ﺣﻼﺻﻪ ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ
﮲
**زﻣﺎن ﻫﺎ
.۱ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده :ﮐﺎرﻫﺎی ﻋﺎدی وٮ ﮴ﮑﺮار ی ،ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن
واڡ﮴ﻌٮ ﮵ﺖ و ﺣ﮴ڡٮ ﮵﮴ڡﺖ ،ﮐﺎرﻫﺎی ٮ ﮹ﺸﺖ
ﺳﺮﻫﻢ،ﮐﺎرﻫﺎی در آٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه ٮ﮲ﺰدٮ ﮵ﮏ
I play tennis.
Arak is in Iran.
First I get up then I have breakfast.
The train leaves tonight at 6 pm.
Note: to heve pp
She claims to have seen nothing
.۲ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ی :ﮐﺎردر ﻟﺤ﮲ﻄﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم
ﺷﺪن ،ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه alwaysوconstantly
ٮ ﮳ﺮای ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن ﮐﺎرﻫﺎٮ ﮵ﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮٮ ﮴ﺐ ٮ ﮴ﮑﺮار ﻣٮ ﮵ﺸﻮد
و ٮ ﮳ﺮای ﮔﻮ ٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه آزار دﻫﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ اﮔﺮ آزار
دﻫﻨﺪه ٮ﮲ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ،ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻣﯽرود.
I am studying english.
He is always coming to class late.
ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ:ا﮲ڡﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ٮ﮲ﻤٮ ﮵ﮕٮ ﮵ﺮٮ﮲ﺪ.
ا﮲ڡﻌﺎل ﺣﺴﯽ:
Like, hate, love,fear,dislike,mind
ا﮲ڡﻌﺎل ﻣﻠﮑﯽ:
Possess,own,belong
:ا﮲ڡﻌﺎل اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽ
Be,want,cost,seem,need,care,con
tain, exist
ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن ﮐﺎردر ﮐﺬﺷﺘﻪ:ﺣﺎل ﮐﺎﻣﻞ.۳
ﮐﺎر یﮐﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﺷﺪه و،ٮ﮲ﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮم
...ٮ ﮴ﺎ ﺣﺎل اداﻣﻪ دارد
:ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ز ٮ ﮵ﺮ
Ever,never,once,many
times,several times,before,so
far,already,yet
I think i have met him once before.
I have had a cold for two weeks.
ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ در:ﺣﺎل ﮐﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ی.۴
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺮو ع ﺷﺪه و ٮ ﮳ﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل رﺳٮ ﮵ﺪه
ٮ ﮳ﺪو ن ذﮐﺮزﻣﺎن..ﺤﻨﺎن اداﻣﻪ دارد و ﻫﻤ ﮹
وlately ﻣﺪت اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﮐﺎر ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه
recently
They have been talking for the last
hour.
Recently, I have been feeling really
tired.
.۵ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده :ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن ﮐﺎر ی ﮐﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ
ﺷﺮو ع و ٮ ﮴ﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه،ٮ ﮵ﮏ ﺳﺮ ی ﮐﺎرﻫﺎی
اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﺷﺪه در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ٮ ﮴ﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه اٮ﮲ﺪ،
ﮐﺎر ی ﮐﻪ در ﻃﻮ ل زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم و
ٮ ﮴ﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ٮ ﮳ﺎ ٮ ﮴ﺮﮐٮ ﮵ٮ ﮳ﺎٮ ﮴ﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ for
two years,for five minutes,all
،day,all yearﻋﺎدت ﻫﺎی ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و
ﺣ﮴ڡﺎٮ ﮵﮴ڡﯽ ﮐﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺻﺎدق ٮ ﮳ﻮده وﻟﯽ
اﻻن ٮ﮲ٮ ﮵ﺴﺖ..
I saw a TED yesterday.
I did my M.Sc. project, went to a
resuarant, and ate a delicious
food.
I studied control for 3 years.
I played football when I was a
child.
I was a shy as a child.
.۶ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ی:ﮐﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ی ﮐﻪ در
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﻣٮ ﮵ﺸﺪه اﻣﺎ ٮ ﮳ﺎ ٮ ﮵ﮏ ﻋﻤﻞ
دٮ ﮵ﮕﺮ ڡ﮴ﻄﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ،اﺳﺘ﮲ڡﺎده از ٮ ﮵ﮏ
زﻣﺎن ﮲ﺣﺎص ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ڡ﮴ﻄﻊ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﮐﺎر ی
ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ،ﮐﺎرﻫﺎی ﻣﻮاز ی،ﮐﺎرﻫﺎی ٮ ﮴ﮑﺮار ی
آزاردﻫﻨﺪه در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ٮ ﮳ﺎ alwaysو
constantly
constantly
I was watching tv when she
called.
Last day at 11AM, we were still
driving through the street.
I was studying while he was
making dinner.
She was always coming to class
late.
Note: when+ past present &
while + past continous
ٮ ﮳ﺮای ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم:ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ.۷
ﺷﺪه در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ڡ﮴ٮ ﮳ﻞ از ﻋﻤﻞ دٮ ﮵ﮕﺮ ی
before وڡ﮴ﺘﯽ از ﻟ﮲ﻌﺎت،ٮ ﮴ﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ
اﺳﺘ﮲ڡﺎده ﺷﺪه ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﯽ ٮ ﮳ﻪ زﻣﺎنafter و
...﮲ﺣﺎﺻﯽ اﺷﺎره ٮ﮲ﺪار ٮ ﮵ﻢ
I did not have any money because
I had lost my wallet.
I had never seen a bear beforI
moved to Alaska.
، ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ در آٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه: آٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده.A
اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم،... ٮ ﮴ﺮدٮ ﮵ﺪﻫﺎو،ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن اﻣٮ ﮵ﺪﻫﺎ
ڡ﮴ﻮ ل،ﮐﺎر ی ازڡ﮴ٮ ﮳ﻞ ٮ ﮳ﺪو ن ٮ ﮳ﺮٮ﮲ﺎﻣﻪ ر ٮ ﮵ﺰ ی
.ٮ ﮳ﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ٮ ﮵ﺎ ﻋﺪم اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﮐﺎر
The sun will shine tomorow.
I think sue will arrive in paris at
6pm.
I promise I will not tell him about
the surprise party.
اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﻋﻤﻞ در،be going to در:ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ
،آٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه از ڡ﮴ٮ ﮳ﻞ ٮ ﮳ﺮٮ﮲ﺎﻣﻪ ر ٮ ﮵ﺰ ی ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ڡ﮴ﺮاره در: آٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ی.J
.آٮ ﮵ﻨﺪه ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮد
When I finish this course, I will
have been learning english for
twenty years.
———————————————
——————
**inversion at the beginning of
sentences.
K. Neither........(inversion), nor....
(inversion)....
Neither do I speak french, nor do I
speak german.
L. Hardly,seldom,rarely,never,no
thing+ inversion
Scarcely had I reached the station
when the train arrived.
T. So+adverb or adjective at the
beginning of clause.
So quickly did he run that.....
U. Only after, only if, only then....
+ inversion
Only after lunch can you play.
V. Not only ...(inversion)..., but
also.....
———————————————
——————
اﮔﺮ ﺿﻤٮ ﮵ﺮ ﺻ﮲ڡﺘﯽ در ٮ﮲﮴ڡﺶ ﮲ڡﺎﻋﻞ:**ٮ ﮴ﻮ﮳ﺣﻪ
ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ ٮ﮲ﻤٮ ﮵ﺘﻮان آن را ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎٮ ﮵ﯽ ﺣﺬف
...ٮ ﮳ﻪ ٮ﮲ﮑﺎتز ٮ ﮵ﺮ ٮ ﮴ﻮ﮳ﺣﻪ ﮐﻨٮ ﮵ﺪ...ﮐﺮد
to be وڡ﮴ﺘﯽ ﺿﻤٮ ﮵ﺮ ﺻ﮲ڡﺘﯽ ٮ ﮳ﺎ ا﮲ڡﻌﺎل:۱ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ
ﺳﺎ﮲ﺣﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ و ٮ﮲﮴ڡﺶ ﮲ڡﺎﻋﻠﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ
راto be ﻣﯽ ٮ ﮴ﻮان ﺿﻤٮ ﮵ﺮ و﮲ڡﻌﻞ،ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ
.ٮ ﮳ﺎﻫﻢ ﺣﺬف ﮐﺮد
I bought a book that was highly
recommended by my sister.
I bought a book highly
recommended by my sister.
ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ :۲وڡ﮴ﺘﯽ ﺿﻤٮ ﮵ﺮ ﺻ﮲ڡﺘﯽ ٮ ﮳ﺪو ن ا﮲ڡﻌﺎل
،to beﺳﺎ﮲ﺣﺘﻪ وٮ﮲﮴ڡﺶ ﮲ڡﺎﻋﻠﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ٮ ﮳ﺎﺷﺪ
ﻣٮ ﮵ﺘﻮان ﺿﻤٮ ﮵ﺮ را ﺣﺬف ﮐﺮده و ﮲ڡﻌﻞ را ٮ ﮳ﺎ
ingآورد .اٮ ﮵ﻦ ٮ﮲ﻮ ع ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ا﮲ڡﻌﺎل ﻣﻮدال
ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد...
The woman who will make—> the
woman making
ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ that:۳و whichٮ ﮳ﺮای ا﮳ﺣﺴﺎم ﮲ﻋٮ ﮵ﺮ
﮳ﺣﺎٮ﮲ﺪار اﺳﺘ﮲ڡﺎده ﻣٮ ﮵ﺸﻮد That .زﻣﺎٮ﮲ﯽ
اﺳﺘ﮲ڡﺎده ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮدﮐﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺣٮ ﮵ﺎٮ﮲ﯽ ٮ ﮳ﻪ
اﺳﻢ اﺿﺎ﮲ڡﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ،اﻣﺎ which
اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﺿﺎ﮲ڡﯽ ٮ ﮳ﻪ ﮳ﺣﻤﻠﻪ اﺿﺎ﮲ڡﻪ ﻣﯽ
ﮐﻨﺪ..
ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ:۴
When=preposition+ which or that
I will never forget the day on
which I graduated.
I will never forget the day that I
graduated.
Year, month—> in
Day—>on
:۵ ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ
Where= preposition + which or
which +....+prep or that+.....+
prep
The building in which he works is
new.
The building which he works in is
new.
City,country,building—> in
School—> at
———————————————
——————
**ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﻫﺎ
: ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺣﺎل واڡ﮴ﻌﯽ.K
If/when ...simple
present...,....simple present...
If ....simple present...., ...simple
future... —>
Note: inversion in if clause: if
problems arise—> should
problems arise
ٮ ﮳ﺮای ٮ ﮳ٮ ﮵ﺎن:ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺣﺎل ﮲ﻋٮ ﮵ﺮ واڡ﮴ﻌﯽ.۲
اٮ ﮵ﻨﮑﻪ اﮔﺮ ٮ ﮵ﮏ ﺷﺮط ﮲ﻋٮ ﮵ﺮ واڡ﮴ﻌﯽ ر خ ﻣٮ ﮵ﺪاد
..ﺣﻪ ﮐﺎر ی اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﻣٮ ﮵ﺪادٮ ﮵ﺪ
﮹
If ....simple past...., ...would+verb
If i had a car, I would drive to
tehran.
در اٮ ﮵ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣٮ ﮵ﺘﻮان از:ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ
... اﺳﺘ﮲ڡﺎده ﮐﺮد،should,might, could
ﮐﺎر ی ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ در:ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ واڡ﮴ﻌﯽ.۳
ٮ ﮵ﮏ ﺷﺮاٮ ﮵ﻂ واڡ﮴ﻌﯽ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم
.ﻣٮ ﮵ﺪادٮ ﮵ﺪ
If/when ...simple past...,....simple
past...
Note: inversion by were in if claus:
if I were —> were I.....
:ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﮲ﻋٮ ﮵ﺮ واڡ﮴ﻌﯽ.۴
If......past perfect...,....would have
+pp...
Note:inversion in if clause: if I had
known—>had I known
در اٮ ﮵ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣٮ ﮵ﺘﻮان از:ٮ﮲ﮑﺘﻪ
... اﺳﺘ﮲ڡﺎده ﮐﺮد،should,might, could
___________________________
___________
**ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎ﮲ڡﻪ
K. Time:
at : for specific times—> at 12:00
p.m
on: for days and dates —> on
monday
in: for a nonspecific times during a
day, a month, a season or a year..
—> in August, in the morning
for: when we measure time —>he
held his breath for seven minutes.
Since:for a specific date or time: he
is worked here since 1970
L. Place:
at: for specific addresses.—> at
zanjan road
on: for name of streets, avenues
—> on zanjan street
in: for names of areas( towns,
countries, states, continents) —>
in arak
———————————————
——————
***indefinite pronouns:
K. Singular: another, anybody,
anyone, each, everything,
little,much, neither, nobody,
other,
somebody,someone,somethi
ng,nothing,
everybody,everyone,either,
no one
L. Plural: Both,few,many,
others,several
T. S&p: all,any,more,most,none,
some
———————————————
——————
***Adverb
K. Use to modify verbs : He
walked quickly towards the
door.
L. Use to modify adjectives:
impressively tall,
outrageously expensive.
T. Use to modify another
adverbs: she spoke extremely
confidently.
———————————————
——————
***Modal
● past perfect format of
should, could, whould:
Modal +have + p.p
ٮ ﮵ﺎ،ﮐﺎر ی ﮐﻪ ﻣٮ ﮵ﺘﻮٮ﮲ﺴﺘﻪ اٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ٮ ﮳ﺸﻪ
ٮ ﮳ﺎٮ ﮵ﺪاٮ﮲﮳ﺤﺎم ﻣٮ ﮵ﺸﺪه ٮ ﮵ﺎ ﻣٮ ﮵ﺘﻮٮ﮲ﺴﺘﻪ وﻟﯽ
...ٮ﮲ﺸﺪه
I should havd cleaned the room
yesterday.
● past formsy of should, may
and might:
Modal+have+pp
