New L J Institute of Engineering and Technology Semester: I (2023)

New L J Institute of Engineering & Technology

SEM: 1st – CSE/CSE (AIML)
Sub: Mathematics-I
Sub Code: 3110014
Unit 1: Indeterminate Form, Improper Integral, Beta and Gamma
functions, Applications of definite integral.
Weightage: 15%

Topics:

• Indeterminate Form : (5%)

Indeterminate Forms and L’Hôspital’s Rule.

• Improper Integrals, Beta & Gamma Function : (5%)

Improper integrals of Type I & II, Beta and Gamma functions and their properties.

• Application of Integral : (5%)

Volume using cross-sections, Length of plane curves, Areas of Surfaces of Revolution

❖ Chap 1: Indeterminate Form

We have studied certain rules to evaluate the limit of sum, difference, product &
quotient of two functions sometimes become helpless in evaluating the limits of the
following type. These limits are known as indeterminate forms. There are seven types
of indeterminate forms:
𝑓(𝑥) 0
(1) lim 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 & lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) ∞
(2) lim 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

(3) lim 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

(4) lim 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
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(5) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 & lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 (00 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

(6) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

(7) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 (∞0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

➢ However, these limits can be solved by using L’Hospital’s Rule.

❖ L’Hopistal’s Rule:
If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are two functions of 𝑥 which can be expanded by Taylor’s series in
the neighbourhood of 𝑥 = 𝑎 and
if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) = 0, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑎) = 0, then
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)

Proof:

(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + +⋯
lim = lim 2!
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑔′′ (𝑎)
𝑔(𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑔′ (𝑎) + +⋯
2!
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎)
0 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + +⋯
= lim 2! {∵ 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑔(𝑎) = 0}
𝑥→𝑎 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑔′′ (𝑎)
0 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑔 (𝑎) + +⋯
2!
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)
= lim 2! + ⋯
𝑥→𝑎 ′ 𝑔′′ (𝑎)
𝑔 (𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎) 2! + ⋯

𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
=
𝑔′ (𝑎)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= lim {∵ 𝐼𝑓𝑔′ (𝑎) ≠ 0}
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)

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Working Rule:
𝑓(𝑥) 0
To Evaluate lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)

Step 1: Differentiate Numerator & denominator separately & then put 𝑥 = 𝑎

0
Step 2: If again reduces to indeterminate form (0) then again differentiate Numerator

& denominator separately & then put 𝑥 = 𝑎

Step 3: Process continue till we get finite value of the limit.
Remember Standard Limits:

sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 −1
(1) lim =1 (2) lim =1 (3) lim = log 𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1 1
1 𝑥
(4) lim =1 (5) lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑒 (6) lim (1 + ) = 𝑒
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

sin−1 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥

(7) lim =1 (8) lim =1 (9) lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝟎
➢ Type 1: Form
𝟎
Problems under this type are solved by using L’Hospital’s rule considering the fact that

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
lim = lim , if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝒙−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Example 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟑

Solution:

𝑥−sin 𝑥 0
➢ lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥3
1 − cos 𝑥 0
= lim , ( ) [Applying L’Hospital’s rule]
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
= lim , ( ) [Applying L’Hospital’s rule]
𝑥→0 6𝑥 0

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𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 6
1
=
6
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏−𝒙
Example 2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:

𝑒 𝑥 −1−𝑥 0
➢ lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝑒𝑥 − 1 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥 0
𝑒𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 2
1
=
2
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
Example 3: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 −𝒙𝟐

Solution:

𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 2 0
➢ lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥 −𝑥2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 2 sin𝑥. cos𝑥 − 2𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 0
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2
𝑥
0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 2 cos 2𝑥 − 2 0
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 −4 sin 2𝑥 0
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 −8 cos 2𝑥

1+1
=
−8
NEW LJIET - B.E - 1st Sem 1 – Maths-I -3110014 - Unit 1 - Indeterminate Form - Chap 1 - Asst. Prof. Dhara Bhati Page | 4
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1
=−
4
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙−𝒙
Example 4: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝟐 .𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒙→𝟎

Solution:
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑥 0
➢ lim 𝑥 2 .𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim 3
( 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) , [∵ lim = 1]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 0
= lim (1) ,( )
𝑥→0 𝑥3 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 0
2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 6𝑥 0
2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim .( )
𝑥→0 6 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= lim . (1)
𝑥→0 3
1
=
3
𝒙𝒙 −𝒙
Example 5: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙−𝟏−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒙→𝟏

Solution:

𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 0
➢ lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 𝑥−1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥

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𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) − 1 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→1 1 0
1−𝑥
1
𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 − 1
= lim
𝑥→1 1
𝑥2
1+1
=
1
=2
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝝅𝒙
Example 6: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟐𝒆𝒙
𝒙→
𝟐

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜋𝑥 0
➢ lim1 , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→ 𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑒𝑥
2

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥)(𝜋)
= lim1
𝑥→ 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥)(𝜋) 0
= lim1 ,( )
𝑥→ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 0
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥)(𝜋) + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥)𝜋
= lim1 𝜋. [ ]
𝑥→ 2𝑒 2𝑥
2

−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜋𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋𝑥
= 𝜋 2 . lim1
𝑥→ 2𝑒 2𝑥
2

𝜋 2 (0 + 1)
=
2𝑒
𝜋2
=
2𝑒
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
Example 7: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 𝟐
𝒙→ (𝝅−𝟐𝒙)
𝟐

Solution:
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𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 0
➢ lim𝝅 (𝜋−2𝑥)2
, (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→
𝟐

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→ 2(𝜋 − 2𝑥)(−2)
2
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 0
= lim𝜋 ,( )
𝑥→ −4(𝜋 − 2𝑥) 0
2

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ −4(−2)
2
1
=−
8
𝒙𝒆𝒙 −𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏+𝒙)
Example 8: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

Solution:

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −𝑙𝑜𝑔(1+𝑥) 0
➢ lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥2

1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥 0
1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +
(1 + 𝑥)2
= lim
𝑥→0 2
3
=
2
𝐇.W.
𝒙−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟗: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ANS: − 𝟑
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟑

𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝟐 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟎: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ANS: 𝟏𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙.𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙

𝟐𝒙−𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟏: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ANS: 𝟑
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙𝟑

𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 −𝟏−𝒙 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟐: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ANS: 𝟐
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐

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∞
➢ Type 2: Form
∞
𝑓(𝑥) ∞
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ then lim becomes ∞ Form.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)

1
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 0
lim = lim 1 (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
Example 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜋
𝒙→ 𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
2

Solution:
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 ∞
➢ lim𝜋 , (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→ 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim𝜋 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2

= lim𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→
2

=1
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Example 2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙

Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∞
➢ lim , (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

1
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

= lim − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑥→0

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= 0
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙−𝒂)
Example 3: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒆𝒙 −𝒆𝒂 )

Solution:

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥−𝑎) ∞
➢ lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑒𝑥 −𝑒𝑎 ) ∞

1
.1
(𝑥 − 𝑎)
= lim
𝑥→𝑎 1 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑎 . 𝑒
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑎 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑥 0
𝑒𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑥 + 1. 𝑒 𝑥 0
𝑒𝑎
=
0 + 𝑒𝑎
= 1
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙
Example 4: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐𝒙

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∞
➢ lim , (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 0
= lim , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥
=2

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Example 5: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙

𝒙→𝟎

Solution: Changing the base to 𝑒

log 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 ∞ log 𝑏
➢ lim , (∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚) [∵ log 𝑎 𝑏 = log𝑒 𝑎]
𝑥→0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑒

1
(2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥)
= lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
1
𝑥→0 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
= lim 2 ( )( )
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
= lim ( )( )( )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 1.1.1 , [∵ lim = 1]
𝑥→0 𝑥

=1

𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐 +𝟑𝟐 +⋯+𝒙𝟐

Example 6: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→∞ 𝒙𝟑

Solution:

12 +22 +32 +⋯+𝑥2 ∞

➢ lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→∞ 𝑥3 ∞

𝑥(𝑥+1)(2𝑥+1) 𝑥(𝑥+1)(2𝑥+1)
= lim , [∵ 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑥 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 = ]
𝑥→∞ 6(𝑥 3) 6

(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)(2𝑥 + 1)
= lim
𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 3
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 6𝑥 3
3 1
2+𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 6
2
=
6
1
=
3
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𝐇.W.
𝜋
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙− )
2
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟕: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜋 ANS: 0
𝒙→ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
2

𝒍𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟖: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏 ANS: 0
𝒙→𝟎 ( )
𝒙

𝒙−𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟗: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙 ANS: − 𝟑
𝒙→∞

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟎: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 ANS: 1

𝒙→𝟎

➢ Type 3: 𝟎 × ∞ Form
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ then lim 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) becomes 0 × ∞ Form.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) 0 ∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 1 (0 𝑜𝑟 ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)

𝟏
Example 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦1 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒) . 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝒙→
2

Solution:

1
➢ lim1 (𝑥2 − ) . 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋𝑥 , (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
4
𝑥→
2

1
𝑥2 − 4 0
= lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→
1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜋𝑥 0
2
2𝑥
= lim
1 π(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜋𝑥)
𝑥→
2
1
2( )
=
2
−𝜋(1)2

1
= −
𝜋
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Example 2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜋 (𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙). 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝒙

𝒙→
4

Solution:

➢ lim𝜋 (1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥). 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 , (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)

𝑥→
4

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
= lim𝜋 , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 0
4
−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ −2. sin2x
4
2
(√2)
=
2

= 1
𝒙
Example 3: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟐 − 𝒂) . 𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝒙 − 𝒂)
𝒙→𝒂

Solution:

𝑥
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 − ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑎) , (0 × ∞𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎

𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 − ) 0
= lim 𝑎 , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑎) 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔(2𝑎 − 𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑎) 0
1
(−1)
= lim 2𝑎2 − 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(1)

1
=−
𝑎
𝟐𝒈𝒙
− 𝟐
Example 4: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗𝟐 [𝟏 − 𝒆 𝒗 ]
𝒗→∞

Solution:
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2𝑔𝑥
− 2
➢ lim 𝑣 2 [1 − 𝑒 𝑣 ] , (0 × ∞𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑣→∞

1
Let = 𝑡 , When 𝑣 → ∞ ⟹ 𝑡 ⟶ 0
𝑣2

[1 − 𝑒 −2𝑔𝑥𝑡 ] 0
= lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑡→0 𝑡 0
[0 − 𝑒 −2𝑔𝑥𝑡 (−2𝑔𝑥)]
= lim
𝑡→0 1
= 2𝑔𝑥

𝐇.W.
𝝅𝒙 𝟒
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏). 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ANS: − 𝝅
𝒙→1 𝟐

𝟏
𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟔: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒂𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 (Hint: Take 𝒙 = 𝒕) ANS: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂
𝒙→∞

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟕: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐱. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 ANS: 0

𝒙→𝟎

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟖: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 ANS: 0

𝒙→𝟎

➢ Type 4:∞ − ∞ Form

If lim 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥) → ∞ then lim 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) becomes ∞ − ∞ Form.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1 1
− 0 ∞
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 1 (0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 ∞
𝑓(𝑥).𝑔(𝑥)

𝟏 𝟏
Example 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝒙
𝒙→0 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

Solution:
1 1
➢ lim −𝑥 , (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0
= lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0

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1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 cosx + (cosx − xsinx)

0
=
2

= 0
𝟏 𝟏
Example 2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝒙→0 𝒙𝟐

Solution:
1 1
➢ lim − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 , (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥 2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 0
= lim 2 , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
= lim 2 ( 2)
𝑥→0 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
= lim ( 2 )
𝑥→0 𝑥4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 0
= lim (1) ,( )
𝑥→0 𝑥4 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 4𝑥 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 2𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 4𝑥 3 0
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 12𝑥 2 0
−4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 24𝑥 0
−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= lim ( )( )
𝑥→0 24 2𝑥

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−1
= lim ( ) (1)
𝑥→0 3
−1
=
3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Example 3: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 or 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 or 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒙. 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙)
𝒙→0 𝒙 𝒙→0 𝒙 𝒙→0

Solution:
1 1
➢ lim − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 , (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 0
= lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥
= lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 0
= lim (1) ,( )
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥 0
2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑥𝑐. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 2 0
= lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0

= (1). (0)
=0
𝒙 𝟏
Example 4: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙)
𝒙→1

Solution:
𝑥 1
➢ lim (𝑥−1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) , (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1

𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 0
= lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1). 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 0

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1
[𝑥 (𝑥) + 1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥] − 1
= lim
𝑥→1 1
[(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥) + 1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥]
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→1 1 0
1 − 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→1 1 1
− (− 2 ) + 𝑥
𝑥
1
=
1+1
1
=
2
𝟏 𝟏
Example 5: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒙→0 𝒙

Solution:
1 1
➢ lim − 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) , (∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) 0
= lim , ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥2 0
1
1−1+𝑥 0
= lim ,( )
𝑥→0 2𝑥 0
1
− [− ]
(1 + 𝑥)2
= lim
𝑥→0 2
1
=
2

𝐇.W.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟔: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) ANS: 0

𝒙→0

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟕: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙(𝒆𝝅𝒙+𝟏)] ANS:
𝒙→𝟎 𝟖

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➢ Type 5, 6 & 7: 𝟎𝟎 , 𝟏∞ &∞𝟎 Form

If lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) leads to any one of the indeterminate forms 00 , 1∞ &∞0 then following
𝑥→𝑎

procedure for their evaluation.

⟹ 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
⟹ Taking log on both the sides,
⟹ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥)
⟹ 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑙 = lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝑥) then,
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

⟹ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙
𝑥→𝑎

⟹ lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑙

𝑥→𝑎

Example 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 , (00 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)

𝒙→0

Solution:

➢ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 , Now take log on both the sides,

➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. log (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. log (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) , (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ∞
= lim ,( 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∞
1
.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

= lim − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑥→0

= −(1)(0)

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 0 = 1

𝑥→0

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𝟏
Example 2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏−𝒙) , (00 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→1

Solution:
1
➢ 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑜𝑔(1−𝑥) , Now take log on both the sides,
𝑙𝑜𝑔(1−𝑥 2 )
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 =
log (1−𝑥)

𝑙𝑜𝑔(1−𝑥 2 ) ∞
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim , ( ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 log (1−𝑥)
−2𝑥
1−𝑥2
= lim −1
𝑥→0 1−𝑥

2𝑥(1−𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→1 (1−𝑥 2 )
2𝑥(1−𝑥)
= lim (1−𝑥)(1+𝑥)
𝑥→1
2𝑥
= lim (1+𝑥)
𝑥→1

2
=
1+1

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 1
𝑥→1

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒
𝑥→1

1
∴ lim (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑙𝑜𝑔(1−𝑥) = 𝑒
𝑥→1

𝝅
Example 3: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝜋 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝟐−𝒙 , (00 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→
2

Solution:
𝜋
➢ 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2−𝑥 , Now take log on both the sides,
𝜋
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = (2 − 𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝜋
➢ lim𝜋 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim𝜋 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) , ( 0 × ∞𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→ 𝑥→
2 2
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𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) ∞
= lim𝜋 1 , ( ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→ 𝜋
2 ( −𝑥)
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim𝜋 −1
𝑥→ 2 (−1)
2 (𝜋−𝑥)
2

𝜋 2
= lim𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. (2 − 𝑥) , ( 0 × ∞𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→
2
𝜋 2
−( −𝑥) 0
2
= lim𝜋 , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
2
𝜋
−2 ( − 𝑥) (−1)
= lim𝜋 2
𝑥→ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2
𝜋
= lim𝜋 − 2 ( − 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑥→ 2
2
= −2(0)(1)
=0

∴ lim𝜋 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑥→
2

∴ lim𝜋 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→
2
𝜋
−𝑥
∴ lim𝜋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 =1
𝑥→
2
𝟏
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙 +𝒄𝒙 𝟑𝒙
Example 4: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟑 ) , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

Solution:
1
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥 3𝑥
➢ 𝑦=( ) , Now take log on both the sides,
3
1 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
3

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𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) 0
3
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 𝑥→0 3𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥 )−𝑙𝑜𝑔3 0
= lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 3𝑥
1
(𝑎𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏+𝑐 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐)
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 3
1 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐)
= (1+1+1) 3
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑏𝑐)
=3 3

1
∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = log(𝑎𝑏𝑐)9
𝑥→0

1
∴ lim 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑏𝑐)9
𝑥→0

1
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 3𝑥 1
∴ lim ( ) = (𝑎𝑏𝑐)9
𝑥→0 3
𝟏
Example 5: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒙)𝒙 , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

Solution:
1
➢ 𝑦 = (𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑥 , Now take log on both the sides,
1
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥)
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎𝑥 +𝑥) 0
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→1 𝑥→0 𝑥
1
(𝑎𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+1)
𝑎𝑥 +𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1
(1.𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎+1)
= , [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 1]
1

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = log(𝑎𝑒)

𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑒)
𝑥→0
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1
∴ lim(𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒
𝑥→0

𝟏
𝒆𝒙 +𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒙
Example 6: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0 𝟑

Solution:
1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥
➢ 𝑦=( ) , Now take log on both the sides,
3
1 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 3𝑥
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
3
𝑒𝑥 +𝑒2𝑥 +𝑒3𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) 0
3
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 3𝑥 )−𝑙𝑜𝑔3 0
= lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
(𝑒 𝑥 +2𝑒 2𝑥 +3𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑒𝑥 +𝑒2𝑥 +𝑒3𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1
1
= (1+1+1) . (1 + 2 + 3)
6
=3

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 2
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑥→0

1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥
∴ lim ( ) = 𝑒2
𝑥→0 3

Example 7: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)

𝒙→0

Solution:

➢ 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 , Now take log on both the sides,

➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , ( 0 × ∞𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
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𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0
= lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

= lim − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑥→0

= −(0)(1)

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→0

∴ lim (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→0

𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒙
Example 8: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 ) , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

Solution:
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
➢ 𝑦= ( 𝑥 ) , Now take log on both the sides,
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) 0
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim 𝑥
, (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥.𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
{ } 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥2
= lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 1

𝑥.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
= lim , (0)
𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥+2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥
2
2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥
= lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (0). 𝑡𝑎𝑛(0)

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∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→0

1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥
∴ lim ( ) = 𝑒0 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐
Example 9: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )𝒙 , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

Solution:
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 2
➢ 𝑦= ( 𝑥 )𝑥 , Now take log on both the sides,
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) 0
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim 2
𝑥
, (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥.𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
{ } 0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥2
= lim , ( 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 2𝑥

𝟏 𝑥.𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 0
= 𝟐 lim , (0)
𝑥→0 𝑥3

𝟏 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥+2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

= 𝟐 lim
𝑥→0 3𝑥 2

1 2𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= lim
2 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 3 lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
= 3 (1)

1
∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 =
𝑥→0 3
1
∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 3
𝑥→0

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1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥 2 1
∴ lim ( ) = 𝑒3
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝝅𝒙
𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝒂)
Example 10: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐 − ) , (1∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→𝑎 𝒂

Solution:
𝜋𝑥
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 2𝑎 )
➢ 𝑦 = (2 − 𝑎) , Now take log on both the sides,
𝜋𝑥 𝑥
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2𝑎 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 − 𝑎)
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔(2− ) 0
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim 𝜋𝑥
𝑎
, (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡( )
2𝑎
𝑥
Take 𝑎 = 𝑡

When 𝑥 → 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑡 → 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔(2−𝑡) 0
= lim 𝜋 , (0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑡→1 𝑐𝑜𝑡( 𝑡)
2
−1
(2−𝑡)
= lim 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡→1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 𝑡).( )
2 2

2 𝜋
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 𝑡)
= lim 𝜋 (2−𝑡)
𝑡→1
2 1
= 𝜋.1

2
∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 =
𝑥→0 𝜋
2
∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝜋
𝑥→𝑎

𝜋𝑥
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝑎 ) 2
∴ lim (2 − ) = 𝑒𝜋
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎
𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
Example 11: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙) , (∞0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

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Solution:

1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
➢ 𝑦 = (𝑥 ) , Now take log on both the sides,
1
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥)
1
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥) , (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑙𝑜𝑔1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∞
= lim , ( ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
1
−
𝑥
= lim −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥
𝑥→0
1
𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥

= (1)(0)

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→0

1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
∴ lim ( ) =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝟏 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
Example 12: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙) , (∞0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

Solution:

1 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
➢ 𝑦=( ) , Now take log on both the sides,
𝑥
1
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥). 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥)
1
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥). 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥) , (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

NEW LJIET - B.E - 1st Sem 1 – Maths-I -3110014 - Unit 1 - Indeterminate Form - Chap 1 - Asst. Prof. Dhara Bhati Page | 25
 New L J Institute of Engineering and Technology Semester: I (2023)

𝑥 𝑥
= lim 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 . (𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) , [∵ 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2]
𝑥→0
𝑥
= lim 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 . (−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) , (0 × ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 )
𝑥→0
−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∞
= lim 𝑥 , ( ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2
2
−
𝑥
= lim 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑥→0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2.𝑐𝑜𝑡2).2

𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
= lim ( 𝑥
2
) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
𝑥→0 2
2

= (1)(0)

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥→0

1 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∴ lim ( ) =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝟏
Example 13: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙)𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 , (∞0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝒙→0

Solution:
1
➢ 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 , Now take log on both the sides,
1
➢ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)
1 ∞
➢ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = lim . 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) , ( ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
1
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→0 𝑥
−𝑥
= lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 .𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

NEW LJIET - B.E - 1st Sem 1 – Maths-I -3110014 - Unit 1 - Indeterminate Form - Chap 1 - Asst. Prof. Dhara Bhati Page | 26
 New L J Institute of Engineering and Technology Semester: I (2023)

−2𝑥
= lim 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0
2𝑥
= lim − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝑥→0

= lim(−1)
𝑥→0

∴ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = −1
𝑥→0

1
∴ lim 𝑦 = 𝑒 −1 =
𝑥→0 𝑒
1 1
∴ lim (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 =
𝑥→0 𝑒

𝐇.W.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟒: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ANS: 1

𝒙→0

𝟐𝒙
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟓: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔 ANS: 1
𝒙→
𝟐

𝟏
𝟏 𝒙
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟔: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) ANS: 1
𝒙→∞ 𝒙

𝟏
𝟏
𝟏𝒙 +𝟐𝒙 +𝟑𝒙 𝒙
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟕: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) ANS: 𝟔𝟑
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒙
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙 +𝒄𝒙 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟖: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) [𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒕: 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒚 ] ANS: 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝒙→∞ 𝟑

𝟐𝒙 𝟏
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏𝟗: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝝅 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙)𝒕𝒂𝒏 ANS: 𝒆𝟐
𝒙→
𝟐

𝟏
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟐
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐𝟎: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )𝒙 ANS: 𝒆−(𝟔)
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐𝟏: 𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 ANS: 1

𝒙→0

NEW LJIET - B.E - 1st Sem 1 – Maths-I -3110014 - Unit 1 - Indeterminate Form - Chap 1 - Asst. Prof. Dhara Bhati Page | 27