GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H.

Taghizadeh

.......................................................................

.
).
(. .

3 :

:

** : !

-1 :
: : . " : "
.
:
) (A : d ed .
) ( ) (p.p .
Worked Work
Studied Study
) (B : .
.
be was ,were , been
think thought , thought
I studied hard. .
He made a mistake. .
** : last , ago , yesterday .
M.H.Taghizadeh

: : .
was
+ + ing + :
were

He was studying English . .

** : 3 :

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

-1 :
He was studying English at 7 oclock
7 .

2 -2 :
Sara was watching T.V. while I was reading story.
.

: + while +

-3 :
When I came home, Ali was studying English.
.

: + When +

** : when , while .
while when
. while . to be
while :
While I was in England, I came across him. = When I was in England, I came across him.
.

: ) ( : .
:
+ had+
I had studied English before I left Iran.
.

2
: : )
(
M.H.Taghizadeh

I speak English. .
** : .
Water boils at 100 c.
100 .
** : s es .
He speaks English.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

** : dont doesnt do does .

** : :
Usually, seldom, generally, often, always
Every day, week, morning, Monday,
Each day, week, morning, Monday,.
On Mondays, Sundays,.
From time to time

: : .
:
+ ing + am,is,are +

They are writing a letter now.

.
** :
)(at this moment at present just now right now now
.
** : ing
ing .
. seem, see, taste, hear, love, like, sound, smell, need, appear, hate, have, know, wish, want, own :

: ) ( : )
( .
:
+ have, has +

She has eaten lunch. .

** : since for since for
.
I have worked in this factory since 1989.
1989 .
They have worked in this factory for 2 years.
M.H.Taghizadeh

2 ) (.

** :
) Yet(
) Already (
yet :

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

They have not called yet.

. .

We have no news from him yet.

.
Already ) . ( .
I have already seen this movie.
.
It is already five o'clock
5.
** already : .
?Is it 10 Oclock already
10
?Do you want to leave me already

Yet already have , has

!

They havent read our paper yet.

.
?Have you traveled to Moscow yet

Sam has already read the book.
.

** : " "
.
+ ing + has/have + been +

He as been living in this country for 20 years.

20 ) ( M.H.Taghizadeh

3 :
: : .
:
+ will + to

I will go to school.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

** : be going to ). (
) ( . .
They are going to sell their house.
.

** : ) be about to ( .
She is about to leave New York.
.

. : :

) + will + have + P.P + ( by

The teacher will have received a letter by the end of this month.
.

. :
.
:
) + ing + ( by + will + have +been +

He has been living in Paris for 10 years by next month.

10 ). (

** : by . by
. .
** :
.
M.H.Taghizadeh

.
) (
.
:
+ would/should + to

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

Yesterday I told you that it would rain today.

.

* : !
!

(1 : .
He goes to school.
(2 : .

:
be + +
:
I eat dinner. .
Dinner is eaten. : .

** be : )(been, were, was, are, is, am

** : ) ( " "I go to school .

): (Modal Verbs
.
to ) ing ed to (...
:
can could shall should
will would may might
must have to has tohad to ought to

I can learn English. .

M.H.Taghizadeh

** :
.
I cant learn English. .
I could learn English. .

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

:
.
) (to .
!Open the door .
Dont .
!Dont open the door .
Please .
!Please sit here !

. please ,
!Turn on the T.V., please

:
(1 : .
:
If +

If I see him , I will tell him.

.
(2 : ) ( .
:
If +

If I saw him , I would tell him.

) . (
If it were summer, I would go swimming.
) (
M.H.Taghizadeh

** : was were .
** :
!

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

(3 :
.
:

If +

If I had seen him , I would have told him.

) (
If you had been ready, we would have gone.
) (

M.H.Taghizadeh

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

:
.
:
) (4 ) (1
) (5 ) ( ) (2
) (3
) (1 :
3 :
-
-
-

)( I )(We
) (You )(You
He
She )( )(They
)( It

: :
) ( Me ) ( Us
) (You ) ( You
) (Him ) ( Them
) ( Her
) (It
Ali told me the truth. .
I saw him. .
- : .
M.H.Taghizadeh

:
( )Mine ) (Ours
) (Yours ) (Yours
) ( His
) ( Hers ) (Theirs

This is my book. = This book is mine.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

** : .
My Our
Your Your
His
Her Their
Its
: .

) (2
2 :

) ( this)( these :

) ( that)( those :
** :
.
** : that , this those , these .
that book------those books

) (3 :
) (4 :
) ( 1) who
) ( 2) whom
) ( 3) whose
4) What
5) Which
6) When
7) Where
8) Why
9) That
8 ) (
.
9 .
8 9 wh-
M.H.Taghizadeh

.
Who :
?Who is he
?Who keeps the keys
** : who .
Who ) (:

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

The man who plays football is my friend.

.
Whom ) ( :
?Whom do you want to see

Whom ) (
The man whom you saw was my friend.
.
Whose :
?Whose book is it
whose .
This is a man whose car I like.
.
** : whose .
What .
?What is he doing
?What is she

What .
** : what .
?What caught fire

What :
This is what I said.
.
Tell me what you want to do.

Which :
?Which book do you want to buy
M.H.Taghizadeh

** : which .
?Which came first
Which .

The book which I found was about psychology.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

The book which is red, is mine.

.
When .
?When will you come here

When -
I saw you when you were studying in the library.
.
Where -
?Where is your book

Where -
This is the house where I lived.
.
Why -
?Why did not you go to school

Why-
This is why I am here. .
That . which-whom-
who :
The man that (who) is here, is my father.
.
) (5
:
Myself Ourselves
Yourself Yourselves
Himself
Herself Themselves
Itself M.H.Taghizadeh

.
.
He cut himself with a knife.
.
They did this work themselves.
.
** : :

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

I myself do my homework.
.
We ourselves wrote the letters.
.
** : by .
I do my homework by myself.
.
.He was by himself
.
:
.
.
good book
good books
:

) (1 :
.
small, good, tall, pretty,
) (2 :
.
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
) (3 :
3:
one, two, three, - :
first, second, third, - :

- :
once, twice, thrice (three times) , four times,

- :
double, treble (triple), fourfold
M.H.Taghizadeh

) (4 :
many, much, a little, little, few, a few, a lot of , some, any

) (5 ) (:
own.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

This is my own experience.

.

:
3 :
.
** : 2
-as as- .
My friend is 24 years old.
My brother is 24 years old too.
My brother is as old as my friend.
.
: .
:
) (1 : -er than :
He is older than his sister.
.
* : y-ow-er-le .

Simple Simpler

Clever Cleverer

Narrow Narrower

Lucky Luckier

Ugly Uglier

Pretty Prettier
) (2 2 : more than .
She is more beautiful than her sister.
.
: .
M.H.Taghizadeh

:
) (1 : the -est .
He is the tallest man in this class.
.
) (2 2 the most .
He is the most powerful man in this city.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

** : e e -er -est .
bravest braver brave
finest finer fine
** : y y er the est y i .
happy happier happiest
ugly uglier ugliest
** : y y -er -est .
gay gayer gayest
:
:
.
worst worse bad
good better best
few fewer fewest
little less least

much
more most
up upper up most

ing , -ed
-ing .
It was an interesting film.
.

I saw a frightening film on T.V last night.

-ed .
He was confused because the puzzle was confusing.
.
He was excited because the match was exciting.
.
M.H.Taghizadeh

:
.
This book is very good.
He walks too slowly . .
You work well . .
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

: ) always() never () often () usually () generally () sometimes (

) occasionally ( seldom () rarely ( .
. .
He always goes to school.
They can often do this work.
.
* : to be .
He is always tired.
** : just , late , soon , hard , fast , early .
-ly .
** : -ly hard hardly rarely .
I can hardly go to movie.
even : .
Ali is tall , but his brother is even taller.
** : . .
:
awfully pretty so
extremely quite terribly
fairly rather too
This food is terribly delicious.
) . (
** : .
:
(1 - ly
slow slowly
He drives slowly. .
(2 with
ease with ease
)I can drive with ease (easily

a lot of (lots of) ,many , much , few , little

much .
M.H.Taghizadeh

little .
much water
little rice
many .
few .
** : many few .
There are many books on the table.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

.
I can see few men in the meeting.
.
) a lot of (lots of . .
He buys a lot of (lots of) books.

I drink a lot of (lots of) coffee.
.
** : (lots of) a lot of .

a little, little
a few, few
a ) ( few , little ) ( .
a )( a few , a little ) ( .
There is little water in the glass
). (
There is a little water in the glass
.
I have few friends in this town
) (
I have a few friends in this city.
.
** : little a little .
** : few a few .

either or

You either laugh or speak.
.
He was either mad or drunk.
.
neither nor
M.H.Taghizadeh

I neither smoke nor go to movie.

.
Neither I know nor can I guess.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

) rather(
) fairly(
fairly rather .
. He is fairly sharp but his friend is rather slow
)( .

did , does , do .
:
.
.
I do write this letter
.
** do : does did .
He did see his mother yesterday
.

): (Gerund
.
:
+ -ing
:
) (1 :
Studying English is easy.
.
) (2 :
He likes drinking tea.
.
) (3 :
ing .
There are some difficulties in Learning English.
M.H.Taghizadeh

.
* :
-ing .
) ( ) finish ( ) dislike( avoid
) ()giv up ( ) enjoy( consider
) ( ) feel like ( continue
He avoids putting this shirt on.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

They enjoy studying English.

.
to .
) ( ask )( hope remember
) (
) ( begin ) ( learn seem
) (
) ( choose ) ( like stop
) (
) ( decide ) ( offer try
) (
) (
determine ) ( prefer want
) ( )(
)( expect ) ( promise

I want to travel to France.

.
He decided to learn English.
.
to -ing .
)( ask )( find out
) ( show ) ( wonder
) ( consider )( know
)( tell ) ( explain
) ( learn )( understand
) ( wh words .
I will show yon how to use this instrument.
.
Tell me what to do.
.

enough
enough .
M.H.Taghizadeh

They have enough money . .

+ to + enough +
I have enough money to buy this book.
.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

) + to + + enough +( for + /

This book is cheap enough for me to buy.

.
This box is light enough for him to lift.
.

the .

+ the + the +

The better you understand the text, the better you can make a summary.
.

:
.
) ( ) turn down ( ) turn on ( take off Put on )
( turn off
I can put on my shoes.

I can put my shoes on.
** : .
I can put them on. .

so, such, too

.
.

so that
* so : that that
M.H.Taghizadeh

+ + . / + very + +
+ + + that + / + so + +

1. They were very tired. They didnt want to walk.

2. They were so tired that they didnt want to walk.

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GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

.
3. He was driving so fast that he couldnt stop.
.
4. Shes so ill that she cant get out of bed.
.

such .. that
such : that that .
such a an .

+ + + that + ) +( + such a/an + +

+ such +
) +( such +

1. He is such a young boy that he can go to school.

.
2. It was such a boring film that I fell asleep.
.

** : little, few, much, many such so .

+ so + + many + + that ++
much
few
little

There are so many shops inside this department store that you can do all your shopping here.
.

too
too : to to
for .
M.H.Taghizadeh

+ ) to / + (for + too + +

1. This car is too expensive for him to buy.

.
2. I am too tired to help you.
.

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 GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

) ( :

. Iwish .

-1

-2

-3

+wish + (that) + + could/ would +

+wish + (that) + ing +were +

Iwishthatyouwouldstopsayingthat.

). (

Shewishesthatshewerecomingwithus.

). (

+could have + p.p +wish + (that) +

+ +wish + (that) +
M.H.Taghizadeh

IwishthatIhadwashedtheclothesyesterday.

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 GENERAL ENGLISH > GRAMMAR M.H. Taghizadeh

) (:

+ +wish + (that) +

IwishthatIhadenoughtimetofinishmyhomework.

) (

** : was were .

I wish he were here now.

** : !!!

. : .

+ to +get +)(
Igotamechanictofixmycar.

+ to +have +)(

Ihadamechanicfixmycar.

+ p.p +get/have +)(

M.H.Taghizadeh

Igot(had)mycarfixed.

Ihadmyshirtpressed.

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