ORAL COMMUNICATION

• COMMUNICATION is a process of sharing,

converting and conveying message or
information from one person to another within
and across channels, contexts, media, and
culture.
• It can be also a face-to-face interaction, a phone
conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or
interview, a letter correspondence, a class
recitation and many others.

NATURES OF COMMUNICATION
• COMMUNICATION is a process
• It occurs between two or more people (speaker
and receiver)
• It can be verbal or non-verbal

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Speaker 5. Decoding 9. Barrier
2. Message 6. Receiver
3. Encoding 7. Feedback
4. Channel 8. Context

A. Speaker – source of information or massage.

B. Message – the information, ideas, or
thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or
action.
C. Encoding – the process of converting the
message into words, actions, or other forms that
speaker understands
D. Channel – the medium or the means, such as
personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal,
in which the encoded message is conveyed.
E. Decoding – the process of interpreting the
encoded message of the speaker by the
receiver.
F. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or
someone who decodes the message.
I. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or
information provided by the receiver.
 J. Context – the environment where
communication takes place.
K. Barrier – factors that affect the flow of
communication.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
• ARISTOTLE MODEL
• SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
• SCHRAMM MODEL
• EUGENE WHITE MODEL
• TRANSACTION MODEL

ARISTOTLE MODEL
• First and earliest model (5 BC)
• Focus on speaker and message
• Setting are in Legal Court and Deliberate
(Political Assemblies)

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
 • Mother of all communication.
• Depicts communication as a linear or one
way process consisting of five elements.
• Source (source of information)
• Transmitter (encoder of message into
signals)
• Channel (signals adapted for transmitter)
• Receiver (decoder of message from the signal)
• Destination

SCHRAMM MODEL
• Wilbur Schramm (Father of mass communication)
• He has five models, this model explain the
breakdown of communication.
• Source/Sender
• Encoder
• Signal
• Decoder
• Destination/Receiver
 • Communication occurs if and only if there’s
an overlap between the Field of Experience
of the Speaker and the Listener.
• Field of Experience is everything that makes
a person unique

EUGENE WHITE MODEL

• Circular and Continuous without beginning
or end.
• Cyclical Model
• Communication can be observed from any
point in the circle.
• Contributed the concept of feedback.

TRANSACTION MODEL
• Two way process with the inclusion of
feedback as one element.
• More interactive
• There’s collaborative exchange of barriers,
such as noise, may interfere with the flow
of communication.
Thinking - a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a
communicator a stimulus to communicate a need.

Symbolizing - before a communicator can utter a

sound(s), he/she has to know the code of oral
language with which to represent his/her ideas and
in order to make his/her selection.

Receiving - when sound waves make an impact upon

the listener's ears after which the resulting nerve
impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve; light
waves strike the listener's eyes after which the
resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via optic
nerve.

Expressing - the communicator then uses his/her

vocal mechanism to produce the sounds of language
accompanied by his/her facial expression, gestures,
and body stance.
Decoding - the communicator interprets the
language symbols he/she receives and thinks
further.

Transmitting - the sound waves spread at 1,000

ft/sec and light waves travel at a speed of 186,000
miles/second carry the speaker's message to his/her
listeners.

Feedback - the communicator may show over

behavior like a nod, yawn, or smile or he/she may
not show any behavior at all.

Monitoring - while the communicator watches for

signs or understand of his/her message among
his/her listeners, he/she is also atuned to what is
going inside him/her; the communicator is receving
and decoding messages about himself/herself from
his/her audience in order to adjust to the particular
situation.

SPEACH CONTEXT AND STYLE

Speach context - takes into consideration the
purpose of communication according to their setting
or situation including the number of participants in
order to determine which communicative style or
approach to use for a particular event, occasion or
scenario.

1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - it refers to

communication that centers one person where the
speakers act both as the sender and receiver.
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION -
communication that involves two or more
participants and which can be formal or informal.
3. DYAD COMMUNICATION - communication that
occurs between two people.

KINDS OF INTERPERSONAL CONTEXTS

1. Dyadic - involves two participants communicating
to each other
a. Conversation (informal) - two people chatting and
talking about any topic under the sun.
b. Dialogue (formal) - in-depth heart-to-heart chat
as in guidance counseling, confessions with priest,
etc.
c. Interview (formal) - getting to know someone by
means of asking them spontaneous or
prepared questions.

2. Small Group Discussion - involves 3 to 15 people

studying an issue or discussing a problem and must
have an agenda, leader and outcome to accoplish.
- refers to communication engaging in a face to face
interaction to achieve desired goal. All participants
can freely share ideas in a loose and apen discussion.
a. Study Group - goal is to study the issue not
necessary to solve it.
b. Task-Oriented Group - aim is to come up with
solutions to a problem.

3. Public Speaking - a speaker speaks to the

audience according to theme or occasion.
a. Formal Public Speaking - occurs in a formal venue
with microphones, stage, lecterns, etc. and usually
with a structured program involving emcee,
welcome remarks, keynote address, and closing
remarks.
b. Informal Public Speaking - the speaker speaks to
audience in casual gathering like town hall meetings
and street protests.

4. Mass Communication - involves communicating

to the public through the use of broadcast media
(radio, print, TV, internet, television, billboards,
social media).

5. Organizational Communication - written or oral

communication occuring within organizations or
companies like a memo from CEO/school principal to
his/her staff.

6. Intercultural Communnication - written and oral

communication that occurs among groups of people
with different cultures, nationalities or languages
(e.g UN Assemblies, APEC meetings, etc.)

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

1. Intimate
2. Casual
3. Consultative
4. Formal
5. Frozen

Intimate - private which occurs between or among

close family members or individuals. The language
used in this style can't be share in public.

Casual - this style is common among peers and

friends. Jargon slang or the vernacular language are
used.

Consultative - This style is the standard one.

Professional or mutually accepted language is a must
in this style. Examples are communication between
teachers and students, employers, doctor and
patient lawyer, or president and his/her
constituents.

Formal - This style is used in formal settings. Unlike

the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are
sermons by priests and ministers, state of the nation
address of the president, formal speeches or
pronouncements by judges.

Frozen - frozen in time and remains unchanged.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Intercultural Communication - takes place when
people draw from their cultural identity to
understand values, prejudices, language, attitudes
and relationships. (Gudykunts and Kim, 2003)

NATURE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

  Intercultural communication happens when
individuals interact, negotiate, and create
meanings while bringing in their varied cultural
background. (Ting-Toomey, 1999)
 It is the sending and receiving of messages
across languages and cultures.
 It pertains to communication among people
from different nationalities, others look at
intercultural communication as communication
that is influenced by different ethnicities and
sexual orientation. (GUDYKUNST, 2003)

THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL

SSENSITIVITY
a. Stage 1 - Denial - the individual does not
recognize cultural differences.
b. Stage 2 - Defense - the individual starts to
recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by
them, resulting in either a superior view on own
culture or an unjustified high regard for the new
one.
c. Stage 3 - Minimiation - Although individuals see
cultural differences, they bank more on the
universality of ideas rather than on culture
differences.
d. Stage 4 - Acceptance - the individuals begins to
appreciate important cultural differences in
behaviors and eventually in values.
e. Stage 5 - Adaptation - the individual is very open
to world views when accepting new perspective.
f. Stage 6 - Integration - individuals start to go
beyond their own cultures and see themselves and
their actions based on multifarious cultural
viewpoints.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATORS
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of
uncertainty.
2. Reflectiveness of mindfulness
3. Open mindedness
4. Sensitivity
5. Adaptation
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking or thinking
creatively.
7. Politeness

FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION
1. Control - functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction - allows individuals to interact
with others.
3. Motivation - motivates or encourages people to
live better.
4. Emotional Expression - facilitates people's
expression of their feelings and emotions.
5. Information Dissemination - functions to convey
information.

FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Completeness - communication should include
everything that the receiver needs to hear for
him/her to respond,react, or evaluate properly.
2. Conciseness - direct or straight to the point.
3. Consideration - the speaker should always
consider relevant information about his/her receiver
such ad mood, background, race, preference,
education, status, and needs, among other.
4. Concreteness - the message is concrete an
supported by facts, figures, and real life examples
and situations.
5. Courtesy - creates a positive impact on the
audience.
6. Clearness - KISS (Keep It Short and Simple) so that
confusion can be avoided.
7. Correctness - correctness in grammar eliminates
negative impact on the audience and increase the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.

DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal and Non-Verbal - words are used to relay a
message.
• Appropriateness - formal/informal
• Brevity - precise and simple
• Clarity
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