Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus

Aqueous Acid-Base Titrations

Theories
Intro
Uses

Presented By:
Presented To: Nimra Ahmed
Dr. Tahir Ali Amna Khalid
Arfa
Zunaira Akram
Vashma Ajmal
Hamna Samir
 Uses
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories

Intro
 Titration
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common
Uses

Intro
laboratory method of quantitative chemical
analysis that is used to determine the unknown
concentration of an identified analyte.

~(Medwick and Kirschner, 2010)

 Uses
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories

Intro
 Uses
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories

Intro
 Some Important Terms
Titrate
01 The substance to be
analyzed
Titrant
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
The substance used to
Titration
02
Uses

Intro
03
analyze; The reagent of
known conc. Curve
A plot of solution pH
Indicator vs. titrant volume
A substance that changes used during titration

04
color in response to a
chemical change.
 Some Important Terms

Auxiliary Agent
05
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Species added to analyte to
Theories
give an observable change
Uses

Intro
End Point at or near the end point
Point when the moles of06
titrant exceed the moles of
substance being titrated 06
 Arrhenius’ definition
Acidimetry
Alkalinetry

Apparatus

Theories
About
Uses

acid is—‘a substance which yields hydrogen ion (H+) in

toan
describe the nature
aqueous mediumand behaviour of them both

a base is—‘a substance which yields hydroxy ions (OH–)

in an aqueous medium’
 Instrumentation

Burette Titrant
Alkalimetry
Acidimetry

Apparatus
Theories
About
Uses

Conical Flask Analyte

 ACIDIMETRY

Acidimetry, essentially involves the direct or

Alkalimetry

residual titrimetric analysis of alkaline substances

Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
(bases) employing an aliquot of acid and is

About
Uses

provided usually in the analytical control of a large

number of substances included in the various
official compendia.
 EXAMPLES

Organic substances
Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
Urea, sodium salicylate, diphenhydramine, emetine

About
Uses

hydrochloride, pyrazinamide etc.

Inorganic substances
Sodium bicarbonate, milk of magnesia, ammonium chloride,
calcium hydroxide
 METHODS OF ACIDIMETRY
Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
About
DIRECT TITRATION
Uses

METHOD
METHODS CASE I
RESIDUAL TITRATION
METHOD
CASE II
 DIRECT TITRATION METHOD
When a solid substance is to be assayed, an
Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus
aliquot quantity of the same may be weight

Theories
About
Uses

accurately and dissolved in sufficient water

so that the resulting solution should have
more or less the same equivalent weight as
that of acid used in the titration.
 INDICATORS USED IN Direct Method:

Methyl orange (pH range = 3.0 to 4.4) is the indicator of

Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus
choice for obvious reasons, as phenolphthalein and most

Theories
About
other indicators are instantly affected by the carbonic acid
Uses

(H2CO3) generated in the reaction which ultimately cause a

change in colour even before the reaction attains
completion.
 RESIDUAL TITRATION METHOD
The residual titration is accomplished by
Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus
allowing to dissolve the substance under

Theories
About
Uses

estimation in an accurately measured

quantity of the standard solution of known
strength present in excess and subsequently
titrating the excess of the latter with another
previously standardized solution.

e.g. Titration of ZnO with sulphuric acid

 RESIDUAL TITRATION METHOD
Residual titration or back titration is normally employed in the
following two situations, namely :
Alkalimetry

Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
About
• when a chemical reaction
Uses

CASE I proceeds rather slowly or

sluggishly

• when the substance under

determination fails to give a sharp
CASE II and distinctly visible end-point with
an indicator by direct titration.
 ALKALIMETRY

Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Acidic substances are usually determined quantitatively by

Theories
About
methods similar to those used for the quantitative
Uses

determinations of bases.
 METHODS

Two methods are generally adopted for the assay of acidic

substances, namely :

Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Theories
About
Uses

DIRECT TITRATION
METHOD
METHODS OF
ALKALIMETRY
INDIRECT TITRATION
METHOD
 PRECAUTIONS:
As a general principle, the following guidelines may be observed carefully,
namely :

Alkalimetry
Acidimetry
Apparatus
Same normality

Theories
About
Uses

Bring at room temperature

Utilization of volume of standardized base

For inorganic acids

For organic acids