain radiation, they also suffer
from a large size (high profile) and limited beam-scanning
capability. The phased array as a classical multi-beam antenna
can realize powerful beam-scanning and beam-forming
functions by controlling the feeding phase and magnitude of
every element [23], [24]. However, they need not only a lot of
array elements (large size) but also many T/R components
(high cost). Therefore, developing a broadband dual-polarized
high-diversity beam-scanning phased array with low-cost and
compact size remains a major challenge.
To overcome this challenge, a broadband dual-polarized
beamwidth reconfigurable antenna is proposed, which is
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2
Fig. 3 Working principle of the beamwidth extending method by using two
orthogonal dipoles (dipole-form). (a) E-plane (YoZ plane), and (b) H-plane
(XoY-plane).
utilized for a reconfigurable beam-scanning phased array. The
detailed application scenarios are displayed in Fig. 1. Based on
the omnidirectional source beam-extending principle, a new
wide/narrow beamwidth-switching method is developed.
Secondly, by introducing the PIN diodes, a dual-polarized
beamwidth switchable antenna is realized. Thirdly, a
dual-polarized reconfigurable phased array is designed by
using switchable elements. By controlling the switch states of
each element, the proposed reconfigurable array can realize two
working modes: 1) wide-angle beam-scanning coverage ([-60°,
55°], 9.1 dBi) and 2) long-distance high-gain scanning ([-35°,
(d) 35°], 11.2 dBi). To verify the proposed working principle, a
four-element dual-polarized adjustable phased array is
fabricated and measured. The measured results agree well with
the simulation.
l4 l5 II. DUAL-POLARIZED BEAM RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA
14.2 8.0
A. Antenna Geometry
l6 h3
7.0 17.5 Fig. 2 shows the geometry of the proposed dual-polarized
beamwidth reconfigurable antenna. The detailed size
parameters are shown in Table I. The planar-type dipole with a
coupled balun feeding structure is implemented on both sides of
the central substrate. The dielectric substrates of the dipole and
the ground layer belong to 0.508 mm-thick F4BM220
substrates. A parasitic thin patch is printed on the top of the
planar-type dipole, which can improve impedance matching
and broaden the working bandwidth. Two vertical monopole-
like structures are loaded symmetrically near the two ends of
the dipole. To realize beamwidth switching, two PIN diodes are
etched on the bottom of the monopole-like parasitic structures,
as shown in Fig. 2(a). Two planar-type dipoles are placed
orthogonally to each other to achieve dual-polarized radiation.
The bias circuits of four PIN diodes are etched on the ground,
as shown in Fig. 2(b). In detail, a lumped capacitor
(C0 = 100 pF) is used to isolate the DC path; A lumped inductor
(L0 = 56 nH) is applied to choke the RF signal; The magnitude
of the DC current is limited by a lumped resistance
(R0 = 100 Ohm), and another lumped inductor (Ld = 56 nH) is
added to form a DC loop. Besides, the equivalent circuit models
of the PIN diode (BAR50-02V) are considered in the
simulation design process, as shown in Fig. 2(d). The total
electrical size of the proposed beamwidth reconfigurable
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540
> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY <
Fig. 4 Working principle of the beamwidth extending method by using one
dipole and one monopole (monopole-form, miniaturization). (a) E-plane (YoZ
plane), and (b) H-plane (XoZ-plane for boresight radiation).
Fig. 5 Steps to realize the presented broadband beamwidth reconfigurable
antenna. (a) The conventional broadside dipole with a central parasitic
monopole, (b) the broadside dipole with two parasitic monopoles, and (c) the
proposed beamwidth reconfigurable antenna with two switches.
antenna is 0.38 λ0 × 0.38 λ0 × 0.27λ0 (Where, λ0 is the free
wavelength at 3.30 GHz). Compared with the reported
beamwidth reconfigurable antennas [7], [13] and conventional
vehicular antennas [15], [18], the proposed design realizes a
compact planar dimension (0.38 λ0 × 0.38 λ0). Therefore, it is
quite suitable for space-limited vehicle scenarios and phased
array applications.
B. Beamwidth Reconfigurable Mechanism
To realize beamwidth reconfiguration, a novel compact
beamwidth extending method is developed by introducing an
omnidirectional radiation source. As shown in Fig. 3, one
half-wavelength dipole (dipole-I) is parallel to the horizontal
plane, and the other (dipole-II) is placed perpendicularly to the
ground. In the E-plane, dipole-I radiates an “8”-shaped pattern,
and dipole-II excites a “∞”-shaped pattern. By combining
dipole-I and dipole-II, a wide-beam pattern is observed rather
than the original “8” / “∞”-shaped radiation response [25], as
shown in Fig. 3(a). In the H-plane (in Fig. 3(b)), dipole-I
radiates an “O”-shaped omnidirectional pattern, and dipole-II
still radiates an “∞”-shaped pattern. Similarly, the beamwidth
of the original omnidirectional beam (dipole-I) is further
extended by introducing the “∞”-shaped radiation components
(dipole-II). Therefore, by superimposing two orthogonal
dipoles, both the beamwidth of the E-plane and H-plane
patterns can be well broadened.
To realize directional radiation and reduce the size, a ground
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3
Fig. 6 Configuration of the proposed broadband dual-polarized beamwidth
reconfigurable antenna. (a) Case 1: the conventional coupled-fed dipole, (b)
Case 2: the wide-beam antenna with a parasitic patch, (c) Case 3: the LP
beamwidth reconfigurable antenna, and (d) the proposed dual-polarized
beamwidth reconfigurable antenna (Case 4).
layer (as PEC surface) is introduced, and a low-profile
beam-extending principle is studied, as shown in Fig. 4.
Compared with the dipole form (in Fig. 3), dipole-I radiates a
mushroom-shaped broadside pattern due to the reflection effect
of the ground. The original half-wavelength dipole-II is
replaced by a quarter-wavelength monopole with its mirror
source, and it still radiates a “∞”-shaped beam [26]. Similarly,
owing to the vertically polarized (VP) omnidirectional
components from the monopole radiator, the directional
radiation dipole can realize wide-beam radiation in any θ-plane,
as shown in Fig. 4. More importantly, the developed
beam-extending principle is universal, and it’s suitable for
broadside antennas and end-fire antennas. In other words, a
directional antenna can easily extend its beamwidth by loading
an omnidirectional source (omnidirectional components), such
as a monopole, zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) radiator, or
mushroom structure [26-29].
Based on the wide-beam realization method, a novel
beamwidth reconfigurable design is studied by introducing the
switch design, as shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5(a), the dipole as an
active source is parallel to the ground, and the monopole as a
parasitic structure is loaded in the center of the dipole to extend
the beam width. However, the feeding structure of the dipole is
hard to implement. What’s worse, since the center of the
half-wavelength dipole is the zero position of the electric field
(E-field), the parasitic monopole cannot be excited. To solve
these issues, two monopole radiators are loaded on both sides of
the dipole, respectively, as shown in Fig. 5(b). Owing to the
perfect symmetry, a wide-beam antenna is well realized. As
shown in Fig. 5(c), in order to control the beamwidth, the
electrical switch is implemented on the parasitic monopole.
When two switches are turned to OFF state, two parasitic
monopoles are disconnected, and the proposed antenna as a
half-wavelength dipole radiates a high-gain narrow-beam
broadside pattern. On the contrary, when the two switches are
turned ON, two parasitic monopoles are successfully coupled,
and this antenna realizes wide-beam radiation. Generally
speaking, by introducing the switchable VP omnidirectional
components, the fixed-beam antenna can easily achieve
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540
> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY <
Fig. 7 Simulated S-parameters of the proposed beamwidth reconfigurable
antennas. (a) |S11| of Case 1 / Case 2, (b) |S11| of Case 3 with switch-OFF/ON
states, and (c) and (d) S-parameters of Case 4 with switch-OFF/ON states
(Narrow-beam and wide-beam).
Fig. 8 Simulated E-field and H-field distributions in the E-plane and H-plane
of the proposed dual-polarized beamwidth reconfigurable antenna in the
Y-pol. radiation mode (Port1 excited) with different switch states at 3.60 GHz.
(a) Switch-OFF state (Narrow-beam), and (b) Switch-ON state (wide-beam).
wide/narrow-beam switching. Note that when the switch is
replaced by a varactor (tunable capacitor), the effective length
of the parasitic monopole can be continuously tuned and this
radiator can realize continuous beamwidth reconfiguration.
However, the control complexity of the varactor is greater than
that of the switch components. Therefore, the beam-switching
scheme can be flexibly selected based on the demands of
communication scenarios and functions.
C. Dual-Polarized Beamwidth Reconfigurable Radiator
To verify the proposed beamwidth switching method, a
broadband dual-polarized beamwidth reconfigurable antenna is
designed, as shown in Fig. 6. Firstly, a classical planar dipole
with a coupled feeding balun is adopted, which is named Case 1
(in Fig. 6(a)). In Case 2, a parasitic patch is printed on the top of
the dipole, as shown in Fig. 6(b). The parasitic patch can be
seen as a dipole-form resonator, so it not only produces a new
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4
Fig. 9 Simulated 3D patterns of the proposed dual-polarized beamwidth
reconfigurable antenna with different switch states at 3.60 GHz. (a)
Switch-OFF state (narrow-beam), and (b) Switch-ON state (wide-beam).
resonance mode but also improves impedance matching. As
shown in Fig. 6(c), two switchable parasitic monopoles are
loaded near the two ends of the dipole, and a wideband
beamwidth reconfigurable linearly polarized (LP) antenna
(Case 3) is designed. In Fig. 6(d), two reconfigurable LP
radiators are orthogonally placed, which is called Case 4. Due
to the orthogonal form and the reconfigurable design, Case 4
realizes a broadband, high-isolation, dual-polarized, wide/
narrow-beam switching function.
Fig. 7 shows the simulated S-parameters of the proposed
beamwidth reconfigurable antennas (Case 1/2/3/4) to illustrate
their impedance bandwidth characteristics. As shown in Fig.
7(a), compared with Case 1, Case 2 realizes a wider operating
bandwidth with good impedance matching, which is due to the
contribution of the parasitic patch [3]. Fig. 7(b) shows the
reflection coefficients of Case 3 with different switch statuses.
It is clearly observed that Case 3 achieves broadband and stable
impedance bandwidth. The S-parameters of the dual-polarized
reconfigurable antenna with narrow-beam and wide-beam
states are shown in Figs. 7(c) and (d). The proposed
dual-polarized reconfigurable antenna realizes broadband
impedance response and high port isolation in the different
beamwidth states.
To further illustrate the beam-extending principle, Fig. 8
shows the simulated E-field and H-field distributions in the
E/H-plane of the proposed dual-polarized reconfigurable
antenna in the Y-pol. radiation mode (Port 1 excited) with
wide/ narrow-beam states at 3.60 GHz. Fig. 8(a) (narrow-beam
state) indicates that the E/H field is mainly distributed on the
top of the dipole. Therefore, the radiation pattern is only
determined by the horizontal E-field components. Therefore, a
high-gain narrow-beam broadside pattern is excited. In the
wide-beam state, two parasitic monopoles are coupled, and the
E-field distribution appears on the dipole and the parasitic
monopole structures, as shown in Fig. 8(b). Correspondingly,
the radiation beam is well controlled by the horizontal (dipole)
and vertical (monopole) field components. In other words, a
wide-beam pattern is realized by combining a horizontally
polarized (HP) broadside source and a vertically polarized (VP)
omnidirectional source.
Fig. 9 shows the simulated 3D radiation pattern of the
proposed dual-polarized reconfigurable antenna in the Y-pol.
radiation mode (Port1 excited) with different beamwidth states
at 3.60 GHz. As shown in Fig. 9(a), the proposed
dual-polarized antenna radiates a high-gain narrow-beam
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540
> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY <
Fig. 10 Simulated reflection coefficients and radiation patterns of the
proposed dual-polarized beamwidth reconfigurable antenna with different key
dimensions. (a) varying h2, (b) varying p, and (c) varying s3.
broadside pattern, and the simulated half-power beam-width
(HPBW) in the E-plane and H-plane is [-30°, 38°] and [-46°,
46°], respectively. Here, based on the reported wide-beam
antennas and the beamwidth reconfigurable antennas, the
boundary between the wide beam and the narrow beam is
defined as 110° [7], [13], [30-32]. As shown in Fig. 9(b),
compared with the narrow-beam state, the beam width of the
proposed antenna in any θ-plane is obviously broadened.
Specifically, the HPBWs of the proposed antenna in the
E-plane and H-plane are widened to [-83°, 82°] and [-78°, 82°],
respectively. Note that since a wider beam is operated, the peak
gain at the boresight direction (θ = 0°, 3.1 dBi) is lower than
that of the narrow-beam state (7.7 dBi).
Fig. 10 shows a parametric study of the parasitic monopole
of the proposed LP beamwidth reconfigurable antenna (Case 3)
to further explain the beam-controlling mechanism. The
impedance and radiation variation with different values of h2 is
studied and presented in Fig. 10(a). By tuning the gap (h2)
between the parasitic monopole and the planar dipole, both the
impedance bandwidth and radiation beam are seriously affected.
It is observed that when h2 is set to about 5.0 mm, the proposed
antenna not only realizes good impedance matching but also
achieves a wide-beam pattern. Fig. 10(b) shows the influence of
the offset distance (p) of the parasitic monopole. With the
increase of p, the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna
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5
Fig. 11 Simulated radiation patterns of the proposed dual-polarized
beamwidth reconfigurable antenna with different beam states at different
frequencies. E-plane: (a) Narrow-beam, and (b) wide-beam. H-plane: (c)
Narrow-beam, and (d) wide-beam.
becomes worse, but its beamwidth widens gradually. When the
width of the parasitic monopole (s3) is tuned from 1.5 mm to
2.5 mm, both the impedance and radiation pattern show slight
changes, as shown in Fig. 10(c). Therefore, the optimized
impedance bandwidth and beamwidth performance can be well
designed by tuning the position and height of the parasitic
monopole.
It is known that wireless communication systems need
wideband stable radiation antennas to build a high data rate and
robust communication link. Therefore, the radiation pattern of
the proposed reconfigurable antenna with wide/narrow-beam
states at different frequencies (3.40 / 3.60 / 3.80 GHz) is
verified, as shown in Fig. 11. At different frequencies, the
main-lobe direction of the proposed antenna is stable, and the
3 dB beamwidths of the E-plane and H-plane have slight
changes. In short, the proposed compact beam reconfigurable
antenna achieves a broadband beam-switching capability in the
different polarization modes. Therefore, it’s suitable for
intelligent wireless communication in space-limited scenarios,
such as intelligent vehicle systems, urban mobile scenarios, and
indoor environments.
III. BROADBAND DUAL-POLARIZED DYNAMIC SCANNING
PHASED ARRAY
A. Array Configuration
To further explore the potential of the developed beamwidth
switchable antenna, a dual-polarized reconfigurable phased
array is designed for intelligent vehicular communication. As
displayed in Fig. 12, by using the proposed switchable antennas,
a four-element dual-polarized reconfigurable linear array is
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540

> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY < 6

TABLE II WORKING MODES OF THE PROPOSED PHASED ARRAY

Every Element
Mode Port Beam / Pol. Beam-scanning
SW1/2 SW3/4
High-gain beam
S1 P2 - OFF Narrow / X-Pol.
scanning
Wide-angle beam
S2 P2 - ON Wide / X-Pol.
scanning
High-gain beam
S3 P1 OFF - Narrow / Y-Pol.
scanning
Wide-angle beam
S4 P1 ON - Wide / Y-Pol.
scanning

Fig. 13 Simulated S-parameters of the proposed dual-polarized

Fig. 12 Structure of the proposed low-cost reconfigurable dual-polarized beam-scanning phased array with the array element E1. (a) S3 mode
beam-scanning phased array. (a) 3D view, and (b) top view. (Narrow-beam element), and (b) S4 mode (Wide-beam element).

realized. The array spacing (d) is selected to 0.45 λ0 to avoid the
grating lobe during the beam-scanning process. Note that in
order to reduce the complexity, four switches of each element
are controlled uniformly. The extra control circuits are
implemented at the bottom of this phased array, as shown in Fig.
12(b). Furthermore, two DC signals (DC1, and DC2) are used
to control the beamwidth states of every element in the different
polarization (X-pol. and Y-pol.), respectively. Here, a finite
dual-polarized linear array is implemented to verify the
proposed working mechanisms. Note that due to the dual-
polarization and wide-beam characteristics, the proposed
reconfigurable antenna is more suitable for planar array
applications, such as planar phased arrays, Massive MIMO
systems, and beam-scanning outdoor mobile terminals.
Firstly, the radiation polarization of every element can be
determined by driving different ports (Port1 or Port2).
Secondly, the wide-beam or narrow-beam states of every
element can be selected by controlling these switch states
(SW1/2 and SW3/4). Thirdly, by modulating the feeding phase
of every element, the proposed reconfigurable phased array can
realize two different beam-steering modes: 1) wide-angle
beam-scanning coverage and 2) long-distance high-gain
scanning. The detailed beam-steering modes with different
switch states are listed in Table II. For wide-angle
beam-scanning coverage (S2/S4 mode), the two corresponding
switches are turned to the ON state, and every element shows a
wide-beam radiation pattern. Owing to the wide-beam array
element, the proposed array can realize wide-angle beam
scanning [33]. On the contrary, when these two switches are in
an “OFF” state, the beamwidth of every element cannot be
widened. The proposed phased array can achieve long-distance
high-gain beam scanning (S1/S3 mode). Besides, since these
array elements belong to a dual-polarized radiator, the proposed
phased array can realize two beam-scanning modes in the
x-directed (X-pol., Port2) or y-directed (Y-pol., Port1)
polarization by exciting different ports and controlling these
switches, as shown in Table II.
When the proposed phased array works on S1/S3 mode, it
realizes a high-gain multi-beam scanning and it is suitable for
long-distance wireless communication, such as long-distance
vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (V2I). Although the
radiation gain of the S2/S4 mode is lower than that of the S1/S3
mode, this phased array can realize a wider beam-scanning
coverage. Thus, it is suitable for wide-angle coverage
application scenarios, for example, vehicle-to-vehicle
communication (V2V). Compared with the conventional
fixed-mode arrays and the conventional phased arrays, the
proposed reconfigurable phased array realizes flexible
dual-polarized beam steering with low cost and wide
bandwidth, which makes it suitable for intelligent mobile
communications, as shown in Fig. 1.
B. Simulation and Discussion
Fig. 13 shows the simulated S-parameters of the proposed
reconfigurable phased array with different working modes. The
simulated operational bands with reflection coefficients less
than -10.0 dB are wider than 14.1 % (3.30-3.80 GHz), and the
port isolation between different elements is greater than 11 dB
in the whole passband. Note that the proposed element has high
polarization isolation (20.0 dB, shown in Fig. 7), so the
polarization isolation in the array form is omitted to save space.
Thanks to good port isolation and polarization isolation, the
proposed phased array can achieve a good dual-polarized
beam-scanning performance.
To further illustrate the beam-steering working mechanism,
the simulated E-field / H-field distributions and radiation
patterns of the proposed reconfigurable phased array with
different beam-scanning modes (S1/S2/S3/S4) at 3.60 GHz are
summarized, as shown in Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17, respectively.
As shown in Fig. 16 (S3 mode), the radiation aperture (E-field

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
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> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY < 7

Fig. 14 Simulated H-field distributions and radiation patterns of the proposed reconfigurable beam-scanning phased array at S1 mode with different feeding phase
states. (a) φ = 150°, (b) φ = 100°, (c) φ = 0°, (d) φ = -100°, and (e) φ = -150°.

Fig. 15 Simulated H-field distributions and radiation patterns of the proposed reconfigurable beam-scanning phased array at S2 mode with different feeding phase
states. (a) φ = 150°, (b) φ = 100°, (c) φ = 0°, (d) φ = -100°, and (e) φ = -150°.

Fig. 16 Simulated E-field distributions and radiation patterns of the proposed reconfigurable beam-scanning phased array at S3 mode with different feeding phase
states. (a) φ = 120°, (b) φ = 60°, (c) φ = 0°, (d) φ = -60°, and (e) φ = -120°.

Fig. 17 Simulated E-field distributions and radiation patterns of the proposed reconfigurable beam-scanning phased array at S4 mode with different feeding phase
states. (a) φ = 150°, (b) φ = 100°, (c) φ = 0°, (d) φ = -100°, and (e) φ = -150°.

distribution) of the phased array is shaped by controlling the
feeding phase of every element, so the main lobe of the
radiation beam can scan from -35°to 35° at 3.60 GHz with a
gain fluctuation around 3 dB. Note that the beam-scanning
region of S3 mode is a little limited due to the effects of the
narrow-beam elements. Thus, the beam-scanning performance
with different feeding phase differences (-120°, +120°) is
studied. Besides, the simulated peak gain in the beam-scanning
process is 12.5 dBi. In wide-angle beam-scanning mode (S4
mode, in Fig. 17), with the help of the wide-beam array element,
the beam-scanning region of this array is extended from ±35° to
±60°. And, the realized peak gain in the beam-scanning process
is 10.0 dBi. Different from the S3 mode, the vertical field
components are introduced by coupling these parasitic
monopole structures. Furthermore, similar H-field distribution
and beam-scanning performance are clearly observed in the
x-directed polarization beam-scanning states (S1 mode / S2
mode, in Figs. 14 and 15). Note that the beam-scanning region
of the x-directed polarization modes (S1/S2 mode) is slightly
greater than that of the y-directed polarization modes (S3/S4
mode), which is mainly due to the relatively wide beamwidth in
the H-plane.
C. Radiation Characteristic Study in Vehicular Applications
The radiation characteristic of the proposed reconfigurable
phased array in vehicular applications is studied to further
illustrate its advantages and application potentials, as shown in
Figs. 18 and 19. In practical scenarios, large-size antennas and
array antennas are usually mounted on the vehicle roof of the
vehicles, as shown in Fig. 18(a). Since the roof as a ground
layer is much larger than the proposed phased array, the roof
structure is replaced by an infinite metallic surface (PEC
boundary) in simulation to save the calculation time [3], [26],
as shown in Fig. 18(b).
Fig. 19 shows the simulated beam-scanning performance of
the proposed phased array in vehicular applications with
different feeding phase states. Firstly, compared with the
original antenna (in Fig. 17), the proposed vehicular antenna

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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540

> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY < 8

Fig. 18 (a) Application scenario of the proposed reconfigurable intelligent

vehicular antenna, and (b) the proposed reconfigurable phased array with the
vehicle roof.

Fig. 19 Simulated 3D radiation pattern of the proposed vehicular antenna at

S4 mode with different feeding states. (a) φ = 0°, (b) φ = 120°, and (c)
φ = 150°.

Fig. 21 Measured S-parameters of the proposed reconfigurable

Fig. 20 Photos of the proposed fabricated reconfigurable phased array and
measured environment. (a) Fabricated phased array, and (b) SATIMO
near-field chamber.
beam-scanning phased array with the central element (E2) and the outer
element (E1). The central element (E2): (a) S1 mode, (b) S2 mode, (c) S3
mode, and (d) S4 mode. The outer element (E2): (e) S1 mode, (f) S2 mode, (g)
S3 mode, and (h) S4 mode.

IV. MEASUREMENT AND COMPARISON

scheme realizes a larger radiation gain due to the more
reflection power from the roof structure. Secondly, the
backward radiation components are well suppressed by the
large-size ground layer. The side-lobe levels show slight
deterioration when the main lobe scans to the large-angle
region, as shown in Fig. 18(c). More importantly, the proposed
phased array realizes a stable beam-scanning capability in
vehicular applications. Similarly, by switching different
working modes (S1 / S2 / S3 / S4 modes) and controlling
feeding phase states, the proposed reconfigurable phased array
can achieve stable multi-functional beam scanning in vehicular
applications. Owing to the flexible and robust beam-steering
performance, the proposed reconfigurable phased array is well
poised for vehicular antennas and intelligent mobile
communication applications.
A. Measurement and Simulation
Fig. 20 shows a photograph of the fabricated phased array
and the measured environment in a SATIMO Near-Field
chamber. The proposed reconfigurable phased array is fed by
eight coaxial lines with an SMA connector, as shown in Fig.
20(a). To verify the impedance characteristics and the
beam-scanning performance of this reconfigurable phased
array, the S-parameters and active radiation patterns of every
element are measured [34].
Fig. 21 shows the measured and simulated S-parameters of
the central element (E2) and the outer element (E1) of the
proposed array with different working modes. As shown in Fig.
21(a) (S1 mode, narrow-beam element), the measured
overlapped reflection coefficient of the E2 element is below

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540
> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY <
Fig. 22 Measured (right) and simulated (left) radiation patterns of the active
elements of the proposed reconfigurable phased array with different working
modes at 3.60 GHz. (a) S3 mode (Narrow-beam element), and (b) S4 mode
(wide-beam element).
-10.0 dB from 3.30 to 3.80 GHz (14.1 %), and the measured
polarization isolation is better than 20.0 dB. The realized
coupling coefficients are lower than -13.0 dB over the whole
working frequency band. Similarly, in the S2 mode (wide-beam
element, in Fig. 21(b)), the common -10 dB impedance
bandwidth is from 3.12 to 3.80 GHz (19.7 %), and the port
isolation is better than 15.0 dB in the whole passband. For the
outer element (E1) (in Figs. 21(e-h)), the measured overlapped
-10 dB impedance bandwidth of the E1 element is from 3.4
GHz to 3.90 GHz. The measured polarization isolation between
the X-pol. and Y-pol. components is higher than 18 dB, and the
realized coupling coefficients between different elements are
lower than -13 dB. Compared with the E2 element, the
measured frequency band of the E1 element slightly shifts to
the higher-frequency region, which is mainly caused by the
edge effects of the array structures [26], [33]. Besides, the
difference between the measured and simulated results is
mainly due to the fabrication tolerance and the parasitic effect
of the bias lines. Note that the working frequency band of the
proposed reconfigurable phased array can basically cover the
5G-N78 and LTE B42/B43 bands.
Fig. 22 shows the simulated and measured active patterns of
the proposed reconfigurable phased array at 3.60 GHz. Note
that in order to save space, only the measured radiation results
in the y-directed polarization modes (S3 and S4 modes) are
provided to validate its beam-steering capacity. The other
polarization shows a similar performance. Compared with the
single antenna, the active pattern of every element is slightly
distorted due to the mutual coupling. The measured 3 dB
beam-widths in the S3 (narrow-beam) and S4 (wide-beam)
modes are [-46°, 40°] and [-74°, 68°], respectively. Besides, it
is clearly observed that the measured peak gain of the
narrow-beam element is about 2.0 dB larger than that of the
wide-beam element. Therefore, the proposed reconfigurable
phased array in the S3 mode can realize high-gain beam
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9
Fig. 23 Measured and simulated beam-scanning performance of the proposed
reconfigurable phased array with different working modes at 3.60 GHz. (a) S3
mode (Narrow-beam element), and (b) S4 mode (wide-beam element).
steering owing to the larger-gain element, and the wide-beam
active element contributes to a wide-angle beam-scanning
performance (S4 mode).
The measured and simulated beam-scanning results of the
proposed reconfigurable phased array at 3.60 GHz are
displayed in Fig. 23. In the S3 mode, the proposed phased array
realizes high-gain beam scanning in the E-plane, and the main
lobe can scan from -35° to 35° with a peak gain of 11.2 dBi.
Besides, the measured gain in the total beam-scanning range
stays between 7.4 to 11.2 dBi. When these switches are turned
to the ON state, the working mode of the proposed
reconfigurable phased array is switched to S4 mode and its
beam-scanning performance is shown in Fig. 23(b). The
proposed reconfigurable phased array can realize a wide-angle
beam-scanning capacity from -60° to 55°, and its realized gain
is larger than 6.1 dBi in the scanning process. The measured
gain is a little lower than that in simulation, which is caused by
the fabrication error and the extra loss from the coaxial lines
and the bias circuits.
Generally speaking, by introducing the beamwidth
reconfiguration design, the proposed broadband dual-polarized
phased array can achieve two different modes: 1) Wide-angle
scanning coverage (V2V application) and 2) Long-distance
high-gain scanning (V2I communication). In other words, with
the advantages of flexible beam-steering capacity, the proposed
reconfigurable array can be used as an intelligent vehicular
communication device to meet different application requests
and scenarios.
B. Comparison with the Previous Work
Table III lists a comparison between the proposed
reconfigurable element/array and some previous designs. To
realize beamwidth reconfiguration, various methods were
presented, such as tunable Yagi-like parasitic patches [7], [35],
switchable series-fed array [36], and reconfigurable active
metasurface [13]. Compared with the conventional designs, the
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540

> SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY < 10

TABLE III COMPARISON WITH THE PREVIOUS WORK (BEAMWIDTH RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS & DUAL-POLARIZED BEAM-SCANNING ARRAYS)
Ref. Technique Pol. Size / λ03 BW / % Beam-width tuning range Gain / dB
[7] ME ant.; reconfigurable Yagi-like patches Dual-pol. 0.81×0.81×0.25 10.0 72°-133° 7.1
[35] ME ant.; tunable parasitic patches LP 1.57×1.07×0.27 4.9 65°-120° 5.8
[36] Switchable microstrip series-fed slot array LP 1.59×3.18×0.25 2.5 35°-65° 12.1
[13] Reconfigurable active metasurface; quasi-array LP 1.44×1.12×0.31 >20.0 32°-111° 14.5
Prop. Planar dipole ant.; controllable omnidirectional sources Dual-pol. 0.38×0.38×0.27 20.7 68° / 165° 3.3 / 7.7
Ref. Technique Pol. Array form BW / % Beam-scanning
6×6
[37] Mushroom-shaped element, phased array Dual-pol. 1.9 Wide-angle scanning: [-66°, 66°]
Planar array
Crossed-dipole element; multiple beam-forming 1×6
[38] Dual-pol. 46 Multi-port to multi-beam: [-36°, 36°]
network Linear array
4×4
[39] Multi-port wide-beam element; phased array Dual-pol. 12.8 Wide-angle scanning: [-60°, 60°]
Planar array
1×4 High-gain beam-steering: [-35°, 35°]
Prop. Beam switchable element; reconfigurable phased array Dual-pol. 14.1
Linear array Wide-angle scanning: [-60°, 55°]

proposed beamwidth switchable antenna realizes a dual-
polarized wide-range beamwidth switching capability with a
compact size and a broad bandwidth, which makes it suitable
for space-limited scenarios and array applications. Note that
there are few reports on reconfigurable dual-polarized phased
arrays. Therefore, only three relevant dual-polarized
beam-scanning arrays are compared [37-39]. Obviously, the
proposed reconfigurable phased array can achieve more
flexible and powerful beam-scanning / beam-steering functions
than the conventional beam-scanning array with the fixed-beam
element. The proposed scheme also features a good impedance
bandwidth and a simple structure.
Overall, the proposed reconfigurable array demonstrates the
advantages of compact size, broadband, low cost, and dynamic
radiation manipulation capability.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper develops a broadband dual-polarized beamwidth
switchable radiator, which is used to implement a diverse
beam-scanning phased array. The beam width could be
widened by loading the omnidirectional radiation components.
With the help of a switch design, the beam width can be
switched electrically. Moreover, a dual-polarized phased array
is implemented based on the beamwidth switchable element.
By controlling the switch states and feeding phases, the
proposed reconfigurable array can realize two dynamic
beam-steering modes (wide-angle scanning coverage and
long-distance high-gain scanning) in different polarization.
This type of element and array has the merits of broadband, low
cost, compact size, simple design, and flexible beam-steering
capability. This work offers a new solution to implement
intelligent vehicular communication antennas or low-cost
beam-steering arrays.
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content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TVT.2023.3274540
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11
Zhan Wang (Student Member, IEEE) received the
B.S. degree in electrical & information
engineering from the South West Jiao Tong
University (SWJTU), Chengdu, China, in 2018,
and he is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree in the University of Electric Science and
Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China.
His research interests include miniaturized
antennas and microwave devices, especially,
metamaterial-based antennas and reconfigurable antennas. He has
published more than 60 papers and 7 patents, including 24 papers on IEEE
Transaction on Antennas and Propagation. He has also received multiple
awards including multiple times of National Scholarship, and the gold
medal in the 7th “Internet Plus” worldwide Innovation and
Entrepreneurship Competition. He is serving as a reviewer for many
international journals, including IEEE Transaction on Antennas and
Propagation. He was awarded the prestigious 2022 IEEE AP-S Fellowship
and the 2022 IEEE AP-S Doctoral Research Grant Award.
Yuandan Dong (Senior Member, IEEE)
received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the
Department of Radio Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, China, in 2006 and 2008,
respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the
Department of Electrical Engineering,
University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, in 2012.
From September 2008 to June 2012, he was a
Graduate Student Researcher with the Microwave Electronics Laboratory,
UCLA. From September 2012 to February 2016, he was working as a
Senior Engineer with the Research and Development Hardware
Department, Qualcomm, San Diego, CA, USA. From February 2016 to
December 2017, he was working as a Staff Engineer with Universal
Electronics Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA. Since December 2017, he has been
a Full Professor with the University of Electronic Science and Technology
of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China. He has authored or coauthored more
than 260 journal articles and conference papers, which receive more than
5400 citations. He has been listed as an Elsevier highly cited researcher. He
holds more than 100 patents including six international patents. He and his
team have developed multiple RF products including acoustic wave filters,
antenna tuners, and antennas, which are very widely shipped and applied in
mobile devices. His research interests include the characterization and
development of RF and microwave components, antennas, RF frontend
modules, circuits, acoustic-wave filters, and metamaterials.
Dr. Dong was a recipient of the Best Student Paper Award from 2010
IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC) held in Yokohama,
Japan, the Best Paper Award in 2021 IEEE International Wireless
Symposium (IWS), the Distinguished Expert Presented by Sichuan
Province and by the national government, respectively, and the High Level
Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent presented by Jiangsu Province. He
has been a TPC member for several international conferences. He has
served as an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION since 2021. And he has served as a
guest editor for IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION. He is also serving as a Reviewer for multiple IEEE and
IET journals including the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE
THEORY AND TECHNIQUES and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION.