‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﮔﺮدآوري و ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﺴﺎ ﺑﺸﻴﺮي‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه اي از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺎت ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي؛‬
‫ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻛﺘﺎب‪Longman preparation course for the Toefl Test‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :1‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻮاره اﻳـﻦ دو ﻧﻜﺘـﻪ را ﭼـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .1 :‬وﺟﻮد ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ‪ .2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪job :‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ :‬؟؟ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ‪ was/is‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ :‬؟؟؟ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ‪ He/She/I/We/They‬و ﻳﺎ اﺳﻢ ﺧﺎص ﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪found :‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪text , it :‬؟؟‬
‫‪ text‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ و ‪ it‬اﺿﺎﻓﻪ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪contains :‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪machine :‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪is ,processes :‬؟؟؟ ‪ processes‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ و ‪ is‬اﺿﺎﻓﻪ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:5‬‬
‫‪Cars was backed up for miles on the freeway.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪Cars :‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪was backed up :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ were backed up‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪2‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :2‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪in, at, of, :‬‬
‫‪ to, by, behind, on‬و ‪ . ...‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﺎه ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪In the last possible moment before takeoff took his sit in the airplane.‬‬
‫‪ the last possible moment‬ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ in‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Takeoff‬ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ before‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪took :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ :‬؟؟؟؟ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺪارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪For the last three years at various hospitals in the country has been practicing medicine.‬‬
‫‪ the last three years‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ for‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ various hospitals‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ at‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ the country‬ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ in‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪has been practicing :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ :‬؟؟؟؟ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺪارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪3‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :3‬ﺑﺪل ﻳﺎ ﻋﻄﻒ ﺑﻴﺎن اﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ واره اﺳﻤﻲ و ‪ ...‬اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ و آن‬
‫را ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ و ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﺎه ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ را ﻧﺪارد‪ .‬ﺑﺪل ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ از اﺳﻢ ﺟـﺪا ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪل ﺑﻪ دو ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ در اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺮﺳﻮم اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.‬‬
‫‪A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.‬‬
‫در ﻫﺮ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ‪ A really good mechanic‬ﺑﺪل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night.‬‬
‫‪ leftovers from last night‬ﺑﺪل اﺳﺖ و ‪ Tonight’s supper‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ did not taste .‬ﻫﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ و ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on.‬‬
‫‪ the cold of winter‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ‪ in‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ a wall heating unit‬ﺑﺪل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ؟؟؟ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺪارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪A longtime friend and confidant, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner.‬‬
‫‪ A longtime friend and confidant,‬ﺑﺪل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Psychologist‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ‪) .‬در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ‪ doer‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﻬﺎد اﺳﺖ‪(.‬‬
‫‪ Was invited‬ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪4‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﺑـﻪ‬.1 :‫ ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ دو ﺻﻮرت در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎر رود‬.‫ دار ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬ing ‫ ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺷﻜﻞ‬:4 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺻﻔﺖ‬.2 .‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬be ‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﻓﻌﺎل‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬The boy is standing in the corner.
‫ ﺻﻔﺖ‬The boy standing in the corner was naughty.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
.‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬are completing
.‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬should report
.‫ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ دارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬2 ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market.
.‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ‬were rotting
.‫ اﺳﺖ‬crates ‫ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺮاي‬carrying
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention.
.‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ‬Received
.‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﻮد‬were announcing
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دو ﻓﻌﻞ دارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬

:5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcement of the president’s
registration.
.‫ ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﺖ‬being delivered
.‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬will contain
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

5 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :5‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪن ‪ ed‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﺎً زﻳـﺎدي ﻫـﻢ وﺟـﻮد دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‪ .1 :‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده ‪ .2‬ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺳـﻮم ﻓﻌـﻞ در‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ‪ .3‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫در ﻣﻮرد اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺻﻔﺖ و ﻳﺎ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪ She pointed this picture.‬ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫‪ She has pointed this picture.‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪The picture pointed by Karen is now in a Museum.‬ﺻﻔﺖ‬
‫‪ The picture is pointed by Karen.‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.‬‬
‫‪ will be‬ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ were taught‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﻮده و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ‪ were‬اﺿﺎﻓﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequisites.‬‬
‫‪ are listed‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ have‬ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دو ﺗﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ دارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next day.‬‬
‫‪ Paid‬ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ will be credited‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ از ﺟﻤﻼت در اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ داراي ﻳﻚ ‪ clause‬و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪Clause .‬ﻫﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻛﻠﻤـﺎت ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ داراي‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎه ﺑﺎ ‪clause‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ .1 :‬از وﺟﻮد ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .2 .‬از درﺳﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﻮه‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ‪clause‬ﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪6‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

and, but, or, so, yet ‫ ﻳﻚ روش ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬،‫ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ‬clause ‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ دو‬:6 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
:‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ اﺳﺖ‬clause ‫در ﺑﻴﻦ دو‬
Subject + Verb, but/and/or/so/yet Subject + Verb
Clause Clause
:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.
Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬rain clouds
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬can be seen
clause ‫ اﺗﺼﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه دو‬but
‫ ؟؟؟‬clause ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬has fallen
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.
.‫ آورده ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‬clause ‫ ﭘﻴﺶ از دوﻣﻴﻦ‬So ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ داراي ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ‬clause ‫ﻫﺮ دو‬

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed.
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬wallet
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬was found
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬cash and credit cards
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬had been removed
clause ‫ اﺗﺼﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه دو‬but
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

7 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

.‫ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬clasuse ‫ ﻗﻴﻮد رﺑﻂ زﻣﺎن و ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ دو ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ‬:7 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬

time Cause
after as soon as once when as
now that(‫ اﻛﻨﻮن ﻛﻪ‬،‫)ﺣﺎﻻ ﻛﻪ‬
as before since whenever because
as long as by the time until while inasmuch as(‫)از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ Since

subject+verb subject+verb
adverb connector

Teresa went inside because it was raining

subject+verb
adverb connector subject+verb

Because It was raining, Teresa went inside.

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room.
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬once
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ )در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻬﺎد( اوﻟﻴﻦ‬label
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬is typed
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬can be sent
‫؟؟؟‬clause ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬
:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much.
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬mother
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬is going to be
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬as long as
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬he
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬misbehaves
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed.
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬building
‫؟؟؟‬clause ‫ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬until
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬windows
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬Are

8 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪9‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮارد دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ دﻻﻟﺖ دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول زﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﺷـﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺎي ﻗﻴﺪي ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ زﻣﺎن و ﻋﻠﺖ‬clause :8 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬

condition contrast manner Place

if
although
in case
even though
(‫ )در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬provided as Where
though
providing while in that Wherever
unless (‫ )در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ‬whereas
whether
subject+verb subject+verb
adverb connector

Bob went to school even though he felt sick.

subject+verb
adverb connector subject+verb

Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school.

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still acceptable.
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬Providing
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ )در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻬﺎد( اوﻟﻴﻦ‬envelope
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬is postmarked
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬your application
‫؟؟؟؟‬clause ‫ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
As the nurse already explained, all visitors must leave the hospital room now.
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬As
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬nurse
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ‬explained
clause ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬Visitors
clause ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ‬must leave
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

10 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪It is impossible to enter the program if you lack experience as a teacher.‬‬
‫‪ It‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ ‪clause‬‬
‫‪ Is‬ﻓﻌﻞ اوﻟﻴﻦ ‪clause‬‬
‫‪ If‬ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬
‫‪ you‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ ‪clause‬‬
‫‪ Lack‬ﻓﻌﻞ دوﻣﻴﻦ ‪clause‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪11‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﻳـﻚ ﻋﺒـﺎرت‬.‫ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎر ﻣـﻲرود‬:9 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
‫ آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ‬...... ‫ و‬who – whom – what – where – when – whose – why ‫اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌـﻮل ﺑـﺮاي‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت رﺑﻂ )ﻗﻴﻮد رﺑﻂ( ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬

why whatever whether That

where whenever if
what
when
how
Noun clause as object
Subject+verb Noun connector Subject+verb
I know what you did.
Noun clause as subject
Noun connector Subject+verb Verb
What You did Was wrong.

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The schedule indicated if the team would be playing in the final game.
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬schedule
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬indicated
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﻞ‬if the team would be playing in the final game
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬If
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Team
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬would be playing
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer.
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬He refused to enter a plea
‫ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ؟؟؟‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬He
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬refused
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬could not be determined
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬
:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was not explained.
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly

12 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬Why
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬condition
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬deteriorated
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬It
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬was not explained
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دو ﺗﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Whether or not the new office would be built was to be determined at the meeting.
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬Whether or not the new office would be built
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬Whether or not
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬office
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬would be built
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬was
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting.
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬The contract will be awarded
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬contract
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬will be awarded
‫ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ؟؟؟‬
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬is
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬
:6 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
He always talked with whomever he pleased and wherever he wanted.
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬He
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬talked
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬whomever he pleased+ wherever he wanted
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬whomever
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬He
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬Pleased
‫ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ‬Wherever
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬He
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬Wanted
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

13 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :10‬در ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ 9‬دﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮف‬
‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﻛﻠﻤﻪ رﺑﻂ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ارﺗﺒﺎط دﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲاش‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪who‬‬ ‫‪what‬‬ ‫‪Which‬‬

‫‪whoever‬‬ ‫‪whatever‬‬ ‫‪Whichever‬‬
‫‪Noun clause as object‬‬
‫‪Subject+verb‬‬ ‫‪Noun connector/ Subject‬‬ ‫‪Verb‬‬
‫‪I know‬‬ ‫‪What‬‬ ‫‪happened.‬‬
‫‪Noun clause as subject‬‬
‫‪Noun connector/ Subject‬‬ ‫‪verb‬‬ ‫‪Verb‬‬
‫‪What‬‬ ‫‪happened‬‬ ‫‪Was wrong.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪You should find out which the best physics department.‬‬
‫‪ You‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ should find out‬ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫‪ which the best physics department‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫‪ which‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ؟؟‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪What was written in the letter angered him beyond belief.‬‬
‫‪ What was written‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ What‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ was written‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ angered‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪You spend your time with whoever important to you.‬‬
‫‪ You‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ Spend‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ whoever important to you‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫‪ whoever‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ؟؟؟ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪14‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘـﺲ از‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و ﭼﻮن ﻧﻘﺶ ﺻﻔﺖ دارد‬:11 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫اﺳﻢ آورده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬

whom which that

(for people) (for things) (for people or things)
Adjective clasue for object
Subject+verb+object adj connector Subject+verb
I like the book which you recommended.
Adjective clasue for subject
Subject adj connector Subject+verb Verb
The book which you was interesting.
recommended

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The car which I have been driving for five years for sale at really good price.
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬car
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬which I have been driving for five years
‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬which
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬I
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬Have been driving
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ؟؟؟‬
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬Plane
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii
‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬that
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬he
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬was scheduled
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬was delayed
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
I made an appointment with the doctor whom you recommended.

15 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬
‫‪ I‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ made‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ appointment‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫‪ doctor‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫‪ whom you recommended.‬ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‬
‫‪ whom‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ you‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪ recommended.‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪16‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ دﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‬11 ‫ در ﻣﻬﺎرت‬:12 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ ارﺗﺒﺎط دﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲاش‬

who which That

(for people) (for things) (for people or
things)
Adjective clasue for object
Subject+verb+object adj connector/subject Verb
She needs a secretary who types fast.
Adjective clasue for subject
Subject adj connector/subject verb Verb
A secretary who types fast is invaluable.

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬cars
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬are trying to enter
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬freeway system
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬are lined up for blocks
‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ؟؟؟‬
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬are lined up
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The neighbors reported the man who was trying to break into the car to the police.
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬Neighbors
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬Reported
‫ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬man
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬who was trying to break into the car
‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ‬who
‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬was trying to break
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The ice cream that is served in the restaurant has a smooth creamy texture.

17 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬
‫‪ ice cream‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ that is served in the restaurant‬ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪ that‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪ is served‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪ Has‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪18‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :13‬ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬در اﻳـﻦ ﺻـﻮرت ﺿـﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻـﻮﻟﻲ و ﻓﻌـﻞ ‪ be‬ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﺣﺬف ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪The letter which was written last week arrived today.‬‬
‫‪The letter written last week arrived today.‬‬

‫اﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ be‬ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ را ﺣﺬف ﻛﺮده و ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫را ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮم ‪ ing‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper.‬‬
‫‪I don’t understand the article appearing in today’s paper.‬‬

‫ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرات ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮاردي اﻣﻜﺎن ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪن دارﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ آﻣﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪The woman that I just met is the tour guide.‬‬
‫و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‪ ،‬در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪه آن ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑـﺮ آن‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president.‬‬
‫‪The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.‬‬
‫‪Located in Washington, the White House is the home of the president.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺑﻮده و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ و ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ be‬ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪.purchased‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Dissatisfied with the service at the restaurant, the meal really was not enjoyable.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪه رﺑﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺪارد و ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎً ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪Impressed with everything she had heard about the course, Marie signed her children up.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﭘﺲ از ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪن در اول ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪19‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

be ‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻪ ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و ﻓﻌـﻞ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻗﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬:14 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺬف ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
Although rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.

.‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬ing ‫ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه و ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ‬be ‫اﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
:‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
When you give your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly.
When giving your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly.

‫ﻻزم ﺑﻪ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرتﻫﺎي ﻗﻴﺪي اﻣﻜﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪه را ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ‬
:‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
time condition contrast place Manner
after
before if although
reduces in though
since unless
ACTIVE
while whether
when
once
if
reduces in until although where
unless As
PASSIVE when though wherever
whether
whenever

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer.
.‫ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬You are

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Once purchased, the swimsuits cannot be returned.
.‫ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ در ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻗﻴﺪي را اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬Once
.‫ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬It is

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home.
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬،‫ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ در ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻗﻴﺪي را اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬since
.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﻮد‬since leaving home

20 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :15‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ what, when, where, why, how, who‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ دو ﺻﻮرت در ﺟﻤﻼت ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ‪ .‬اول در ﺟﻤﻼت ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ و دوم در ﺟﻤﻼت ﺧﺒﺮي‪ .‬در ﺷﻜﻞ اول ﺟﺎي ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫?‪What is the homework‬‬
‫‪I don’t know what the homework is.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫?‪Where is it cheapest to get typeset copies printed‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪Only the pilot can tell you how far can the plane go on one tank of fuel.‬‬
‫در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﺒﺮي ﺑﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪21‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :16‬ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﺒﺎراﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎن را ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اوﻗﺎت ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺲ از ﻳﻚ واژه ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ here,there,nowhere‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‪.‬‬
‫‪There are the keys that I thought I lost.‬‬
‫‪Here is the book that you lent me.‬‬
‫‪Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺲ از ﻋﺒﺎراﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎن را ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪In the closet are the clothes that you want.‬‬
‫‪Around the corner is Sam’s house.‬‬
‫‪Beyond the mountains lies the town where you will live.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﺎرت اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﭘﺲ از ﻋﺒﺎرات ﺑﻴـﺎنﻛﻨﻨـﺪه ﻣﻜـﺎن‬
‫وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ وﺟﻮد آن ﻋﺒﺎرت در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺿﺮوري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪In the forest are many exotic birds.‬‬
‫‪In the forest I walked for many hours.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪In the apartment next to mine, a family was that had a lot of pets.‬‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻴﺎنﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻜﺎن ﻻزم ﺑﻮده و ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Around the recreation hall and down the path are the tents where will be staying this week.‬‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻴﺎنﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻜﺎن ﻻزم ﺑﻮده و ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪At the Italian restaurant was the food to spicy for my taste.‬‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻴﺎنﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻜﺎن ﺿﺮوري ﻧﺒﻮده و ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎدرﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪22‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :17‬ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ no, not, never‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Not once did I miss a question.‬‬
‫‪Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.‬‬
‫‪At no time can the woman talk on the telephone.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ hardly, barely, scarcely, only, rarely, seldom‬در ﺟﻤﻼت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Hardly ever does he take time off.‬‬
‫‪Only once did the manager issue overtime paychecks.‬‬

‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﻴﺶ از ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و ﻓﻌﻞ در وﺳﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ‪ neither‬و ﻳﺎ ‪ nor‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪I don’t want to go, and neither does Tom.‬‬
‫‪The secretary is not attending the meeting, nor is her boss.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪Did he go out of the house at no time.‬‬
‫‪ no time‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ در اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎً ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor she left early.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ وﺟﻮد ‪ nor‬در وﺳﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪Seldom their secretary has made such mistakes.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ وﺟﻮد ‪ Seldom‬ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪23‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

،‫ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬if ‫ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و رﺑـﻂدﻫﻨـﺪه ﺷـﺮﻃﻲ‬had, should, were ‫ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‬:18 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ را ﺣﺬف ﻛﺮده و در اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ را ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻛﺮد‬if ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮان‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
If he had taken more time, the results would have been better.
Had he taken more time, the results would have been better.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
I would help you if I were in a position to help.
I would help you were I in a position to help.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
If you should arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.
Should you arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
He would have been in big trouble had not he remembered the assignment at the last minute.
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑـﻪ درﺳـﺘﻲ رخ ﻧـﺪاده و‬،‫ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه و ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬if ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲآﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬he ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺲ از‬not
He would have been in big trouble if he had not remembered the assignment at the last
minute.
not remembered the assignment at the last minute. He would have been in big trouble had he

:5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﻓﻌﺎل ﻛﻤﻜﻲ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠـﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌـﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋـﻞ‬،‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬were, should, had،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
I would like to know if you could help me pack these boxes.

24 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :19‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺎد‪ .‬اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷـﺖ در اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮارد‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﻚ اﻟﺰام ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮرد زﻳﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪My sister spends more hours in the office than John.‬‬
‫‪My sister spends more hours in the office than John does.‬‬
‫‪My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫?‪Do you know why does he need to sleep so many more hours than do the others‬‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺑﻮد‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﺑﻮدن‪ ،‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻮد‪:‬‬
‫?‪Does he need to sleep so many more hours than do the others‬‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻲﻛﺮده ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﭘﺲ از ‪ more‬وﺟﻮد دارد و ﭘﻴﺶ از آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﺒﺮي ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫?‪Do you know why he needs to sleep so many more hours than do the others‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The vegetables at the market this morning were far fresher than were those at the market‬‬
‫‪yesterday.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪25‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ از ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬،‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬:20 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted four several hours.
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬has lasted ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers’ expense.
.‫ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ دارﻧﺪ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Because of the seriousness of the company’s financial problems, the board of directors have
called an emergency meeting.
.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻧﺪارد‬

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Any houses built in that development before 1970 have to be upgraded to meet current
standards.
.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ دارﻧﺪ‬

26 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :21‬وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ دال ﺑـﺮ ﻣﻘـﺪار ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ )‪،(all, most, some, half + of the + object‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ آن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪All (of the book) was interesting.‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد‬
‫‪All (of the books) were interesting.‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫‪All (of the information) was interesting.‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪We believe that some of the time of the employee is going to be devoted to quality control.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ دارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪She did not know where most of the people in the room was from.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪27‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :22‬در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻬﺎرتﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﺮدن ﺟﻤﻼت ﺑﺎ ﻗﻴﺪﻫﺎي ‪hardly, rarely, barely, scarcely, only, seldom‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻗﻴﺪي در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻓﻌﺎل ‪had, should, were‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪Around the corner and to the right is the rooms that have been assigned to that program.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Seldom in the history of television has two new comedies been so successful in one season.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪28‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي ﻣﻔﺮد ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ دارﻧﺪ‬:23 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
:‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

anybody everybody nobody somebody each(+noun)

anyone everyone no one someone every(+noun)
anything everything nothing something

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of chief staff advisor.
.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﻓﻌﻞ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎً ﺟﻤﻊ اﺳﺖ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in tickets by 8:00.
.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﻓﻌﻞ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎً ﺟﻤﻊ اﺳﺖ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Every time someone take unnecessary breaks, precious moments of production time are lost.
.‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﻓﻌﻞ اﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎً ﺟﻤﻊ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺴﺎن ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

29 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :24‬ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ‪ and, but, or‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻛﺮدن ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻫﻤﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺮوف ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ داراي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :1‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮازي در اﻓﻌﺎل‬

‫‪The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting anecdotes and finished with an‬‬
‫‪emotional plea.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :2‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮازي در ﺻﻔﺖ‬

‫‪The manager needed a quick but thorough response.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :3‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮازي در ﻋﺒﺎرات‬

‫‪There are papers to file, reports to type, and letters should be answered.‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺳﻮم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ دو ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻧﺪارد و ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ :4‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮازي در ‪clause‬‬

‫‪I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪30‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

.‫ ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬:25 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
both ………………….. and …………………..
either ………………….. or …………………..
neither ………………….. nor …………………..
not only ………………….. but also …………………..

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
I know both where you went and what you did.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
He wants either to go by train or to go by plane.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She would like neither to see a movie nor to go bowling.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She wants not only to take a trip to Europe but she also would like to travel to Asia.
:‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
She wants not only to take a trip to Europe but also to travel to Asia.

:5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
You can graduate either at the end of the fall semester or you can graduate at the end of the
spring semester.
:‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
You can graduate either at the end of the fall semester or at the end of the spring semester.

31 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣـﻮازي‬،‫ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬:26 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

more ……………… than

-er ……………… than
less ……………… than
same structure same structure
as ……………… as
the same ……………… as
similar ……………… to

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Music in your country is quite similar to my country.
:‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
Music in your country is quite similar to music in my country.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
How to buy a used car can be as difficult as buying a new car.
:‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
Buying a used car can be as difficult as buying a new car.
:‫ﻳﺎ‬
How to buy a used car can be as difficult as how to buy a new car.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
You have less homework than they do.
.‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
His research for the thesis was more useful than hers.

32 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ از‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬more ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه و‬er ‫ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ از اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪن‬:27 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬most ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه و‬est ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ‬+ than
the + ‫ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬+ in/ of/ that

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She always tries to do the best and most efficient job that she can do.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The quarterback on this year’s football team is more versatile than the quarterback on last
year’s team.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Alaska is the coldest than all the states in the United State.
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬of ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي ﺻﻔﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬than

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Fashions this year are shorter and more colorful than they were last year.

33 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :28‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ دو ﭼﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺴﺎن و ﺻﻔﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻛـﺮدن‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪He bought the more powerful stereo speakers that he could find.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ و ‪ most‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رود‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪The afternoon seminar was much more interesting than the morning lecture.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The plants that have been sitting in the sunny window are far healthier than the other plants.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪34‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

:‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪهاي ﻛﻪ در اداﻣﻪ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ را در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬:29 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
The + er / more + (same structure), the + er / more + (same structure)

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The more you say, the worst the situation will be.
.‫ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬worse .‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The more people there are at the party, you’ll have a good time.
:‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
The more people there are at the party, the better time you’ll have.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The harder you serve, the easier it is to win the point.

35 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫ اﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‬having, has, had ‫ و ﻫﻤﻪ ﻓﺮمﻫﺎي آن ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬have ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﻌﻞ‬:30 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She has often become angry during the meeting.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The installer should have completed the task more quickly.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Having seen the film, he was quite disappointed.

36 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

.‫ اﺳﺖ‬ing ‫ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫ اﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‬be ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﻮاع ﻓﻌﻞ‬:31 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
He could be taking four courses this semester.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The message was taken by the receptionist.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The score information has been duplicated on the back-up disk.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Are the two companies merged into one?

37 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﻫﻤﻴﺸـﻪ‬will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻓﻌﺎل ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬:32 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬to ‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﺑﺪون‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The method for organizing files can be improved.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Would anyone like to see the movie?

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
I do not know when it will depart.

38 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :33‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪاي دارﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ آن ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻳﻜﻲ از آﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل اﻣﻜﺎن وﺟﻮد دو ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ دو زﻣﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت در ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺑﻮدن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاردي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ رﺟﻮع ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪Mark studied at the American University when he is in Washington, D.C.‬‬
‫اﻓﻌﺎل زﻣﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪He is telling the teacher why he did not have time to finish his homework.‬‬
‫اﻓﻌﺎل زﻣﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪He put some money in his account when he goes to the bank.‬‬
‫اﻓﻌﺎل زﻣﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪She is where she is today because she worked hard when she was a student.‬‬
‫اﻓﻌﺎل زﻣﺎن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪39‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :34‬ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزه زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﮔﻪ از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮوز اداﻣﻪ دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪه و در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪I have always liked the designs that are on the cover.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Because her proposal had been rejected, she is depressed.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ دﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم اﻣﺮي در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ دارد ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ‪ is depressed‬ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪ was depressed‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪He drove to the post office after he had finished preparing the package.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪When she had purchased the car, she contacted the insurance agent.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:5‬‬
‫‪She has enjoyed herself every time that she has gone to the zoo.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪40‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

.‫ زﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻓﻌﺎل را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﺎراﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬:35 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬

‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬

(two years) ago
since (1980)
by (1920) last (year)
in (1970) lately

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Since the new law was passed, it has been difficult to estimate taxes.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
By the time the main courses was deserved, all guests had arrived and been seated.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
I have not done much more work since I talked to you on Wednesday.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The pilgrims arrived in the New World in 1612.

41 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪42‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد‬would ‫ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﻌﻞ در زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از‬will ‫ ﭘﺲ از ﻓﻌﻞ در زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از‬:36 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
:‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻣﺆدﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و از ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻮق ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow.

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The police officer indicated that he would write a ticket if he had the time.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Students will often study in the library before they go to classes or before they go home

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The executive vice president emphasizes at the conferences that the broad will not change its
position.

43 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :37‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل را ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم و ﻣﺠﻬﻮل در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ و در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‪ ،‬درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ‪ .1 :‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣـﺮف اﺿـﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .2 .‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺷﺪه و ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪Margaret wrote the letter.‬‬
‫‪The letter was written by Margaret.‬‬

‫زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬از ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻓﻌﺎل ‪ am-are-is‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪The credit union lends money to those who want to buy homes.‬‬
‫‪Money is lent by the credit union to those who want to buy homes.‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬از ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻓﻌﺎل ‪ am/are/is + being‬ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺳـﻮم ﻓﻌـﻞ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪The orderlies are assisting the patients who are too sick to sit up.‬‬
‫‪The patients who are too sick to sit up are being assisted by the orderlies.‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﻲ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬از ‪ have/has been‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺳـﻮم ﻓﻌـﻞ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Dancers near the jukebox have chosen the record.‬‬
‫‪The record has been chosen by dancers near the jukebox.‬‬

‫زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬از ‪ was/were‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Sarah hung the suits in the closet when his husband returned them from the cleaners.‬‬
‫‪The suits were hung in the closet when they were returned from the cleaners.‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬از ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻓﻌﺎل ‪ was/were + being‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺳـﻮم ﻓﻌـﻞ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪I was riding the bicycle.‬‬
‫‪The bicycle was being ridden by me.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪44‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬had been ‫ از‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
A bee had stung the boy.
The boy had never been stung by a bee.

:‫زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬will be ‫ از ﻓﻌﻞ‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Soon the armies will fight the battle.
The battle will be fought by armies soon.

.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬will be being ‫ از‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ آﻳﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The teacher will be preparing the students for the exam all next month.
The students will be being prepared for the exam all next month.

.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬will have been ‫ از‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ آﻳﻨﺪه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The man will have sent the letter by 9.00 tomorrow night.
The letter will have been sent by 9.00 tomorrow night.

.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬am/is/are going to be ‫ از‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم آﻳﻨﺪه ﻗﺼﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
I think Sally is going to make a delicious dinner.
I think a delicious dinner is going to be made by Sally.

.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬would be ‫ از‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم آﻳﻨﺪه در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
I thought the students would do the exercises.
I thought the exercises would be done by the students.

‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺳـﻮم ﻓﻌـﻞ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬would have been ‫ از‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم آﻳﻨﺪه در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬
He said that he would have finished his work by the following week.
He said that his work would have been finished by the following week.

45 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻣﺮي‪:‬‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻣﺮي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮل آن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر زﻳﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‪:‬‬
‫‪ + Let‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮل‪+ be +‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ‬

‫‪See the pictures.‬‬

‫‪Let the pictures be seen.‬‬

‫‪Lift the box.‬‬

‫‪Let the box be lifted.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﻌﺎل ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‪:‬‬

‫اﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‪ +be+‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪She can make the cake without eggs.‬‬
‫‪The cake can be made without eggs.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﺠﻬﻮل‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ to be‬و ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫‪I want to read this book.‬‬
‫‪This book wants to be read.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪46‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻌﻠـﻮم و ﻣﺠﻬـﻮل‬by ‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه‬:38 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ﺑﻮدن آن ﻗﻀﺎوت ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The package containing the necessary samples has just sent.
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻌﻞ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
The package containing the necessary samples has just been sent.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The vacation to Europe will plan carefully before the scheduled departure date.
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻌﻞ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
The vacation to Europe will be planned carefully before the scheduled departure date.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The coffee turned bitter when it left on the stove for so long.
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻌﻞ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
The coffee turned bitter when it was left on the stove for so long.

47 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

each, every, single, a, one :‫ اﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻳﻦ واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬:39 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
both, two (or any other number except one), :‫ اﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻔـﺮد ﻣـﻲآﻳـﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻳﻦ واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬
many, several, various

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
When the first bill was defeated, the Senate immediately began work on a different bills.
.‫ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬Bill

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The unhappy man became more and more discouraged with each passing days.
.‫ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬day

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Every receipt must be removed from the cashier’s drawer and tallied.

48 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ را ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش‬much, little, less, amount ‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش‬:40 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ را ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬many, few, fewer, number

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The police had few opportunities to catch the thief who had committed a large amount of
crimes.
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬number ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬amount ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي‬crimes

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Since he bought the new adapter, he has had less trouble with the machine.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The less time you take on the assignment, the fewer pages you will complete.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
He received little notice that the bill would have to be paid in full.

49 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

:‫ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از اﺳﺎﻣﻲ در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ داراي ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬:41 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬

man/men foot/feet goose/geese

Vowel change
woman/women tooth/teeth mouse/mice
Add -en child/children ox/oxen
Same as deer/deer salmon/salmon Trout
singular fish/fish sheep/sheep Trout
analysis/analyses diagnosis/diagnoses
synthesis/syntheses
-is >> -es axis/axes hypothesis/hypotheses
thesis/theses
crisis/crises parenthesis/parentheses
bacterium/bacteria datum/data
End in -a criterion/criteria
curriculum/curricula phenomenon/phenomena
alumnus/alumni fungus/fungi
stimulus/stimuli
-us >> -i bacillus/bacilli nucleus/nuclei
syllabus/syllabi
cactus/cacti radius/radii

50 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :42‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺳﻢ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺮاد و ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮاي اﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﻧﺸﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪In the evening he relaxes in front of the fire and writes long poets.‬‬
‫‪ Poets‬ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺮاد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬واژه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ poems‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪The sculpture works from sunrise until sunset on his new project.‬‬
‫‪ Sculpture‬ﺑﺮاي اﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺠﺴﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬واژه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ sculptor‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The famous acting has appeared in more than fifty Broadway plays.‬‬
‫‪ acting‬ﺑﺮاي اﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬واژه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ actor‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪He had several critics to offer about the new play.‬‬
‫‪ critics‬ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺮاد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬واژه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ criticisms‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪51‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

:‫ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬:43 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬
I me
you your
he his
she her
it it
we us
they them

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
You and her ought to return the books to the library because they are already.
.‫ درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‬she .‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The cards connecting the computer to its printer need to be replaced before them were down.
.‫ درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‬they .‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
They saw Steve and I at the movies last night after class.
.‫ درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‬me .‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

52 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :44‬ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺎوت آﻧﻬﺎ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬

‫‪my‬‬ ‫‪mine‬‬
‫‪your‬‬ ‫‪yours‬‬
‫‪his‬‬ ‫‪his‬‬
‫‪her‬‬ ‫‪hers‬‬
‫‪its‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪our‬‬ ‫‪ours‬‬
‫‪their‬‬ ‫‪theirs‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪The weather in the mountains this weekend will be extremely cold, so please take yours heavy‬‬
‫‪jackets.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﻢ آﻣﺪه ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ‪ your‬درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Before the report is finalized, the information in their notes and our must be proofed.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪون اﺳﻢ آﻣﺪه ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ‪ ours‬درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪All students need to bring theirs own pencils and answer sheets to the exam.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﻢ آﻣﺪه ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ‪ their‬درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪53‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

.‫ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺟﻨﻴﺴﺖ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﺎ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻫﻤﻮاره ﭼﻚ ﺷﻮد‬:45 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
If a person really wants to succeed, they must always work hard.
.‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‬she ‫ ﻳﺎ‬He .‫اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ اﺳﺖ‬

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
At the start of the program each student needs to see his behavior about his schedule.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
In spite of its small size, these video recorders produce excellent tapes.
.‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬Their .‫اﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﺮد اﺳﺖ‬

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The people I admire most are who manage to solve their own problems.

54 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن ‪ ly‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻗﻴﻮد ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ly‬ﺧﺘﻢ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﻨﻨﺪه زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ ،often, soon, later‬در ﻣـﻮرد‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ رخ دادن ﻳﻚ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻃﻼع دﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ ،fast, hard, well‬و ﻳﺎ در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻜﺎن رخ دادن ﺣﺮف ﺑﺰﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪here,‬‬
‫‪.there, nowhere‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :46‬ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﺳﻢ و ﻳﺎ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‪ .‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪The mother was pleasant surprised when her daughter came to visit.‬‬
‫‪ pleasant‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺻﻔﺖ ‪ surprise‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ pleasantly .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪The car was not complete ready at 3:00.‬‬
‫‪ complete‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺻﻔﺖ ‪ ready‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ completely .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪Points will be subtracted for each incorrect answered question.‬‬
‫‪ incorrect‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺻﻔﺖ ‪ answered‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ incorrectly .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪The production manager quietly requested a completely report of the terribly incident.‬‬
‫‪ completely‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﺳﻢ ‪ report‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ complete .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ terribly‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﺳﻢ ‪ incident‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ terrible .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪55‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :47‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪ ،‬زﻳﺮا ﻗﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﭘﺮدازد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﻳـﻦ ﺣـﺎل ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ داﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ از اﻓﻌﺎل رﺑﻄﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ و اﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻓﻌﻞ رﺑﻄﻲ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷـﻮد‪ .‬اﻓﻌـﺎل‬
‫رﺑﻄﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‪appear, be, become, feel, look, prove, seem, smell, taste :‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪After she drank the lemonade, the cake tasted too sweetly to her.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ رﺑﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪ sweet .‬درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Sam felt terribly depressed after the accident.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ رﺑﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﭘﺲ از آن ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﺖ و ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The history course that I took last semester proved more difficulty than I had expected.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ رﺑﻄﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪ difficult .‬درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪56‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪:48‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺻﻔﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪي ﺑﻮده و ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻﮔﺎه ﻗﻴﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮلِ آن ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪The lawyer has selected carefully a new case.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪي اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺲ از آن ﻣﻔﻌﻮل و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪carefully. The lawyer has selected a new case‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Frequently the coffee has tasted bitter.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The students had to study many hours daily during the program intensive.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎد‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪The students had to study many hours daily during the intensive program.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪57‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﺧـﺘﻢ‬ly ‫ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺤـﺪودي از ﺻـﻔﺖﻫـﺎ ﻫـﻢ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ly ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬:49 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
:‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
costly likely daily quarterly Northerly
early lively hourly weekly easterly
friendly lonely monthly yearly southerly
kindly manly nightly lovely westerly

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The likely outcome of the purchase of the costly car is that he will not be able to pay his
monthly bill.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The kindly neighbor paid hourly visits to her unhealthily friend.
unhealthy

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She takes her daily medicine on a regularly schedule.
regular

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She offered me some friendly advice about how to deal with the terribly problem.
Terrible

58 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ ﮔﻮﻳﻨـﺪ‬Predicate Adjectives ‫ ﺻﻔﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻓﻌﺎل ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد را‬:50 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ‬

Predicate Adjectives ‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﻢ‬

alike like, similar
alive live, living
alone lone
afraid frightened
asleep sleeping

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Are you going to be lone in the house tonight?
alone

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The afraid child cried for his mother.
frightening

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
We completed our two projects in a like manner.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
According to the report, the president was shot by an alone gunman.
lone

:5 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
She tried to walk quietly by the asleep dog without waking them.
Sleeping

59 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :51‬ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ed‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ing‬ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺧـﺘﻢ ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻪ ‪ed‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﻳﺶ آﻣﺪه‪ ،‬درﻳﺎﻓﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻮده و ﺻﻔﺖ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ‪ ing‬ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨـﺪه اﻳـﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﺖ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺮاﻳﺶ آﻣﺪه‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﺎر ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪The teacher gave a quiz on just completing lesson.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ درﻳﺎﻓﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻣﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺘﺶ ‪ completed‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪The empty bottles are to the left, and the filling bottles are to the right.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ درﻳﺎﻓﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻣﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺘﺶ ‪ filled‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪He can’t afford to take long vacations to exotic places because he is a worked man.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ اﻧﺠﺎمدﻫﻨﺪه اﻣﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺘﺶ ‪ working‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪Today the shopkeeper is working on the unpaying bills.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ درﻳﺎﻓﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻣﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺘﺶ ‪ unpayed‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪60‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :52‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺷـﻤﺎرش ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻳـﺎ ﺣـﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ‪ a, an, the‬داﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ و ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎﻳﻲ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ … ‪ my, your,‬ﻳﺎ … ‪ such,‬داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺑﺪون ﺣـﺮف‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫?‪Can you heat water for tea‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪Teacher has many students during a semester.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻣﻔﺮد ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ A teacher‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪In my yard there are flowers, trees and grass.‬‬
‫اﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش و اﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺣﺮف ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪61‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :53‬ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ a‬ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮوف ﺑﻲﺻﺪا آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣـﻲرود و ﺣـﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ‪ an‬ﺑـﺮاي‬
‫اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮوف ﺻﺪادار ﺷﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (i, o, u, a, e‬آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‪ :‬در ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ u, e, o, x, h‬آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ‪ a‬ﻳﺎ ‪ an‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪The dishwasher quit his job because he was making only four dollars an hour.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪There are two trees in the yard, an elm tree and a eucalyptus tree.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪She opened an account at a local department store during a one-day sale.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪62‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :54‬ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ the‬ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﺮد و ﺟﻤﻊ و ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ a/an‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﺮد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪There will be another important lesson tomorrow.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪She went to school in a local community.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪He is responsible for bringing a number of items.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪63‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ :55‬اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ و ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣـﺎ ﻣﻌـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:1‬‬
‫‪Tom will bring the book tomorrow.‬‬
‫‪ the book‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻌﻴﻦ و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاي اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Tom will bring a book tomorrow.‬‬

‫‪ a book‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:2‬‬
‫‪He took a trip to the Snake River.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:3‬‬
‫‪The ball hit a child on the head.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:4‬‬
‫‪She was the most beautiful girl in the room.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:5‬‬
‫‪I need a piece of paper so that I can finish the report I am working on.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:6‬‬
‫‪A basketball player threw the ball to the center of the court.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪64‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺗﺤـﺖاﻟﻔﻈـﻲ ﺧـﻮد و‬.‫ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻪ دو روش در ﺟﻤﻼت ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬:57 ‫ و‬56 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻗﻴﻘﺎً ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ را دارد ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ اﻧﺘﻈـﺎر دارﻳـﺪ و اﻣـﺎ در‬،‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺤﺖاﻟﻔﻈﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺻﻄﻼح‬
‫ اراﺋﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺗﻌـﺪاد‬.‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻟﻔﻈﻲ ﻧﺪارد‬،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ‬
:‫ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد از آﻧﻬﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬.‫ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎد آن‬

call up someone = telephone someone

succeed in something
call off something = cancel something
count on someone
rely on someone
bring up someone = breed
confused with something
approve of something
result in something
deal with something/ someone
blame someone for something
beware of something
look after
depend on someone
turn down something
side with
make a decision about something
hand in something
forgive someone for something
excel in something = surpass
insist on
‫ ﻳﺎدآوري ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻛﺎري در آﻳﻨﺪه‬remind someone to do something
‫ﻳﺎدآوري در ﻣﻮرد اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬remind of something
interfere in something
laugh at something
wait for someone

65 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم دادن و‬do ‫ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﻴﺞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬do ‫ و‬make ‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬:58 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮدن و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﺮدن اﺳﺖ‬make ‫اﺗﻤﺎم ﻛﺎر و‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The runner did a strong effort to increase her speed in the mile race.
made

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
His grade was not very good because he had not done his homework.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
In this job you will make more money than in your previous job.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
It is a pleasure to work with someone who always makes the right thing.
Does

66 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﺎرت ‪ like :59‬و ‪ alike‬ﻫﺮ دو ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺻﻔﺖ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻬﺎرتﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪان اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه‪ alike ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻓﻌﺎل رﺑﻄﻲ و ‪ like‬ﻗﺒﻞ از اﺳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‪.‬‬
‫‪John and Tome are alike.‬‬
‫‪John and Tom worked in a like manner.‬‬

‫‪ like‬و ‪ unlike‬در ﻧﻘﺶ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ و ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻦ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﺲ از آﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل آﻣﺪه و در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻳﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪John is like Tom.‬‬
‫‪John is unlike Tom.‬‬

‫‪Like Tom, John is tall.‬‬

‫‪Unlike Tome, John is tall.‬‬

‫‪ like‬و ‪ dislike‬ﻫﺮ دو در ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻟﺬت ﺑﺮدن و ﻟﺬت ﻧﺒﺮدن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪John and Tom like the course.‬‬
‫‪John and Tom dislike the course.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪67‬‬ ‫داﻧﻠﻮد ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي در ‪PHDTEST.IR‬‬

 ‫ وب ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي‬، ‫ﭘﻲ اچ دي ﺗﺴﺖ‬

‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺳـﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔـﺮد و ﺟﻤـﻊ‬other ‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﺮد‬another :60 ‫ﻣﻬﺎرت‬
.‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬others ‫ و‬another ،‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻧﺒﻮدن اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻮق‬

:1 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
It is essential to complete the first program before working on the others.

:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Because they were not pleased with the hotel accommodations last year, they have decided to
try another hotel this year.

:3 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
Since the lamp you wanted is out of stock, you must choose another.

:4 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The other desk clerk must have put that message in your mail box.

68 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ PHDTEST.IR ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﺧﺒﺎر و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آزﻣﻮن دﻛﺘﺮي ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي و آزاد در‬