Pharmacognosy IB (Basic) : Biologics

5/13/2020
Pharmacognosy IB (Basic)
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PHARM-D, PHD
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE, PAKISTAN
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Biologics
 What are biologics?

 Antigens
 Physical properties of antigens
 What is the chemical nature of antigens?
 What are their biological actions?
 Antibodies
 Types (IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG, IgD)
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
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What is immunity?
 Types of immunity
 Natural
 Acquired
 Active
 Passive
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What are vaccines?
 A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide

immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative
agent of a disease.
 Vaccines usually contain living, attenuated or killed viruses, killed
rickettsiae.
 Remember! Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a
disease
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Vaccines
 Living vs non-living vaccines (which one is preferred and why?)

 Viral vaccines
 contain either inactivated viruses, or attenuated (not capable of causing
disease) viruses.
 Difficulties in manufacture included viral culture.
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Small pox vaccine
 Is the living virus of vaccinia (cowpox)

 1796 – Edward Jenner should ring some bells!
 How is it prepared?
 Belly of a calf is shaved and washed
 Cuts are made in the epidermis
 Seed virus inoculated by hand rubbing
 Vesicles develop, which are removed and a suspension of these is prepared
 Use: prophylactic (mostly for individuals working on the disease)
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Rabies Vaccine
 Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV)

 Whole virion or subvirion rabies vaccine
 Obtained by culturing the rabies virus in human diploid embryo lung
tissues or in human diploid cell cultures
 Uses: preventive
 Dosing schedule
 Dose 1 – Day 0
 Dose 2 – 7 days after dose 1
 Dose 3 – 21 days or 28 days after dose 1
 What role did Louis Pasteur played in development of rabies vaccine?

 Attenuated virulence of virus
 Rabies vaccine is among the very few that can be used even after the
infection occurs because?
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Influenza Vaccine
 Commonly known as the “flu shots” or flu vaccine

 Contains influenza viruses (type A and/or B) which have been inactivated
by UV radiation
 Given intramuscularly
 Requires continuous reevaluation
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Poliomyelitis vaccine
 Polio virus vaccine inactivated (IPV) also known as Salk vaccine

 Different types of polio viruses (1, 2, or 3) are grown in Rhesus Monkey
kidney tissues
 Virus is harvested and killed with formaldehyde
 All 3 types of viruses are pooled together to prepare trivalent vaccine
 Dose: The usual dose, given subcutaneously, is 3 injections of 1 ml, 4 or
more weeks apart, and a fourth reinforcing dose of 1 ml, 6 to 12 months
later.
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 Poliovirus vaccine live oral: has longer lasting immunity that IPV
 Lower cost of production than Salk’s polio vaccine
 For oral live polio vaccine production, viruses are not killed by
formaldehyde
 Oral vaccine contains attenuated viruses (and therefore, should never be
administered parentally)
 The usual administration schedule involves an initial administration of 2 doses at
not less than 8-week intervals. A third, reinforcing dose is administered 8 to 12
months later.
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Hepatitis vaccine
 Contains chemically inactivated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

 Specific antibody (anti-HBs) develops in 75 to 90% of healthy adults after
the first 2 doses of vaccine and in 85 to 90% after the third dose.
 Those at high risk of HBV infection should get vaccinated
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Rickettsial vaccines
 Methods of preparation are similar to those for viruses

 Not available commercially
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Bacterial Vaccines
 Suspensions of attenuated/ killed pathogenic bacteria

 Typhoid vaccine: killed typhoid bacilli (Salmonella typhi)
 Recommended for persons who have had household contact with a known ,
typhoid carrier or for travelers going to areas of the world where typhoid fever is
endemic.
 Cholera vaccine: is a sterile suspension of killed cholera vibrios (Vibrio
cholerae)
 The usual adult dose, given subcutaneously or intramuscularly, is 0.5 ml, and
then 0.5 ml 1 to 4 weeks later; and a 0.5-ml dose repeated every 6 months, if
necessary.
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Bacterial vaccines
 BCG Vaccine: living culture of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain of

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 It should be used only with individuals who have a negative tuberculin skin test
 administered intradermally
 Haemophilus Vaccine: composed of the purified, capsular polysaccharide
of Hactnophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
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Questions!

Pharmacognosy IB (Basic) : Biologics

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5/13/2020

 What are biologics?

 A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide

 Living vs non-living vaccines (which one is preferred and why?)

 Is the living virus of vaccinia (cowpox)

 Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV)

 What role did Louis Pasteur played in development of rabies vaccine?

 Commonly known as the “flu shots” or flu vaccine

 Polio virus vaccine inactivated (IPV) also known as Salk vaccine

 Contains chemically inactivated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)

 Methods of preparation are similar to those for viruses

 Suspensions of attenuated/ killed pathogenic bacteria

 BCG Vaccine: living culture of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain of

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