Q Explain COCOMO Model. ?

predictors, considering its environment to estimate

•COCOMO stands for “Constructive Cost Estimation value of cost.
Model” .It is one of the very famous model which is 3. Complete COCOMO
used to estimate the cost of the project. The complete COCOMO model is an extension of the
•"constructive" implies that the complexity. intermediate COCOMO model. This model is phase
•This approach implies that size is primary factor for sensitive.
cost, other factors have lesser effect. It does not depend on any phase, it is used to
•COCOMO model was proposed by Dr. Barryn boehm calculate the amount of effort required to complete
in the year 1981. each phase.
Boehm stated that any software development The 6 phases are:
project can be classified into three categories :- (i)planning and requirement
1.Organic (ii) system design
2.Semidetached (iii) Detail design
3.Embedded (iii) module code and test
1. Organic: (iv) integration and test
•If the project deals with developing a well understood (v) cost constructive model
application program. Q. Explain prototyping model with diagram.
•The size of development is reasonably small and •Prototyping is an attractive idea for complicated and
experienced. large systems for which there is no manual process or
•The team members are experienced in developing similar existing system to help to determine the
kind of projects. requirements.
•Small size project, experienced developers in the familiar
environment. For example, pay roll, inventory projects etc-
2. Semidetached
Medium Size project, Medium size team, Average previous
experience on similar project For example: utility syste ms
like compilers, database systems, editors etc.
3. Embedded
Large project, Real time systems, Complex interfaces,
Very little previous experience For example. ATMs, Ar
Traffic Control etc.
According to Boehm, software cost estimation should be
done through three stages:
1.Basic COCOMO
2.Intermediate COCOMO
3.Complete COCOMO
•It is a very famous model software development
1.Basic COCOMO
model.
•The basic COCOMO model gives an approximate
•In this model client is also involved at the time of
estimate of the project parameters, It means it predict
designing the system.
the effort and cost of the project.
•In prototype model is modified until the client is not
•The following formula used to the estimate the cost
satisfied, then we jumped to the next phase.
in this model.
•The goal of prototype model to provide a system
Effort = a1 × (KLOC)a2 PM
with overall functionality.
Tdev = b1 × (Effort)b2 months
•Prototype model is an iterative(Work like an loop)
where,
development cycle between developer and client.
•KLOC is the estimated size of the software product
•We can also use the prototype model with other
expressed in Kilo Lines Of Code.
model (waterfall and spiral).
•a1, a2, b1, b2 are constants for each category of
Advantages
software product.
•Users are not satisfy with the prototype , then a new
•Tdev is the estimated time to develop the software,
prototype is crated again.
expressed in month.
•Customer feedback available for the batter system.
•Effort is the total effort required to develop the
•It take less time to make this project because we
software product,
have done the requirement analysis from the
•expressed in person- months (PMs).
customers, then it will take less time to develop the
2. Intermediate COCOMO:
project.
It is the extension of basic COCOMO model. The
•Error can be detected at earlier stage.
intermediate COCOMO model uses 15 additional
Disadvantages
•Totally dependency on prototype
•something it takes very long time to develop the
prototype based on the user requirement.
•The developer can try to reuse the prototype in
another even the project is not feasible.
Q Explain Spiral Model
•The spiral model also known as the spiral life cycle
model is a systems development life cycle model used
in information technology.

•It is called meta model(model about model) because

it contain all the life cycle model.
•The main purpose of spiral model to reduce the risk
in the project spiral model has been introduced.
•One business analyst is required to reduce the risk
within the help of developers and client then we can
how must cost it will take to developed.
•This model is mainly suitable for large complex
project.
•it is called an spiral because the same activity are
repeated for all the loops(spiral) .
•Each spiral or loop represent the software
engineering development process.
Advantages
•risks as analyses at the early stage of project
development.
•Very famous model too develop large and complex
project.
•Best technology has been used inside the spiral
model.
•customer is available so we always get customer
feedback at regular basic.
Disadvantages
•The cost of the project will be high because system
analyst is required to analyses the risk.
•It is not suitable for small projects.
•Each loop contains four quadrant so takes more time
to complete.
Q4.Define Waterfall model?
The waterfall model is intuitively the most obvious
way to develop a software.
We shall see that it is not a pratical model in the sence