Chapter 2

The Derivative
&
Differentiation
II. The Derivative and Differentiation
C. Derivatives of Functions
1. Tangent Line and Derivative
2. Theorems on Differentiation of Algebraic Functions and
Higher Order Derivatives
3. Rectilinear Motion
4. Derivative as Rate of Change
5. Derivative of Composite Functions and Chain Rule
6. Derivative of Power Function and Implicit Differentiation
7. Related Rates
 C. Derivatives of Functions

2. Theorems on Differentiation of
Algebraic Functions and Higher
Order Derivatives
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
Higher-order Derivatives
If a function f is differentiable, then the derivative of f’ is called
the second derivative of f and is denoted by f”. In general, the nth
derivative of the function f, where n is a positive integer greater than
1, is the derivative of the (n - 1)st derivative of f. The nth derivative of f
is denoted by 𝑓 𝑛 .
EXAMPLE 1
Find all the derivatives of the function f defined by
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5.
SOLUTION:
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒇′′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔

𝒇′′′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒇𝒊𝒗 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒
𝒇𝒗 𝒙 = 𝟎
EXAMPLE 2
1. Find 𝑓 (4) 𝑥 𝑖𝑓
𝑓 𝑥 = 6𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 9
1
2. Find g”(x) if 𝑔 𝑥 =
6𝑥 3
SOLUTION:
1. 𝒇(𝟒) 𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝑿 − 𝟕𝟐
1 1 −3
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = = 𝑥
6𝑥 3 6

′
𝟏 −𝟒
−𝟏 −𝟒
𝐠 𝐱 = −𝟑𝐱 = 𝐱
𝟔 𝟐
′′
−𝟏 −𝟓 −𝟓
𝟐
𝐠 𝐱 = −𝟒𝐱 = 𝟐𝐱 = 𝟓
𝟐 𝐱
 C. Derivatives of Functions

3. Rectilinear Motion
Rectilinear Motion & Instantaneous Velocity
Study of motion is one of the important themes in Calculus.
Speed of an object+ direction of an object = motion
Speed of motion + direction of motion = velocity
Motion of a particle in a line is called rectilinear motion
DEFINITION 1. If a particle in rectilinear motion moves along an s-axis so
that its position coordinate function of the elapsed time t is
s = f(t)
Then f is called the position function of the particle.
EXAMPLE 1
Let the position function be define by 𝑠 = 𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 − 4.
Find s when t = 0, 1, 2, 3.
SOLUTION:
𝑠 = 𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 − 4
𝑡 = 0; 𝑓 0 = −4 t =0 t =1 t =2 t =3

𝑡 = 1; 𝑓 1 = 0 -4 0 6 14
𝑡 = 2; 𝑓 2 = 6
𝑡 = 3; 𝑓 3 = 14
DEFINITION 2
If 𝑡0 , 𝑡0 + ℎ is a given interval, then we define the
displacement or change in position of the particle over this time
interval to be the difference between its initial and final
coordinates. That is,
Displacement over the interval.
𝒕𝟎 , 𝒕𝟎 + 𝒉 = 𝒇 𝒕𝟎 + 𝒉 − 𝒇 𝒕 𝟎
 EXAMPLE 2
Suppose that 𝐬 = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝐭 − 𝟐𝐭 𝟐 is the position function of a particle.
Find the displacements of the particle over the time intervals
(a) [0,1] and (b) [1,3]
SOLUTION:
t =0 t =1
𝑡0 , 𝑡0 + ℎ = 𝑓 𝑡0 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑡0
2 1
a. 𝟎, 𝟏 = 𝒇 𝟏 − 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 t =1 t =3

b. 𝟏, 𝟑 = 𝒇 𝟑 − 𝒇 𝟏 = −𝟖 − 𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎 -8 2
DEFINITION 3
Suppose that a particle in rectilinear motion along s-axis has
position s = f(t). The average velocity of the particle over a time
interval 𝑡0 , 𝑡0 + ℎ ; ℎ > 0 is defined to be
EXAMPLE 3
Find the average velocities of the particle over the time intervals
of Example 2.
SOLUTION:

𝒇 𝟏 −𝒇 𝟎 𝟐−𝟏
a. 𝟎, 𝟏 ; = = 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
𝟏 𝟏

𝒇 𝟑 −𝒇 𝟏 −𝟖−𝟐
b. 𝟏, 𝟑 ; = = −𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝟏 𝟐
Exercise 1
Let the position function be , find the average velocities of
the given intervals
a. [0,1] 1m/s
b. [0,1/2] 1/2 m/s
c. [0,1/4] 1/4 m/s
d. [0,1/10] 1/10 m/s
e. [1,3] 4 m/s
DEFINITION 4

𝐟 𝐭 𝟎 +𝐡 −𝐟 𝐭 𝟎 𝐟 𝐭𝟎 + 𝐡 − 𝐟 𝐭𝟎
𝐯𝐚𝐯𝐞 = , then 𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝐡→𝟎 𝐡
𝐡

DEFINITION. If the position function of a particle is given by

s = f(t), then the instantaneous velocity of the
particle at t units of a time is v units of velocity,
where

If it exists.
EXAMPLE 4
A particle is moving along a horizontal line according to the equation
𝐬 = 𝐭 𝟑 − 𝟗𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝐭, 𝐭≥𝟎
Determine the intervals of time when
a. the particle is moving to the right
b. the particle is moving to the left
c. the particle is at rest
SOLUTION
𝐬 = 𝐭 𝟑 − 𝟖𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝐭, 𝐭≥𝟎
𝑠 = 𝑡 𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 15 = 𝑡 𝑡 − 5 𝑡 − 3
t t-3 t-5 𝑡 𝑡−5 𝑡−3
t=0 0 0
0< t < 3; t = 1 + - - +
t=3 0 0
3 < t < 5; t = 4 + + - -
t=5 0
t >5 ; t = 6 + + + +

a. the particle is moving to the right 𝟎, 𝟑 & 𝟓, +∞

b. the particle is moving to the left 𝟑, 𝟓
c. the particle is at rest 0 ,3, 5
DEFINITION 5
If the position function of a particle is given by s= f(t) , and v is
the instantaneous velocity, then the instantaneous acceleration of the
particle at t units of time is a units of velocity is given by

if it exists.
EXAMPLE 5
A particle is moving along a horizontal line according to the equation

Find t, s, v when a=0.

SOLUTION

𝑑𝑠 𝑡+1 ∙4−4𝑡 1 𝟒
 𝑣= =𝑡+ =𝐭+
𝑑𝑡 𝑡+1 2 𝐭+𝟏 𝟐
𝑑2𝑠 𝑑𝑣 −3 𝟖
 𝑎= = = 1 + 4 −2 𝑡 + 1 =𝟏−
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝐭+𝟏 𝟑

8 8 3 3
 𝑎 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 − = 0; 1 = ; 𝑡+1 = 8; t + 1 = 8; 𝑡 + 1 = 2; 𝐭 = 𝟏
𝑡+1 3 𝑡+1 3
 𝒕 = 𝟏; 𝐯 = 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬 = 𝟐. 𝟓
CONCLUSION: Acceleration is 0 at 1 sec when the particle is 2.5
m from the origin and moving right at speed of 2 m/s.
Notes:
when a>0, v is increasing,
a<0, v is decreasing, and
a=0, v is not changing.
Moreover, since speed is |v|
 C. Derivatives of Functions

4. Derivative as Rate of Change

DEFINITION

If y = f(x), the instantaneous rate of change of y per unit change in x

to 𝑥1 is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥1 or,
equivalently, the derivative of y with respect to x at 𝑥1 , if it exists.
In Math, y = f(x)
slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point (x, y) is
𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
Instantaneous rate of change of m(x) wrt x is
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑚′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2
Example 1. 10/160
Suppose that a tumor in a person’s body is spherical in shape. Find
the rate of change of the volume of the tumor with respect to the radius
when the radius is a). 0.5 cm b). 1 cm
SOLUTION:
4
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 3
3
𝑑𝑉 2
= 4𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝒅𝑽
a). 𝑟 = 0.5; = 𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒄𝒎
𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝑽
b). 𝑟 = 1; = 𝟒𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒄𝒎
𝒅𝒓
Example 2. 12/160
In Example 1, find the rate of change of the surface area wrt the radius
when the radius is
a). 0.5 cm b). 1 cm
SOLUTION:
S= 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆
= 8𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝒅𝒔
a). 𝑟 = 0.5; = 𝟒𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒄𝒎
𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝒔
b). 𝑟 = 1; = 𝟖𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒄𝒎
𝒅𝒓
Economics
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶(𝑥)
 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑄 𝑥 =
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑

 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑪′(𝒙)

R𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒆
 R(x)= Revenue received when x-units are sold at $p per unit p(x)
𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐞 = 𝐑′ 𝐱
 𝐏′(𝐭)
 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐭𝐡 𝐏 =
𝐏(𝐭)
Example 3. 20/160
The total revenue received from the sale of x desks is R(x) dollars, and

find a). the marginal revenue function;

b). the marginal revenue when x = 30;
c). The actual revenue from the sale of the thirty- first desk.
SOLUTION:
Marginal Revenue = R′ x
𝟐
a). 𝑹′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙
𝟑
𝟐
b). 𝑹′ 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎 = $𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟑
c). 𝑹 𝟑𝟏 − 𝑹 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟗. 𝟔𝟕 − 𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟎 = $𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟔𝟕
Example 4. 22/160
If C(x) dollars is the total cost of manufacturing x paperweights and

find a). the marginal cost function;

b). the marginal cost when x=10;
c). the actual cost in manufacturing the eleventh paperweight.
SOLUTION:
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶′(𝑥)
−𝟓𝟎 𝟐
a).𝑪′(𝒙) = 𝟐 + 𝒙
𝒙 𝟓
′ −𝟓𝟎 𝟐 𝟏
b). 𝑪 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐 + 𝒙 = − + 𝟒 = $𝟑. 𝟓𝟎
𝒙 𝟓 𝟐
c).𝑪 𝟏𝟏 − 𝑪 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟓 =ሶ $𝟑. 𝟕𝟓
EXERCISES
Ex. 2.6, pp.160-162, Leithold
nos. (9-17- 21-29)
 C. Derivatives of Functions

5. Derivative of Composite
Functions and Chain Rule
The Chain Rule
EXAMPLE 2
SOLUTION
𝑖𝑖. 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥 −3

𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥; = −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦= 𝑢−3 ; = −3𝑢−4
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Chain Rule: = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝟔
= −3𝑢−4 −2 = 6𝑢−4 = 6 1 − 2𝑥 −4
= 𝟒
𝑑𝑥 𝟏 − 𝟐𝐱
SOLUTION
1
𝑖𝑣. 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 1; = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
1 −1
𝑑𝑦
𝑦= =𝑢 ; = −1𝑢 −2
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Chain Rule: = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑢−2 2𝑥 − 2 = −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1)−2 2𝑥 − 2 = −(𝟐𝐱 − 𝟐)
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
SOLUTION
1 1
𝑣𝑖. 𝑦 = − 2
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 −1 −2
𝑑𝑢 −2 −3
−1 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = − 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 ; = −1𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 2 + 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 −1 1
𝑦 = 𝑢2 ; = 𝑢 2=
𝑑𝑢 2 2 𝑢

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Chain Rule: = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −1 2 1 −1 2 −𝐱+𝟐
= 2 + 3 = ∙ + = =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝒙−𝟏
2 −
𝑥 𝑥2
𝟐𝐱 𝟑
𝒙𝟐
−𝐱 + 𝟐
𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 − 𝟏
EXERCISES
Derivative of a Composite Function
′ ′
𝐃𝟗. 𝐃𝐱 𝐟 𝐠 𝐱 =𝐟 𝐠 𝐱 ∙𝐠 𝐱
EXAMPLE 3

SOLUTION:
1 1 1 𝟏
1 −2 −2
i). 𝐷𝑥 2𝑥 + 3 2 = 2𝑥 + 3 ∙ 2 = 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑
2
1 2 2 𝟐𝒙
1 −3 2𝑥 −3
ii). 𝐷𝑥 𝑥2 − 2 3 = 𝑥2 − 2 ∙ 2𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 2 = 𝟐
3 3 𝟑 𝐱 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑
MORE EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 4

SOLUTION:
𝒊). 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝐱 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 −𝐱
𝒊𝒊). = ∙ −𝟐𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝟓 − 𝐱 𝟐
−𝟒 𝟒
𝒊𝒊𝒊). 𝒎 𝟒 = = −
𝟐𝟓−𝟒𝟐 𝟑
EXAMPLE 5

SOLUTION:
𝑖). 𝑦 ′ = 4 2𝑥 + 1 3 2 = 8 2𝑥 + 1 3; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝟖

𝑖𝑖). 𝑦 ′ = 8 2𝑥 + 1 3

y’ = 0
3
−1 𝟏
8 2𝑥 + 1 = 0; 2𝑥 + 1 = 0; 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0. ∴ − ,𝟎
2 𝟐
EXERCISES