LIMITS

Limits are the backbone calculus; and Calculus is referred as Mathematics of Change

-the study of limits is necessary in studying change in great detail. The evaluation of a particular limit is
what underlies the formulation of the derivatives (differential calculus) and integral (integral calculus)

Consider a function f of a single variable x

Consider a constant c which the variable x will approach

The limit denoted by L is the unique real value that f(x) will approach c. In symbol:

lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
Example of limits:
Examples of one-sided limit:
√𝑥 2 +9−3 Methods on Evaluating Limits:
lim 𝑥 3
𝑥2 𝑥 − 2 −
𝑥→0
lim 5 1. RHL, LHL
2 𝑥→1+ 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 12 2. Substitution or direct substitution
lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2) method
𝑥
lim− 3. Factoring
𝑥→0 𝑥
4. Rationalizing

Examples ng pagsosolve gamit ang RHL at LHL

1. lim (1 + 3𝑥)
𝑥→2 X 2.01 2.001 2.0001 2.00001
Right hand limit: lim (1 + 3𝑥) y 7.03 7.003 7.0003 7.00003
𝑥→2+

RHL: the limit approaches 7

X 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999
Left hand limit: lim (1 + 3𝑥) y 6.7 6.97 6.997 6.9997
𝑥→2−
LHL: the limit approaches 7

RHL=LHL The limit of a function exists if the right hand limit is equal to the left hand limit

7=7 ∴ lim(1 + 3𝑥) = 7

𝑥→2
 Left hand Limit
𝑥 + 2 ,𝑥 ≤ 6
2. Limit of f(x) if 𝑓(𝑥) = { } Right hand Limit
𝑥2 − 1 , 𝑥 > 6
Pag LHL ←, ibigsabihin pababa yung values , less than < ≤

Pag RHL →, pataas yung values, greater than > ≥

Computation: Kapag (-) papuntang mas mababang values pero malapit sa 6, pag (+) ,papunta sa malaking values pero
malapit pa din sa 6
LHL: lim 𝑥 + 2
𝑥→6−

X 5.9 5.99 5.999

Limit exists if LHL=RHL
y 7.9 7.99 7.999
=8 8 is not equal to 35, thus limit doesn’t exists

RHL: lim 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 +2 ,𝑥 ≤ 6
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 } 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→6+ 𝑥 − 1 ,𝑥 > 6
X 6.01 6.001 6.0001
y 35.1201 35.012001 35.00120001
=35

𝑥 + 5 ,𝑥 < 5
3𝑥−7
3. lim f(x) if 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−5 , 𝑥 = 5 } DNE
2
𝑥 − 15 , 𝑥 > 5
Computation:

LHL: lim− 𝑥 + 5 RHL: lim 𝑥2 − 15

𝑥→5 𝑥→5+

X 4.9 4.99 4.999 X 5.01 5.001 5.0001

y 9.9 9.99 9.999 y 10.1001 10.010001 10.00100001
=10 X=10

3𝑥 − 7
𝑓(𝑥) = ,𝑥 = 5
𝑥−5
3𝑥 − 7
𝑓(5) =
𝑥−5
3(5)−7
= 5−5
8
=0 undefined

If one side of the limit failed to exists then the whole limits doesn’t exists.
Solve:

1. lim (𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑥→2
X 1.9 1.99 1.999
2 y -0.39 -0.0399 -0.00399
LHL: lim (𝑥 − 4)
𝑥→2−
=0

RHL: lim+(𝑥 2 − 4) X 2.01 2.001 2.0001

𝑥→2 y 0.0401 0.004001 0.00004001
=0

∴ lim (𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
𝑥→2

𝑥3 − 1 , 𝑥 < 1
3𝑥−7
2. limit of f(x) if 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−2 ,1 < 𝑥 > 2}
2
𝑥 − 6 ,𝑥 ≤ 2

Unang limit ay approaches 1 ang pangalawa ay approaches 2

Gamit ang mahabang method:

3𝑥−7
𝑥 3 − 1 , 𝑥 < 1 x is less than 1, 𝑥−2
,1 < 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1, x is greater than 1

ibig sabihin yun yung left hand limit palaki, yun yung right hand

lim−(𝑥 3 − 1) 3𝑥 − 7
𝑥→1 lim+
𝑥→1 𝑥−2
X 0.9 0.99 0.999
y -0.271 -0.02970 -0.00297 X 1.01 1.001 1.0001
=0 y 4.0101 4.001001 4.0001
=4

Solving the first limit, which is the one approaching 1 on both positive (1+ ) and negative side (1− ), di
parehas lumabas 0 is not equal to 4, ibigsabihin ang limit ay Doesn’t Exist

𝑥3 − 1 , 𝑥 < 1
3𝑥−7
limit of f(x) if 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥−2 ,1 < 𝑥 > 2} DNE
𝑥2 − 6 , 𝑥 ≤ 2
5 99 −87 1 0
, , , all of them gives result of 1 how about ?? (Mema lang)
5 99 −87 1 0

Pwede gamitin ang limits para malaman ang sagot by representing 0 as x, bale…
𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
Left hand limit: lim−
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
lim−
𝑥→0 𝑥

X -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001

y 1 1 1 X=1
𝑥
lim− =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥
Right-hand limit: lim+
𝑥→0 𝑥

X 0.01 0.001 0.0001

y 1 1 1

=1
𝑥
Thus, lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥
Iba kapag nagdirect substitution lang lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥 0 0
= and is indeterminate, pero kapag ginamitan ng ibang method, hindi siya
𝑥 0 0
magiging indeterminate
 Theorems on Limits/Properties of Limits
Let a and c be real numbers. Suppose f(X) and g(x) are two functions that lim 𝑓(𝑥) and lim 𝑔(𝑥) both
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
exist.

1. Constant Law Example:

lim 𝒄 = 𝒄 lim 8 = 8
𝒙→𝒂 𝑥→3

2. Substitution Law Example:

lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 lim 𝑥 = 9
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→9

3. Sum and Difference Law

lim [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example:

lim (𝑥 + 2) = lim 𝑥 + lim 2 sum law

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 2+2 by using constant law and substitution law

=4

4. Product Law

lim [𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example: lim 2𝑥 = lim 2 ∙ lim 𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

5. Quotient Law 7. Radical Root Law

𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑛
lim [ ]= 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0 lim √𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√ lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

5 lim 5 3
Example: lim [𝑥] = 𝑥→2 lim √6 = 3√ lim 6
𝑥→2lim 𝑥 𝑥→5 𝑥→5
𝑥→2

6. Power Law 8. Constant Multiple Law

lim [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 ∙ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Example: lim [5𝑥]6 = [lim 5𝑥]6

𝑥→4 𝑥→4
Example of solving Limits by using the properties of Limits(WARNING: Mahaba)

1.lim 2√5𝑥 + 2 − 6
𝑥→5

By direct substitution,ez lang

lim 2√5𝑥 + 2 − 6 = 2√5(5) + 2 − 6 = 2√27 − 6 = 2(3)√3 − 6 = 𝟔√𝟑 − 𝟔

𝑥→5

Pero kapag gagamitin properties, mas mahirap pero ito oh:

lim 2√5𝑥 + 2 − 6 = lim 2√5𝑥 + 2 − lim 6 Difference Law

𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2 ∙ lim √5𝑥 + 2 − lim 6 Constant Multiple Law

𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2 ∙ √ lim 5𝑥 + 2 − lim 6 Radical Root Law

𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2 ∙ √ lim 5𝑥 + lim 2 − lim 6 Sum Law

𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2 ∙ √ lim 5 ∙ lim 𝑥 + lim 2 − lim 6 Product Law

𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥→5

= 2√5(5) + 2 − 6 Constant Law, Substitution Law

= 2√25 + 2 − 6

= 2 ∙ √27 − 6

= 2(3)√3 − 6

= 𝟔√𝟑 − 𝟔 same lang

Pero kapag, Evaluate the following using the limit laws:

√3 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 9 7
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥→𝑐 lim ℎ(𝑥) = −
𝑥→→𝑐 4 𝑥→𝑐 3
−7
lim ℎ(𝑥) √3 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑥→𝑐 − √3 7 4 √3 28 √3(√3)+28(4) 3+112
4 √3 + ( ) +
𝑥→𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 4 3 √3 4 √3 4√3 4√3 115 4 𝟏𝟏𝟓
𝑥→𝑐 4
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
= = = = = =4 ∙ = kumbaga sub lang ng sub
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3 𝟑
𝑥→𝑐 4 4 4 4 4

Try:

lim 𝑔(𝑥)−lim ℎ(𝑥)

√𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
Yung mga nasa taas ay iba pang mga ways sa pag find ng limit(at ang haba nila,ang saya) o pwede din
naming gamitin sa pagfafind ng limit using other methods… direct substitution, factoring, rationalization.

Direct Substitution

Find the limit of the following:

1. lim 𝑥 2 − 6 = 02 − 6 = 𝟔
𝑥→0

2. lim 𝑥(𝑥 + 7) = 2(2 + 7) = 2(9) = 𝟏𝟖

𝑥→2

3. lim 𝑥 3 = 83 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐
𝑥→8

4. lim+ 𝑥 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 𝟐 One sided limit sila kasi maalin sa LHL o RHL lang ang pinapahanap
𝑥→1

5. lim− 7 − 𝑥 = 7 − 4 = 𝟑
𝑥→4

6. lim 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7 = 62 + 3(6) − 7 = 𝟒𝟕
𝑥→6

7. lim 5 − 1𝑥 = 5 − 12 = 𝟒
𝑥→2

5𝑥−6 5(−7)−6 −𝟒𝟏

8. lim = =
𝑥→−7 2𝑥 2 2(−72 ) 𝟗𝟖

9. lim sin(𝑥) = sin(90) = 𝟏

𝑥→90

2𝑥 2 2(−1)2 2 2 10+2 𝟏𝟐
10. lim √3𝑥 + 7 + 5
= √3(−1) + 7 + 5
= √4 + 5 = 2 + 5 = 5
= 𝟓
𝑥→−1

𝑥2 ,𝑥 ≤ 2 22 =4
11. lim 𝑓(𝑥) {8 − 2𝑥 ,2 < 𝑥 < 4} = {8 − 2(2), 8 − 2(4) , = 4,0} DNE
4 ,𝑥 ≥ 4 4 =4
Gawa ng 0

0 𝑘
Hangga’t ang nalabas ay hindi 0 𝑎𝑡 0
ay ok na ok ang substitution method gamitin.Pero pag ganun
lumabas, gamitan dapat siguro ng ibang method,yung factoring at rationalization, tas kapag ginamitan
mo na ng ibang method tas sa tingin mo sobrang tama naman talaga, baka DNE. Pero ang alam ko,
kapag mga equations o functions, parang karamihan ay may limit.

Try:
𝑥 2 +5
1. lim 𝑥 2 −3
𝑥→2

𝑥3
2. lim (𝑥+1)2
𝑥→1

𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4
3. lim 𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −14𝑥
𝑥→−2
Evaluating limits of functions Using other Techniques

Some limits cannot bevaluated simply using direct substitution. Particularly in cases when the
given is a rational function, direct substitution, sometimes yield a number where both the numerator
and denominator are 0. They are indeterminate in calculus because it has no definite or definable value.

A. FACTORING METHOD
0
When direct substitution of the constant c gives an indeterminate number of the form 0, the
limit can be evaluated by first simplifying the rational function using factoring, and then directly
substituting c.

Examples:

1. Evaluate the following:

𝑥−5 𝑥+3 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9 𝑥 4 −1
a. lim b. lim c. lim d. lim
𝑥→5 𝑥 3 −125 𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥→−1 2𝑥 2 −𝑥−3

B. RATIONALIZATION METHOD

Sometimes, the indeterminate form upon direct substitution is caused by the term in a rational
function that contains radical expressions. Cases like this can be circumvented using another technique
called rationalization. In this technique, the function is converted to its equivalent form so that the
radical expression is rationalized.

Examples:

2. Evaluate the following:

𝑥−9 3−√2𝑥+5 2−√4−𝑡
a. lim b. lim c. lim
𝑥→9 √𝑥−3 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑡→0 𝑡
A.Factoring Method

Addding Terms: From: 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐

𝑥 4 + 4 = [(𝑥 2 )2 + ______ + (2)2 ] + 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 = [(𝑥 2 )2 + 2(2)(𝑥 2 ) + (2)2 ] − 4𝑥 2

= [𝑥 2 + 2]2 − 4𝑥 2 = [(𝑥 2 + 2) − 2𝑥][(𝑥 2 + 2) + 2𝑥]
From: 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒃)

Kung 𝑥 4 − 4 yun ,pwedeng maging (𝑥 2 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2)

Example:
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥)
1. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2

(𝑥 2 +2𝑥) (−2)2 +2(−2) 4−4 𝟎

By direct substitution: lim = = 4−4 = 𝟎 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 (−2)2 +(−2)−2

Wala naman syang radical sign √ kaya factoring method ang pwedeng gamitin

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 −2 −2 𝟐
= = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 − 2 = =
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 − 1 −2 − 1 −3 𝟑

B. Rationalization Method
𝑥
Evaluate: lim 𝑥+9−3
𝑥→0 √

When 0 is directly substituted, the limit will yields indeterminate value, since there is radical sign, we
can use rationalizing method.

𝑥 √𝑥 + 9 + 3 𝑥(√𝑥 + 9 + 3) 𝑥(√𝑥 + 9 + 3)
∙ = = = √𝑥 + 9 + 3 = √0 + 9 + 3 = 3 + 3 = 𝟔
√𝑥 + 9 − 3 √𝑥 + 9 + 3 (𝑥 + 9) − 9 𝑥

Conjugate is formed by changing the sign between two terms in a binomial. –Google

ONE-SIDED LIMITS
Ordinary limits are two-sided limits as they try to identify the number L that the function f
approaches as x approaches the number c from both directions. However, sometimes a function fails to
have two-sided limits at c. When this happens, the function can still have limit from one side. The limit
of a function f at c coming from left side is called Left-hand Limit. In evaluating the left-hand limit, only
the values less than c are considered. Otherwise, it is called a Right-hand Limit.

Examples:
1
1. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √4𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 ≥ 2. Evaluate the following:

a. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) b. lim

1−
𝑓(𝑥) c. lim1 𝑓(𝑥)
1 𝑥→ 𝑥→
𝑥→ 2 2
2

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 2
2. Consider the function: ℎ(𝑥) = { 3 Evaluate lim1 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥 + 9, 𝑥 > 2 𝑥→
2 2

Note: 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝐻𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝐻𝐿

𝑥→𝑐
CHALLENGE: Consider the following function:
2𝐴 − 𝐵𝑥, 𝑥 > 1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 4 ,𝑥 = 1
𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 , 𝑥 < 1
Find the values of A and B so that the lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→1

Computaion:

RHL: 2𝐴 − 𝐵𝑥, 𝑥 > 1

2𝐴 − 𝐵(1) = 𝟐𝑨 − 𝑩

LHL: 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 , 𝑥 < 1

𝐴 + 𝐵(1)2 = 𝑨 + 𝑩
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒄

𝟐𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝟒
𝑨+𝑩=𝟒
By elimination method, we can get the value of A or B

𝟐𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝟒
𝑨+𝑩=𝟒
3A=8
𝟖
𝑨=
𝟑
𝑨+𝑩=𝟒
𝟖
+𝑩=𝟒
𝟑
𝟒
B=
𝟑
INFINITE LIMITS

Some of the limits do not exist. These occur when, after directly substituting the value of c , f(c) is
undefined. Usually, in these cases, the limit does not exist. However, it is sometimes more useful to
write these limits as infinity or negative infinity, they can provide information on how graph of the
function behaves.

Example:
1 1
1. Describe the behavior of the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥. Evaluate lim 𝑥 using table of values
𝑥→0

THEOREM:

If the value of f(x) arbitrarily increases positively for all x sufficiently close to c from both sides, without
letting x equal to c , then

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑐

Likewise, if the value of f(x) arbitrarily increases negatively for all x sufficiently close to c from both sides,
without letting x equal to c ,then

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→𝑐

THEOREM 1:

Let n be any positive integer. Then:

1 1 −∞, 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
a. lim+ = +∞ b. lim− ={
𝑥→0 𝑛
𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑛
𝑥 +∞, 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
THEOREM 2:
𝑓(𝑥)
Let c be any real number. Suppose in lim , lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘, where k is a real number
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
and 𝑘 ≠ 0.
𝑓(𝑥)
a. If 𝑘 > 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0 through positive values, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = +∞
𝑥→𝑐

𝑓(𝑥)
b. If 𝑘 > 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0 through negative values, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→𝑐

𝑓(𝑥)
c. If 𝑘 < 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0 through positive values, then lim = −∞
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥)
d. If 𝑘 < 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0 through negative values, then lim 𝑔(𝑥) = +∞
𝑥→𝑐
EXAMPLES:

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

The line 𝑥 = 𝑐 is a vertical asymptote of f(x), provided that any of the following limits at 𝑥 = 𝑐 are
satisfied:

A. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞ B. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞ C. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ±∞

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Examples:

1. Evaluate the following limits and identify the vertical asymptote, if any.
−6𝑥 2 −6𝑥 2 −6𝑥 2
a. lim − 𝑥 2 −1 b. lim + 𝑥 2 −1 c. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥 2 −1

2𝑥−1 𝑥3 𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 −3𝑥

2. Evaluate . lim + 3. lim− (𝑥−3)2 4. lim+
𝑥→−2 𝑥+1 𝑥→3 𝑥→4 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
LIMITS AT INFINITY

This topic will investigate the behavior of some functions as x increases without bound in either the
positive or the negative side; in symbols,𝑥 → ±∞. Infinite limits give information on the existence of
vertical asymptotes on the graph of the function. On the other hand, Limits at infinity are used to show
the existence of horizontal asymptotes on the graph. Horizontal asymptotes are the horizontal lines
that a curve approaches as it goes to infinity.
𝒌
THE LIMIT OF at INFINITY
𝒙𝒏

For all real numbers k and positive rational numbers n,

𝑘
lim =0
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 𝑛

THEOREMS:
Let n be a positive real number and k, any real number except 0. Then:

+∞, 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0
a. lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = {
𝑥→+∞ −∞, 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 0

+∞, 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟

𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
b. lim 𝑘 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = {
𝑥→−∞ −∞, 𝑖𝑓 𝑘 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑟
𝑖𝑓 𝑘 < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

Examples:

1. Evaluate the following:

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 𝑥 3 −12 4𝑥 2 −3
a. lim b. lim c. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→−∞ 4𝑥 3 +5 𝑥→∞ 𝑥+4

5−4𝑥−6𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1
d. lim e. lim (3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥) f. lim √
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞ 9𝑥 2 −𝑥−3

LIMITS OF POLYNOMIALS

lim 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5 − 6 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 3(3)2 − (3)5 − 6 = −𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑥→3

Just evaluate, by direct substitution>_<

LIMITS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION

7𝑥 7𝑥 7(1) 𝟕
lim 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 2 = =
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1 2
𝑥 − 1 (1) − 1 𝟎
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝐷𝑁𝐸, 𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑
Pero kapag kunware
7𝑥
lim = −∞ hindi DNE, since one side lang ng limit ang pinapahanap(yata)
𝑥→1− 𝑥 2 −1

LIMITS OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

1. LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential function is a function that can be written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 , where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1. The function is
increasing exponential function when 𝑏 > 1. It is decreasing exponential function < 0𝑏 < 1. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥
is always o the positive side of the y-axis and is always asymptotic to the x-axis.

Examples:

1. Evaluate the following limits:

a. lim 2𝑥 b. lim 2𝑥 c. lim 2𝑥 d. lim 2𝑥

𝑥→3 𝑥→−5 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞

1 4𝑥 +3𝑥
2. Evaluate: lim ( )𝑥+2 3. lim 4−𝑥+3 4. lim
𝑥→∞ 2 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥

2. LIMITS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Some properties of logarithms: log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1

log 𝑏 1 = 0

log 𝑎 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 𝑎 − log 𝑥 𝑏
𝑏

log 𝑥 𝑎𝑏 = log 𝑥 𝑎 + log 𝑥 𝑏

1
log 𝑥 = − log 𝑥 𝑏
𝑏

ln 𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑥

3. LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNTIONS

lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐

lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐

lim tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐

lim csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐

lim sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐

lim cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐
Special Limits:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
a. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
b. lim 𝑥
=0
𝑥→0

𝑒 𝑥 −1
c. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑒 𝑥 −1

Continuity…

Addtl info at exercise sa baba

Try: (source:Google)