Límites trascendentes

En muchos casos, el cálculo de los límites se efectúa con ayuda de las importantes fórmulas
que se dan a continuación:

Si 𝑎 es un número real cualquiera, entonces:

1. lim 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑎

𝑥→𝑎
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
2. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

1 𝑥
3. lim (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒
𝑥→∞
1
4. lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥→0

log𝑎 (1+𝑥) 1
5. lim = log 𝑎 𝑒 =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥)
6. lim 𝑥
=1
𝑥→0

𝑎 𝑥 −1
7. lim = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1
8. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

(1+𝑥)𝑛 −1
9. lim 𝑥
=𝑛
𝑥→0

Ejemplos: Demostrar los siguientes límites

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1. lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 1
lim [ ( )] = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 1
lim . lim = 1(1) = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
2. lim 𝑥
=1
𝑥→0

Cambiemos de variable llamemos 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 entonces 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 Si 𝑥 → 0 ⇒ 𝑦 → 0

𝑦 1 lim 1 1
𝑦→0
lim = lim 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 = =1
𝑦→0 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑦→0 lim 1
𝑦 𝑦→0 𝑦

𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
3. lim 𝑥
=1
𝑥→0

Cambiemos de variable llamemos 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 entonces 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 Si 𝑥 → 0 ⇒ 𝑦 → 0

𝑦 1 lim 1 1
𝑦→0
lim = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = =1
𝑦→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑦→0 1
𝑦 lim
𝑦→0 𝑦
 𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝑥
4. lim =4
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑛4𝑥
lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 = 4
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑛4𝑥
lim =4
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑛4𝑥
lim 4𝑥 =4
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
4𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛4𝑥
lim 4𝑥 1
𝑥→0
= =4
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 1
lim 4 lim 𝑥 (1)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 4
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
5. lim 𝑠𝑒𝑛6𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑛7𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 6𝑥 + 7𝑥 6𝑥 − 7𝑥
2 cos ( ) 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( )
2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 lim 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0
lim =
𝑥→0 13𝑥 −𝑥 13𝑥 𝑥
2 cos ( 2 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( 2 ) lim 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) . lim 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (− 2)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
lim 𝑥 1
𝑥→0
𝑥 = 1
= −1
13𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2 ) 2 (− ) 1
lim 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) . ( 2 ) lim 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 (𝑥 )
2

10𝑥 −1
6. lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 −1

10𝑥 − 1 lim 10𝑥 − 1

𝑥 𝑙𝑛10
lim 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥→0 𝑥 =
𝑥→0 2 − 1 2 −1 𝑙𝑛2
lim
𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
4 3
√𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − √𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
7. lim𝜋
𝑥→ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2

4 3
√𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − √𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
lim𝜋
𝑥→ 1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
2
𝜋
Hacemos el cambio de variable 𝑦 = 12√𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 por lo tanto 𝑦12 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥; si 𝑥 → 2
⇒𝑦→1

𝑦3 − 𝑦4 𝑦 3 (1 − 𝑦)
lim = lim
𝑦→1 1 − 𝑦 24 𝑦→1 (1 − 𝑦)(1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + ⋯ … … . +𝑦 23 )

𝑦3 1
lim 2 23
=
𝑦→1 (1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ … … . +𝑦 ) 24
 𝑒 7𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥
8. lim
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑒 7𝑥 − 1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑒 7𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 7( 7𝑥 ) − 2 ( 2𝑥 )
lim = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0
𝑥
𝑒 7𝑥 − 1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
lim 7 ( 7𝑥 ) − lim 2 ( 2𝑥 ) 7−2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = =5
lim 𝑥 1
𝑥→0

1
9. lim (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥2
𝑥→0

1
lim (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥2
𝑥→0

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥−1
2 2 𝑥−1( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2
)
lim (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥→0
1
lim (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥−1 = 𝑒
𝑥→0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 1
lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2

𝑥 2
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − lim
2 𝑥→0 ( 𝑥 ) + lim ( 𝑥 ) 1
lim + lim 𝑥→0
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 2 −2 + 1 1
= = =
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2 1 2
lim lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥2
1
𝐿 = 𝑒 2 = √𝑒

𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 −𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
10.lim
𝑥→0 𝑙𝑛(1+2𝑥)

𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 + 1 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 − 1) − (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 1)

lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥→0 𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥)
𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 − 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥(𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 1)
− 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
lim 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥
𝑥→0 2𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥)
2
𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 − 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 1)
− ( )
lim 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 2𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥)
2𝑥
5𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 − 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 (𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 1)
− ( 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
lim 5𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥
𝑥→0 2𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥)
2𝑥
 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 1
5 lim ( ) lim ( ) − lim ( 𝑥 ) lim ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑥 ) 5 − 1
𝑥→0 5𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑒𝑛5𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
= =2
𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥) 2(1)
2 lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥