3.

TOPICS IN DIFFERENTIATION
(Follows from [1] Anton, …)

3.1 Implicit Differentiation

Functions Defined Explicitly and Implicitly

𝑥+1
Explicit Function: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑦 =
𝑥−1

Implicit Function:
𝑦 2 = 𝑥, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥𝑦

Figure3.1.2 Figure3.1.3

Example 2 Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 if 5𝑦 2 + sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

Example 3 Find 𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 if 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 9.

Example 4 Find the slope of the tangent lines to the
curve 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 at (2, −1) and (2,1).

Example 5
(a) Use implicit differentiation to find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 for the
Folium of Descartes 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥𝑦
(b) Find an equation for the tangent line to the Folium of
Descartes at (3/2, 3/2) .
(c) At what point(s) in the first quadrant is the
tangent line to the Folium of Descartes horizontal?

Exercise Set 3.1: 1 – 10, 13 – 20.

3.2 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
𝑑 1
[ln 𝑥 ] = , 𝑥 > 0;
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 ln 𝑥 1
[log b 𝑥 ] = [ ]= , 𝑥 > 0;
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑏 𝑥 ln 𝑏

𝑑 𝑑 −𝑥, 𝑥<0
[ln|𝑥 |] = ln {
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥, 𝑥>0
1
(−1), 𝑥<0 1
={ −𝑥 = , 𝑥 ≠ 0;
1 𝑥
, 𝑥>0
𝑥

𝒅 𝟏
[𝐥𝐧|𝒙|] = , 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎;
𝒅𝒙 𝒙

Example 2 – 5.
Exercise Set 3.2
13 – 30 (Odd numbers), 35, 37, 39.
𝑑𝑦
Find
𝑑𝑥
3.6 L’HÔPITAL’S RULE; INDETERMINATE FORMS

INDETERMINATE FORMS OF TYPE 0/0

A Limit of the form

𝑓(𝑥)
lim (1)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)

in which 𝑓(𝑥) → 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) → 0 as 𝑥 → 𝑎 is called in

indeterminate form of the type 0/0.

Examples

𝑥2 − 1 sin 𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
lim = 2, lim = 1, lim =1
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

If (1) is an indeterminate form of the type 0/0 in which 𝑓 ′ ,

𝑔′ are continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎,
then
lim 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) , lim 𝑔′(𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓 (𝑎) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, 𝑔(𝑎) = lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
By local linear approximation,
[Line passes through (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)), (𝑥, 𝑓 (𝑥 )) ∶
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
=> 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)]

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑓′(𝑎)

∴ lim = lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑎 ) + 𝑔′ (𝑎 )(𝑥 − 𝑎 ) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑎)
𝑓′(𝑥)
= lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
=> 𝑳’𝑯ô𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍’𝒔 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆: lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑥 2 −4
Example 1 Find the limit lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
Example 2 Find the limit (a) lim , (b) ⋯,
𝑥→0 𝑥
1−cos 𝑥
(e) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2

INDETERMINATE FORMS OF TYPE ∞/∞

For
 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
=> 𝑳’𝑯ô𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍’𝒔 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆: lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑥 1
Example 3 lim = lim =0
𝑥→∞+ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞+ 𝑒 𝑥

For Other Types: 𝟎 ∙ ∞, ∞ − ∞, 𝟏∞

Examples 4, 5, 6 respectively.
Exercise 7 – 38 (Odd Numbers)

Find the Limits