WELCOME TO

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course Name: Differential and Integral Calculus
Course Code: MATH 207
Md. A.Malek PK.
Sr. Lecturer in Mathematics
Basic Science Division
World University of Bangladesh
 TOPICS NAME: LIMIT AND CONTINUITY

Learning objectives:
1) Define limit and continuity.
2) Find the limit of any function.
3) Check the continuity of the function.
 LIMITS

Limits: If the values of a function 𝑓(𝑥) can be made close to a single number 𝐿 by taking the values of 𝑥

sufficiently close to ′𝑎′ but not equal to 𝑎, then 𝐿 is called the limit of 𝑓(𝑥). It is denoted by lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑎

Example 1. Find the value of lim 𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 + 72.

𝑥→2
Solution: Given,

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 + 72
𝑥→2

= 22 + 19.2 + 72

= 4 + 38 + 72

= 114

∴ lim 𝑥 2 + 19𝑥 + 72 = 114

𝑥→2
 LIMITS
𝑥 2 −9
Example 2. Find the value of lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3

𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
Solution: Given, lim = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3

∴ lim (𝑥 + 3) = 6.
𝑥→3
 LIMITS

𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟔𝟑
Problem 03: Find the value of 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟕 𝒙−𝟕
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟔𝟑
Solution: Given 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟕 𝒙−𝟕
𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙−𝟕𝒙−𝟔𝟑
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟕 𝒙−𝟕
𝒙 𝒙+𝟗 −𝟕(𝒙+𝟗)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝒙→𝟕 𝒙−𝟕
𝒙+𝟗 (𝒙−𝟕)
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝒙 + 𝟗)=7+9=16.
𝒙→𝟕 𝒙−𝟕 𝒙→𝟕
 LIMITS

𝟏𝟎𝒙 −𝟏𝟎−𝒙
Example 4. Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→∞ 𝟏𝟎𝒙 +𝟏𝟎−𝒙

Solution: Given,
10𝑥 − 10−𝑥
lim
𝑥→∞ 10𝑥 + 10−𝑥

10−𝑥
10𝑥 1 − 10𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 10−𝑥
10𝑥 1 + 10𝑥

10𝑥 1 − 10−2𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 10 1 + 10−2𝑥
 LIMITS

1 − 10−2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 1 + 10−2𝑥

1
1− 2𝑥
= lim 10
𝑥→∞ 1
1 + 2𝑥
10

1−0
=
1+0

=1

𝟏𝟎𝒙 −𝟏𝟎−𝒙
∴ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏.
𝒙→∞ 𝟏𝟎𝒙 +𝟏𝟎−𝒙
 LIMITS

Condition of existence of limit: If lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 = lim− 𝑓 𝑥 .

𝑥→a 𝑥→a
That is R. H. L = L. H. L

Problem 1. Show that lim x 2 + 4 exists.

x→2

Solution: Here, R. H. L = lim+ x 2 + 4

x→2

= 22 + 4

=8

L. H. L = lim− x 2 + 4
x→2

= 22 + 4

=8

Since R. H. L = L. H. L, hence the limit lim x 2 + 4 exists.

x→2
 CONTINUITY
Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if
𝑖) 𝑓(𝑐) is defined

𝑖𝑖) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥)exists

𝑥→𝑐

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)

𝑥→𝑐

Problem: Test continuity at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 for the function

3 + 2𝑥; −3 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
−3 − 2𝑥; 𝑥≥3
Solution: For 𝒙 = 𝟎:

𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑳 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑳 = lim− 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= lim+ (3 − 2𝑥) = lim− (3 + 2𝑥)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0
=3−2×0=3 = 3+2×0= 3
 CONTINUITY

Since R. H. L = L. H. L, so lim f(x) exists.

x→0
Again, f 0 = 3 − 2x
=3−2×0
=3

Since lim f(x) = f 0 = 3 ,so f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

x→0

For x = 3:

R. H. L = lim+ f(x) L. H. L = lim− f(x)

x→3 x→3

= lim+ (−3 − 2x) = lim− (3 − 2x)

x→3 x→3
= −3 − 2 × 3 = 3−2×3
= −9 = −3

Since R. H. L ≠ L. H. L, so lim f(x) does not exist. Hence f(x) is not continuous at x = 3.
 CONTINUITY

• Question 1: Explain the three conditions of continuity?

• Answer: The three conditions of continuity are as follows:
• The function is expressed at x = a.
• The limit of the function as the approaching of x takes place, a exists.
• The limit of the function as the approaching of x takes place, a is equal to
the function value f(a).
 CONTINUITY
• Question 2: What is limit with regards to continuity?
• Answer: A limit refers to a number that a function approaches as the
approaching of an independent variable of the function takes place to a
given value. For example, given the function f (x) = 3x, the limit of f (x)
as the approaching of x takes place to 2 is 6. Symbolically, one can write
this as f (x) = 6.
 CONTINUITY
• Question 3: What is meant by discontinuous function?
• Answer: Discontinuous functions are those that are not a continuous
curve. In a removable discontinuity, one can redefine the point so as
to make the function continuous by matching the particular point’s
value with the rest of the function.
• Question 4: Is a point function continuous?
• Answer: A point function is not continuous according to the
definition of continuous function.