NAMES

GROUP MEMBERS:

Pacray, Jordan

Gerald Pacsi, Brooks

Patacsil, Bernadette

Queyquep, John Reeve

Quiambao, Jay Alexis

Rilveria, Monica

EXPERIMENT NO. 2 ACID

AND BASE TITRATIONS

OBJECTIVES

1. To apply the procedures of titration with confidence

2. To observe the process of neutralization of an acid and a base
3. To analyze the neutralization reactions of acids and bases
4. To produce accurate data of neutralization reactions.

INTRODUCTION

It is sometimes necessary to determine experimentally the concentration of an acid

solution or a base solution. In an acid-base titration, a solution with a known concentration,
called standard solution, is used to neutralize a solution with an unknownconcentration to which
a few drops of an appropriate acid-base indicator is added. If thesolution of unknown
A Self-regulated Learning Module 1
 concentration is acidic, a standard base solution is added to the acid solution drop by drop until
it is neutralized, and vice versa.

While doing an acid-base titration, you must be able to recognize when to stop adding the
standard solution. A sudden change in color indicates that neutralization has occurred. At this
point, the number of hydronium ions from the acid is equal to the number of hydroxide ions from
the base. The point at which this happens is called the end point of the titration. When this point
is reached, the volume of the standard solutionused must be carefully determined. Then,
measured volumes of the two solutions and the known concentration of the standard solution
can be used to calculate the concentration of the other solution.

MATERIALS AND REAGENTS

A. MATERIALS
2 - Burettes, Burette clamp, 3 - Erlenmeyer flask, 3 - beakers, Dropper/pipette, 100 mLgraduated
cylinder, Iron stand

B. REAGENTS
0.5 M standard solution (NaOH); 0.5M HCl solution; Phenolphthalein indicator; MethylOrange
indicator, Distilled water

A Self-regulated Learning Module 2

RUBRICS FOR SCORING
For Procedures:
 2 points is given for every short procedure done that requires an immediatewritten
observation
o 1 point for doing the procedure correctly
o 1 point for the answer
 An extra 3 points may be given for long procedures that requires 5 – 15 minutesto
perform;
 An extra 5 points for procedures that require 16 – 30 min. to perform on the
average
 An extra 8 points for procedures that require 31 – or more minutes to perform onthe
average
 3 points is given for every generalization or conclusion made
o 1 point is to be deducted from the score for every mistake identified by the
instructor
 1 point is given for items that do not require performing a procedure
 5 points is given for every correct value computed
o 5 points for every correct value with complete solution
o 3 points for every correct value without complete solution
o 1 point for every incorrect value computed

For Questions for Research:

 5 points is given for each question
o 5 – outstanding – no mistakes identified
o 4 – excellent – 2 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 3 – Good – 3 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 2 – Fair – 4 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 1 – Poor – 5 mistakes or missing concepts identified
o 0 – The answer is totally different from the expected response

PROCEDURES AND OBSERVATIONS

A. ACIDIMETRY

Neutralization of an unknown concentration of an Acid with a Standard Solutionof a

Base.

1. Wash the burettes with detergent solution. Rinse them thoroughly, first using tapwater,
then finally with distilled water.

2. Pour about 10ml of the prepared base solution in one burette (make sure that the stop
cock is closed) and rinse the inside surface of the burette thoroughly. Then open the
stop cock and allow the base to run out the burette tip. Next, close again the stop cock
then fill the burette with the prepared standard NaOHsolution.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 3

3. Make adjustments so that the lower meniscus of the liquid level will coincide withthe
zero-mark of the burette. Before recording this reading, make sure that thereare no air
bubbles entrapped in the tip end of the burette. If there are, put a clean empty beaker
underneath the burette then open the stopcock of the burette to fill up the lower end of
the burette. Check that there are no bubbles formed this time. Use the base collected in
the beaker to fill up again the buretteuntil the lower meniscus of the solution is at zero.
4. Support the burette on an iron stand using a burette clamp as shown in Figure 1below.

5. Measure 10 mL. of the prepared standard HCl solution into a 250 mL. Erlenmeyer flask.
Dilute it with 20 mL. distilled water, pouring it along the sides of the flask to wash down
any adhering alkali droplets. Then, add three (3) dropsof phenolphthalein indicator.
Swirl the flask to mix all the reagents.

6. Place the Erlenmeyer flask under the burette filled with standard NaOH. Slowlyopen
the stopcock to allow the NaOH solution to drop – by drop into the Erlenmeyer flask
containing the acid (HCl) solution. While adding the NaOH solution, keep on rotating
the Erlenmeyer flask with a swaying motion of the wrist. Continue the addition of
NaOH until the solution attains the first temporary light pink color. (Figure 2 above)

7. Continue the gradual addition of the base with continuous swirling of the flaskuntil a
permanent faint pink color appears that does not fade for at least 1 minute with
continuous swirling. If this happens, STOP adding the NaOH standard solution. This
is the end point of the titration.

8. Read accurately the volume used-up from the burette and record this as theexact
final volume reading of the NaOH used.

9. Confirm your results by performing 2 more trials.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 4

TABLE 1: ACIDIMETRY – DATA AND RESULTS

Trial 1 (NaOH) Trial 2 (NaOH) Trial 3 (NaOH)

5 ml 10 ml 5 ml
Initial reading
(ml)
45 ml 45 ml 40 ml
Final reading
(ml)
40 ml 35 ml 35 ml
Volume
used(ml)

B. ALKALIMETRY.

Neutralization of an unknown concentration of a Base with a Standard Solution ofan Acid.

1. Repeat procedures 2 to 4 above but use the Standard HCl solution to fill the otherburette.

2. Measure 10 mL of the prepared standard HCl solution into a 250 mL. Erlenmeyerflask.
Dilute it with 40 mL distilled water, pouring it along the sides of the flask to wash down
any adhering alkali droplets. Then, add three drops of methyl orangeindicator. Swirl
the flask to mix all the reagents.

3. Place the Erlenmeyer flask under the burette filled with standard HCl solution. Slowly
open the stopcock to allow the HCl solution to drop – by drop into the Erlenmeyer flask
containing the base (NaOH) solution. While adding the HCl solution, keep on rotating the
Erlenmeyer flask with a swaying motion of the wrist.Continue the addition of HCl until the
solution attains the first temporary light orange color. (Figure 2 above)

4. Continue the gradual addition of the base with continuous swirling of the flask until a
A Self-regulated Learning Module 5
 permanent faint orange color or peach color appears that does not fade for atleast 1
minute with continuous swirling. If this happens, STOP adding the HCl standard solution.
This is the end point of the titration process.

5. Read accurately the volume used-up from the burette and record this as the exactfinal
volume reading of the HCl used.

6. Confirm your results by performing 2 more trials.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 6

TABLE 2: ALKALIMETRY – DATA AND RESULTS

Trial 1 (HCl) Trial 2 (HCl) Trial 3 (HCl)

1 ml 2ml 2 ml
Initial reading
(ml)
40 ml 45ml 40 ml
Final reading
(ml)
38 ml 39 ml 39 ml
Volume
used(ml)

CALCULATIONS

1. For each trial in Table 1, calculate the concentration in Molarity of the unknown HClsolution
using the relationship:

Macid x Vacid = M base x V base Equation (1)

Where: Macid = Concentration of acid (known or unknown), mol/L

Mbase = Concentration of base (known or unknown), mol/L
Vacid = Volume of Acid used = (Vfinal – Vinitial), mLVbase =
Volume of Base used = (Vfinal – Vinitial), mL

1. For each trial in Table 2, calculate the concentration in Molarity of the unknownNaOH
solution using the relationship in equation 1 above

2. Write ALL your final answers in Table 3.

***Show ALL Computations at the Back of this page.

A Self-regulated Learning Module 7
TABLE3: DATA OF COMPUTATIONS

TRIALS ACIDIMETRIC TITRATIONS ALKALIMETRIC TITRATIONS

Molarity of HCl Computed, Molarity of NaOH Computed,mol/L
mol/L

The molarity of HCI for trial 1 is 0. ̅ m The molarity of NaOH for trial 1 is 0.38 m
Trial 1

The molarity of HCI for trial 2 is 0.58 ̅ The molarity of NaOH for trial 2 is 0.39 m
Trial 2

The molarity of HCI for trial 3 is 0.58 ̅ The molarity of NaOH for trial 3 is 0.39 m
Trial 3

A Self-regulated Learning Module 8

 CONCLUSIONS

The goal of the experiment is to examine the process of neutralization of an acid and a base as
well as to determine the molarity of HCL computed in acidimetric titrations and the molarity of
NaOH calculated in alkalimetric titrations. The trial outcomes are as follows. Trial 1 generated
0.̅ M. The second experiment showed 0.58̅M, and the final trial generated 58̅ . For the
alkalimetric titration, the first trial gave 0.38 m, the second got 0.39 m, and the last trial got 0.39
m as well.

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Define the following terms:

a. Standard solution

A standard solution is any chemical solution with a precisely known concentration. A solution of known
concentration has also been standardized. To make a standard solution, dissolve a known amount of
the solute, then dilute the solution to a precise volume. The concentration of a standard solution is
commonly expressed in terms of molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). Not all materials are suitable
as solutes in common solutions. This same reagent must be pure, stable, and preferably of high
molecular weight.

b. Titration
Titration is the slow addition of a known concentration solution (called a titrant) to a known
volume of an unknown concentration solution until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often
indicated by a color change. The titrant solution must meet the requirements for being a primary or
secondary standard. Titration, in its broadest sense, is a technique for determining the concentration of
an unknown solution.

c. Endpoint

An endpoint is a remote computing device that communicates back and forth with a network to which it
is connected. Examples of endpoints include: Desktops. Laptops. Smartphones.

d. Indicator

a pointing or directing mechanism, as a pointer on the dial of an instrument to show pressure,

temperature, speed, volume, etc., or a moveable icon in the graphical user interface of a computer or
other device.

e. Neutralization

A Self-regulated Learning Module 9

Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a base, which forms water and a salt. Net ionic equations
for neutralization reactions may include solid acids, solid bases, solid salts, and water.

2. Compare your results in each trial in the Acidimetric titration. Was there a difference?What
was the reason for the difference? Explain.

The acidimetric titration changes because the volume summation utilized for each trial has a
different measurement. And when applied to the formula, it gets different molar computations.

3. Compare your results in each trial in the Alkalimetric titration. Was there a difference?What
was the reason for the difference? Explain.

The Alkalimetric titration changes because the volume summation utilized for each trial has a
different measurement. And when applied to the formula, it gets different molar computations.

4. Give one importance of Neutralization reactions in the human body and discuss thechemistry of
this reaction.

During indigestion, the stomach produces too much acid, resulting in stomach disorder or acidity. To
relieve the pain, we use bases such as magnesium milk, which contains magnesium hydroxide. Taking
a base helps to neutralize excess acid in our stomach. The stomach produces too much acid during
indigestion, resulting in stomach disorder or acidity. We use magnesium milk, which contains
magnesium hydroxide, to relieve pain. Taking a base aids in the neutralization of excess acid in our
stomach. When an acid and a base combine to create water and salt, this is known as a neutralization
reaction. These steps will help to move pH readings closer to neutral. In the health world,
neutralization responses are advantageous since they help with indigestion. For instance, excessive
stomach acid production during indigestion might lead to acidity or stomach illness. They must provide
or recommend the best treatment for dyspepsia as a pharmacist or first responder. I advise them to
take magnesium milk, which contains magnesium hydroxide, in order to reduce their pain.

REFERENCES:

https://edu.rsc.org/resources/standard
https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and Experiments/General_Lab_T
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFpFCPTDv2w&t=341s&ab_channel=CarolinaBiological
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=d1XTOsnNlgg
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/standard-
solution#:~:text=What%20is%20standard%20solution%3F
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/titration#:~:text=A%20titration%20is%20defined%20as,(the%20equivalence%20point)
A Self-regulated Learning Module 1
0
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/neutralization-
reactions/#:~:text=Neutralization%20is%20the%20reaction%20of,%2C%20solid%20salts%2C%20and
%20water

A Self-regulated Learning Module 1

1