UNIVERSITY OF BAHRAIN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TERM PROJECT-Final submission

Group members information’s

Zahra Hasan Ahmed Alaal Sec 1 20164712
Hawra Naser Asad Sec 2 20174478
Duaa Ismaeel Ebrahim yusuf Sec 1 20181562
Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................................5
CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS........................................................................................................6
Part II................................................................................................................................................9
Sample of calculations...................................................................................................................13
Drawing of Zallaq highway............................................................................................................15
Volume and LOS.............................................................................................................................19
5 minutes count.............................................................................................................................20
PHF for Vehicles and heavy vehicles (Total)..................................................................................21
PHF and Percentage for heavy vehicles only.................................................................................22
Level of Service Analysis (LOS) of Highway....................................................................................23
For East bound...........................................................................................................................23
For West bound.........................................................................................................................24
Model of Highway in PTV VISSIM..................................................................................................25

2
TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1.......................................................................................................7
Table 2.......................................................................................................9
Table 3.....................................................................................................11

Figure 1: Sketch done using AUTOCAD...................................................13

Figure 2:Sketch done manually..............................................................14
Figure 3: Photos of us taking measurements on site.............................15
Figure 4 :Zallaq highway.........................................................................16

3
INTRODUCTION
When designing roads, it is important to evaluate different design criteria alternatives. The
ultimate goal of traffic engineering is to ensure the safe and efficient movement of people and
goods on roads and highways. Beyond the design, traffic engineering focuses on the functional
aspects of road geometry that make traffic flow, including traffic signs, signals, intersection
management and road surface markings.

4
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to calculate and determine the speed, volume, average speed in free
flow conditions, peak hour factor, LOS, the run traffic simulation using VISSIM of the chosen
highway (Zallaq highway). And learn how to draw the highway segments according to scale.
This project includes almost all what we have covered in this course and applying it in a
practical way and this improves our learning.

5
CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS
Part I
Highway information:
 Highway name: Zallaq highway (near Sofitel hotel - Zallaq)
 Length of highway: 550 m
 Time of site visit: 16:00 – 16:15 pm
 Speed: 100Km/h
 Location in google map: https://maps.app.goo.gl/LoykDjEBJFys2XRq5
 Pictures from google map :

 Description of the highway:

This highway segment we choose is located between two intersections as shown in the
pictures and link above. This segment starts with two lanes and then divided to four
lanes, two for the straight direction and one for the left direction and u turn and the
fourth direction is for the right direction. Plus, the segment contains median. Moreover,
the length of the segment equal to 550 m and the speed limit on the highway equal to
100 km/h. NOTE: no maintenance activity on that segment.

- In the first part, after choosing the highway, we have collected the number of vehicles
during 15 minutes (the volume) and determined the speed of each and finally
determined the average speed.

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 Data collected from site visit:

No. of vehicles Time (Sec) Speed (m/s) Speed (Km/hr.)

1 23 23.91 86.09
2 30 18.33 66.00
3 34 16.18 58.24
4 22 25.00 90.00
5 27 20.37 73.33
6 21 26.19 94.29
7 21 26.19 94.29
8 22 25.00 90.00
9 28 19.64 70.71
10 27 20.37 73.33
11 32 17.19 61.88
12 37 14.86 53.51
13 20 27.50 99.00
14 19 28.95 104.21
15 31 17.74 63.87
16 37 14.86 53.51
17 40 13.75 49.50
18 41 13.41 48.29
19 29 18.97 68.28
20 23 23.91 86.09
21 25 22.00 79.20
22 32 17.19 61.88
23 35 15.71 56.57
24 36 15.28 55.00
25 23 23.91 86.09
26 31 17.74 63.87
27 33 16.67 60.00
28 32 17.19 61.88
29 24 22.92 82.50
30 25 22.00 79.20
31 27 20.37 73.33
32 29 18.97 68.28
33 33 16.67 60.00
34 27 20.37 73.33
35 28 19.64 70.71
36 23 23.91 86.09
37 17 32.35 116.47
38 18 30.56 110.00
39 34 16.18 58.24
40 28 19.64 70.71
41 38 14.47 52.11
42 32 17.19 61.88

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 43 45 12.22 44.00
44 21 26.19 94.29
45 27 20.37 73.33
46 30 18.33 66.00
47 36 15.28 55.00
48 40 13.75 49.50
49 45 12.22 44.00

Average speed= 71.38 Km/hr.

 Maximum Speed = 116.47 Km/ hr.
 Minimum Speed= 44.00 Km/hr.
 Volume = 49 Vehicle
 NOTE: trucks speed was lower comparing with the cars speed.

Sample of calculation:

Speed sample of calculation:

Speed = (Distance / time) * 3600 = 0.55 /23 *3600 = 86.09 km/hr.
Average speed calculation:
Avg. speed = sum of speed / no. of vehicles = 3497.86/ 49
= 71.38 km/hr.

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Part II
Table 1
No. of vehicles Distance (m) Time (sec) Speed (m/s) Speed (Km/hr)
1 550 24 22.91666667 82.5
2 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
3 550 30 18.33333333 66
4 550 22 25 90
5 550 25 22 79.2
6 550 25 22 79.2
7 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
8 550 35 15.71428571 56.57142857
9 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
10 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
11 550 26 21.15384615 76.15384615
12 550 25 22 79.2
13 550 29 18.96551724 68.27586207
14 550 21 26.19047619 94.28571429
15 550 21 26.19047619 94.28571429
16 550 25 22 79.2
17 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
18 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
19 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
20 550 25 22 79.2
21 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
22 550 29 18.96551724 68.27586207
23 550 31 17.74193548 63.87096774
24 550 35 15.71428571 56.57142857
25 550 25 22 79.2
26 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
27 550 29 18.96551724 68.27586207
28 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
29 550 30 18.33333333 66
30 550 30 18.33333333 66
31 550 23 23.91304348 86.08695652
32 550 31 17.74193548 63.87096774
33 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
34 550 30 18.33333333 66

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 35 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
36 550 26 21.15384615 76.15384615
37 550 30 18.33333333 66
38 550 26 21.15384615 76.15384615
39 550 24 22.91666667 82.5
40 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
41 550 30 18.33333333 66
42 550 31 17.74193548 63.87096774
43 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
44 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
45 550 30 18.33333333 66
46 550 25 22 79.2
47 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
48 550 30 18.33333333 66
49 550 33 16.66666667 60
50 550 30 18.33333333 66
51 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
52 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
53 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
54 550 25 22 79.2
55 550 30 18.33333333 66
56 550 35 15.71428571 56.57142857
57 550 37 14.86486486 53.51351351
58 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
59 550 30 18.33333333 66
60 550 28 19.64285714 70.71428571
61 550 27 20.37037037 73.33333333
62 550 30 18.33333333 66
Total 34100 1731 1236.986144 4453.150117
Average     19.95138941 71.82500189

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Table 2
speed (mi/hr) miles
51.2625 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
55.92272727 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
35.15142857 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
47.31923077 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
42.42413793 0.34175
58.58571429 0.34175
58.58571429 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
42.42413793 0.34175
39.68709677 0.34175
35.15142857 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
42.42413793 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
53.49130435 0.34175
39.68709677 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
47.31923077 0.34175
41.01 0.34175

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47.31923077 0.34175
51.2625 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
39.68709677 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
37.28181818 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
49.212 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
35.15142857 0.34175
33.25135135 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
41.01 0.34175
43.93928571 0.34175
45.56666667 0.34175
41.01 0.34175

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Table 3
Speed Group

Lower Limit Upper Limit (mi/h) Middle Speed, S No. of vehicles nS

(mi/h) (mi/h) observed in group, n
>30 32 31 0 0
>32 34 33 1 33
>34 36 35 3 105
>36 38 37 1 37
>38 40 39 3 117
>40 42 41 12 492
>42 44 43 12 516
>44 46 45 13 585
>46 48 47 3 141
>48 50 49 8 392
>50 52 51 2 102
>52 54 53 1 53
>54 56 55 1 55
>56 58 57 0 0
>58 60 59 2 118
>60 62 61 0 0
62 2746
mean (mi/h) 44.29032258

Sample of calculations

Speed = distance / time = 550 /24 = 22.91 m/s

Speed = distance / time = 0.55 /24 *3600 = 82.5 km/hr.
Avg speed = total speed / no. of vehicles = 1236.98 / 62 = 19.95 m/s
Avg speed = = total speed / no. of vehicles = 4453.15 / 62 = 71.82 km/hr.
Mean = sum nS / N = 2746 / 62 = 44.29 mi/hr.

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SKITCHES OF THE HIGHWAY
On our second visit which is on 3rd of April 2021, we took all the measurement needed in order
to draw the segment such as length of the highway, lane width, median width, shoulder width,
etc.

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Drawing of Zallaq highway
Sketch 1
This is the first drawing which include the main measurements of the highway, the scale used is
1:350.

Figure 1: Sketch done using AUTOCAD.

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Sketch 2
This is the second sketch done manually using two scales.
We used 24m equal to 1cm in the drawing for vertical.
1m equals to 0.25 cm in the drawing for horizontal.

Figure 2:Sketch done manually

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 PHOTOS OF US

Figure 3: Photos of us taking measurements on site.

17
 PHOTOS OF THE ROAD SEGMENT

Figure 4 :Zallaq highway

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Volume and LOS
Data for volume was measured between 4:00 PM and 5:00 PM on Sunday 9 th May 2021, this
highway was crowded before the spread of Corona in Bahrain, due to the cars going to the
University of Bahrain road, including students and workers at the university, but after the
spread of Corona disease and due to the precautions, that were considered, and Ramadan
month the number of cars passing on this road decreased. The readings were taken in Ramadan
before Iftar to capture the peak hour when many people are going back to their home after a
work time.

4 minutes count
East Direction ( 4 minutes count)
Time Counts
Start End No. of cars No. Heavy vehicles
4:00 4:04 11 2
4:05 4:09 10 5
4:10 4:14 9 0
4:15 4:19 15 2
4:20 4:24 27 3
4:25 4:29 15 0
4:30 4:34 13 2
4:35 4:39 16 4
4:40 4:44 8 2
4:45 4:49 20 3
4:50 4:54 9 6
4:55 4:59 18 0

West Direction ( 4 minutes count)

Time Counts
Start End No. of cars No. Heavy vehicles
4:00 4:04 29 3
4:05 4:09 35 4
4:10 4:14 12 1
4:15 4:19 9 6
4:20 4:24 10 2
4:25 4:29 25 3
4:30 4:34 28 5
4:35 4:39 24 6
4:40 4:44 14 2
4:45 4:49 26 0
4:50 4:54 34 1
4:55 4:59 30 5

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5 minutes count

East Direction ( 5 minutes count)

Time Counts
No. Heavy
Start End No. of cars vehicles Total Flow (veh) Flow rate (veh/h)
4:00 4:05 14 3 17 204
4:05 4:10 13 6 19 228
4:10 4:15 11 0 11 132
4:15 4:20 19 3 22 264
4:20 4:25 34 4 38 456
4:25 4:30 19 0 19 228
4:30 4:35 16 3 19 228
4:35 4:40 20 5 25 300
4:40 4:45 10 3 13 156
4:45 4:50 25 4 29 348
4:50 4:55 11 8 19 228
4:55 5:00 23 0 23 276
Total= 215 39 254 3048
Max= 456

West Direction ( 5 minutes count)

Time Counts
No. Heavy
Start End No. of cars vehicles Flow ( veh) Flow rate ( veh/h)
4:00 4:05 36 4 40 480
4:05 4:10 44 5 49 588
4:10 4:15 15 1 16 192
4:15 4:20 11 8 19 228
4:20 4:25 13 3 16 192
4:25 4:30 31 4 35 420
4:30 4:35 35 6 41 492
4:35 4:40 30 8 38 456
4:40 4:45 18 3 21 252
4:45 4:50 33 0 33 396
4:50 4:55 43 1 44 528
4:55 5:00 38 6 44 528
Total= 347 49 396 4752
Max= 588

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PHF for Vehicles and heavy vehicles (Total)

Total flow rate for both direction

Flow (veh/h)
57 684
68 816
27 324
41 492
54 648
54 648
60 720
63 756
34 408
62 744
63 756
67 804

254
PHF for East Bound= =0.55702
456
396 254 +396
PHF for West Bound= =0.67347=0.67PHF for (Both direction)= =0.79657 =0.80
588 816

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 PHF and Percentage for heavy vehicles only

East West Flow Flow rate (Veh/h)

3 4 7 84
6 5 11 132
0 1 1 12
3 8 11 132
4 3 7 84
0 4 4 48
3 6 9 108
5 8 13 156
3 3 6 72
4 0 4 48
8 1 9 108
0 6 6 72
Total= 39 49 88 1056
Max= 156

39
PHF for East Bound= =0.25 39
156 Percentage for EB= =0.1535
49 254
PHF for West Bound= =0.314
156
49
Percentage for WB= =0.1237
396
88 88
PHF for Both direction= =0.5641 Percentage for Both direction= =0.1359
156 254+396

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Level of Service Analysis (LOS) of Highway
Multilane Highway data:
- Design Speed= 100Km/h = 62.137 mi/h
- Lane Width= 4.0 m = 13 ft
- Total lateral clearance= ≥12 ft
- Access points=/
- Number of lanes in direction (N=2) Total lane = 4
- Peak hour factor PHF=0.80
- Break Point (BP)= 1400 pc/h/ln << Constant

For East bound

- Peak hour flow, V= 254 veh/h
- Access points= 0
- Heavy vehicle percentage (PHV)=0.15= 15%
- BFFS=44.3 mph

BFFS=44.3 mph, fLW=0, fLc = 0, fM =0, fA = 0

FFS=BFFS- fLW - fLc – fM – fA =44.3-0-0-0=44.3 mph

Level terrain EHV= 2

PHV=0.15

1
FHV = =0.87
1+0.15( 2−1)
FHV=0.87

254
Vp= =182.47
0.8 x 2 x 0.87
Vp=182.47 Pc/h/ln
Vp=182.47< BP=1400
S=FFS adj = 44.3 mph
D=182.47/44.3 =4.125 Pc/mi/ln
LOS=A

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For West bound
- Peak hour flow, V= 396 veh/h
- Access points= 0
- Heavy vehicle percentage (PHV)=0.12= 12%
- BFFS=44.3 mph

BFFS=44.3 mph, fLW=0, fLc = 0, fM =0, fA = 0

FFS=BFFS- fLW - fLc – fM – fA =44.3-0-0-0=44.3 mph

Level terrain EHV= 2

PHV=0.1

1
FHV = =0.89
1+0.12(2−1)
FHV=0.89

396
Vp= =278.09
0.8 x 2 x 0.89
Vp=278.09 Pc/h/ln
Vp=278.09 < BP=1400
S=FFS adj = 44.3 mph
D=287.09 /44.3 =6.277 Pc/mi/ln
LOS=A

Which means the level of service for both direction is A

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Model of Highway in PTV VISSIM

We used the Software PTV VISSIM too accurately model Zallaq Highway using the following
parameters:
• East bound input: 254 veh/h, 15% Heavy Vehicles
• West bound Input: 396 veh/h, 12% Heavy Vehicles
• Other Inputs: Negligible
• Heavy Vehicles = 50% Buses, 50% HGVs
• Car Speed:
• Bus Speed:
• HGV Speed:
• Heavy Vehicles are restricted from inner lanes

25
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
All in all, this project really help us to understand the fundamental of traffic
engineering, we learnt how to take the measurement and how to calculate speed
and others. In order to do this project, we needed some tools such as timer and
steel tape measure. If you would like to do this experiment, I highly recommend
you to wear safety vest and take permission from Ministry of Municipal and Rural
Affairs.

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