Chapter 2

The Derivative
&
Differentiation
 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 talked about “functions” and how you
understand yourself and relate to others. Also it
discussed about “limits” and how you need to
overcome them.
Chapter 2 will talk about understanding the changes
that you have experienced and the changes that
you have yet to undergo.
You are a product of the changes in your life.
So if you want to become better and want to surpass
your limits, then you need to start to make some
changes.
For example, what changes do you need to make to
better understand the topics in Calculus 1?
Just as the derivative of a function(the change
with respect to x), your life is a function of the
changes that you make.
So start now, make the correct/right changes.
You can do it!
I know you can!!!
II. The Derivative and Differentiation
C. Derivatives of Functions
1. Tangent Line and Derivative
2. Theorems on Differentiation of Algebraic Functions and
Higher Order Derivatives
3. Rectilinear Motion
4. Derivative as Rate of Change
5. Derivative of Composite Functions and Chain Rule
6. Derivative of Power Function and Implicit Differentiation
7. Related Rates
C. Derivatives of Functions

1. THE TANGENT LINE & THE

DERIVATIVE
INTRODUCTION
• In this section, you will be studying the
relationship between the position of a point
on a curve and the slope(gradient) of the
curve.
• Straight lines are, by definition, lines of
constant slope(gradient).
• Curves, on the other hand, have varying
gradient – the gradient depends on
whereabouts you are on the curve.
• Differentiation is the process of finding the
gradient at any point on a curve from the
equation of the curve.
Differentiation, together with its reverse
process, called integration, form the
branch of mathematics called calculus.
The discovery of calculus in the
17th century by Isaac Newton in England
and, independently, by Gottfried von Liebnitz
in Germany was one of the most significant
advances in the history of mathematics and
science, and was crucial to unlocking the
mathematical basis of our planetary system.
Differentiation is the process of finding the
gradient function, or derivative, or
derived function.

Given an equation for y in terms of x, the

𝑑𝑦
gradient function or derivative is written , and
𝑑𝑥
gives the gradient of the curve in terms of x.
THE TANGENT LINE
To find the slope of the curve at the point P,
consider the slope of a chord joining P to
another point Q.
What do you call 𝑃𝑄)? secant line
 ∆𝑥

P is the point (x, y). The change in the

x-coordinate from P to Q is called
∆𝑥(pronounced delta x).
Similarly, the change in the y-coordinate is
called ∆𝑦 (pronounced delta y).
So Q has the coordinates 𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦
∆𝑦
What is the slope of secant line 𝑃𝑄 ?
∆𝑥
As Q gets closer to P, through the points Q1, Q2,Q3, …,
the gradient of the chord gets closer and closer to the
tangent at P.
As Q approaches P along the curve, the distance ∆𝑥
gets smaller and smaller.
You write this as ∆𝑥 → 0.
RECALL
• SLOPE OF THE LINE:

• POINT-SLOPE FORM:

• SLOPE OF HORIZONTAL LINE:

• SLOPE OF VERTICAL LINE:

Slope of the Tangent Line at
Slope of the Tangent Line at

• If the limit exists.

• If the limit is ±∞, then the tangent line is
the vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑥1 .
EXAMPLE 1
Find the slope of the tangent line at 𝑥1 of
a). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4
SOLUTION:

𝑥1 + ∆𝑥 2 + 4 − 𝑥1 2 + 4
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑥1 2 +2𝑥1 ∆𝑥+∆𝑥 2 +4−𝑥1 2 −4
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
2𝑥1 ∆𝑥+∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 2𝑥1 +∆𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
= = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
= lim 2𝑥1 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0
= 𝟐𝐱 𝟏
EXAMPLE 1
Find the slope of the tangent line at 𝑥1 of
b).
SOLUTION:
4 4
−
𝑥1 + ∆𝑥 2 𝑥1 2
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
4𝑥1 2 −4 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 2
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 2 ∙𝑥1 2
4𝑥1 2 −4 𝑥1 2 +2𝑥1 ∆𝑥+∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑥 −8𝑥1 −4∆𝑥 −8𝑥1 −4∆𝑥
= lim = lim = lim =
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 2 ∙𝑥1 2 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 2 ∙𝑥1 2 ∆𝑥→0 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 2 ∙𝑥1 2
−8𝑥1 −𝟖
= = 𝟑
𝑥1 2 ∙𝑥1 2
𝐱𝟏
EXAMPLE 1
Find the slope of the tangent line at 𝑥1 of
c).
SOLUTION:
4 − 𝑥1 + ∆𝑥 − 4 − 𝑥1
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
4− 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 − 4−𝑥1
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥( 4− 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 + 4−𝑥1
−∆𝑥 −1
= lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥( 4− 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 + 4−𝑥1 ∆𝑥→0 4− 𝑥1 +∆𝑥 + 4−𝑥1
−𝟏
−1
= = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟏
4−𝑥1 )+ 4−𝑥1
EXAMPLE 2
Find the slope of the tangent line at a given point.
a). ; (-1,5)
b). ; (2,1)
c) ; (-5,3)
SOLUTION
a). m 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟐𝐱 𝟏 ; m −1 = 𝟐 −1 = −2
−𝟖 −𝟖
b).m 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟑 ; m 𝟐 = = −1
𝐱𝟏 𝟐𝟑
−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
c). m 𝐱 𝟏 = ; m −𝟓 = =
𝟐 𝟒−𝒙𝟏 𝟐 𝟒− −𝟓 𝟔
Normal line
A normal line is a line perpendicular to the
tangent line.
Recall:
Slope of the tangent line is m
Slope of the normal line = negative reciprocal of
𝟏
the slope of the tangent line. That is, - .
𝒎
EXAMPLE 3
Find the slope of the normal line at a given point.
a). ; (-1,5)
b). ; (2,1)
c) ; (-5,3)
SOLUTION
a). m 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟐𝐱 𝟏 ; m −1 = 𝟐 −1 = −2 ∴ 𝟏
−𝟖 −𝟖 𝟐
b).m 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟑 ; m 𝟐 = = −1 ∴ 𝟏
𝐱𝟏 𝟐𝟑
−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏
c). m 𝐱 𝟏 = ; m −𝟓 = = ∴𝟔
𝟐 𝟒−𝒙𝟏 𝟐 𝟒− −𝟓 𝟔
 Finding Tangents and Normals to
Curves
• The slope of a tangent to a curve at a
particular point is the same as the slope of the
curve at that point.
• So to find the equation of a tangent to a
curve, you first need to find the slope m of the
curve.
• You can then substitute m and the coordinates
of the point on the curve into the formula:
• 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
EXAMPLE 4
Find the equation of the tangent line and
normal line at
a). ; (-1,5)
SOLUTION:
i). 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 5 = −2 𝑥 + 1
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑 → 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 (𝑻𝑳)
ii). 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
1
𝑦−5= 𝑥+1
2
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏 → 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 (𝑵𝑳)
RECALL
• SLOPE OF HORIZONTAL LINE:
EXAMPLE 5
Find the point on the curve where there is a
horizontal tangent line and graph.
a). 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4 ; (-1,5)
SOLUTION:
m 𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟐𝐱𝟏
m 𝐱𝟏 =0
𝟐𝐱𝟏 =0
𝐱 𝟏 = 𝟎 → 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟒

horizontal tangent (HT) is at (0,4)

 y

𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟒

( -1, 5)

( 0, 4)
𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 = 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟑

O x
EXAMPLE 5
Find the point on the curve where there is a
horizontal tangent line and graph.
4
b). 𝑦 = ; (2,1)
𝑥2
SOLUTION:
−𝟖
m 𝐱𝟏 = 𝟑
𝐱𝟏
m 𝐱 𝟏 =0
−𝟖
=0
𝐱𝟏𝟑
0 = -8 (absurd)
No horizontal tangent (HT)
 y

𝟒
𝐲=
𝐱𝟐

NL
( 2, 1)

O x
TL

No HT
DERIVATIVE
 DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
DEFINITION: The derivative of a function f is
that function denoted by f’ such that its value
at a number x in the domain of f is given by

NOTATIONS:
Slope of the Tangent line at .

Derivative of a Function:

Derivative of a Function at :
EXAMPLE 6
Find the derivative of the following functions :

a). 𝐟 ′ 𝐱 = 𝟐𝐱

4 ′ 𝟖
b). 𝑦 = 𝐲 = − 𝟑
𝑥2 𝐱

−𝟏
c). 𝐃𝐱 𝟒−𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟒−𝐱
Two Ways to Find the Derivative at 𝒙𝟏

(1)

(2)
EXAMPLE 7
Find derivative of function at using (1)
4
1).y = ; (2,1)
x2
SOLUTION:
(1)
−8
𝑓′ 𝑥1 = m 𝑥1 = 3
𝑥

−8
𝑓 ′ 2 = 3 = −1
2
 EXAMPLE 8
Find derivative of function at using (2)
; (2,-7)
SOLUTION:
(2)
1−𝑥 3 −(−7) −𝑥 3 +8
𝑓 ′ 2 = lim = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2
2 − 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= lim = lim − 4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2

= −𝟏𝟐
EXERCISES
EX. 2.1, PAGE 116 Leithold
#’S(37-39-42-44-45)
 Chapter 2
C. Derivatives of Functions

2. THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS & HIGHER
ORDER DERIVATIVES
THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
𝑫𝟏 . 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆
If c is a constant and if f(x)= c for all x, then
f’(x) = 0.
Example 1.Find the derivative
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 = 7 =0
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 =0 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
3. 𝑠 𝑡 =-3 𝑠′ 𝑡 = 0

4. 𝑦 = 𝑘𝜋 2 y’= 0
 𝑫𝟐 . Power Rule

For x to be differentiable at x = 0, n must be a

number such that 𝑥 𝑛−1 is defined on an interval
containing 0.

𝑑
𝑥 =1 Power Rule when n = 1
𝑑𝑥
Example 2.
FUNCTION DERIVATIVE
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
1 −2 1
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 ′
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥3 = 2
3
3. 𝑦 =
1 3𝑥 3
𝑥2 𝑑 −2 −3
2
𝑥 = −2𝑥 = − 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑫𝟑 . 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆
Example 3.
FUNCTION DERIVATIVE
2 𝑑 −1 2
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 =2∙ 𝑥 −2
= 2 −1 𝑥 = − 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝑑 1 1 −1
𝑔′
𝑥 =2∙ 𝑥2 = 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2
−1 1 1
=𝑥2 = 1=
𝑥
−3𝑥 𝑥 2
3. 𝑦 = −3 𝑑 −3 3
2 y’= ∙ 𝑥 = 1 = −
2 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑫𝟒. 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆
Example 4.
FUNCTION DERIVATIVE
1.𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 5 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝑥4
2.𝑔 𝑥 = − + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝒈′ 𝒙 = −𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐
2
𝑫𝟓 . 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆 (𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝑫𝟔 . 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆
 Example 5.
FUNCTION
1.𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 5 + 4𝑥
f ′ x = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ∙ 4 + 5 + 4x 3 − 4𝑥

𝒇′ 𝒙 = −𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
2. h 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥 − 3
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ∙ 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

𝒉′ 𝒙 = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −6x

𝑫𝟕 . 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆
 Example 6.
DERIVATIVE
FUNCTION 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙+𝟓 𝟎+ 𝟐 − 𝟑− ∙𝟏 −𝟑𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐𝐱+𝟓
′ 𝒙 𝒙
3−𝑥
1 a). 𝒇 𝒙 = =
𝒙+𝟓 𝟐 𝒙+𝟓 𝟐
1.𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+5
𝑥 2 +3𝑥 𝟏
2.𝑦 = 6
𝐛). 𝐲 ′ = 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑
𝟔
−3 3𝑥−2𝑥 2 −9+6𝑥 𝟏 𝟔
3.𝑦 = 7𝑥
=
7
𝐜). 𝐲 ′ = 𝟔 =
𝟕 𝟕
9 9 −2 𝟗 𝟏𝟖
4.𝑦 = 5𝑥 2
=
5
𝑥 𝐝). 𝐲 ′ −𝟑
= −𝟐 𝐱 = − 𝟑
𝟓 𝟓𝐱
EXERCISE 1
ANSWERS
1. a 6. b
2. c 7. b
3. b 8. a
4. c 9. d
5. d 10. b