WELCOME TO

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course name: Differential and Integral Calculus
Course Code: MATH 207
Md. A. Malek PK.
Sr. Lecturer in Mathematics
Basic Science Division
World University of Bangladesh
 Learning objectives

1) Find the tangent equation of a function.

2) Find the normal equation of a function
 Tangent and Normal in Calculus

 Tangent: A straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point but
not intersecting the curve is called tangent.

 Normal: The normal line is defined as the line that is perpendicular to the tangent line
at the point of tangency.
 Formulae of Tangent and Normal line

 Formula of Tangent and Normal line:

𝒊) The equation of tangent line of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the point 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 is

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒊𝒊) The equation of normal line of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) at the point 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 is

𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = − 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒊𝒊𝒊) If any tangent line is parallel to 𝑿-axis then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎.

𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝒊𝒗) If any tangent line is perpendicular to 𝑋-axis the 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 = ∞

𝒅𝒚
𝒗) If any tangent line makes an angle 𝜽 with any axis then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
 Tangent and Normal

Difference between Tangent and Normal

• A tangent may be a line that extends from a degree on a curve, with a
gradient up to the curve’s gradient at that time. A normal may be a line
extending from a degree on a curve that’s perpendicular to the tangent
at that time.
Finding Equations of Normal and Tangent at a Point
• To find the equation of a line we require a point and a slope.
• The slope of the tangent line is the value of the by-product at the
position of tangency.
• The normal line may be a line that’s perpendicular to the tangent line
and passes through the point of tangency.
 Example on Tangent line
Example: Suppose f(x) = x3. Find the equation of tangent line at the point
wherever x = 2.
Solution:
Step 1: Find the point of tangency.
Since x = 2, we have a tangency to value f(2).
f(2) = 23 = 8
The point is (2, 8).
Step 2: Find the worth of the spinoff at x = 2.
f′(x) = 3x2 => f′(2) = 3(22) = 12
The slope of the tangent line is m = 12.
Step 3: Find point-slope form
The point-slope from sort of the line with slope m = 12 through the point (2, 8) is
y − y1 = m(x − x1)
y − 8 = 12(x − 2) Answer!!
 Example on Tangent line
Example: Find the equation of tangent of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 at
the point (𝟏, 𝟒).
Solution: Given,
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
At the point 1,4 , 𝑑𝑥
= 2.1 + 2

=𝟒
The equation of tangent at the point 1,4

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑦−4=4 𝑥−1
 Example on Tangent line

⇒ 𝑦 − 4 = 4𝑥 − 4
⇒ 4𝑥 − 4 = 𝑦 − 4
⇒ 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 + 4 = 0
∴ 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎

The equation of the tangent line is, 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟎.

 Example on Normal line

Example: Find the equation of normal of the curve 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 at the point
(𝟐, 𝟒).
Solution: Given,
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4

𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
At the point 2,4 , = 3.22 − 4.2
𝑑𝑥
= 12 − 8
=𝟒
Example of Normal line

The equation of normal at the point 2,4

1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
⇒𝑦−4=− 𝑥−2
4
⇒ 4𝑦 − 16 = −𝑥 + 2
⇒ 4𝑦 + 𝑥 − 16 − 2 = 0
∴ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 18 = 0
The equation of normal is, 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎.
 Example of Tangent line

Example: Find all the points on the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 when the tangent
line is parallel to 𝑿-axis.
Solution: Given,
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
Since the tangent line is parallel to 𝑋-axis, hence

𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 −1 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 = 1
∴ 𝒙 = ±𝟏
 Example of tangent line

When 𝒙 = 𝟏, then 𝑦 = 13 − 3.1 = −𝟐

3
When 𝒙 = −𝟏, then 𝑦 = −1 − 3. −1 = 𝟐

∴The points are (𝟏, −𝟐) and (−𝟏, 𝟐).

 Application on tangent and Normal

Application of Tangents and Normal in Real Life:

Applications of Tangents:
If we tend to square measure travelling in a very automobile around a
corner and that we drive over one thing slippery on the road (like oil, ice,
water or loose gravel) and our automobile starts to skid, it’ll continue in a
very direction tangent to the curve.
Application of Normal:
When you square measure going quick around a circular track in a very
automobile, the force that you simply feel pushing you outward is
traditional to the curve of the road. curiously, the force that’s creating you
go around that corner is really directed towards the middle of the circle,
traditional to the circle.
The spokes of a wheel square measure placed traditional to the circular
form of the wheel at every point wherever the spoke connects with the
middle. Wheels are placed traditional to the rim.