Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4

TOPIC TITLE: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS DATA

MODULE # 4
Module Learning Objectives:

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

a. Enumerate ways of presenting data;

b. Identify the kind of graph to be used in presenting data; and

c. Analyze and interpret the data presented in a table using the measures of central tendency and variability, and tests of
significant differences.

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS DATA

Raw data must be converted into useful information that business owners and managers need to help them
identify business trends, adjust strategically to changing business conditions, and make wise business plans and decisions.
These data must be organized and summarized in tables and in charts or graphs. In this module, you will learn how data
can be organized, summarized, and analyzed through the use of tables and graphs.
WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA
There are three ways in which data can be presented, namely, textual, tabular, and graphical.
A. Textual form
In textual form, data are presented in paragraph or sentences. This applicable when there are few numbers
involved.
Example 1: Male costumers correspond to 67.52% of the total costumers of an internet shop. With a frequency of 79,
male customers rank first. Female costumers ranked second with a frequency of 38 or 32.48%.

B. TABULAR FORM
In tabular form, data are arranged in columns and rows. This form of data presentation is very effective and
efficient because it presents a lot of information and comparison of figures. The categories are listed in one column and
the frequency, percent, or amount in another column.
Distribution of costumers according to gender
GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENT
MALE 79 67.52
FEMALE 38 32.48
TOTAL 117 100.00

Tables are commonly used in organizing and summarizing data. Tables should be simple, easy to read and
understand, and should contain only relevant data.

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4

A table essentially consists of the following parts:

1. Table number – the number given for each table usually at the middle or toward the left of a table. It helps
readers to identify one table from another.
2. Title – the main heading usually placed just below the table number or beside it. It should be short, clear and
descriptive of the nature of data presented in the table.
3. Caption- refers to the heading of each column; also referred to as the box head
4. Stub- refers to the heading of each row
5. Body- contains the data, which is the most important part of the table
6. Head note (prefatory note)- indicates the units of measurements of the data
7. Footnote- clarifies the point which may not be clear in the table
8. Source note- indicates where you found the data presented in the table.

C. Graphical form
In graphical form, data are presented using graphs. A graph is a pictorial or visual representation of data that enables
us to see at a glance the general characteristics and special features of the data.

Graphical Representation is a way of analyzing numerical data. It exhibits the relation between data, ideas,
information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning strategies. It
always depends on the type of information in a particular domain. There are different types of graphical representation.
Some of them are as follows:

 Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to display the continuous data and it is useful for predicting
future events over time.

 Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of data and it compares the data using solid bars to
represent the quantities.

 Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that are organized into
intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width.

 Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line. ‘ x ‘ is placed above a number line each time
when that data occurs again.

 Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of data that falls within the given interval.

 Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is
considered with 100% and the categories occupied is represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%,
etc.

 Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organized from least value to the greatest value.
The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit forms the stems.

 Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarizes the data by dividing into four parts. Box and whisker
show the range (spread) and the middle (median) of the data.

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4

General Rules for Graphical Representation of Data

There are certain rules to effectively present the information in the graphical representation. They are:

 Suitable Title: Make sure that the appropriate title is given to the graph which indicates the subject of the
presentation.

 Measurement Unit: Mention the measurement unit in the graph.

 Proper Scale: To represent the data in an accurate manner, choose a proper scale.

 Index: Index the appropriate colors, shades, lines, design in the graphs for better understanding.

 Data Sources: Include the source of information wherever it is necessary at the bottom of the graph.

 Keep it Simple: Construct a graph in an easy way that everyone can understand.

 Neat: Choose the correct size, fonts, colors etc. In such a way that the graph should be a visual aid for the
presentation of information.

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4

Analyzing and Interpreting Data Using the Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
Example: Draw a table to present the data given below. Then analyze and interpret the data using the measures of
central tendency and variability.
The average monthly sales of 30 sales agents in thousand pesos were as follows:

63 62 70 53 94 76 35 86 83 73
85 68 44 68 68 83 64 82 48 59
69 86 79 29 56 96 49 64 80 77
Solution:
Construct a grouped frequency distribution table for the data.
The ideal number of class intervals is between 5 and 15.
Highest score = 96
Lowest score= 29
Use multiples of 10 to create the class intervals.

Frequency Distribution of Sales Agents According to Their Average Monthly Sales

Average Monthly Sales (in pesos) Number of Sales Agent
20 000-29 999 1
30 000-39 999 1
40 000-49 999 3
50 000-59 999 3
60 000-69 999 8
70 000-79 999 5
80 000-89 999 7
90 000-90 999 2
total 30

Determine the measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and interpret the computed values.

Solution:
To create the column for the midpoint, compute the midpoint for each class.
Midpoint, x = Average of Lower Class Limit (LCL) and Upper Class Limit (UCL)
(Note: LCL refers to the smallest data value in a class; UCL refers to the largest data value in a class.)

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4
X=20 000+29 999
2
X= 24 999.50
To create the column for the less than cumulative frequency (< CF), simply add the frequencies. Start with 1
then add the next frequency, 1+1=2, to obtain the < CF which is 2. Add the <CF and the next frequency, 2+3=5, and so
on.

Average Monthly Number of Sales Midpoint, x Less than

Sales (in pesos) Agent, f cumulative
Frequency <CF
20 000-29 999 1 24 999.50 1
30 000-39 999 1 34 999.50 2
40 000-49 999 3 44 999.50 5
50 000-59 999 3 54 999.50 8
60 000-69 999 8 64 999.50 16
70 000-79 999 5 74 999.50 21
80 000-89 999 7 84 999.50 28
90 000-99 999 2 94 999.50 30
n=30

a. Mean- the average of the data values in a given table. To find the mean of data organized in a frequency table,
use this formula:
Where the is the mean;
is the sum of the products of the frequencies and midpoints; and n is the total frequency (n=30)

To compute the mean using a calculator, multiply each frequency, f, by the midpoint, x, the press +. Repeat the steps
until you reach the last entry in the column. After the last entry, press= instead of +.
The value 2 039 985 will be displayed.

Solving for the mean, we have: = 2039085/30 = 67 999.50

The average monthly sales of the 30 sales agents is php67 999.50

b. Median- the middle value in an ordered set of data values. To solve for the median of data organized in a
frequency table, use the formula

Where Md is the median;

Md is the median class (or the class interval where <CF is the equal to or greater than =15:
Md is the class interval 60 000-69 999
LBmd is the lower-class boundary of the median class;
LBmd= lower class limit -0.5= 60 000-0.5=59 999.50
<CF before md is the <CF before the median class;
<CF before md =8
F md is the frequency of the median class

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4
F md =8
C is the class size, which is equal to the difference of two consecutive class limits; and
C=30 000-20 000= 10 000

N is the total frequency.

= 59 999.50 + [(15-8)/8] x 10 000

Md = 68 749.50

This means that 50% of the sales agents have an average monthly sales equal to or higher than Php 68,749.50 and the
other 50% have an average monthly sale lower than Php 68,749.50.

c. Mode- the value in the distribution with the highest frequency. It is computed using the formula.

Where
Mo is the mode;
Mo is the modal class or the class interval with the highest frequency;

Mo is the class interval 60 000-69 999

LBmo is the lower class boundary of the modal class;

LBmd = lower class limit -0.5=60 000-0.5=59 999.50

D1 is the difference of the frequencies of the modal class and the class before it;

D1= f of modal class- f of class after the modal class

= 8-5=3
C is the class size, which is equal to the difference of two consecutive class limits.

C= 30 000- 20 000= 10 000

Solving for the mode, we have

= 59 999.50 = [5 / (5+3)] x 10000

Mo = 66 249.50

The most frequent average monthly sales is Php 66,249.50.

d. Range- the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a set of data.

Range=Highest value-lowest value

= 96 000 – 29 000 = 67 000

e. Sample Variance- the value that describes how far apart a set of numbers are spread out. The formula for solving
sample variance is

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4

S2= (8830000000) / (30-1) = 304482758.76

f. Standard deviation- the value that measures the degree or quantity of variation or dispersion of a set of data
values. To solve for the standard deviation s, find the square root of the variance.

S= 2
S=

S = 17 449.43

Since the computed values for the measures of variability were big, it can be concluded that there is great
variation of dispersion among the average monthly sales of the 30 sales agents.

Nice work on your lesson so far! Now that you have already reviewed ratio and proportion, let’s now see how much
you’ve learned from your pace so far.
Write your answer on a 1 whole sheet of yellow paper. You may use the same paper for your answers on the next
activity below.
Direction: Give what is asked.

Employee Sales Commission

Aira Cruz Php 5220

Dan Elio Php 6815

Ezra Lopez Php 5720

Sam Torres Php 7050

1. Identify the best graph to use in presenting this kind of data.

2. Draw the graph you think the best to use for this kind of data.
3. Label the essential part of the graph.

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 Business Mathematics||Module Content || Final||Module 4

*Write your answer in a sheet of paper

1. Organize in a table the following data on the daily sales (in thousands pesos) of a franchise business. Analyze and
interpret the data using the measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (range, variance and
sample standard deviation).

36 33 29 54 55 15 37 57 26 32
27 18 89 29 26 75 27 37 30 34
70 35 70 41 56 57 51 51 50 72
67 51 28 33 50 55 62 50 31 36

References

Books
Business Math DIWA Senior High School Series
Dr. Irene P. Solano

Timeline!

Let’s be mindful of your deadline.

Activity Number Name of Activity Date of submission Remarks

1 Application

2 Assessment

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